2025届高考英语倒装句和动词不定式语法知识讲解 清单

高考英语语法知识讲解 一、倒装句 （一）完全倒装句 1.there be 在这种句型中，there置于句首没有具体的意义，be是谓语动词，be 后面是主语，be动词的单复数形式要于后面的主语保持一致。There is not much furniture in the room. 除了be 动词外，还有stand （lie，exist，live，remain，appear，seem，happen，come，enter）等动词也可以用于这种句型。 1）here stands a temple on the top of the hill. 2）Once there lived an old fisherman on the lonely island. 3）There seems (to be) something wrong with the engine. 4）At the foot of the mountain there lies a beautiful lake. 2.在以here, there, out, in, away, off, up, down, now, then等副词开头的句子中，当谓语动词是不及物动词时，通常把谓语动词放在主语前面，构成完全倒装。（但是主语是代词时，即使这些副词位于句首，谓语动词也不需要倒装。） 1)Here comes the bus.(The bus is coming.) 2)There goes the bell.(The bell is ringing. 3)As soon as the door opened, out rushed the students. 4)Now is your turn. 5)Up jumped the boys with joy at the news that their team won. 6)Here we are. 7)Away they went in a hurry. 8)Off he fell the ladder, having his left arm broken. 3.有时为了强调， 把表语或状语放在句首，这时当句子的谓语动词是不及物动词时，通常把谓语动词放在主语前面，构成完全倒装。 1)Near the factory is a heavily polluted river. 2)On the ground lay an old goat, which had come into the cave to die. 3)They came to a farmhouse, in front of which sat a little boy. 4)On the front wall hangs a map of China . （二）部分倒装结构 1.一些表示否定意义的副词(never, hardly, seldom, little, neither, nor, nowhere)放在句首时，句子的谓语动词通常要部分倒装，即把助动词放在主语的前面。 1）Little does he care about his clothes. 2）Never will I forget the days that I spent in the country. 3）Hardly can I understand what he wrote in his letter. 4）Seldom have I gone to the cinema these days. 5）Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory. 6）My brother doesn’t like maths, and nor do I. 7）I have searched all the places I can think of for my watch, but nowhere can I find it. 2.在 not only…but （also）…, hardly…when…（刚……就……）， 句型中，含有否定词的部分，其谓语动词通常也要部分倒装。 1）Not only is he good at English, but he also is good at maths. 2）Not only can trees provide us with fresh air, but they also provide us with wood. 3）Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 4）Hardly had I reached the railway station when the train began to move. 3.not until…放在句首时， 谓语动词的倒装有两种不同的情况。 Until如果是用作介词，则句子的谓语动词部分倒装。 1)Not until then did I understand what he meant. 2)Not until yesterday did I know you would come. Until 是连词，则主句的谓语动词要部分倒装 1）Not until his mother came back did the boy go to bed. 2）Not until you mentioned your name did I recognize you. 4.only 放在句首时，谓语动词的倒装也有两种情况。 如果only 修饰的是副词或介词短语，则句子的谓语动词要部分倒装。 1)Only in China can you find pandas. 2)Only then will you understand why I’ m so strict with you now. 如果only修饰的是一个状语从句，则主句的谓语动词要部分倒装。 1)Only when the war was over in 1918 was Einstain able to get happily back to work. 5.so 用于 肯定句中， 放在句首， 表示“……也是这样”的意思时，句子的谓语动词要部分倒装。 1)Li Ming has finished his exercise, and so have I. 2)Jack works very hard, and so does Tom. 如果so表示“的确如此”， “确实这样”的意思时，即用来表示同意或肯定某种说法，或用来表示强调，或用来单纯重复上文的意思，则其谓语动词不须倒装。 3)---She is a very good student.---So she is. He asked me to help him and so I did. 6.当表示频率的副词及短语（如often, always, once, now and then等）， 和表示程度的副词(如：so, such, thus等) 放在句首时，谓语动词要部分倒装。 1)Once a month will I go to see my grandparents. 2)Often have I seen the old man walk with his grandson. 3)Always did he get up early and water the flowers in the garden. 4)So loudly did he speak that even the people at the back of the hall could hear him clearly. 5)Such a wise and inspiring leader was Albert Lincoln that all the American people loved him deeply. 6)Now and then did he come to school late though he had been blamed for many times. 二、动词不定式 （一）不定式结构作主语 To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： It’s a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work. 注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如： It’s kind of you to think so much of us. It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake. （二）不定式结构作表语 1.主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 2.主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. （三）不定式结构作动词宾语 1.“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如： I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock. I didn’t expect to find you here. 2.“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如： I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do next / where to put it. 注① ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注② ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. 注意不定式符号的省略问题！ （四）不定式结构作定语 1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如： It’s time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation. 2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如： I don’t wish to quarrel with you. →I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. → They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. → She made a promise not to do that again. 3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如： He was obviously anxious to go. → His anxiety to go was obvious. 4.不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support). 注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Let’s first find a room to put the things in. 5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如： Here’s a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$