内容正文:
专题15
完形填空
一、考情分析
(一)文章体裁与题材
1.文章体裁
以记叙文为主,偶尔会出现夹叙夹议的文章。记叙文通常讲述一个完整的故事,有清晰的情节发展和人物形象塑造,便于考查学生对语境的理解和词汇的运用。
2.题材
题材广泛,涉及个人成长经历、情感故事、生活趣事、人与自然等多个领域。例如,有讲述个人在困难环境中如何克服挫折、人与人之间的亲情友情、对自然景观的感悟等内容。
3.题目数量与分值
一般是 20 个小题,每题 1.5 分,共计 30 分。这部分分值较高,在整套试卷中占有重要地位。
4.难度变化
难度相对稳定,但有一定的波动。有些年份的文章在词汇、句子结构和逻辑关系上会更具挑战性,选项的干扰性也较强,需要考生在理解文章内容的基础上,仔细辨析词汇的细微差别和语义的合适性。
二、常考题型
(一)语境词汇题
这是最主要的题型,要求考生根据文章上下文的语境来选择合适的词汇。这些词汇包括动词、名词、形容词、副词等,主要考查考生对词汇的理解和在具体语境中的运用能力。例如,根据上下文描述的动作来选择正确的动词,或者根据人物的情感状态来选择合适的形容词。
(二)固定搭配题
考查学生对英语中常见的短语、词组和习惯用法的掌握。如动词与介词、副词的搭配,形容词与介词的搭配等。例如,“be interested in”“look forward to” 等搭配在语境中的运用。
(三)逻辑关系题
需要考生根据文章的逻辑结构来选择恰当的词汇,以体现句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系。如因果关系、转折关系、递进关系等,常见的逻辑连接词有 but, however, so, because 等。
三、考频分析
(一)高频考点
1.动词辨析
(1)动作的先后顺序
在记叙文的语境中,正确判断动作发生的先后顺序至关重要。例如,是先 “观察(observe)” 还是先 “行动(act)”,需要考生根据上下文情节来确定。
(2)动作的准确性
考查对不同动词含义的精确理解。比如表示 “拿” 这个动作,“take”“fetch”“bring”“carry” 等词在具体语境中的区别,如 “fetch” 强调去某地取来某物,“bring” 侧重从别处带到说话者所在的地方。
2.名词辨析
(1)人物身份和角色相关名词
在故事类文章中,经常涉及人物的身份和角色,如 “athlete”“artist”“volunteer” 等,考生需要根据文章对人物的描述来选择正确的名词。
(2)情感和抽象概念名词
如 “happiness”“frustration”“courage” 等,要根据上下文人物的情绪和事件的发展来选择合适的表达情感或抽象概念的名词。
3.语境理解与词汇复现
(1)同词复现
文章中会多次出现相同的关键词,为考生提供线索。例如,文章开头提到 “a beautiful dream”,后面在描述主人公的行动时可能会再次出现 “dream” 相关的词汇,帮助考生把握文章主题和情节发展。
(2)同义词、近义词复现
通过使用同义词或近义词来维持文章的连贯性。如文章前面用 “big” 描述物体,后面可能会用 “large” 来指代同一物体,考生需要敏锐地捕捉这种语义关联。
(二)中频考点
1.形容词和副词辨析
(1)情感色彩形容词
用于描述人物的情绪或事物的特征,如 “cheerful”“gloomy”“optimistic”“pessimistic” 等,需要根据语境中人物的情感状态和事件的性质来选择。
(2)程度副词
像 “slightly”“greatly”“barely” 等,用于修饰形容词或动词,以体现程度的差异,考生要根据文章所表达的程度大小来选择合适的程度副词。
2.固定搭配和习惯用语
(1)动词短语
如 “put up with”(忍受)、“look up to”(尊敬)、“give in”(屈服)等,这些短语的意思往往不是各个单词意思的简单相加,需要考生牢记其固定含义并在语境中正确运用。
(2)介词短语
例如 “in addition to”(除…… 之外)、“on the contrary”(相反)等,用于表达各种逻辑关系和语义,考生要理解其用法并根据语境选择合适的介词短语。
(三)低频考点
逻辑连词的选择:
(1)转折连词
除了常见的 “but”“however”,还有 “nevertheless”“whereas” 等,它们在语义和语气上有细微的差别,需要考生根据文章的转折程度和风格来选择。
(2)因果连词
“since”“as”“for”“therefore” 等词在表示因果关系时的用法和侧重点不同,考生要准确把握文章中的因果逻辑,选择恰当的连词。
(3)文化背景知识相关词汇
在一些涉及外国文化、习俗或特定领域知识的文章中,会出现一些与文化背景相关的词汇。例如,涉及西方节日的文章可能会出现 “Easter”“Thanksgiving” 等词汇,考生需要具备一定的文化知识储备才能正确理解和选择。
一、题型特点
(一)体裁多样
1.记叙文
以记人叙事为主,通常有一个清晰的故事线索。文章会涉及人物、事件、时间、地点等要素,通过对事件的发展过程进行描述,传达某种情感或者道理。例如,可能讲述一个年轻人在困境中坚持不懈,最终实现梦想的故事,让考生体会到坚持和努力的重要性。
记叙文的语言风格比较生动,会使用丰富的描写手法,如人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理描写等,来增强故事的感染力。
2.说明文
主要是对事物或现象进行客观的介绍和解释。内容可以涵盖自然科学(如动植物的习性、天文现象等)、社会科学(如文化习俗、历史事件、社会现象等)、技术应用(如新型科技产品的功能、使用方法等)等诸多领域。
语言相对比较严谨、准确,会使用一些专业术语和客观的描述方式。例如,在介绍一种新的医疗技术时,会详细说明其原理、操作过程、优势以及可能存在的风险等。
3.议论文
作者会针对某个问题或观点发表自己的看法,并通过摆事实、讲道理来进行论证。文章一般会有明确的论点、论据和论证过程。
逻辑结构较为严密,常常使用连接词来体现观点之间的逻辑关系,如 “firstly”“secondly”“in addition”“however”“therefore” 等,帮助读者清晰地理解作者的思路。
(二)注重语境理解
1.词汇语境
所考查的词汇需要结合上下文来理解其确切含义。很多选项中的单词可能有多种意思,在完型填空中,要根据句子以及整个段落的语境来选择最合适的意思。例如,“run” 这个词常见的意思是 “跑”,但在 “The river runs through the city.” 这个句子中,结合语境,它的意思是 “(河流)流经”。
2.句子语境
正确选项要使句子在语法和语义上都通顺合理。一个选项可能在语法上是正确的,但如果不符合句子所表达的逻辑和整体语境,也不是正确答案。例如,“Although he was tired, he still ____ to finish the work on time.” 这里需要一个表示 “努力、设法” 的词,如 “managed”,才能使句子符合逻辑。
3.篇章语境
从整篇文章的角度看,各个选项之间也需要相互配合,使文章内容连贯、主题明确。例如,文章前面提到主人公是一个乐观积极的人,那么后面在描述他面对困难时的反应,选项就应该选择体现积极应对的词汇,以保持人物性格和文章主题的一致性。
(三)考查综合语言能力
1.词汇知识
考查考生对词汇的掌握程度,包括词汇的基本含义、一词多义、固定搭配、近义词和反义词的辨析等。例如,区分 “affect” 和 “effect”,“spend”“cost”“take”“pay” 这几个表示 “花费” 的词的不同用法等。
2.语法知识
对语法规则的考查也体现在完型填空中。如时态的一致、主谓一致、从句的引导词、虚拟语气等。例如,在一个含有条件状语从句的句子中,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时(主将从现),考生需要根据这个语法规则来选择正确的动词形式。
3.逻辑推理能力
要求考生能够根据文章中的线索进行逻辑推理,判断出正确的选项。这些线索可以是词汇线索(如因果关系词、转折关系词等)、情节线索(如事件的发展顺序)或者情感线索(如人物的情绪变化)。例如,文章中出现 “but” 这个转折词,考生就要意识到前后内容可能存在相反的观点或者情况,从而在选项中选择与之相符的内容。
二、选项规律
(一)正确选项
1.语义符合语境
●上下文连贯
正确选项能使句子完整且在语义上与上下文自然衔接。它会与文章的主题、情节发展以及人物情感等方面保持一致。例如,在一篇记叙文描述一个人在沙漠中艰难求生的故事中,如果前文提到他的水已经喝完,非常口渴,那么正确选项可能是 “desperately”(绝望地)来修饰他寻找水源的状态,使句子 “He looked around desperately for water.” 符合当时的情境和人物心情。
●逻辑合理
从逻辑角度看,正确选项能使文章的逻辑顺畅。比如,在议论文中,如果前文是论点,中间部分是论据,正确选项在填空后要能使论据与论点之间形成合理的逻辑关系,如因果、递进、对比等。
2.词汇语法正确
●词汇搭配恰当
正确选项在词汇搭配上是符合英语语言习惯的。例如,“take advantage of”(利用)、“make a decision”(做决定)等固定搭配,如果选项中的动词和名词组合不符合这些常见搭配,就可能是错误的。同时,要考虑词汇在语境中的合适性,如 “heavy rain”(大雨)而不是 “strong rain”。
●语法规则相符
选项在语法上必须是正确的,包括时态、语态、主谓一致、词性等方面。例如,在一个一般过去时的句子中,动词选项应该是过去式形式;如果需要一个形容词作定语,选项就不能是副词。在 “He ____ (write) a letter last night.” 中,正确选项应该是 “wrote”,符合一般过去时的语法规则。
(二)干扰选项
1.语义干扰
●近义辨析
会出现与正确选项意思相近的词汇来干扰考生。这些近义词在语义上有细微差别,需要考生根据语境仔细辨别。例如,“look”“see”“watch” 都有 “看” 的意思,但 “look” 强调看的动作,“see” 强调看的结果,“watch” 侧重于观看动态的事物。如果文章语境是 “他在人群中寻找(强调动作)他的朋友”,正确选项是 “look for”,而 “see” 和 “watch” 在这里就会起到干扰作用。
●不符合语境语义
选项的意思本身可能是正确的,但不符合文章的具体语境。比如,文章描述一个欢乐的聚会场景,选项中有一个表示 “悲伤” 情绪的词汇,这个选项就不符合语境语义。
2.语法干扰
●形似干扰
有些选项在形式上与正确答案相似,可能是拼写相近或者词形变化相似,以此来误导考生。例如,在需要一个动词的过去分词形式的语境中,可能会出现该动词的现在分词形式或原形作为干扰项。如在 “The work ____ (finish) yesterday.” 中,“finished” 是正确答案,“finishing” 或 “finish” 就可能是干扰项。
●语法错误类型
干扰项可能存在语法错误,如主谓不一致、时态混乱、词性误用等。例如,在一个句子中主语是单数,谓语动词却用了复数形式;或者在需要形容词的地方用了副词。在 “She is a ____ (careful) girl and she always does her homework carefully.” 中,“careful” 是正确的形容词形式,如果选项中有 “carefully”(副词)或者不符合语法规则的其他形式,就是干扰项。
3.逻辑干扰
●逻辑不符
选项填入后会使句子或文章的逻辑关系混乱。例如,文章是按照事件发展的先后顺序叙述的,干扰选项可能会使情节出现跳跃或者颠倒。如果文章是因果关系的阐述,干扰项可能会使因果颠倒或者不符合逻辑。如前文说 “因为他努力学习,所以成绩很好”,干扰选项可能会变成 “因为他成绩很好,所以努力学习” 这种不符合逻辑的表述。
三、常考词汇和短语的出题形式
(一)原词复现
文章中某个空格处所需的词汇或短语,会在上下文的其他地方以原词的形式再次出现,考生需要根据其在文中的不同位置和语境来确定正确选项 。比如,前文提到 “help” 这个词,后文的空格处可能也需要填 “help”,但要注意其搭配和具体含义可能会有所不同 。
(二)同义词或近义词替换
空格处的正确答案与文中其他位置出现的某个词或短语意思相近。例如,文中出现了 “happy”,而在空格处的选项中可能会有 “glad”“pleased” 等近义词,需要考生根据具体语境和搭配来选择最合适的词汇.
(三)反义词对比
通过使用与文中某个词或短语意思相反的词汇来设置干扰项或正确答案。比如,文中描述一个人很 “outgoing”,而空格处的选项可能会有 “shy”“introverted” 等反义词,以此来考查考生对文章逻辑和词汇反义关系的理解.
(四)固定搭配
考查考生对常见固定搭配的掌握程度。例如,“pay attention to”“make use of”“in addition to” 等固定短语,会将其中的某个词设置为空格,让考生从选项中选择正确的搭配词 。
(五)词语辨析
给出几个意思相近或拼写相似的词汇,让考生辨别其细微差别并选择最符合语境的一个。比如 “affect” 和 “effect”,“rise”“raise” 和 “arise” 等,需要考生清楚它们各自的含义、用法和搭配,结合上下文来做出正确选择 。
(六)逻辑关系暗示
根据上下文的逻辑关系来确定词汇或短语。比如,当文章中出现因果关系时,空格处可能需要填 “therefore”“as a result” 等表示结果的词汇或短语;如果是转折关系,则可能会用到 “however”“but” 等。出题人会通过这种方式考查考生对文章逻辑的把握能力,以及相应逻辑关系词的运用 。
(七)语境理解
根据文章的整体语境和情感色彩来选择合适的词汇或短语。即使某个选项本身的意思是正确的,但如果不符合文章的特定语境或情感基调,也不能作为正确答案。例如,在一篇讲述悲伤故事的文章中,空格处需要一个表达消极情感的词汇,而选项中如果有积极情感的词汇,即使其本身用法正确,也可排除.
四、解题技巧
(一)通读全文,把握大意
1.快速浏览
在开始做题前,快速通读一遍文章,了解文章的体裁(记叙文、说明文、议论文)和大致内容。可以跳过空格,重点关注文章的开头、结尾以及每段的首句和尾句,因为这些部分通常会给出文章的主题、背景或关键情节线索。例如,记叙文可能会在开头介绍人物和事件背景,结尾会给出事件的结果或人物的感悟;议论文的开头往往提出论点,结尾进行总结。
2.构建框架
通过这一遍通读,在脑海中构建文章的基本框架,初步理解文章的情感基调(如积极、消极、客观等)和逻辑走向(如时间顺序、因果关系、对比关系等)。比如,如果是一篇讲述个人奋斗历程的记叙文,可能会按照时间顺序,从遇到困难、努力克服到最终取得成功来展开,这样就能为后续的填空提供一个整体的思路方向。
(二)瞻前顾后,初定选项
1.利用上下文语境
在填每个空时,仔细观察空格前后的句子,寻找线索来确定选项。这些线索包括词汇线索(如同义词、反义词、关联词等)、语法线索(如句子的时态、语态、词性要求等)和逻辑线索(如因果、转折、递进等关系)。例如,如果空格前有 “although”,这表示句子存在转折关系,后面的选项就要考虑与前面内容相反的意思;如果空格后有 “and”,则前后内容可能是并列或递进关系,选项要与之相匹配。
2.考虑固定搭配和习惯用法
注意空格处的单词是否与前后的词汇构成固定搭配。英语中有许多固定的词组和短语,如 “be interested in”“make use of”“in addition to” 等。同时,也要考虑一些习惯用法,比如某些动词后面接宾语从句时的引导词习惯(如 “suggest” 后接 “that” 引导的宾语从句,从句中谓语动词用 “should + 动词原形” 的虚拟语气形式)。
(三)代入检查,确定答案
1.代入选项通读
把初步选定的选项代入文章的空格中,通读全文,检查所选选项是否使文章的语义通顺、逻辑连贯、语法正确。尤其要注意句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的过渡是否自然。如果发现某个选项代入后感觉突兀或者不符合语境,要重新审视该选项。
2.多角度检查
从词汇、语法、逻辑等多个角度进行检查。在词汇方面,检查单词的意思是否准确,是否符合上下文的情感色彩;在语法方面,确认时态、语态、主谓一致、词性等是否无误;在逻辑方面,核实文章的情节发展、观点阐述等是否合理有序。例如,在检查一个动词选项时,要看它的时态是否与文章整体的时间框架一致,它所表达的动作是否符合人物性格和事件发展逻辑。
(四)积累词汇和语法知识,培养语感
1.词汇积累
完型填空对词汇量和词汇辨析能力要求较高。平时要注重积累词汇,不仅要记住单词的基本含义,还要了解其一词多义、近义词、反义词和固定搭配等。可以通过阅读英语文章、背诵例句等方式来加深对词汇的理解和记忆。
2.语法巩固
熟练掌握各种语法规则,包括时态、语态、从句、虚拟语气等。语法知识是理解句子结构和正确选择词汇的基础,只有语法正确,才能保证文章的理解和选项的准确性。
3.语感培养
多读多背优秀的英语文章,增强语感。语感可以帮助考生在做题时更敏锐地感知语言的习惯用法和逻辑关系,提高答题的效率和准确性。例如,对于一些难以通过语法规则和词汇辨析来确定的选项,语感好的考生可能凭借对语言的直觉做出正确的选择。
1.【2024・广东・高考模拟】
It was a rainy, windy October afternoon. This was perfect weather for Garth to test his new invention—Umbrella Hat. He carefully 1______ the hat on his head and started walking along the street. It worked! Suddenly, three boys in his neighborhood appeared and 2.______ him. Todd, the biggest one, pulled his Umbrella Hat off his head. “What’s this?” he asked. “It’s an Umbrella Hat. You can wear it on rainy days.” Garth said. The boys 3., “Will anyone wear that stupid thing?” Todd threw the hat onto the ground and they ran off. Garth picked up his Umbrella Hat from the ground in tears. “Maybe Todd was right. 4., who would ever need this invention?” He thought to himself. Suddenly he 5.______ and saw a lady looking at him. “Are you okay, little boy?” Then she saw the 6.______ Umbrella Hat and asked, “Er… what’s that?” “It’s my Umbrella Hat. I thought of it and made it myself.” answered Garth. “What a 7.______ mind you have! Keep inventing and one day you will create something really great!” said the lady. “And you have given me a wonderful 8.,” she continued, “I have a gadget (小器具). shop—Gadgets4U—and I’d like to hold a competition to find the best young gadget inventor in our town. I will display . three best inventions in my shop. I’m sure you will have a n. 9. of winning a prize.” Garth was 10.______ surprised. Gadgets4U was one of his favorite places. He suddenly felt much better and could already feel lots of new ideas coming out!
1. A. took B. placed C. wore D. hung
2. A. helped B. followed C. stopped D. greeted
3. A. whispered B. laughed C. argued D. complained
4. A. In general B. In short C. In fact D. In return
5. A. turned around B. sat down C. looked up D. bent down
6. A. dirty B. wet C. broken D. old
7. A. sharp B. normal C. creative D. practical
8. A. promise B. example C. idea D. question
9. A. ability B. duty C. right D. chance
10. A. really B. nearly C. hardly D. probably
2.【2024・全国通用・高考模拟】
Some scientists say that animals in the oceans are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that 1.______ sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused 2.______ by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are 3.______ to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals 4.. Decibels (分贝). 5. in water are different from those on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land 6.______ pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same 7.______ Some scientists have suggested setting a noise 8.______ of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have 9.______ that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales. A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that louder noises can seriously 10.______ some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to 11.______ their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to 12.______ information and 13.______ their way. Some of the whales 14.______ died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and 15.______ deaf. Many researchers 16.______ whose work focuses on ocean sounds are against a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would 17.______ an end to important industrial and scientific research. Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are 18.______ to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they 19.______. They want to stop noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
1. A. protects B. observes C. affects D. follows
2. A. simply B. carefully C. quickly D. primarily
3. A. reduced B. added C. compared D. returned
4. A. themselves B. it C. him D. us
5. A. produced B. found C. measured D. described
6. A. brings B. causes C. creates D. makes
7. A. result B. reason C. cause D. effect
8. A. rule B. record C. limit D. law
9. A. hoped B. remembered C. agreed D. believed
10. A. help B. harm C. teach D. play
11. A. lose B. improve C. change D. have
12. A. give B. store C. exchange D. create
13. A. lose B. forget C. find D. change
14. A. never B. once C. often D. even
15. A. look B. become C. stay D. find
16. A. here B. there C. where D. whose
17. A. start B. increase C. bring D. make
18. A. useful B. harmful C. helpful D. hopeful
19. A. knew B. saw C. believed D. heard
20. A. and B. but C. however D. so
3.【2024 年安徽卷】
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 36______ is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37______ because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before. How did we 38______ a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 39______ an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 40______ modern manufacturing and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 41______. Another cause is our 42______ of disposable products. As 43______ people, we are always looking for 44______ to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 45______ thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few. Our appetite for new products also 46______ to the problem. We are 47______ buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 48______ is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 49______ useful possessions to make room for new ones. All around the world, we can see the 50______ of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 51______ the amount of rubbish and to protect the 52______, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 53______, this is not enough to solve our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 54______ throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 55______. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
36.A. key B. reason C. project D. problem
37.A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products
38.A. face B. become C. observe D. change
39.A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw
40.A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of
41.A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful
42.A. lack B. prevention C. division D. love
43.A. sensitive B. kind C. busy D. brave
44.A. places B. ways C. jobs D. friends
45.A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve
46.A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes
47.A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed of
48.A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger
49.A. pick up B. pay for C. hold onto D. throw away
50.A. advantages B. purposes C. consequences D. functions
51.A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure
52.A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands
53.A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile
54.A. by B. in favor of C. after D. instead of
55.A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising
4.【2023 年全国甲卷】
Many years ago, I bought a house in Gargagnano and we go there every summer. The first time we stayed there, we heard the sound of a motorcycle coming up the hill towards us. It was our neighbor Mario, who brought us a box containing some tomatoes and a bottle of wine. It was a very kind 2.______ of him. But when we looked at those tomatoes, we were 3.______ because they were not shaped regularly and didn't look at all like the round, shiny tomatoes in the supermarket. And the wine was cloudy and in a 4.______ old bottle without a label. We thought those things might not be very good. But we thanked him for his kindness, so we tried them. We found that it was unwise to judge food only by its appearance. Those tomatoes 5.______ me of the taste of those tomatoes my uncle used to grow when I was a child. Now the tomatoes in the supermarket look perfect, but they taste like water. It's strange that they haven't been able to grow square tomatoes yet for easy packing. Mario's wine might be a little cloudy and in an old bottle, but it was very delicious. It is important to choose the right season for eating food. You should eat them in season and as close to 6.______ as possible. Mario brought us the taste of Gargagnano.
2. A. action B. gesture C. behavior D. movement
3. A. worried B. excited C. surprised D. interested
4. A. beautiful B. valuable C. funny D. big
5. A. told B. warned C. asked D. reminded
6. A. where they were bought
B. where they were made
C. where they were cooked
D. where they were grown
5.【2022 年全国甲卷】
You may have heard that Coca-Cola once contained an ingredient capable of sparking particular devotion in consumers: cocaine. The “coca” in the name referred to the extracts of coca leaf that the drink's originator, chemist John Pemberton, (41)______ in the late 19th century. Pemberton's sweet brew was a way to get around local laws prohibiting the sale of alcohol. But the other half of the name presents another ingredient, less (42)______ known but also strangely potent: the kola nut. In West Africa, people have long chewed kola nuts as stimulants, because they contain caffeine that also occurs naturally in tea, coffee, and chocolate. They also have heart stimulants. Historically, kola nuts were used as medicine to (43)______ a range of diseases, from insomnia to bellyache. The nuts are usually roasted and then crushed between stones to make a powder, which is mixed into water, coconut milk, and other (44), and sometimes sweetened with sugar to make a refreshing drink. However, modern products that (45) cola do not contain kola nut extract. They instead rely on artificial flavors and colors to mimic the look and taste of the (46)______ ingredients. This may be why the (47)______ of Coca-Cola can vary slightly from country to country, depending on the recipe used in the local bottling plant. Today, Coca-Cola has become a global brand, with consumers (48)______ around the world. It is a symbol of American culture, and its logo is (49)______ recognized. The company has also (50)______ to promote its products through various marketing strategies, such as sponsoring sports events and partnering with popular celebrities. Despite its popularity, Coca-Cola has faced some criticism over the years for issues such as its high sugar content and potential health risks. However, it remains one of the most (51)______ and widely consumed beverages in the world.
41.A. included B. found C. created D. expected
42.A. much B. well C. widely D. little
43.A. prevent B. cure C. cause D. identify
44.A. drinks B. foods C. liquids D. powders
45.A. label B. name C. claim D. advertise
46.A. natural B. original C. unique D. basic
47.A. brand B. flavor C. recipe D. color
48.A. distributed B. sold C. spread D. located
49.A. hardly B. occasionally C. rarely D. widely
50.A. tried B. managed C. attempted D. succeeded
51.A. famous B. popular C. valuable D. beneficial
6.【2022 年全国乙卷】
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there's something highly exciting about (41)______ someone else's glance and making oneself unable to be seen. However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably (42)______ at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies (43). For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was (44) as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our (45)______ research results in child developmental psychology (46)______ that idea. We brought young children aged 2 - 4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each (47)______ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or ears in a game of hide and seek. We then asked the child if she could (48)______ or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't. The same (49)______ was repeated with different adults and different hiding actions, always with the same (50). Next, we gave children the option of looking or not looking when an adult hid. surprisingly again, most children (51) to look. Our research shows that children's “egocentrism” is (52). They can take (53) into account and (54)______ what others can do. They simply (55)______ to use this information in their hiding games.
41.A. following B. taking C. escaping D. directing
42.A. bad B. good C. slow D. quick
43.A. hidden B. exposed C. examined D. noticed
44.A. described B. remembered C. received D. interpreted
45.A. previous B. recent C. later D. final
46.A. support B. praise C. challenge D. accept
47.A. adult B. researcher C. child D. parent
48.A. see B. find C. touch D. recognize
49.A. test B. game C. action D. experiment
50.A. answer B. child C. hiding D. result
51.A. refused B. decided C. preferred D. failed
52.A. natural B. strong C. temporary D. common
53.A. others' perspectives
B. their own needs
C. different methods
D. various options
54.A. report B. understand C. imagine D. predict
55.A. pretend B. learn C. manage D. fail
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专题15
完形填空
一、考情分析
(一)文章体裁与题材
1.文章体裁
以记叙文为主,偶尔会出现夹叙夹议的文章。记叙文通常讲述一个完整的故事,有清晰的情节发展和人物形象塑造,便于考查学生对语境的理解和词汇的运用。
2.题材
题材广泛,涉及个人成长经历、情感故事、生活趣事、人与自然等多个领域。例如,有讲述个人在困难环境中如何克服挫折、人与人之间的亲情友情、对自然景观的感悟等内容。
3.题目数量与分值
一般是 20 个小题,每题 1.5 分,共计 30 分。这部分分值较高,在整套试卷中占有重要地位。
4.难度变化
难度相对稳定,但有一定的波动。有些年份的文章在词汇、句子结构和逻辑关系上会更具挑战性,选项的干扰性也较强,需要考生在理解文章内容的基础上,仔细辨析词汇的细微差别和语义的合适性。
二、常考题型
(一)语境词汇题
这是最主要的题型,要求考生根据文章上下文的语境来选择合适的词汇。这些词汇包括动词、名词、形容词、副词等,主要考查考生对词汇的理解和在具体语境中的运用能力。例如,根据上下文描述的动作来选择正确的动词,或者根据人物的情感状态来选择合适的形容词。
(二)固定搭配题
考查学生对英语中常见的短语、词组和习惯用法的掌握。如动词与介词、副词的搭配,形容词与介词的搭配等。例如,“be interested in”“look forward to” 等搭配在语境中的运用。
(三)逻辑关系题
需要考生根据文章的逻辑结构来选择恰当的词汇,以体现句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系。如因果关系、转折关系、递进关系等,常见的逻辑连接词有 but, however, so, because 等。
三、考频分析
(一)高频考点
1.动词辨析
(1)动作的先后顺序
在记叙文的语境中,正确判断动作发生的先后顺序至关重要。例如,是先 “观察(observe)” 还是先 “行动(act)”,需要考生根据上下文情节来确定。
(2)动作的准确性
考查对不同动词含义的精确理解。比如表示 “拿” 这个动作,“take”“fetch”“bring”“carry” 等词在具体语境中的区别,如 “fetch” 强调去某地取来某物,“bring” 侧重从别处带到说话者所在的地方。
2.名词辨析
(1)人物身份和角色相关名词
在故事类文章中,经常涉及人物的身份和角色,如 “athlete”“artist”“volunteer” 等,考生需要根据文章对人物的描述来选择正确的名词。
(2)情感和抽象概念名词
如 “happiness”“frustration”“courage” 等,要根据上下文人物的情绪和事件的发展来选择合适的表达情感或抽象概念的名词。
3.语境理解与词汇复现
(1)同词复现
文章中会多次出现相同的关键词,为考生提供线索。例如,文章开头提到 “a beautiful dream”,后面在描述主人公的行动时可能会再次出现 “dream” 相关的词汇,帮助考生把握文章主题和情节发展。
(2)同义词、近义词复现
通过使用同义词或近义词来维持文章的连贯性。如文章前面用 “big” 描述物体,后面可能会用 “large” 来指代同一物体,考生需要敏锐地捕捉这种语义关联。
(二)中频考点
1.形容词和副词辨析
(1)情感色彩形容词
用于描述人物的情绪或事物的特征,如 “cheerful”“gloomy”“optimistic”“pessimistic” 等,需要根据语境中人物的情感状态和事件的性质来选择。
(2)程度副词
像 “slightly”“greatly”“barely” 等,用于修饰形容词或动词,以体现程度的差异,考生要根据文章所表达的程度大小来选择合适的程度副词。
2.固定搭配和习惯用语
(1)动词短语
如 “put up with”(忍受)、“look up to”(尊敬)、“give in”(屈服)等,这些短语的意思往往不是各个单词意思的简单相加,需要考生牢记其固定含义并在语境中正确运用。
(2)介词短语
例如 “in addition to”(除…… 之外)、“on the contrary”(相反)等,用于表达各种逻辑关系和语义,考生要理解其用法并根据语境选择合适的介词短语。
(三)低频考点
逻辑连词的选择:
(1)转折连词
除了常见的 “but”“however”,还有 “nevertheless”“whereas” 等,它们在语义和语气上有细微的差别,需要考生根据文章的转折程度和风格来选择。
(2)因果连词
“since”“as”“for”“therefore” 等词在表示因果关系时的用法和侧重点不同,考生要准确把握文章中的因果逻辑,选择恰当的连词。
(3)文化背景知识相关词汇
在一些涉及外国文化、习俗或特定领域知识的文章中,会出现一些与文化背景相关的词汇。例如,涉及西方节日的文章可能会出现 “Easter”“Thanksgiving” 等词汇,考生需要具备一定的文化知识储备才能正确理解和选择。
一、题型特点
(一)体裁多样
1.记叙文
以记人叙事为主,通常有一个清晰的故事线索。文章会涉及人物、事件、时间、地点等要素,通过对事件的发展过程进行描述,传达某种情感或者道理。例如,可能讲述一个年轻人在困境中坚持不懈,最终实现梦想的故事,让考生体会到坚持和努力的重要性。
记叙文的语言风格比较生动,会使用丰富的描写手法,如人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理描写等,来增强故事的感染力。
2.说明文
主要是对事物或现象进行客观的介绍和解释。内容可以涵盖自然科学(如动植物的习性、天文现象等)、社会科学(如文化习俗、历史事件、社会现象等)、技术应用(如新型科技产品的功能、使用方法等)等诸多领域。
语言相对比较严谨、准确,会使用一些专业术语和客观的描述方式。例如,在介绍一种新的医疗技术时,会详细说明其原理、操作过程、优势以及可能存在的风险等。
3.议论文
作者会针对某个问题或观点发表自己的看法,并通过摆事实、讲道理来进行论证。文章一般会有明确的论点、论据和论证过程。
逻辑结构较为严密,常常使用连接词来体现观点之间的逻辑关系,如 “firstly”“secondly”“in addition”“however”“therefore” 等,帮助读者清晰地理解作者的思路。
(二)注重语境理解
1.词汇语境
所考查的词汇需要结合上下文来理解其确切含义。很多选项中的单词可能有多种意思,在完型填空中,要根据句子以及整个段落的语境来选择最合适的意思。例如,“run” 这个词常见的意思是 “跑”,但在 “The river runs through the city.” 这个句子中,结合语境,它的意思是 “(河流)流经”。
2.句子语境
正确选项要使句子在语法和语义上都通顺合理。一个选项可能在语法上是正确的,但如果不符合句子所表达的逻辑和整体语境,也不是正确答案。例如,“Although he was tired, he still ____ to finish the work on time.” 这里需要一个表示 “努力、设法” 的词,如 “managed”,才能使句子符合逻辑。
3.篇章语境
从整篇文章的角度看,各个选项之间也需要相互配合,使文章内容连贯、主题明确。例如,文章前面提到主人公是一个乐观积极的人,那么后面在描述他面对困难时的反应,选项就应该选择体现积极应对的词汇,以保持人物性格和文章主题的一致性。
(三)考查综合语言能力
1.词汇知识
考查考生对词汇的掌握程度,包括词汇的基本含义、一词多义、固定搭配、近义词和反义词的辨析等。例如,区分 “affect” 和 “effect”,“spend”“cost”“take”“pay” 这几个表示 “花费” 的词的不同用法等。
2.语法知识
对语法规则的考查也体现在完型填空中。如时态的一致、主谓一致、从句的引导词、虚拟语气等。例如,在一个含有条件状语从句的句子中,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时(主将从现),考生需要根据这个语法规则来选择正确的动词形式。
3.逻辑推理能力
要求考生能够根据文章中的线索进行逻辑推理,判断出正确的选项。这些线索可以是词汇线索(如因果关系词、转折关系词等)、情节线索(如事件的发展顺序)或者情感线索(如人物的情绪变化)。例如,文章中出现 “but” 这个转折词,考生就要意识到前后内容可能存在相反的观点或者情况,从而在选项中选择与之相符的内容。
二、选项规律
(一)正确选项
1.语义符合语境
●上下文连贯
正确选项能使句子完整且在语义上与上下文自然衔接。它会与文章的主题、情节发展以及人物情感等方面保持一致。例如,在一篇记叙文描述一个人在沙漠中艰难求生的故事中,如果前文提到他的水已经喝完,非常口渴,那么正确选项可能是 “desperately”(绝望地)来修饰他寻找水源的状态,使句子 “He looked around desperately for water.” 符合当时的情境和人物心情。
●逻辑合理
从逻辑角度看,正确选项能使文章的逻辑顺畅。比如,在议论文中,如果前文是论点,中间部分是论据,正确选项在填空后要能使论据与论点之间形成合理的逻辑关系,如因果、递进、对比等。
2.词汇语法正确
●词汇搭配恰当
正确选项在词汇搭配上是符合英语语言习惯的。例如,“take advantage of”(利用)、“make a decision”(做决定)等固定搭配,如果选项中的动词和名词组合不符合这些常见搭配,就可能是错误的。同时,要考虑词汇在语境中的合适性,如 “heavy rain”(大雨)而不是 “strong rain”。
●语法规则相符
选项在语法上必须是正确的,包括时态、语态、主谓一致、词性等方面。例如,在一个一般过去时的句子中,动词选项应该是过去式形式;如果需要一个形容词作定语,选项就不能是副词。在 “He ____ (write) a letter last night.” 中,正确选项应该是 “wrote”,符合一般过去时的语法规则。
(二)干扰选项
1.语义干扰
●近义辨析
会出现与正确选项意思相近的词汇来干扰考生。这些近义词在语义上有细微差别,需要考生根据语境仔细辨别。例如,“look”“see”“watch” 都有 “看” 的意思,但 “look” 强调看的动作,“see” 强调看的结果,“watch” 侧重于观看动态的事物。如果文章语境是 “他在人群中寻找(强调动作)他的朋友”,正确选项是 “look for”,而 “see” 和 “watch” 在这里就会起到干扰作用。
●不符合语境语义
选项的意思本身可能是正确的,但不符合文章的具体语境。比如,文章描述一个欢乐的聚会场景,选项中有一个表示 “悲伤” 情绪的词汇,这个选项就不符合语境语义。
2.语法干扰
●形似干扰
有些选项在形式上与正确答案相似,可能是拼写相近或者词形变化相似,以此来误导考生。例如,在需要一个动词的过去分词形式的语境中,可能会出现该动词的现在分词形式或原形作为干扰项。如在 “The work ____ (finish) yesterday.” 中,“finished” 是正确答案,“finishing” 或 “finish” 就可能是干扰项。
●语法错误类型
干扰项可能存在语法错误,如主谓不一致、时态混乱、词性误用等。例如,在一个句子中主语是单数,谓语动词却用了复数形式;或者在需要形容词的地方用了副词。在 “She is a ____ (careful) girl and she always does her homework carefully.” 中,“careful” 是正确的形容词形式,如果选项中有 “carefully”(副词)或者不符合语法规则的其他形式,就是干扰项。
3.逻辑干扰
●逻辑不符
选项填入后会使句子或文章的逻辑关系混乱。例如,文章是按照事件发展的先后顺序叙述的,干扰选项可能会使情节出现跳跃或者颠倒。如果文章是因果关系的阐述,干扰项可能会使因果颠倒或者不符合逻辑。如前文说 “因为他努力学习,所以成绩很好”,干扰选项可能会变成 “因为他成绩很好,所以努力学习” 这种不符合逻辑的表述。
三、常考词汇和短语的出题形式
(一)原词复现
文章中某个空格处所需的词汇或短语,会在上下文的其他地方以原词的形式再次出现,考生需要根据其在文中的不同位置和语境来确定正确选项 。比如,前文提到 “help” 这个词,后文的空格处可能也需要填 “help”,但要注意其搭配和具体含义可能会有所不同 。
(二)同义词或近义词替换
空格处的正确答案与文中其他位置出现的某个词或短语意思相近。例如,文中出现了 “happy”,而在空格处的选项中可能会有 “glad”“pleased” 等近义词,需要考生根据具体语境和搭配来选择最合适的词汇.
(三)反义词对比
通过使用与文中某个词或短语意思相反的词汇来设置干扰项或正确答案。比如,文中描述一个人很 “outgoing”,而空格处的选项可能会有 “shy”“introverted” 等反义词,以此来考查考生对文章逻辑和词汇反义关系的理解.
(四)固定搭配
考查考生对常见固定搭配的掌握程度。例如,“pay attention to”“make use of”“in addition to” 等固定短语,会将其中的某个词设置为空格,让考生从选项中选择正确的搭配词 。
(五)词语辨析
给出几个意思相近或拼写相似的词汇,让考生辨别其细微差别并选择最符合语境的一个。比如 “affect” 和 “effect”,“rise”“raise” 和 “arise” 等,需要考生清楚它们各自的含义、用法和搭配,结合上下文来做出正确选择 。
(六)逻辑关系暗示
根据上下文的逻辑关系来确定词汇或短语。比如,当文章中出现因果关系时,空格处可能需要填 “therefore”“as a result” 等表示结果的词汇或短语;如果是转折关系,则可能会用到 “however”“but” 等。出题人会通过这种方式考查考生对文章逻辑的把握能力,以及相应逻辑关系词的运用 。
(七)语境理解
根据文章的整体语境和情感色彩来选择合适的词汇或短语。即使某个选项本身的意思是正确的,但如果不符合文章的特定语境或情感基调,也不能作为正确答案。例如,在一篇讲述悲伤故事的文章中,空格处需要一个表达消极情感的词汇,而选项中如果有积极情感的词汇,即使其本身用法正确,也可排除.
四、解题技巧
(一)通读全文,把握大意
1.快速浏览
在开始做题前,快速通读一遍文章,了解文章的体裁(记叙文、说明文、议论文)和大致内容。可以跳过空格,重点关注文章的开头、结尾以及每段的首句和尾句,因为这些部分通常会给出文章的主题、背景或关键情节线索。例如,记叙文可能会在开头介绍人物和事件背景,结尾会给出事件的结果或人物的感悟;议论文的开头往往提出论点,结尾进行总结。
2.构建框架
通过这一遍通读,在脑海中构建文章的基本框架,初步理解文章的情感基调(如积极、消极、客观等)和逻辑走向(如时间顺序、因果关系、对比关系等)。比如,如果是一篇讲述个人奋斗历程的记叙文,可能会按照时间顺序,从遇到困难、努力克服到最终取得成功来展开,这样就能为后续的填空提供一个整体的思路方向。
(二)瞻前顾后,初定选项
1.利用上下文语境
在填每个空时,仔细观察空格前后的句子,寻找线索来确定选项。这些线索包括词汇线索(如同义词、反义词、关联词等)、语法线索(如句子的时态、语态、词性要求等)和逻辑线索(如因果、转折、递进等关系)。例如,如果空格前有 “although”,这表示句子存在转折关系,后面的选项就要考虑与前面内容相反的意思;如果空格后有 “and”,则前后内容可能是并列或递进关系,选项要与之相匹配。
2.考虑固定搭配和习惯用法
注意空格处的单词是否与前后的词汇构成固定搭配。英语中有许多固定的词组和短语,如 “be interested in”“make use of”“in addition to” 等。同时,也要考虑一些习惯用法,比如某些动词后面接宾语从句时的引导词习惯(如 “suggest” 后接 “that” 引导的宾语从句,从句中谓语动词用 “should + 动词原形” 的虚拟语气形式)。
(三)代入检查,确定答案
1.代入选项通读
把初步选定的选项代入文章的空格中,通读全文,检查所选选项是否使文章的语义通顺、逻辑连贯、语法正确。尤其要注意句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的过渡是否自然。如果发现某个选项代入后感觉突兀或者不符合语境,要重新审视该选项。
2.多角度检查
从词汇、语法、逻辑等多个角度进行检查。在词汇方面,检查单词的意思是否准确,是否符合上下文的情感色彩;在语法方面,确认时态、语态、主谓一致、词性等是否无误;在逻辑方面,核实文章的情节发展、观点阐述等是否合理有序。例如,在检查一个动词选项时,要看它的时态是否与文章整体的时间框架一致,它所表达的动作是否符合人物性格和事件发展逻辑。
(四)积累词汇和语法知识,培养语感
1.词汇积累
完型填空对词汇量和词汇辨析能力要求较高。平时要注重积累词汇,不仅要记住单词的基本含义,还要了解其一词多义、近义词、反义词和固定搭配等。可以通过阅读英语文章、背诵例句等方式来加深对词汇的理解和记忆。
2.语法巩固
熟练掌握各种语法规则,包括时态、语态、从句、虚拟语气等。语法知识是理解句子结构和正确选择词汇的基础,只有语法正确,才能保证文章的理解和选项的准确性。
3.语感培养
多读多背优秀的英语文章,增强语感。语感可以帮助考生在做题时更敏锐地感知语言的习惯用法和逻辑关系,提高答题的效率和准确性。例如,对于一些难以通过语法规则和词汇辨析来确定的选项,语感好的考生可能凭借对语言的直觉做出正确的选择。
1.【2024・广东・高考模拟】
It was a rainy, windy October afternoon. This was perfect weather for Garth to test his new invention—Umbrella Hat. He carefully 1______ the hat on his head and started walking along the street. It worked! Suddenly, three boys in his neighborhood appeared and 2.______ him. Todd, the biggest one, pulled his Umbrella Hat off his head. “What’s this?” he asked. “It’s an Umbrella Hat. You can wear it on rainy days.” Garth said. The boys 3., “Will anyone wear that stupid thing?” Todd threw the hat onto the ground and they ran off. Garth picked up his Umbrella Hat from the ground in tears. “Maybe Todd was right. 4., who would ever need this invention?” He thought to himself. Suddenly he 5.______ and saw a lady looking at him. “Are you okay, little boy?” Then she saw the 6.______ Umbrella Hat and asked, “Er… what’s that?” “It’s my Umbrella Hat. I thought of it and made it myself.” answered Garth. “What a 7.______ mind you have! Keep inventing and one day you will create something really great!” said the lady. “And you have given me a wonderful 8.,” she continued, “I have a gadget (小器具). shop—Gadgets4U—and I’d like to hold a competition to find the best young gadget inventor in our town. I will display . three best inventions in my shop. I’m sure you will have a n. 9. of winning a prize.” Garth was 10.______ surprised. Gadgets4U was one of his favorite places. He suddenly felt much better and could already feel lots of new ideas coming out!
1. A. took B. placed C. wore D. hung
2. A. helped B. followed C. stopped D. greeted
3. A. whispered B. laughed C. argued D. complained
4. A. In general B. In short C. In fact D. In return
5. A. turned around B. sat down C. looked up D. bent down
6. A. dirty B. wet C. broken D. old
7. A. sharp B. normal C. creative D. practical
8. A. promise B. example C. idea D. question
9. A. ability B. duty C. right D. chance
10. A. really B. nearly C. hardly D. probably
答案解析
1. 选 B,“place” 有 “放置” 的意思,符合他把帽子戴在头上的动作,强调放置这个动作,而 “wear” 更侧重穿着的状态,“take” 和 “hang” 不符合此处语境。
2. 选 C,根据后文男孩们对他的嘲笑、抢帽子等行为可知是拦住了他,让他停下了脚步,“stop” 有使停止、阻拦的意思,“help”(帮助)、“follow”(跟随)、“greet”(问候)不符合此处男孩们的行为表现。
3. 选 B,从男孩们说的 “Will anyone wear that stupid thing?” 以及嘲笑的语气可以看出他们是在嘲笑他,“laughed” 表示大笑、嘲笑,符合语境,“whispered”(低语)、“argued”(争论)、“complained”(抱怨)不符合此处他们嘲笑的行为。
4. 选 C,“In fact” 意为 “事实上,实际上”,Garth 被嘲笑后开始自我怀疑,觉得也许 Todd 说的是对的,从内心角度出发表达一种对事实情况的思考,“In general”(通常,一般来说)、“In short”(总之)、“In return”(作为回报)不符合此处语境。
5. 选 C,前文提到他在低头捡帽子,情绪低落,这里 “look up” 表示 “抬头看”,符合语境,即他抬起头看到了那位女士,“turned around”(转身)、“sat down”(坐下)、“bent down”(弯腰)不符合此处他看到女士这个动作的逻辑。
6. 选 C,因为帽子被 Todd 扔到地上了,所以应该是坏了的状态,“broken” 表示破损的、坏了的,符合帽子被扔后的情况,“dirty”(脏的)、“wet”(湿的)、“old”(旧的)不是此处强调的帽子状态。
7. 选 C,从女士鼓励他继续发明创造,说他以后会创造出伟大的东西,可知是夸赞他有创造力,“creative mind” 表示 “有创造力的头脑”,“sharp”(敏锐的)、“normal”(正常的)、“practical”(实用的)不符合此处夸赞他发明能力的语境。
8. 选 C,根据后文女士说要举办比赛,可知是从 Garth 的发明中得到了举办比赛这个想法,“idea” 表示想法、主意,“promise”(承诺)、“example”(例子)、“question”(问题)不符合此处语境。
9. 选 D,“have a chance of” 是固定短语,表示 “有…… 的机会”,符合女士说他有获奖机会的语境,“ability”(能力)、“duty”(责任)、“right”(权利)不符合此处搭配和语义。
10. 选 A,“really” 表示 “真地”,强调程度,突出 Garth 非常惊讶的状态,“nearly”(几乎)、“hardly”(几乎不)、“probably”(可能)不符合此处要表达的他惊讶程度很深的意思。
2.【2024・全国通用・高考模拟】
Some scientists say that animals in the oceans are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that 1.______ sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused 2.______ by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are 3.______ to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals 4.. Decibels (分贝). 5. in water are different from those on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land 6.______ pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same 7.______ Some scientists have suggested setting a noise 8.______ of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have 9.______ that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales. A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that louder noises can seriously 10.______ some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to 11.______ their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to 12.______ information and 13.______ their way. Some of the whales 14.______ died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and 15.______ deaf. Many researchers 16.______ whose work focuses on ocean sounds are against a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would 17.______ an end to important industrial and scientific research. Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are 18.______ to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they 19.______. They want to stop noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
1. A. protects B. observes C. affects D. follows
2. A. simply B. carefully C. quickly D. primarily
3. A. reduced B. added C. compared D. returned
4. A. themselves B. it C. him D. us
5. A. produced B. found C. measured D. described
6. A. brings B. causes C. creates D. makes
7. A. result B. reason C. cause D. effect
8. A. rule B. record C. limit D. law
9. A. hoped B. remembered C. agreed D. believed
10. A. help B. harm C. teach D. play
11. A. lose B. improve C. change D. have
12. A. give B. store C. exchange D. create
13. A. lose B. forget C. find D. change
14. A. never B. once C. often D. even
15. A. look B. become C. stay D. find
16. A. here B. there C. where D. whose
17. A. start B. increase C. bring D. make
18. A. useful B. harmful C. helpful D. hopeful
19. A. knew B. saw C. believed D. heard
20. A. and B. but C. however D. so
答案解析
1.C,“affect” 表示 “影响”,此处说影响海洋生物的噪音来自人类活动,符合语境,“protects”(保护)、“observes”(观察)、“follows”(跟随)不符合文意。
2.D,“primarily” 意思是 “主要地”,强调噪音主要是由所列举的这些人类活动产生,逻辑合理,“simply”(简单地)、“carefully”(仔细地)、“quickly”(快速地)不符合此处表达噪音来源主次的语境。
3.B,“be added to” 是固定短语,表示 “被加到…… 上”,这里说这些噪音加到自然声音中,符合文意,“reduced”(减少)、“compared”(比较)、“returned”(返回)不符合此处关于声音叠加的描述。
4.A,此处强调动物自身发出的声音,用反身代词 “themselves” 指代 “animals”,“it”“him”“us” 指代不符。
5.C,“measure” 表示 “测量”,这里说测量水中的分贝,符合语境,是在说关于分贝测量方面水中和陆地的不同,“produced”(产生)、“found”(发现)、“described”(描述)不符合此处关于分贝测量的表意。
6.B,“cause pain to” 是固定搭配,表示 “给…… 造成疼痛”,噪音导致人耳疼痛,用 “causes” 符合搭配及语境,“brings”“creates”“makes” 虽然也有类似 “造成” 的意思,但搭配不符。
7.D,“have the same effect” 表示 “有同样的效果”,说在水中相应分贝会有和陆地上同样对人耳的效果,“result”(结果)、“reason”(原因)、“cause”(起因)不符合此处表达效果相同的语境。
8.C,“set a limit” 表示 “设置限制”,科学家建议在海洋中设置噪音限制,用 “limit” 符合语境,“rule”(规则)、“record”(记录)、“law”(法律)不符合此处说设置分贝限制的意思。
9.D,“believe” 表示 “相信,认为”,科学家们相信那样的噪音会惊吓和迷惑鲸鱼,符合表达他们的观点的语境,“hoped”(希望)、“remembered”(记得)、“agreed”(同意)不符合此处表达看法的意思。
10.B,从后文提到的对鲸鱼造成伤害等内容可知,更大的噪音会严重伤害一些动物,“harm” 符合语境,“help”(帮助)、“teach”(教)、“play”(玩耍)不符合文意。
11.A,“lose their hearing” 表示 “失去听力”,水下爆炸导致鲸鱼失去听力,符合语境,“improve”(提高)、“change”(改变)、“have”(有)不符合此处表达鲸鱼听力受影响的情况。
12.C,“exchange information” 表示 “交换信息”,失去听力影响鲸鱼交流信息的能力,符合逻辑,“give”(给予)、“store”(储存)、“create”(创造)不符合此处说鲸鱼交流方面的表意。
13.C,“find their way” 表示 “找到它们的路”,与前文并列说对鲸鱼能力的影响,符合语境,“lose”(失去)、“forget”(忘记)、“change”(改变)不符合此处表达鲸鱼导航能力的意思。
14.D,“even” 表示程度加深,强调一些鲸鱼甚至死亡了,符合语境,“never”(从不)、“once”(曾经)、“often”(经常)不符合此处对鲸鱼受影响严重程度的强调。
15.B,“become deaf” 表示 “变聋”,爆炸导致鲸鱼耳朵流血然后变聋,符合语境,“look”(看起来)、“stay”(保持)、“find”(找到)不符合此处表达鲸鱼变聋的意思。
16.D,“whose” 引导定语从句,修饰 “Many researchers”,表示 “工作聚焦于海洋声音的研究者”,符合语法及语境,“here”“there”“where” 不符合此处定语从句的引导词要求。
17.C,“bring an end to” 是固定短语,表示 “使…… 结束,导致…… 终结”,说这样的限制会导致重要研究的终结,符合语境,“start”(开始)、“increase”(增加)、“make” 不符合此处搭配及表达的意思。
18.B,“be harmful to” 表示 “对…… 有害”,科学家不知道什么样的噪音对海洋动物有害,符合语境,“useful”(有用的)、“helpful”(有帮助的)、“hopeful”(有希望的)不符合此处说噪音危害的表意。
19.C,此处表达科学家怀疑噪音比他们之前认为的更危险,“believed” 表示 “认为,相信”,符合语境,“knew”(知道)、“saw”(看见)、“heard”(听见)不符合此处表达之前看法的意思。
20.C,“however” 表示转折,前文说科学家不知道噪音情况,后文说怀疑噪音更危险,有转折关系,符合语境,“and”(和,并且)表并列,“but” 虽然也表转折但用法不同,“so”(所以)表因果,不符合此处逻辑。
3.【2024 年安徽卷】
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 36______ is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37______ because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before. How did we 38______ a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 39______ an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 40______ modern manufacturing and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 41______. Another cause is our 42______ of disposable products. As 43______ people, we are always looking for 44______ to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 45______ thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few. Our appetite for new products also 46______ to the problem. We are 47______ buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 48______ is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 49______ useful possessions to make room for new ones. All around the world, we can see the 50______ of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 51______ the amount of rubbish and to protect the 52______, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 53______, this is not enough to solve our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 54______ throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 55______. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
36.A. key B. reason C. project D. problem
37.A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products
38.A. face B. become C. observe D. change
39.A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw
40.A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of
41.A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful
42.A. lack B. prevention C. division D. love
43.A. sensitive B. kind C. busy D. brave
44.A. places B. ways C. jobs D. friends
45.A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve
46.A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes
47.A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed of
48.A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger
49.A. pick up B. pay for C. hold onto D. throw away
50.A. advantages B. purposes C. consequences D. functions
51.A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure
52.A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands
53.A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile
54.A. by B. in favor of C. after D. instead of
55.A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising
答案解析
36.D。根据后文 “countries around the world have growing mountains of 37 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.” 可知,这里说的是一个问题,即垃圾越来越多,所以选 problem。
37.B。由前文 “people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before” 可知,这里应填 rubbish。
38.B。此处表示我们是如何变成一个一次性社会的,become 符合语境。
39.C。根据前文 “it is now easier to...than to spend time and money to repair it.” 可知,这里说的是替换一个物品比修理它更容易,replace 符合。
40.A。“thanks to” 表示 “由于,多亏”,符合语境,即由于现代制造业和技术,公司能够快速且廉价地生产产品。
41.C。由前文 “produce products quickly and inexpensively” 可知,产品丰富且便宜,cheap 符合。
42.D。根据后文 “we are always looking for 44 to save time and make our lives easier.” 可知,我们喜欢一次性产品,love 符合语境。
43.C。作为忙碌的人,我们总是在寻找节省时间的方法,busy 符合。
44.A。寻找方法用 ways。
45.C。公司生产成千上万种不同的一次性产品,produce 符合。
46.D。“contribute to” 表示 “导致,促成”,我们对新产品的渴望导致了问题,符合语境。
47.B。“be addicted to” 表示 “沉迷于,上瘾”,我们沉迷于买新东西,符合语境。
48.A。广告说服我们新的更好,newer 符合。
49.D。根据后文 “to make room for new ones” 可知,我们扔掉有用的东西来为新东西腾出空间,throw away 符合。
50.D。我们可以看到这种一次性生活方式的后果,consequences 符合。
51.C。为了减少垃圾的数量,decrease 符合语境。
52.B。减少垃圾数量和保护环境,environment 符合。
53.A。然而,这不足以解决我们的问题,however 表示转折。
54.D。我们需要修理我们的物品而不是扔掉它们,instead of 符合。
55.C。我们也需要重新思考我们对修理的态度,repairing 符合。
4.【2023 年全国甲卷】
Many years ago, I bought a house in Gargagnano and we go there every summer. The first time we stayed there, we heard the sound of a motorcycle coming up the hill towards us. It was our neighbor Mario, who brought us a box containing some tomatoes and a bottle of wine. It was a very kind 2.______ of him. But when we looked at those tomatoes, we were 3.______ because they were not shaped regularly and didn't look at all like the round, shiny tomatoes in the supermarket. And the wine was cloudy and in a 4.______ old bottle without a label. We thought those things might not be very good. But we thanked him for his kindness, so we tried them. We found that it was unwise to judge food only by its appearance. Those tomatoes 5.______ me of the taste of those tomatoes my uncle used to grow when I was a child. Now the tomatoes in the supermarket look perfect, but they taste like water. It's strange that they haven't been able to grow square tomatoes yet for easy packing. Mario's wine might be a little cloudy and in an old bottle, but it was very delicious. It is important to choose the right season for eating food. You should eat them in season and as close to 6.______ as possible. Mario brought us the taste of Gargagnano.
2. A. action B. gesture C. behavior D. movement
3. A. worried B. excited C. surprised D. interested
4. A. beautiful B. valuable C. funny D. big
5. A. told B. warned C. asked D. reminded
6. A. where they were bought
B. where they were made
C. where they were cooked
D. where they were grown
答案解析
2. 选 B。解析:“gesture” 常指表达友好、善意等的姿态、举动,此处邻居 Mario 送来了装有西红柿和酒的盒子,这是一种友好的表示,用 “gesture” 来形容这种举动最为恰当。“action” 侧重于指具体的行动、行为;“behavior” 更多强调行为方式、习性等;“movement” 主要指动作、移动等,都不符合此处表达友好举动的语境。
3. 选 A。解析:后文提到 “because they were not shaped regularly and didn't look at all like the round, shiny tomatoes in the supermarket”,由于西红柿形状不规则,和超市里好看的西红柿不一样,所以我们心里会产生担忧,觉得这些西红柿可能不太好,“worried” 符合这种担忧的心理状态。“excited” 表示兴奋的,“surprised” 表示惊讶的,“interested” 表示感兴趣的,都不符合看到西红柿外形不佳时的心理感受。
4. 选 C。解析:文中描述酒是浑浊的,而且瓶子是旧的还没有标签,整体给人一种比较奇特、滑稽的感觉,“funny” 有滑稽的、好笑的意思,用来修饰这个瓶子很合适,突出其外观上的异样。“beautiful” 意为漂亮的,“valuable” 意为有价值的,“big” 意为大的,都不符合对这个瓶子外观特点的描述。
5. 选 D。解析:“remind sb. of sth.” 是固定短语,意为 “使某人想起某事”,此处表达那些西红柿让 “我” 想起了小时候叔叔种的西红柿的味道,符合该短语的用法和语境要求。“told” 意为告诉,“warned” 意为警告,“asked” 意为询问,都不能与 “of” 搭配表达相应的意思。
6. 选 D。解析:前文提到 “It is important to choose the right season for eating food. You should eat them in season and as close to...”,强调吃食物要选择合适的时节,并且要尽可能接近其源头,对于像西红柿这类农产品来说,源头就是它们的种植地,所以用 “where they were grown”,表示尽可能靠近它们生长的地方。“where they were bought” 指购买的地方,“where they were made” 通常用于指制造出来的物品的制造地,“where they were cooked” 指烹饪的地方,都不符合此处对于食物来源地的表意。
5.【2022 年全国甲卷】
You may have heard that Coca-Cola once contained an ingredient capable of sparking particular devotion in consumers: cocaine. The “coca” in the name referred to the extracts of coca leaf that the drink's originator, chemist John Pemberton, (41)______ in the late 19th century. Pemberton's sweet brew was a way to get around local laws prohibiting the sale of alcohol. But the other half of the name presents another ingredient, less (42)______ known but also strangely potent: the kola nut. In West Africa, people have long chewed kola nuts as stimulants, because they contain caffeine that also occurs naturally in tea, coffee, and chocolate. They also have heart stimulants. Historically, kola nuts were used as medicine to (43)______ a range of diseases, from insomnia to bellyache. The nuts are usually roasted and then crushed between stones to make a powder, which is mixed into water, coconut milk, and other (44), and sometimes sweetened with sugar to make a refreshing drink. However, modern products that (45) cola do not contain kola nut extract. They instead rely on artificial flavors and colors to mimic the look and taste of the (46)______ ingredients. This may be why the (47)______ of Coca-Cola can vary slightly from country to country, depending on the recipe used in the local bottling plant. Today, Coca-Cola has become a global brand, with consumers (48)______ around the world. It is a symbol of American culture, and its logo is (49)______ recognized. The company has also (50)______ to promote its products through various marketing strategies, such as sponsoring sports events and partnering with popular celebrities. Despite its popularity, Coca-Cola has faced some criticism over the years for issues such as its high sugar content and potential health risks. However, it remains one of the most (51)______ and widely consumed beverages in the world.
41.A. included B. found C. created D. expected
42.A. much B. well C. widely D. little
43.A. prevent B. cure C. cause D. identify
44.A. drinks B. foods C. liquids D. powders
45.A. label B. name C. claim D. advertise
46.A. natural B. original C. unique D. basic
47.A. brand B. flavor C. recipe D. color
48.A. distributed B. sold C. spread D. located
49.A. hardly B. occasionally C. rarely D. widely
50.A. tried B. managed C. attempted D. succeeded
51.A. famous B. popular C. valuable D. beneficial
答案解析
41.选 A。解析:此处表达的是饮料的发明者 John Pemberton 把古柯叶提取物包含、加入到饮料中,“included” 有包含、包括在内的意思,符合语境,强调将其作为成分纳入其中。“found” 意为发现;“created” 意为创造;“expected” 意为期望,都不符合此处描述将古柯叶提取物作为成分放入饮料的表意。
42.选 B。解析:“less well known” 是固定搭配,表示 “不太为人所知”,符合此处说可乐中的另一种成分(可乐果)相对不那么被大众熟知的语境。“much” 一般修饰比较级表示程度更深,不符合此处搭配;“widely” 常表示广泛地,与 “less” 搭配表意不符;“little” 修饰不可数名词等,不能这样与 “known” 搭配表达相应意思。
43.选 B。解析:前文提到 “used as medicine”(用作药物),那么目的就是治疗疾病,“treat” 有治疗、医治的意思,符合语境,说明可乐果被用来治疗从失眠到肚子疼等一系列疾病。“prevent” 意为预防;“cause” 意为引起;“identify” 意为识别,都不符合作为药物去应对疾病的表意。
44.选 C。
解析:前文提到 “mixed into water, coconut milk”(混入水、椰奶中),这些都属于液体,所以此处说的是混入其他液体中,“liquids” 表示液体,符合语境。“drinks” 侧重于饮品,表意较具体;“foods” 表示食物,不符合此处说的和水、椰奶同类的事物;“powders” 表示粉末,与前文描述不符。
45.选 A。解析:此处表达的是那些贴着可乐标签的现代产品,“label” 作动词有贴标签、标注的意思,符合语境,强调产品上标注着 “cola” 字样。“name” 意为命名、取名;“claim” 意为声称、宣称;“advertise” 意为做广告,都不符合此处表达产品带有 “可乐” 标识的意思。
46.选 B。解析:这里说现代产品依靠人工香料和色素去模仿原来的成分的外观和味道,“original” 表示原来的、最初的,指的是原本的那些天然成分,符合语境,强调模仿最初的成分特性。“natural” 侧重自然的,表意不准确;“unique” 意为独特的;“basic” 意为基本的,都不符合此处要表达模仿原本成分样子和味道的意思。
47.选 B。解析:后文提到 “vary slightly from country to country”(因国家不同而略有差异),结合生活常识以及对可口可乐的了解,不同地方配方有差异会导致味道不同,“flavor” 表示味道、风味,符合语境。“brand” 表示品牌;“recipe” 表示配方;“color” 表示颜色,都不符合此处说因配方不同而产生变化且与国家差异相关的描述。
48.选 C。解析:“spread around the world” 表示遍布世界各地,此处说可口可乐成为全球品牌,消费者遍布全球,“spread” 符合语境,形象地体现出分布范围广的状态。“distributed” 侧重于分配、分发;“sold” 侧重于销售;“located” 侧重于位于、坐落,都不符合此处表达消费者在全球分布的意思。
49.选 D。解析:此处表达可口可乐的标志被广泛认可,“widely” 表示广泛地,修饰 “recognized”,强调其被认可的范围很广,符合可口可乐作为全球知名品牌的特点。“hardly” 表示几乎不;“occasionally” 表示偶尔;“rarely” 表示很少,都不符合其标志被大众熟知认可的语境。
50.选 C。解析:“attempt to do sth.” 表示试图、尝试做某事,此处说公司试图通过各种营销策略推广产品,符合语境,强调尝试去做,不一定成功。“tried” 后接 “to do” 时侧重努力去做,有付出努力的意味;“managed” 表示设法做成,强调成功做成某事;“succeeded” 表示成功,后接 “in doing”,都不符合此处表达尝试去做的意思。
51.选 B。解析:前文提到 “Despite its popularity”(尽管它很受欢迎),且此处说它仍然是世界上最…… 和广泛消费的饮料之一,“popular” 表示受欢迎的,与前文呼应,符合语境,强调其受大众喜爱的特点。“famous” 侧重著名的;“valuable” 侧重有价值的;“beneficial” 侧重有益的,都不如 “popular” 能准确体现其在大众中受欢迎且消费广泛的意思。
6.【2022 年全国乙卷】
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there's something highly exciting about (41)______ someone else's glance and making oneself unable to be seen. However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably (42)______ at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies (43). For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was (44) as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our (45)______ research results in child developmental psychology (46)______ that idea. We brought young children aged 2 - 4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each (47)______ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or ears in a game of hide and seek. We then asked the child if she could (48)______ or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't. The same (49)______ was repeated with different adults and different hiding actions, always with the same (50). Next, we gave children the option of looking or not looking when an adult hid. surprisingly again, most children (51) to look. Our research shows that children's “egocentrism” is (52). They can take (53) into account and (54)______ what others can do. They simply (55)______ to use this information in their hiding games.
41.A. following B. taking C. escaping D. directing
42.A. bad B. good C. slow D. quick
43.A. hidden B. exposed C. examined D. noticed
44.A. described B. remembered C. received D. interpreted
45.A. previous B. recent C. later D. final
46.A. support B. praise C. challenge D. accept
47.A. adult B. researcher C. child D. parent
48.A. see B. find C. touch D. recognize
49.A. test B. game C. action D. experiment
50.A. answer B. child C. hiding D. result
51.A. refused B. decided C. preferred D. failed
52.A. natural B. strong C. temporary D. common
53.A. others' perspectives
B. their own needs
C. different methods
D. various options
54.A. report B. understand C. imagine D. predict
55.A. pretend B. learn C. manage D. fail
答案解析
41.选 C。解析:在捉迷藏游戏中,要让自己不被别人看到,那就是要避开(escaping)别人的目光,符合游戏情境和语境逻辑,“following”(跟随)、“taking”(拿取)、“directing”(引导、指挥)都不符合此处说躲避他人目光的意思。
42.选 A。解析:后文提到 “They often cover only their eyes with their hands”,说明他们藏的方式很不好,只遮住眼睛,身体其他部分都没藏好,所以是不擅长(be bad at)藏,“good”(擅长)与描述不符,“slow”(缓慢的)、“quick”(快速的)不能体现出藏的能力情况。
43.选 B。解析:因为他们只用手遮住眼睛,那身体的其余部分就是暴露(exposed)在外了,“hidden”(隐藏的)不符合实际情况,“examined”(检查的)、“noticed”(被注意到的)表意不符合此处说身体部分没藏住的状态。
44.选 D。解析:这种无效的隐藏方法被当作、被解释(interpreted)为能证明孩子是 “自我中心” 的生物的证据,“interpret...as...” 是常用搭配,表示 “把…… 解释为……”,“described”(描述)、“remembered”(记住)、“received”(收到)都不符合此处表达将这种现象作为一种证据来解读的意思。
45.选 B。解析:从后文描述的研究情况以及与之前传统观点相对比来看,这里说的是我们最近(recent)在儿童发展心理学方面的研究结果,“previous”(之前的)不符合语境中要体现新研究的意思,“later”(后来的,更侧重于时间先后顺序)、“final”(最终的)不符合此处描述当下新研究的表意。
46.选 C。解析:前文提到传统观点认为孩子是 “自我中心” 的,而我们的研究结果与之不同,所以是挑战(challenge)了那种观点,“support”(支持)、“praise”(赞扬)、“accept”(接受)都不符合与传统观点相悖的语境逻辑。
47.选 C。解析:前文提到 “We brought young children aged 2 - 4...”,所以此处说的是每个孩子(child)参与到游戏实验中,“adult”(成年人)、“researcher”(研究者)、“parent”(父母)不符合此处主体对象是参与实验的孩子的描述。
48.选 A。解析:前面提到成年人在捉迷藏游戏中遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵,那相应地就会问孩子是否能看见(see)或听见大人,“find”(找到)、“touch”(触摸)、“recognize”(认出)不符合此处针对大人遮住眼睛或耳朵这一行为对应的询问内容。
49.选 D。解析:前文描述了整个在实验室进行的游戏相关的操作流程,这属于一个实验(experiment),后面又说同样的这个实验被重复进行,“test”(测试,更侧重检测性质)、“game”(游戏,这里强调的是作为研究的实验过程)、“action”(行动,表意不准确)都不如 “experiment” 能准确概括整个操作过程。
50.选 D。解析:同样的实验重复进行,每次得到的都是相同的结果(result),符合实验重复操作看结果的逻辑,“answer”(答案,较片面)、“child”(孩子,不符合此处说重复实验得到的情况)、“hiding”(隐藏,表意不准确)都不符合语境表达每次重复后出现相同情况的意思。
51.选 C。解析:当给孩子们选择在大人藏的时候看或不看的机会时,再次令人惊讶的是,大多数孩子更愿意(preferred)去看,“refused”(拒绝)与文意不符,“decided”(决定,表意较笼统)、“failed”(失败,不符合此处表达选择倾向的意思)都不符合语境所体现的孩子们的选择偏好。
52.选 C。解析:通过研究发现孩子们并非像之前认为的那样一直是 “自我中心” 的,说明这种 “自我中心主义” 只是暂时(temporary)的情况,“natural”(自然的)、“strong”(强烈的)、“common”(常见的)都不符合对这种 “自我中心主义” 新的研究结论的描述。
53.选 A。解析:研究表明孩子们能考虑到别人的视角(others' perspectives),这与之前认为他们 “自我中心” 不同,说明他们能从他人角度思考了,“their own needs”(他们自己的需求,不符合不再自我中心的表意)、“different methods”(不同方法,与考虑他人角度无关)、“various options”(各种选择,不符合语境表达考虑他人情况的意思)都不符合此处语境。
54.选 D。解析:他们能考虑别人视角,相应地就能预测(predict)别人能做什么,符合逻辑,“report”(报告)、“understand”(理解,侧重于明白意思等)、“imagine”(想象,较主观且不一定基于对他人考虑)都不符合此处表达基于对他人考虑后对其行为的判断意思。
55.选 D。解析:前文说孩子们能考虑他人情况等,但是在捉迷藏游戏中却没这样做,所以是没能(fail)运用这些信息,“fail to do sth.” 是固定用法,表示 “未能做某事”,“pretend”(假装)、“learn”(学习)、“manage”(设法做成,与文意不符)都不符合此处表达孩子们没运用信息的意思。
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