2025届高考重点知识背诵及真题专项练习Unit3Careers and skills（牛津译林版选择性必修第四册）

UNIT 3 Careers and skills 单元词汇 一、写作词汇 1.high salary高工资 2.skilled labour 熟练工人 3.attain our goals达到我们的目标 4.be very fond of sweet food非常喜欢甜食 5.anticipate arrival time 预计抵达的时间 6.be superior in numbers在数量上占优势 7.have prejudice against对……有偏见 8.become a lawyer 成了一名律师 9.public servant 公务员，公仆 10.store clerks店员 11.turn in your room key to the receptionist将你的房间钥匙交给前台接待员 12.go into their respective bedroom 回到他们各自的卧室 13.comfort zone 舒适区，放松区 14.English Weekly 《英语周报》 15.a monthly magazine 一本月刊 16.a shaved head 剃光的头 17.delay holding the meeting推迟开会 18.for the duration of the interview在面试期间 19.seize the boy by his arm 抓住男孩的胳膊 20.temporary relief from pain短暂的疼痛减轻 21. hire vt.& vi.聘用，雇用；租用 n.新雇员；租借 ①be hired as a resident physician被聘为住院医生 ②hire a car/room租汽车/房间 22.swing vi.& vt.（swung，swung）（使）改变；（使）摆动，摇摆 n.改变；摆动；秋千 ①swing his arms 摆着他的双臂 ②take huge swings 作出巨大的改变 23.firm adj.强有力的，坚决的；坚固的；坚定的；牢固的 n.商行，公司 ①an engineering firm一个工程公司 ②keep firm friendships with them和他们保持牢固的友谊 ③firm determination 坚定的决心 24.passion n.酷爱；强烈情感 To be honest， my passion for dancing never dimmed over the years. （建议信） 老实说，这些年来我对跳舞的热情一直不减。 25.refreshed adj.恢复了精力的，精神振作的 As we dashed through the woods， we breathed the cold air deep into our lungs， feeling refreshed. （动作描写） 当我们穿过树林时，我们把冷空气深深地吸入肺部，感到神清气爽。 二、阅读词汇 1.receipt n.收到的款项，收入；收据 2.budget n.预算 3.loan n.贷款，借款；借出 vt.借出，贷与（尤指钱） 4.client n.客户，委托人 5.subjective adj.主观的 6.label n.标签；（不恰当的）称谓 vt.贴标签于；（尤指不公正地）把……称为 7.candidate n.候选人；应试者；被认定适合者 8.profile n.概述；形象；侧面轮廓 vt.概述，写简介 9.criterion n.（pl.criteria） 标准，准则 10.mode n.方式，风格，样式 11.justify vt.对……作出解释，为……辩解；证明……正确 12.infer vt.推断，推论，推理 13.convey vt.表达，传递；传送，运送 14.directory n.名录，电话号码簿，公司名录 15.plug vt.补足，供给；堵塞，封堵 n.插头；插座 16.groundwork n.基础工作，准备工作 17.premier adj.最著名的，最成功的，第一的 n.首相，总理 18.fabric n.织物，布料 19.fibre n.纤维制品；纤维素；纤维 20.yawn vi.打哈欠 21.corporate adj.公司的；全体的，共同的 22.rainbow n.虹，彩虹 23.bowling n.保龄球运动 24.tournament n.锦标赛 25.[人教选必二UNIT 2]Therefore，China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are highly competent with languages， have leadership and organisational skills， and have strong cultural awareness. n.领导应有的品质 26.[外研选必四UNIT 1]Although some of his historical novels were published， their success was nothing compared to the stories of his fictional detective， Sherlock Holmes， which he is still best known for to this day. n.侦探，警探 27.[北师大必修三UNIT 8]This institute was set up in the early 1990s by Dr.Jane Goodall， a scientist who’s the world’s best-known expert on wild chimpanzees. n.（教育、专业等）机构；研究所机构 三、派生词汇 1.consultant n.顾问；会诊医师→consult vt.查阅；请教 vt.& vi.商议，商量 2.operate vt.操作，使运行 vi.运转，工作；经营，营业→operation n.操作；运转；手术→operator n.操作人员，接线员 3.commercial adj.商业的，贸易的；盈利的；商业性的→commercially adv.商业上，通商上→commerce n.商业；贸易 4.rude adj.粗鲁的，无礼的，粗野的→rudeness n.无礼；粗野；粗鲁 5.prior adj.在前的；优先的，占先的→priority n.优先，优先权；重点 6.refreshed adj.恢复了精力的，精神振作的→refreshing adj.令人耳目一新的；使人精力充沛的→refresh v.使恢复精力 7.qualification n.资格，资历；学历；合格，达到标准→qualify vt.& vi.（使）具有资格，（使）合格→qualified adj.有资格的，胜任的 8.relevant adj.紧密相关的，切题的；有价值的，有意义的→relevance n.关联，相关性→relevantly adv.相关地→irrelevant adj.不相关的，无关紧要的 9.genuine adj.真诚的，可信赖的；真的，名副其实的→genuinely adv.真地，真诚地 短语词块 1.labour force （全公司或全国的）劳动力 2.earn a living谋生 3.be fond of 喜爱 4.weigh up 权衡，斟酌 5.put sth on the line 让……处于危险之中 6.swing into action 立即行动起来，马上大干起来 7.gain the upper hand 处于有利地位，有优势 8.prior to 在……之前 9.put one’s best foot forward 全力以赴 10.in the direction of ...朝……方向 11.a sense of achievement成就感 12.be superior to ...比……更好的/更胜一筹的 13.not least 尤其，特别 14.give sb a great sense of achievement and satisfaction 给某人极大的成就感和满足感 15.better adapt ourselves to new circumstances让自己更好地适应新情况 16.join the labour force 加入劳动力大军 17.motivate us to enter the world of work激励我们进入工作的世界 18.provide room for personal growth 为个人成长提供空间 19.energy efficiency 能源效率 20.be satisfied with the status quo 安于现状 21.move along our chosen career path 沿着我们选择的职业道路前进 22.make our respective contributions作出我们各自的贡献 23.step out of their comfort zone 走出他们的舒适区 24.our individual well-being 我们的个人福祉 教材句式 1.句式：“疑问词＋-ever”引导让步状语从句 原句：Wherever our interests may lie and whatever our career choices might be， work allows us the opportunity to be engaged in something we are fond of， and consequently， it can give us a great sense of achievement and satisfaction. 无论我们的兴趣在何处，无论我们的职业选择是什么，工作使得我们有机会做我们喜欢的事情，并且因此能带给我们极大的成就感和满足感。 2.句式：make＋it＋形容词＋for sb＋to do 原句：Our rapidly changing workplace makes it necessary for us to keep up and develop new skills. 不断变化的工作场所使我们跟上和发展新的技能非常有必要。 3.句式：部分倒装句 原句：Not only does work benefit us personally， it also contributes to the health of society. 工作不仅有利于我们个人，也有助于社会的健康。 4.句式：whether ...or ... 无论……还是…… 原句：Whether we are scientists，lawyers， doctors， public servants， consultants， clerks， receptionists or butchers， we all make our respective contributions. 无论我们是科学家、律师、医生、公务员、顾问、职员、接待员还是屠夫，我们都作出了各自的贡献。 专项练习 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A [2024·北京市海淀区高三上学期期中]Demanding days seem designed to test our selfcontrol. We all need to rely on willpower to avoid shortterm temptations and override unwanted thoughts or impulses (冲动). The prevailing psychological theory proposed that willpower resembled a kind of battery. With each exercise of selfcontrol, you exhausted this resource. Without a chance to recharge, that resource ran low, making it harder to maintain selfcontrol. This process was known as “ego depletion”． In 2010, however, psychologist Veronika Job published a study that questioned the foundations of “ego depletion” theory, with some interesting evidence that ego depletion depended on people's underlying beliefs. In the study, Job divided participants into two categories: those with a “limited” view of willpower and those with a “nonlimited” view of willpower, based on a prior questionnaire. She then gave the participants some standard laboratory tests examining mental focus, which was considered to depend on the reserves of willpower. The study found that people with a limited mindset tended to perform exactly as ego depletion theory would predict but the nonlimited individuals did not, which indicated that people's beliefs about willpower could be selffulfilling prophecies (预言). Those who believed willpower was easily depleted saw their selfcontrol decrease, while those who believed in “mental stamina (耐力)” experienced no ego depletion. Subsequent debates about the reliability of the laboratory tests of ego depletion emerged, but Job's work demonstrated that mindset significantly impacted reallife outcomes. Her followup study revealed that after completing demanding tasks, most participants recovered to some degree overnight, but those with nonlimited mindsets actually experienced an increase in their productivity the following day, as if energized by the extra pressure. If you already have a nonlimited mindset about willpower, these findings might be a cause for selfsatisfaction. For those with limited mindsets, hope is not lost. Learning about this science can help shift beliefs. Sharing this knowledge with others can further consolidate this shift. Moreover, recollecting times of engaging in taxing yet enjoyable tasks naturally shifts people's beliefs toward nonlimited mindsets, as they see proof of their own mental stamina. To provide yourself with further evidence, you can conduct small selfcontrol tests. As you realize your willpower's growth, you'll find resisting temptations and distractions easier. While immediate miracles aren't guaranteed, perseverance will lead to a changed mindset and increased selfcontrol, propelling actions toward personal goals. 1．“Ego depletion” theory shows that willpower ________. A．helps control our impulses B．reduces after exercising selfcontrol C．is a test of your character D．is like a chargeable battery 2．What can we learn from Job's two studies? A．Extra pressure boosts mental focus. B．Demanding tasks reduce mental focus. C．Reserves of willpower depend on mental focus. D．The change of mental focus relies on one's mindset. 3．Which of the following can build nonlimited mindsets? A．Picturing your ideal university. B．Doing homework in front of a TV. C．Sharing science knowledge with friends. D．Recalling mastering a challenging piano piece． B [2024·安徽省十校联盟高三上学期试题]Think of a monarch butterfly (帝王蝶), and a unique image pops up: blackandorange wings, with some white spots around the black edges. Those white spots may actually help monarchs complete their longdistance migration by changing the airflow around their wings. This is the new idea of a team of researchers that has analyzed hundreds of monarch wings collected along their migration routes. “If you have larger white spots, you're simply more successful at reaching Mexico，” says Andy Davis, a researcher. He and his colleagues believe that the pattern of color could interact with sunlight to create some temperature differences on the wing that can change airflow, easing the butterflies' flight. Monarch butterflies definitely need to fly well to complete their annual fall migration of up to 3，000 miles. Monarchs from as far north as Canada fly south every fall all the way to some mountain top sites in central Mexico. Most research on butterfly coloring focuses on its use as a warning to predators (捕食者). Since monarchs eat milkweed that contains poisons, their bright orange color serves as a signal that they're unpleasant prey (猎物). Andy Davis had studied the blackandwhite patterns on migrating birds, and concluded that black coloring could affect temperature and airflow in ways that might improve their flight performance. So the researchers decided to look at the blackandwhite pattern in the edge of monarch wings. What they found is that the wings of the summer monarchs that aren't migrating have less white, while those that are migrating but haven't made it all the way to Mexico have more. And monarchs that successfully reached Mexico have even more white. “It is a totally new idea，” says Marcus Kronforst, a biologist. “I've worked on butterfly color patterns my whole life, but it's never crossed my mind that it might influence how the butterflies fly. I do think that this aerodynamic (空气动力学) explanation is exciting. It's definitely different. But I just think there are potentially some other explanations that could be explored.” 4．What is the new idea of monarch butterflies' white spots? A．They serve as a warning to predators. B．They improve butterflies' flying performance. C．They attract the attention of butterflies' mates. D．They help butterflies hide in their surroundings． 5．How does Davis think white spots help monarch butterflies? A．By changing the flow of air. B．By making butterflies lighter. C．By guiding migrating butterflies. D．By turning sunshine into energy. 6．What's Kronforst's attitude towards Davis new finding? A．Unconcerned. B．Supportive. C．Skeptical. D．Disappointed. 7．What is the best title for the text? A．Monarch butterflies migrate the longest distance B．Monarch butterflies use airflow to help their flights C．Monarch butterflies have more white spots than others D．Monarch butterflies' white spots may help them fly farther Ⅱ.七选五 [2024·陕西省汉中市高三上学期联考]It's normal for friends to experience conflict, disagreements, and even fight. You can't always agree on everything. Most times conflict with a friend is easily solved. But in some cases, the disagreement and the conflict grow leading to anger, sadness and even the end of a friendship. Learning to handle the conflict with friends in a healthy way is beneficial for both sides. __1__． Calm down. The first thing is to calm down. __2__. Prevent further damage to the relationship by taking a moment to calm down. Get some alone time. Tell your friend that you need a moment to clear your head. You can either go for a walk or just take a warm bath. __3__． It may feel as if it helps you explain your concerns more thoroughly if you bring in related examples from past events. Avoid this at all costs. Past issues for discussion only make things worse. Remember it's important to focus on the issue at hand, not past events. Work towards a compromise. Unfortunately, some people believe that a compromise means a “lose/lose situation” because each person has to give up something. While this is true, every healthy relationship usually involves compromise and adjusting to others' needs or wants. __4__. Just “give a little” to allow your friend to “get a little”． Be careful of unhealthy friendships. It's generally a good idea to work through conflicts with friends. But it isn't in your best interest if the friendship causes more harm than good. __5__， you need to reevaluate if this friendship is worth keeping and consider when to walk away. A．It takes two to make it work B．In a heated situation, it's easy to say or do things we later regret C．Avoid explaining your concerns repeatedly D．Remain on the current matter E．Here are some tips F.It's important to surround yourself with people who positively influence your life G．If you are in a friendship that is based more on conflict or you are the one always apologizing Ⅲ.语法填空 [2024·云南省三校高三第二次联考]The most popular football competition in China recently is the Chinese Super League. Thanks to its festive atmosphere 1.________ (rare) seen and surprising performances, a village football tournament 2.________ (hold) in Rongjiang County, southwest China's Guizhou Province, has caught the attention of media, social platforms, and even overseas stars. Organized and played 3.________ locals, the amateur football tournament has been dubbed (戏称为) “Cun Chao” by Chinese netizens, which translates to “Village Super League”． The players in this village tournament come from diverse 4.________ (background). They are vendors, farmers, tilers, butchers, and factory workers by profession, representing 5.________ (vary) ethnic groups such as Miao, Dong, Shui, Han, and Yao. With free 6.________ (admit), thousands of people go to the county's stadium for every match. The stands are often filled to capacity, with some people 7.________ (stand) nearby or even squatting (蹲) on the ground due to the lack of empty seats. David Geary, 8.________ football enthusiast from the United Kingdom, attended a “Cun Chao” match last Saturday. He was 9.________ (amaze) to see so many villagers playing football and organizing their own teams. “Football brings people together, 10.________ is the core of sports. In ‘Cun Chao’， all villagers come to support their teams, and that's what football should be like.” said Geary. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ UNIT 3 Careers and skills 单元词汇 一、写作词汇 1.high salary高工资 2.skilled labour 熟练工人 3.attain our goals达到我们的目标 4.be very fond of sweet food非常喜欢甜食 5.anticipate arrival time 预计抵达的时间 6.be superior in numbers在数量上占优势 7.have prejudice against对……有偏见 8.become a lawyer 成了一名律师 9.public servant 公务员，公仆 10.store clerks店员 11.turn in your room key to the receptionist将你的房间钥匙交给前台接待员 12.go into their respective bedroom 回到他们各自的卧室 13.comfort zone 舒适区，放松区 14.English Weekly 《英语周报》 15.a monthly magazine 一本月刊 16.a shaved head 剃光的头 17.delay holding the meeting推迟开会 18.for the duration of the interview在面试期间 19.seize the boy by his arm 抓住男孩的胳膊 20.temporary relief from pain短暂的疼痛减轻 21. hire vt.& vi.聘用，雇用；租用 n.新雇员；租借 ①be hired as a resident physician被聘为住院医生 ②hire a car/room租汽车/房间 22.swing vi.& vt.（swung，swung）（使）改变；（使）摆动，摇摆 n.改变；摆动；秋千 ①swing his arms 摆着他的双臂 ②take huge swings 作出巨大的改变 23.firm adj.强有力的，坚决的；坚固的；坚定的；牢固的 n.商行，公司 ①an engineering firm一个工程公司 ②keep firm friendships with them和他们保持牢固的友谊 ③firm determination 坚定的决心 24.passion n.酷爱；强烈情感 To be honest， my passion for dancing never dimmed over the years. （建议信） 老实说，这些年来我对跳舞的热情一直不减。 25.refreshed adj.恢复了精力的，精神振作的 As we dashed through the woods， we breathed the cold air deep into our lungs， feeling refreshed. （动作描写） 当我们穿过树林时，我们把冷空气深深地吸入肺部，感到神清气爽。 二、阅读词汇 1.receipt n.收到的款项，收入；收据 2.budget n.预算 3.loan n.贷款，借款；借出 vt.借出，贷与（尤指钱） 4.client n.客户，委托人 5.subjective adj.主观的 6.label n.标签；（不恰当的）称谓 vt.贴标签于；（尤指不公正地）把……称为 7.candidate n.候选人；应试者；被认定适合者 8.profile n.概述；形象；侧面轮廓 vt.概述，写简介 9.criterion n.（pl.criteria） 标准，准则 10.mode n.方式，风格，样式 11.justify vt.对……作出解释，为……辩解；证明……正确 12.infer vt.推断，推论，推理 13.convey vt.表达，传递；传送，运送 14.directory n.名录，电话号码簿，公司名录 15.plug vt.补足，供给；堵塞，封堵 n.插头；插座 16.groundwork n.基础工作，准备工作 17.premier adj.最著名的，最成功的，第一的 n.首相，总理 18.fabric n.织物，布料 19.fibre n.纤维制品；纤维素；纤维 20.yawn vi.打哈欠 21.corporate adj.公司的；全体的，共同的 22.rainbow n.虹，彩虹 23.bowling n.保龄球运动 24.tournament n.锦标赛 25.[人教选必二UNIT 2]Therefore，China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are highly competent with languages， have leadership and organisational skills， and have strong cultural awareness. n.领导应有的品质 26.[外研选必四UNIT 1]Although some of his historical novels were published， their success was nothing compared to the stories of his fictional detective， Sherlock Holmes， which he is still best known for to this day. n.侦探，警探 27.[北师大必修三UNIT 8]This institute was set up in the early 1990s by Dr.Jane Goodall， a scientist who’s the world’s best-known expert on wild chimpanzees. n.（教育、专业等）机构；研究所机构 三、派生词汇 1.consultant n.顾问；会诊医师→consult vt.查阅；请教 vt.& vi.商议，商量 2.operate vt.操作，使运行 vi.运转，工作；经营，营业→operation n.操作；运转；手术→operator n.操作人员，接线员 3.commercial adj.商业的，贸易的；盈利的；商业性的→commercially adv.商业上，通商上→commerce n.商业；贸易 4.rude adj.粗鲁的，无礼的，粗野的→rudeness n.无礼；粗野；粗鲁 5.prior adj.在前的；优先的，占先的→priority n.优先，优先权；重点 6.refreshed adj.恢复了精力的，精神振作的→refreshing adj.令人耳目一新的；使人精力充沛的→refresh v.使恢复精力 7.qualification n.资格，资历；学历；合格，达到标准→qualify vt.& vi.（使）具有资格，（使）合格→qualified adj.有资格的，胜任的 8.relevant adj.紧密相关的，切题的；有价值的，有意义的→relevance n.关联，相关性→relevantly adv.相关地→irrelevant adj.不相关的，无关紧要的 9.genuine adj.真诚的，可信赖的；真的，名副其实的→genuinely adv.真地，真诚地 短语词块 1.labour force （全公司或全国的）劳动力 2.earn a living谋生 3.be fond of 喜爱 4.weigh up 权衡，斟酌 5.put sth on the line 让……处于危险之中 6.swing into action 立即行动起来，马上大干起来 7.gain the upper hand 处于有利地位，有优势 8.prior to 在……之前 9.put one’s best foot forward 全力以赴 10.in the direction of ...朝……方向 11.a sense of achievement成就感 12.be superior to ...比……更好的/更胜一筹的 13.not least 尤其，特别 14.give sb a great sense of achievement and satisfaction 给某人极大的成就感和满足感 15.better adapt ourselves to new circumstances让自己更好地适应新情况 16.join the labour force 加入劳动力大军 17.motivate us to enter the world of work激励我们进入工作的世界 18.provide room for personal growth 为个人成长提供空间 19.energy efficiency 能源效率 20.be satisfied with the status quo 安于现状 21.move along our chosen career path 沿着我们选择的职业道路前进 22.make our respective contributions作出我们各自的贡献 23.step out of their comfort zone 走出他们的舒适区 24.our individual well-being 我们的个人福祉 教材句式 1.句式：“疑问词＋-ever”引导让步状语从句 原句：Wherever our interests may lie and whatever our career choices might be， work allows us the opportunity to be engaged in something we are fond of， and consequently， it can give us a great sense of achievement and satisfaction. 无论我们的兴趣在何处，无论我们的职业选择是什么，工作使得我们有机会做我们喜欢的事情，并且因此能带给我们极大的成就感和满足感。 2.句式：make＋it＋形容词＋for sb＋to do 原句：Our rapidly changing workplace makes it necessary for us to keep up and develop new skills. 不断变化的工作场所使我们跟上和发展新的技能非常有必要。 3.句式：部分倒装句 原句：Not only does work benefit us personally， it also contributes to the health of society. 工作不仅有利于我们个人，也有助于社会的健康。 4.句式：whether ...or ... 无论……还是…… 原句：Whether we are scientists，lawyers， doctors， public servants， consultants， clerks， receptionists or butchers， we all make our respective contributions. 无论我们是科学家、律师、医生、公务员、顾问、职员、接待员还是屠夫，我们都作出了各自的贡献。 专项练习 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A [2024·北京市海淀区高三上学期期中]Demanding days seem designed to test our selfcontrol. We all need to rely on willpower to avoid shortterm temptations and override unwanted thoughts or impulses (冲动). The prevailing psychological theory proposed that willpower resembled a kind of battery. With each exercise of selfcontrol, you exhausted this resource. Without a chance to recharge, that resource ran low, making it harder to maintain selfcontrol. This process was known as “ego depletion”． In 2010, however, psychologist Veronika Job published a study that questioned the foundations of “ego depletion” theory, with some interesting evidence that ego depletion depended on people's underlying beliefs. In the study, Job divided participants into two categories: those with a “limited” view of willpower and those with a “nonlimited” view of willpower, based on a prior questionnaire. She then gave the participants some standard laboratory tests examining mental focus, which was considered to depend on the reserves of willpower. The study found that people with a limited mindset tended to perform exactly as ego depletion theory would predict but the nonlimited individuals did not, which indicated that people's beliefs about willpower could be selffulfilling prophecies (预言). Those who believed willpower was easily depleted saw their selfcontrol decrease, while those who believed in “mental stamina (耐力)” experienced no ego depletion. Subsequent debates about the reliability of the laboratory tests of ego depletion emerged, but Job's work demonstrated that mindset significantly impacted reallife outcomes. Her followup study revealed that after completing demanding tasks, most participants recovered to some degree overnight, but those with nonlimited mindsets actually experienced an increase in their productivity the following day, as if energized by the extra pressure. If you already have a nonlimited mindset about willpower, these findings might be a cause for selfsatisfaction. For those with limited mindsets, hope is not lost. Learning about this science can help shift beliefs. Sharing this knowledge with others can further consolidate this shift. Moreover, recollecting times of engaging in taxing yet enjoyable tasks naturally shifts people's beliefs toward nonlimited mindsets, as they see proof of their own mental stamina. To provide yourself with further evidence, you can conduct small selfcontrol tests. As you realize your willpower's growth, you'll find resisting temptations and distractions easier. While immediate miracles aren't guaranteed, perseverance will lead to a changed mindset and increased selfcontrol, propelling actions toward personal goals. 1．“Ego depletion” theory shows that willpower ________. A．helps control our impulses B．reduces after exercising selfcontrol C．is a test of your character D．is like a chargeable battery 2．What can we learn from Job's two studies? A．Extra pressure boosts mental focus. B．Demanding tasks reduce mental focus. C．Reserves of willpower depend on mental focus. D．The change of mental focus relies on one's mindset. 3．Which of the following can build nonlimited mindsets? A．Picturing your ideal university. B．Doing homework in front of a TV. C．Sharing science knowledge with friends. D．Recalling mastering a challenging piano piece． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“自我损耗”这一理论受到质疑，并介绍了一些建立意志力不受限制的心态的方法。 1．答案与解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段后两句“每一次自我控制的活动，你会消耗这种资源。在没有恢复的机会的情况下，这种资源就会耗尽，更难保持自制力。这个过程被称为‘自我耗竭’”可知，“自我耗竭”理论表明意志力会在进行自我控制后减少。故选B。 2．答案与解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三段“but those with non­limited mindsets actually experienced an increase in their productivity the following day, as if energized by the extra pressure.”可知，额外的压力可能会使人们得到激励，增强精神专注，提高生产力。故选A。 3．答案与解析：D　推理判断题。根据第四段第二句可知，回忆起从事费力但愉快的任务的时光可以帮助建立不受限制的心态，推断回忆起掌握了一首富有挑战性的钢琴曲是有帮助的。故选D。 B [2024·安徽省十校联盟高三上学期试题]Think of a monarch butterfly (帝王蝶), and a unique image pops up: blackandorange wings, with some white spots around the black edges. Those white spots may actually help monarchs complete their longdistance migration by changing the airflow around their wings. This is the new idea of a team of researchers that has analyzed hundreds of monarch wings collected along their migration routes. “If you have larger white spots, you're simply more successful at reaching Mexico，” says Andy Davis, a researcher. He and his colleagues believe that the pattern of color could interact with sunlight to create some temperature differences on the wing that can change airflow, easing the butterflies' flight. Monarch butterflies definitely need to fly well to complete their annual fall migration of up to 3，000 miles. Monarchs from as far north as Canada fly south every fall all the way to some mountain top sites in central Mexico. Most research on butterfly coloring focuses on its use as a warning to predators (捕食者). Since monarchs eat milkweed that contains poisons, their bright orange color serves as a signal that they're unpleasant prey (猎物). Andy Davis had studied the blackandwhite patterns on migrating birds, and concluded that black coloring could affect temperature and airflow in ways that might improve their flight performance. So the researchers decided to look at the blackandwhite pattern in the edge of monarch wings. What they found is that the wings of the summer monarchs that aren't migrating have less white, while those that are migrating but haven't made it all the way to Mexico have more. And monarchs that successfully reached Mexico have even more white. “It is a totally new idea，” says Marcus Kronforst, a biologist. “I've worked on butterfly color patterns my whole life, but it's never crossed my mind that it might influence how the butterflies fly. I do think that this aerodynamic (空气动力学) explanation is exciting. It's definitely different. But I just think there are potentially some other explanations that could be explored.” 4．What is the new idea of monarch butterflies' white spots? A．They serve as a warning to predators. B．They improve butterflies' flying performance. C．They attract the attention of butterflies' mates. D．They help butterflies hide in their surroundings． 5．How does Davis think white spots help monarch butterflies? A．By changing the flow of air. B．By making butterflies lighter. C．By guiding migrating butterflies. D．By turning sunshine into energy. 6．What's Kronforst's attitude towards Davis new finding? A．Unconcerned. B．Supportive. C．Skeptical. D．Disappointed. 7．What is the best title for the text? A．Monarch butterflies migrate the longest distance B．Monarch butterflies use airflow to help their flights C．Monarch butterflies have more white spots than others D．Monarch butterflies' white spots may help them fly farther 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家对帝王蝶身上的白点的功能提出了新的发现，认为它们有助于帮助帝王蝶完成长途迁徙。 4．答案与解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段“Those white spots may actually help monarchs complete their long­distance migration... (这些白点实际上可能通过改变翅膀周围的气流来帮助帝王蝶完成长途迁徙)”以及第二段“...temperature differences on the wing that can change airflow，...(这种颜色模式可以与阳光相互作用，在翅膀上产生一些温差，从而改变气流，使蝴蝶的飞行容易些)”可知，帝王蝶身上的白点提高了蝴蝶的飞行性能。 5．答案与解析：A　推理判断题。根据第二段“He and his colleagues believe that the pattern...easing the butterflies' flight.”可知，戴维斯认为白点可以改变气流，帮助帝王蝶飞行。 6．答案与解析：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“But I just think there are potentially some other explanations that could be explored.”可知，克朗弗斯特认为可能还有其他的解释，对戴维斯的新发现持有怀疑的态度。 7．答案与解析：D　主旨大意题。根据第一段“Those white spots may actually help...”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了科学家对帝王蝶身上的白点的功能提出了新的发现，认为它们有助于帮助帝王蝶完成长途迁徙，所以D “帝王蝶的白点可能有助于它们飞得更远”可以作为文章标题。 Ⅱ.七选五 [2024·陕西省汉中市高三上学期联考]It's normal for friends to experience conflict, disagreements, and even fight. You can't always agree on everything. Most times conflict with a friend is easily solved. But in some cases, the disagreement and the conflict grow leading to anger, sadness and even the end of a friendship. Learning to handle the conflict with friends in a healthy way is beneficial for both sides. __1__． Calm down. The first thing is to calm down. __2__. Prevent further damage to the relationship by taking a moment to calm down. Get some alone time. Tell your friend that you need a moment to clear your head. You can either go for a walk or just take a warm bath. __3__． It may feel as if it helps you explain your concerns more thoroughly if you bring in related examples from past events. Avoid this at all costs. Past issues for discussion only make things worse. Remember it's important to focus on the issue at hand, not past events. Work towards a compromise. Unfortunately, some people believe that a compromise means a “lose/lose situation” because each person has to give up something. While this is true, every healthy relationship usually involves compromise and adjusting to others' needs or wants. __4__. Just “give a little” to allow your friend to “get a little”． Be careful of unhealthy friendships. It's generally a good idea to work through conflicts with friends. But it isn't in your best interest if the friendship causes more harm than good. __5__， you need to reevaluate if this friendship is worth keeping and consider when to walk away. A．It takes two to make it work B．In a heated situation, it's easy to say or do things we later regret C．Avoid explaining your concerns repeatedly D．Remain on the current matter E．Here are some tips F.It's important to surround yourself with people who positively influence your life G．If you are in a friendship that is based more on conflict or you are the one always apologizing 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了四种处理与朋友之间冲突的正确方法。 1．答案与解析：E　上文提示下文要讲的是处理朋友间的冲突的健康方法，因此E项“这里有一些建议”概括本文主旨，故选E。 2．答案与解析：B　下文说明可能造成损害关系的行为，与空格处是因果关系，因此B项“在紧张的情况下，很容易说出或做一些让我们后来后悔的话”符合语境。 3．答案与解析：D　下文说明本段主旨是关注眼前的问题，因此D项“保持在当前的问题上”能够概括本段主旨。 4．答案与解析：A　上文说明健康的关系需要双方的妥协，因此A项“需要两个人才能成功”符合语境，与空格处是因果关系，故选A。 5．答案与解析：G　下文说明这种友谊是不合理的，是不健康的，是下文“重新评估这段友谊”的条件，因此G项“如果你的友谊更多地建立在冲突的基础上，或者你是那个总是道歉的人”符合语境。 Ⅲ.语法填空 [2024·云南省三校高三第二次联考]The most popular football competition in China recently is the Chinese Super League. Thanks to its festive atmosphere 1.________ (rare) seen and surprising performances, a village football tournament 2.________ (hold) in Rongjiang County, southwest China's Guizhou Province, has caught the attention of media, social platforms, and even overseas stars. Organized and played 3.________ locals, the amateur football tournament has been dubbed (戏称为) “Cun Chao” by Chinese netizens, which translates to “Village Super League”． The players in this village tournament come from diverse 4.________ (background). They are vendors, farmers, tilers, butchers, and factory workers by profession, representing 5.________ (vary) ethnic groups such as Miao, Dong, Shui, Han, and Yao. With free 6.________ (admit), thousands of people go to the county's stadium for every match. The stands are often filled to capacity, with some people 7.________ (stand) nearby or even squatting (蹲) on the ground due to the lack of empty seats. David Geary, 8.________ football enthusiast from the United Kingdom, attended a “Cun Chao” match last Saturday. He was 9.________ (amaze) to see so many villagers playing football and organizing their own teams. “Football brings people together, 10.________ is the core of sports. In ‘Cun Chao’， all villagers come to support their teams, and that's what football should be like.” said Geary. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国西南部贵州省榕江县举行了一场乡村足球锦标赛，引起了媒体、社交平台甚至海外明星的关注。这项由当地人组织和参加的业余足球锦标赛被中国网民称为“村超”，意为“乡村超级联赛”。 1．答案与解析：rarely　考查副词。修饰动词see应用副词rarely，作状语。 2．答案与解析：was hold　考查时态语态和主谓一致。主语与谓语动词hold构成被动关系，根据语境用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为单数。故填was hold。 3．答案与解析：by　考查介词。句意：这项由当地人组织和参加的业余足球锦标赛被中国网民称为“村超”，意为“乡村超级联赛”。此处表示被动关系，表示“由”应用介词by。 4．答案与解析：backgrounds　考查名词的数。可数名词background由diverse修饰应用复数形式。 5．答案与解析：various　考查形容词。修饰名词短语ethnic groups应用形容词various，作定语。 6．答案与解析：admission　考查名词。作介词With的宾语，应用名词admission，不可数。 7．答案与解析：standing　考查非谓语动词。此处为with的复合结构，people与stand为主动关系，故用standing作宾补。 8．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。enthusiast为可数名词，此处为泛指且football是发音以辅音音素开头的单词，用不定冠词a。 9．答案与解析：amazed　考查形容词。作表语，意为“感到惊讶的”，应用­ed结尾形容词amazed。 10．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词(前面的句子)，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$