UNIT 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage [对应学生用书P11] 过去完成时 观察下面句子，说出画线部分的时态。 1．(2021·全国Ⅰ卷)My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten． 2．(2021·全国Ⅰ卷)They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge. They had watched their mother in the kitchen. 3．(2021·浙江6月卷)The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. 4．(2021·浙江6月卷)He was a livestock trucker, and I thought that I would surpass (超过) anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation. 5．I had learnt 5，000 words before I entered the university. 6．They came earlier than we had expected． 7．He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. [自我归纳]　 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。其中1，2，3，5，6的谓语动词的动作发生在另一动词的动作之前。4句中用的是by the time...(到……之前/为止)结构。 一、过去完成时的结构 主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他． ①肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他． ②否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他． ③疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？ 肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had. 否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't. ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？ ⑤被动语态：主语＋had(not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他． 二、过去完成时的用法 1．过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可通过上下文来表示。 When the explorer hurried to the destination，the others had already left. 当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候，其他人已经离开了。 By ten o'clock last Sunday，I had taken 200 pictures on the mountain. 到上周日10点钟，我已经在山上拍摄了200张照片。 2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。 He told us that he had done the scientific research for 5 years. 他告诉我们他做科学研究已经5年了。 3．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 I had never thought that you were content to help me. 我从未想过你愿意帮我。 I had intended to come over to see you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原打算过来看你，但受阻未成。 4．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 She said that she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。 5．在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前的，用过去完成时；发生在后的，用一般过去时。从句常由when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导。 When I got to the railway station, the train had left. 当我到达火车站时，火车已经开走了。 [名师点津]　before，after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句多用一般过去时。 After he arrived in England，he worked hard to improve his English. 到达英格兰之后，他努力提高自己的英语水平。 6．过去完成时的常用固定句型 (1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely＋过去分词＋when＋从句(从句用一般过去时)/主语＋no sooner过去分词＋than＋从句；当hardly，scarcely，no sooner等表示否定意义的词(组)位于句首时，主句要倒装。 I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain. ＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下雨了。 (2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时) It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。 (3)It was the first/second/...time＋(that)从句(从句用过去完成时) It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。 (4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time ...(一般过去时) We had got everything ready by the time they arrived. 在他们到达时，我们已经做好一切准备了。 (5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of ...(表示过去的时间) By the end of last term，we had learned English at least for four years. 到上个学期末，我们至少已经学了四年英语了。 7．过去完成时和一般过去时的区别 (1)一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时则表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时，常用过去完成时。 We had reached the station before ten o'clock. 10点钟之前我们已到达了车站。 (2)过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的、表示过去的时间状语连用，但意义有所不同。 He had done the work at six o'clock. 在6点钟的时候他已经完成了那项工作。 He did the work at six o'clock. 他是在6点钟的时候做那项工作的。 8．过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别 过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性，过去完成时表示在过去某一具体时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，强调动作已结束这一事实。 They had been building the road by the end of last month. 到上个月月底为止，他们一直在修建这条路。 They had built the road by the end of last month. 上个月月底，他们已建好了这条路。 Usage要点拾遗 [对应学生用书P13] 1．found vt.创建，创办；建立，兴建 [教材P6]　In 1878, he founded the newspaper the St Louis Post­Dispatch. 1878年，他创办了《圣路易斯邮报》。 (1)found on/upon建立在……之上，以……为基础或根据 (2)found sth. on/upon sth.把……基于……；把……建立在…… (1)A good relationship has to be founded on trust. 良好的关系基于信任。 (2)When was the new city founded? 这座新城市是什么时候兴建的？ [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The story was founded(found) on actual persons and events. ②I found my hopes of success on my own hard work. ③The teacher founded his system of language teaching on the belief that speaking should come before reading. 完成句子 ④Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect. 他们的婚姻建立在爱情和互相尊重的基础上。 ⑤My argument is founded on fact. 我的论据是建立在事实基础上的。 2．accuse vt.谴责，控诉 [教材P6]　His paper published articles about politics and social issues, accusing government officials of dishonesty and wealthy people of not paying their taxes. 他的报纸刊登关于政治和社会问题的文章，谴责政府官员满口谎言和富人逃税。 (1)accuse sb./sth. for sth.因……而指责某人或某事 accuse ...of ...因……指责或控告…… accuse sb. of doing sth.因(做)某事指控某人 (2)accusation n．控告，指控 (3)the accused被告 (1)As long as you do what you can, no one will accuse you even if you fail it in the future. 只要你尽力而为，即使将来失败也没有人会指责你。 (2)The accused was a girl. 被告是个女孩。 (3)A piece of bad news has been spread that the rich man has been accused of doing good things only to achieve a good reputation. 一条不好的消息已经传播开来： 那位富人被指责做好事只是为了沽名钓誉。 [名师点津]　accuse 表示因某事而控告、指控、指责某人，通常用accuse sb. of (doing) sth.其中的介词of doing sth.不能改为for doing sth.，也不能换成to do sth.。accuse后不能接that从句或动名词作宾语，若表示“指控某人为……”则用介词as。例如：They accused him as an accomplice. 他们指控他为从犯。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Two of the accused(accuse) were sentenced to imprisonment. ②He accused her of cheating. 完成句子 ③Your neighbours may accuse you of playing the piano at midnight. 你的邻居可能会谴责你半夜弹钢琴。 ④Man often accuses nature for his own misfortune. 人常因自己的不幸而责怪老天。 1．I wish she had taken(take) the medicine last night. 2．It was three years since Jack had been(be) a teacher. 3．No sooner had he got(get) home than I told him the inspiring news. 4．We must get the work finished(finish) before the hurricane comes. 5．My classmate said he had given(give) the book to the English teacher. 6．They had learnt/learned(learn) about 2，000 English words by the end of last term. 7．He said he would go to see the play，although he had seen(see) it before. 8．By the time he was twelve，Edison had begun(begin) to make a living by himself. 1．We had intended to come and see you the day before yesterday, but we were too busy. 我们前天本打算来看你的，但我们太忙了。 2．I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived. 我觉得很难听懂这个讲座，因为我到的时候它已经开始了。 3．When asked why he was late again，he said that he hadn't caught the regular bus. 当问到他为什么再次迟到时，他说他没有赶上平常坐的那班公共汽车。 4．Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang. 她刚刚睡下门铃就响了。 5．I was giving a talk to a large group of people, which I had given to half a dozen other groups． 我正在给一大群人发表演讲，这个演讲我已经给六个其他团体发表过了。 6．The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground. 我一到家就发现我的夹克衫忘在操场上了。 7．—Have you sent the parcel? —Not yet.The post office had already closed when I got there. ——你寄包裹了吗？ ——还没有，当我到那儿时邮局已经关门了。 8．Upon hearing the news that I had been allowed to take part in the activity，I informed my mum of it at once. 一听到我被允许参加这次活动的消息，我就马上告诉了母亲。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$