专题02 Unit 1～Unit 8 重点语法归纳-2024-2025学年八年级英语上学期期末复习（沪教牛津版）

Unit1 ~Unit8重点语法归纳 目录 Unit1 ~Unit8重点语法归纳 1 一．形容词的比较级和最高级 2 1. 形容词比较级、最高级的构成 2 2.形容词比较级和最高级的常见句式 3 3.含有形容词最高级的结构与含有形容词比较级的结构之间的转换 4 二．as...as的用法 5 形容词、副词比较等级专练 5 三．状语从句 7 （1）时间状语从句 7 （2）because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 8 （3）if和unless引导的条件状语从句 9 （4）although和though引导的让步状语从句 10 （5） so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 10 （6）so that引导的目的状语从句 11 状语从句专项练习 11 四．现在完成时 13 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 14 现在完成时专练 14 五．不定代词 15 复合不定代词的用法 15 1.复合不定代词的构成 15 2.复合不定代词的用法 15 3.复合不定代词的转换 15 不定代词的用法 16 1.other, the other, others, the others, another 16 2.it, one 16 3.no one, none 17 4.little, a little, few, a few 17 5.every, each 17 不定代词专练 18 六．数词 18 基数词 18 序数词 19 数词的用法 20 数词专练 21 七．情态动词 22 一．形容词的比较级和最高级 　　大多数形容词都有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。比较级用于两个对象的比较,表示"比……更……,较……";最高级用于三个或三个以上的对象的比较,表示"最……",最高级前通常要加定冠词the。 1. 形容词比较级、最高级的构成 (1)规则变化 变化规则 例词 单音节词及部分双音节词　 大多数词在词尾加-er或-est long→longer→longest narrow→narrower→ narrowest 以e结尾的词在词尾加-r或-st nice→nicer→nicest late→later→latest 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er或-est easy→easier→easiest happy→happier→happiest 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-er或-est big→bigger→biggest thin→thinner→thinnest 多音节词和部分双音节词　 在词前加more或most beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful careful→more careful→most careful (2)不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best ill/bad worse worst many/much more most little less least 易错点有些词的比较级和最高级的变化方式有两种。 clever→cleverer/more clever→cleverest/most clever old→older/elder→oldest/eldest far→farther/further→farthest/furthest 2.形容词比较级和最高级的常见句式 (1)形容词比较级 ①两者相比较,可用"比较级+than"结构。 This park is larger than that one. 这个公园比那个公园更大。 形容词的比较级前还可以用一些副词(短语),如much、 a lot、 a bit、 a little、 far、 even、 still等修饰,以进一步说明程度。 Lily is a little taller than Lucy. 莉莉比露西稍微高一点儿。 Our city is much more beautiful than theirs. 我们的城市比他们的城市美多了。 ②"比较级 + and + 比较级"结构,表示"越来越……"。若形容词为多音节(或部分双音节)词,则用"more and more + 形容词"。 My brother is fatter and fatter. 我的哥哥越来越胖了。 It was becoming more and more difficult to live on his salary. 他越来越难以靠他的工资维持生计了。 ③"the + 比较级..., the + 比较级...",表示"越……,(就)越……"。 The busier my mother is, the happier she feels. 我的妈妈越忙越高兴。 The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you'll make. 你越细心,犯的错误就会越少。 ④"Which/Who...+比较级,A or B?"表示"A和B哪个(谁)更……?"。 Who is stronger, Tom or Jim? 汤姆和吉姆,谁更强壮呢? ⑤"the+比较级+of the two+可数名词复数"表示"两个……中较……的那个"。 The taller of the two boys is my brother.两个男孩中较高的那个是我哥哥。 易错点两者之间数量的比较 (1)more...than 结构表示"比……多",more后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词。 I have more storybooks than David. 我的故事书比戴维的多。 Peter has more milk than me.彼得的牛奶比我的多。 (2)fewer/less...than结构表示"比……少",可数名词复数用fewer修饰,不可数名词用less修饰。 Daniel studies fewer subjects than me.丹尼尔学的科目比我少。 Jane spends less money on snacks than you.简花在零食上的钱比你少。 易错点2三者或三者以上的事物数量上的比较 (1)most是many 和much的最高级,要与the连用,意为"最多",后接可数名词复数或不可数名词。 Bob got the most points in the race.鲍勃在比赛中得分最多。 Who has the most knowledge in the world?世界上谁的知识最丰富? (2)fewest "最少",是few的最高级;least "最少",是little 的最高级。两者都要与the连用,分别修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词。 —Which month has the fewest days in a year? 一年中几月的天数最少? —February. 二月。 John drank the least water of us three.我们三人中约翰喝水最少。 (2)形容词最高级 ①三个或三个以上的对象比较时用最高级,最高级的前面通常要加定冠词the,后面常有表示比较范围的"in.../of..."。此外,常用结构"one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数"意为"最……的……之一"。 Which is the safest, a bus, a train or a plane? 公共汽车、火车和飞机,哪个最安全? Peter is the tallest in our class. 在我们班上彼得个子最高。 It's one of the most difficult problems in my work.这是我工作中最棘手的问题之一。 ②序数词、形容词性物主代词和名词所有格等限定词都可以修饰形容词最高级。 Joe is the second tallest boy in our class. 乔是我们班上个子第二高的男孩。 Kate is my best friend. 凯特是我最好的朋友。 Mr Green's biggest problem is pronunciation.格林先生最大的问题就是发音。 3.含有形容词最高级的结构与含有形容词比较级的结构之间的转换 　　"the+形容词最高级+单数名词(+范围)""形容词比较级+than any other+单数名词(+范围)"和"形容词比较级+than the other+复数名词(+范围)"这三者之间可互相转换。 China is the largest country in Asia.=China is larger than any other country in Asia.=China is larger than the other countries in Asia.中国是亚洲最大的国家。 易错点"sb.+be动词+形容词比较级+than anybody else."="No one+be动词+形容词比较级+than sb.",两者都是用比较级表达最高级的句式。 Mary is taller than anybody else.=No one is taller than Mary.玛丽最高。 二．as...as的用法 1. as...as与not as/so...as 用法 例句 当我们想表达"和……一样"时,常用"as + 形容词原级/副词原级+ as"结构。 This park is as large as that one.这个公园和那个公园一样大。 He studies as hard as his brother.他学习和他弟弟一样努力。 当我们想表达"和……不一样,不如/不及……"时,常用"not as/so + 形容词原级/副词原级+ as"结构。 I'm not as/so tall as him. 我没有他高。 2. not as/so...as与比较级结构之间的转换 　　"not as/so...as"结构意为 "不及,不如……",也可以用比较级结构来转换。 Cycling is not as/so dangerous as diving.=Cycling is less dangerous than diving.=Diving is more dangerous than cycling.骑自行车没有潜水危险。 Jim doesn't run as/so fast as my sister.=Jim runs more slowly than my sister.=My sister runs faster than Jim.吉姆没有我妹妹跑得快。 形容词、副词比较等级专练 一.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1.I got only 65 points last time. And this time, I did even 　　　(bad).   2.Which do you think is 　　　(safe), travelling by air, by train, or by bus?  3.Children all like to play with snow. And the harder it snows, the 　　　(happy)the children feel.  4.Mary looks so slim because she eats 　　　(little)meat and 　　　(many)vegetables of us.  5.Western food doesn’t taste so 　　　(nice) as Chinese food, but it is 　　　(expensive) than traditional Chinese food.  二.单项选择 6.We’ll try our best to do the work with 　　　 money and 　　　 people.  A.few;little　　 　　B.a few;a little C.less;fewer　　　　 D.fewer;less 7.The Yellow River is the second 　　　　 river in China.  A.long　　　　 B.longest　　　　 C.longer　　　　 D.length 8.Of all the subjects, English is 　　　 for me.   A.interesting B.more interesting C.the most interesting D.much more interesting 9.—The doctor told me not to eat too much, but I find it difficult. —The doctor is right. 　　　 you eat, 　　　you will be.  A.The less;the healthier B.The less;the more healthier C.The more;the healthier D.The more;the more healthier 10.Liu Ying is good at singing. She sings 　　　the famous singer Han Hong.  A.as well as　　　 　 B.as good as C.as better as　　　　 D.as the best as 三.同义句转换,每空一词 11.I don’t think Maths is as interesting as English. I think English is 　　　 　　　 　　　 Maths.  12.My cousin can’t swim as well as I. I swim 　　　 　　　 my cousin.  13.Nobody else can sing so beautifully as Mary in our class. Mary sings 　　　 　　　 　　　 in our class.  14.Jack joins the fewest clubs of the three boys. Jack joins 　　　 　　　 　　　 the other two boys.  15.She doesn’t have as much free time as her sister. She has 　　　 free time 　　　 her sister.  四.根据汉语意思完成句子 16.我现在聊QQ比以前花的时间少多了。 I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 before.  17.在我家我妹妹吃蔬菜最少。她应该改变饮食。 My sister 　　　　　　　　　　　　　. She should change her diet.  18.这件外套和那件一样大,它们型号相同。 This coat is as 　　　　　　 that one. They are 　　　　　　.  19.你锻炼得越多,你就感到越健康。 　　　　　 you take, 　　　　 you will feel.  一.1.worse　2.the safest　3.happier　4.the least;the most5.nice;more expensive 二.6.C　句意:我们将尽最大努力用较少的钱和较少的人做这项工作。第一空表示“较少的”,修饰不可数名词money,应用less;第二空表示“较少的”,修饰people,应用fewer。故选C。 7.B　句意:黄河是中国第二长的河流。这是“多者之间的比较”,故用形容词最高级;句中the second 是序数词,其加形容词的最高级前不加the。故选B。 8.C　由句中的“Of all the subjects(在所有科目中)”可知, 用形容词的最高级。故选C。 9.A　此处表示的是“你吃得越少,你就会越健康”。考查“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,意为“越……,就越……”。healthy 的比较级是healthier。故选A。 10.A　根据“as+原级+as”结构可知C和D是错误的;根据谓语动词sings可知用well。故选A。 三.11.more interesting than　12.better than　13.the most beautifully　14.fewer clubs than　15.less;than 四.16.spend much less time chatting on QQ than　17.eats the fewest vegetables in my family　18.large as;the same size　19.The more exercise;the healthier 三．状语从句 （1）时间状语从句 时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。 1. before、 after、 when和while引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 before 意为"在……之前",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。 Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。 after 意为"在……之后",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。 I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。 when 意为"当……时",既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。两个动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。 He was cleaning the room when I went to see him. 当我去看他时,他正在打扫房间。 I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。 I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。 while while意为"在……期间",表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中;while意为"当……时",强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。 While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。 My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。 易错点(1) while还可意为"(对比两件事物)而,然而",表示对比。 I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。 (2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。 2. since、 till和until引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 since 意为"自……以来",从句谓语动词常用一般过去时,对应的主句的谓语动词多用现在完成时。 He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。 till/until 意为"到……为止",一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如until正式。until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以放在句首。 Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。 Until now I have always lived alone.直到现在,我一直独自生活。 易错点当主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,该动词用否定形式。 "not ...till/until"结构,意为"直到……才(开始)"。 He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。 3.as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 as soon as 意为"一……就",可以放在句首或句中,可以用于各种时态。 I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。 whenever 意为"每当,每次;任何时候"。 Whenever I have a cold,I get a nosebleed.每次我感冒都会流鼻血。 You can ask for help whenever you need it.你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。 （2）because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 　　原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because, since和 as等。 连词 用法 例句 because 意为"因为",语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。 I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。 since 意为"既然;由于;因为",表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。 Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。 as 意为"由于;因为",与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的"双方已知的原因",语气比 since弱。 As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。 She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。 易错点汉语里我们习惯说"因为……所以……",但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。 for作连词,意为"因为,由于",不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。 They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。 （3）if和unless引导的条件状语从句 条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。 一. if引导的条件状语从句 1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置 　　if意为"如果",表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。 We won't go out if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。 If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。 2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态 在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时: (1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如: If everyone protects the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。 (2)当主句使用must, may, can等情态动词时,如: If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。 (3)当主句是祈使句时,如: Don't touch the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。 3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同 　　if引导宾语从句时,意为"是否",相当于whether,位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。 I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。 The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。 二． unless引导的条件状语从句 　　unless意为"除非,如果不",相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时 He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。 He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。 易错点(1)如果表示的是客观事实、真理或经常发生的动作,那么含条件状语从句的复合句中的主从句都用一般现在时。 Water turns into ice if it is cold enough. 如果天气足够冷,水会结冰。 Unless it is rainy, he runs every day. 除非下雨,否则他每天跑步。 (2)当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。 I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√) I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. ( （3）although和though引导的让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有"退一步说……"的意思。although和though意为"尽管;虽然",都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。 Although/Though the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。 She doesn't put on weight although/though she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。 易错点(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。 Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然还是好朋友。 (2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为"即使;纵然;虽然",而although不可以这样用。 Even though it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。 （4） so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 so/such...that意为 "如此……以至于",引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。 (1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so + adj./adv.+ that从句。 He was so tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。 Everything happened so quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。 (2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况: ①such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句 Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。 ② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句 He told such funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。 ③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句 It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。 易错点(1)当名词前有many, much, few, little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。 There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。 (2)当单数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。 The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。 （5）so that引导的目的状语从句 目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为"为了,以便",引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could,may/might,should,would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。 We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。 状语从句专项练习 一.单项选择 1.　　　 English has a history of over 2,500 years, the first English dictionary didn’t appear until the 17th century. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.Because　 B.Although　 C.Unless 答案 B　考查连词辨析。句意:尽管英语已有2,500多年的历史,但第一部英语词典直到17世纪才出现。because因为,引导原因状语从句;although尽管,引导让步状语从句;unless除非,如果不,引导条件状语从句。由句意可知,前后内容之间为让步关系。故选B。 2.If it 　　　tomorrow,we will make a snowman.  A.snows　　 B.will snow C.snowed　　 D.is snowing 答案 A　句意:如果明天下雪,我们就堆个雪人。句子中If的意思为“如果”,引导条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,if从句用一般现在时表示将来。故选A。 3.—Lucy, you can’t use the phone 　　　we are far from the gas (天然气) station.  —OK, I won’t do that again. A.after　　 B.when C.though　　 D.until 答案 D　考查连词辨析。句意:——露西,直到我们离加油站很远时你才能使用手机。——好的,我再也不那样做了。after在……之后;when当……时;though虽然;until直到。not...until...意为“直到……才……”,符合句意,故选D。 4.—I am worrying about our final exam these days. —There is nothing to worry about 　　　you work hard.  A.until　　 B.so that C.as far as　　 D.as long as 答案 D　句意:——这些天我在担心我们的期末考试。——只要你努力学习,没什么可担心的。until直到;so that以便;as far as就……而言;as long as只要。后半句you work hard是前半句There is nothing to worry about的条件。故选D。 5.I was　　　careless that I forgot something important.  A.such　　 B.such a　　 C.so　　 D.so a 答案 C　句意:我太粗心了以至于忘了一些重要的事。such如此,形容词,修饰名词;such a后加单数名词;so如此,副词,修饰形容词或副词;so a为错误搭配。设空处的词修饰形容词careless,故应用so。故选C。 6.Our Chinese teacher is nice and patient 　　　she is very strict with us.  A.if　　 B.as C.unless　　 D.though 答案 D　考查连词辨析。句意:尽管我们的语文老师对我们很严厉,但她很好,很有耐心。由句意可知选D。 7.Please put the waste into the special box 　　　it can be recycled!  A.so that　　 B.in order to C.because of　　 D.though 答案 A　句意:请把废料放进这个特殊的箱子,以便它能被回收!由句意可知,设空处用so that引导目的状语从句。故选A。 8.It was the middle of the night 　　　the sound of the piano woke me up.  A.because　　 B.if C.when　　 D.although 答案 C　考查连词的用法。句意:我是在半夜被钢琴声吵醒的。because 因为;if 假如;when 当……时候;although虽然。由“在半夜”可知是指时间,要用when。故选C。 9.—Daddy, when will we go out to fly a kite? —As soon as the rain 　　　.  A.is stopping　　 B.stopped C.will stop　　 D.stops 答案 D　 考查动词时态。句意:——爸爸,我们什么时候出去放风筝?——雨一停(我们就出去放风筝)。 as soon as一……就……,引导时间状语从句,主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时表将来。故选D。 10.—What happened to Mrs. Smart? —She cut herself while she 　　　lunch.  A.prepares　　B.is preparing C.was preparing 答案 C　考查动词时态。句意:——斯马特太太怎么了?——她在准备午餐时割伤了自己。根据问句及答语可知,此处描述过去发生的事情;while引导时间状语从句时表示主句的行为在从句行为进行的过程中发生。故选C。 二.将下列句子改为同义句,每空一词 11.I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework. I finished my homework 　　　I 　　　to bed.  答案 before; went 12.All living things will die without air and water. 　　　 there is no air 　　　water, all living things will die.  答案 If; or 13.If you come early, you will see her husband. 　　　 early, 　　　you will see her husband.  答案 Come; and 14.Use your head, and you will find the way. 　　　you 　　　your head, you will find the way.  答案 If; use 15.If you don’t study hard, you will fall behind the others. 　　　 hard, 　　　you will fall behind the others.  答案 Study; or 16.Eat your breakfast, or you will get hungry at school. 　　　you　　　　　　your breakfast, you will get hungry at school.  答案 If;don’t eat 17.Don’t read in the sun, or your eyes will hurt. 　　　 　　　　　　in the sun, your eyes will hurt.  答案 If you read 18.Run fast, or you’ll be late for school. 　　　 you 　　　　　　fast, you’ll be late for school.  答案 If; don’t run 19.You can buy the dictionary if you take enough money with you. Take enough money with you, 　　　　　　　　　buy the dictionary.  答案 and you can 20.You should offer to help your father so that he won’t be angry with you. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  答案 If you offer to help your father, he won’t be angry with you. 四．现在完成时 基本结构 主语+have/has+done(动词的过去分词) 常见 时间 状语 already、 just、 never、 yet、 before、 so far、 recently、 lately、 for+时间段、since+时间点以及since引导的时间状语从句等 高频 考点 ①“for+时间段”与“since+时间点”作时间状语;②延续性动词与短暂性动词:短暂性动词(肯定式)不能和表示一段时间的状语,如for two years、 since five years ago、 since he came here等连用。但短暂性动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词或短语与一段时间连用。转换成延续性动词,如buy-have、borrow-keep、come(go)-be等。转换成“be+名词”的形式,如join the army-be a soldier、join the party-be a party member。转换成“be+形容词(副词)”的形式,如die-be dead、open-be open、close-be closed、fall asleep-be asleep、leave-be away、finish-be over等。转换成“be+介词短语”的形式,如join the army-be in the army、go to school-be in school等。③对have (has) gone to、 have (has) been to、 have (has) been in(at)的考查 辨析:have/has gone to、 have/has been to 和have/has been in(at) have/has gone to “已经去某地了”(表示去了某地,现在人不在这儿),暗示“此刻已经在去某地的途中或已到达了某地” have/has been to “到过/去过某地”(表示过去/曾经去过某地现在已经返回),常与once、 twice、 three times等词连用 have/has been in (at) “在某地待了多久”(强调一直待在某地),常和how long一起构成“在某地待了多久”的疑问句,也常与since或for等词引导的句子或短语连用 have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in(at) 三个词组后接副词(here、 there等)时,短语后均不带介词。 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 　　一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和yesterday、last night、three weeks ago、in 1990等表示过去的时间状语连用。 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如: I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(我了解这部电影的内容。) I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了这部电影,不涉及现在的情况。) He has lived here since 1992.1992年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里。) He lived here in 1992.1992年他住在这里。(不涉及他现在是否还住在这里。) 现在完成时专练 一. 写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词 原形 过去式 过去分词 1. go _______________ _______________ 2. have _______________ _______________ 3. come _______________ _______________ 4. be _______________ _______________ 5. leave _______________ _______________ 6. meet _______________ _______________ 7. know _______________ _______________ 8. think _______________ _______________ 9. write _______________ _______________ 10. eat _______________ _______________ 1. went, gone 2. had, had 3. came, come 4. was/were, been 5. left, left 6. met, met 7. knew, known 8. thought, thought 9. wrote, written 10. ate, eaten 二. 请填写空白处完成句子 1. I _______________ already _______________(see)the film. 2. I _______________ already _______________(read)the book. I _______________(read)it last week. 3. I _______________ just _______________(write)a letter to my mom. 4. Leo _______________(be)to London twice. 5. My father _______________ just _______________(come)back from work. He is tired now. 6. I _______________(work)in this place since I _______________(move)here in 2005. 7. So far Jean _______________(make)quite a few friends here. 8. —_______________ you _______________(be)to Hong Kong? —Yes, I _______________(be)there twice. 9. Lily and Merry _______________ ever _______________(visit)the White House. 10. So far I _______________(make)quite a few friends here. 1. have, seen 2. have, read, read 3. have, written 4. has been 5. has, come 6. have worked, moved 7. has made 8. Have, been, have been 9. have, visited 10. have made 五．不定代词 一、复合不定代词的用法 1.复合不定代词的构成 指人的复合不定代词一般是由some、any、every、no等加上-body/-one构成的。指物的复合不定代词一般是由some、any、every、no等加上-thing构成的。 2.复合不定代词的用法 (1)something、somebody、someone通常用于肯定句;anything、anybody、anyone常用于否定句和疑问句,但表示邀请、请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复时常用something、somebody、someone。复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词一律用单数形式。例如:Everything begins to grow in spring. 春天万物开始生长。 (2)复合不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词一般放在复合不定代词之后。例如: Is there anything new in today's newspaper? 今天的报纸上有什么新东西吗?  (3)动词不定式、介词短语修饰复合不定代词时,须后置,作后置定语。例如: Could you give me something to eat? 你能给我一些吃的吗?  (4)复合不定代词与else 一词连用时,应注意else 必须置于复合不定代词之后。例如: There is nothing else in the bag. 包里没有别的东西了。  3.复合不定代词的转换 (1)anything一般用于否定句和疑问句;not...anything相当于nothing;nothing是否定词,不与否定词not连用。 (2)anybody一般用于否定句和疑问句,not...anybody相当于nobody。例如: There isn't anybody in the room./There is nobody in the room.房间里没有人。 易错点everyone不可写成every one。everyone一般用来指人,相当于everybody,意为“人人,每人”。every one意为“每个”。everyone后面不能跟of短语,而every one后面可跟of短语,此时的every one可指人,也可指物。 二、不定代词的用法 1.other, the other, others, the others, another 词汇 含义 习惯搭配 备注 other 意为“另外的,其他的”,泛指“另一些人或物” other+复数名词=others 常起形容词作用,多修饰复数名词 the other 表示两个人或两个物中的另一个或另一部分,特指“两者中的另一个”;若把三者或三者以上的人或物分成两部分来叙述,则指“另外几个(或一些)” one...the other..., the other+名词 others 泛指“另一些(不是其余全部)” some...others... 只能作代词,该词不能指“其余全部的人或物” the others 特指范围内的“其余的人或物”或已知的人或物中“除……之外的其余的全部” some...the others... another 表示三个或更多的人或物中同类的另一个;特指多数中还没提及的“另一个;再一个” one...another... 该词还可表示“又;再”,放于数字前,如:another two weeks 2.it, one it 可以代替上文出现过的名词,但it通常代替上文所提事物本身,有特指作用,即同类同物。it既可代替可数名词单数,也可代替不可数名词 one 指代上文中出现的可数名词单数形式,使句子更简洁。one指代的名词与上文中出现的名词不是同一事物,而是同类事物中的另外一个,即同类异物 例如:My brother has a nice bag. I want to use it. 我哥哥(弟弟)有一个漂亮的书包。我想借用一下。(同类事物,且指同一个书包)  My brother has a nice bag. I want to buy one. 我哥哥(弟弟)有一个漂亮的书包。我想去买一个。(同类事物,但不是指同一个书包)  3.no one, none no one= nobody 意为“没有人”,只指代人,不指代物。一般不和of相连。当no one作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 none 意为“一个也没有”,既可用来代替人,表示“(三个以上)一个也没有”;也可用来代替物(可数与不可数皆可),表示“没有任何东西” 指“(三个或三个以上的人或物中)没有一个人或物”,常与of连用,表示全部否定。作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数,也可用复数 例如:None of the stories are/is interesting. 没有一个故事有意思。 I need some paper, but there is none left.(none=no paper)我需要一些纸,但这里一点也不剩了。 易错点用who提问的句子可以用no one或nobody来回答。用what提问的句子可以用nothing来回答。在简略回答中,none用来回答“How many...?/How much...?”引导的疑问句。 4.little, a little, few, a few 词汇 含义 用法 例句 little 很少的; 几乎没有 表示否定,修饰不可数名词。比较级为less,最高级为least,反义词是much (more, most) There is little milk in the glass. a little 一些, 一点, 少量 表示肯定,修饰不可数名词 There is a little water in my bottle. I can give you some. few 不多; 很少 表示否定,修饰可数名词的复数。比较级为fewer,最高级为fewest,反义词是many (more, most) Lily has few apples. a few 一些; 几个 表示肯定,修饰可数名词的复数 I'm going to buy a few bananas. 5.every, each every 用于三者或三者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”,只能作定语。还可与not连用构成部分否定 each 用于两者或两者以上,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等,后面可以跟表示范围的of...结构。不可以与not连用 例如:Every boy in the room knows it. 房间里的每个男孩都知道它。 He has read every book (all the books) in the reading room. 他读完了阅览室里的每一本书。 Each answer is worth 20 points.每题为20分。 不定代词专练 Ⅰ. 用some或any填空 1. There are _______________ pencils here, but there aren’t _______________ rubbers here. 2. Does John have _______________ brothers or sisters? 3. They don’t have _______________ time to finish the job. 4. Would you like _______________ water? 5. Can I ask _______________ questions? 6.There are many story books,you can choose _______________ one. 1. some. any 2. any 3. any 4. some 5. some 6. any Ⅱ. 用适合的复合不定代词填空 1. The girl was too shy. She didn’t talk to _______________ that night. 2. This is a secret. You mustn’t tell _______________. 3. At first, it was very quiet. Later, _______________ began to cough. 4. The question was so difficult that _______________ could answer it. 5. The foreigner was shouting. But _______________ knew what he was talking about. 6. What’s on TV tonight? Is there _______________ interesting? 7. Can I have _______________ to drink, please? 8. These questions are too difficult. I think _______________ can answer them. 9. Kitty is sitting alone. She isn’t with _______________. 10. You can buy a lot of things with money, but not _______________. 1. anyone/anybody 2. anyone/anybody 3. someone/somebody 4. no one/nobody 5. no one/onbody 6. anything 7. something 8. no one/nobody 9. anyone/anybody 10. everything 六．数词 基数词 基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。 一．英语中常用的基数词有： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one(a) hundred 23 35 101 twenty-three thirty-five one hundred and one 1000----one(a)thousand, 10000→ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand , 1000000---one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million, one billion, 1000000000 108---one hundred and eight, 146---one hundred and forty-six, 500---five hundred(不加s) , 1,001---one thousand and one, 1,813---one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 二．(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。 (2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand, 倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。 (3)hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词 时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的 (4)How to read big numbers? 23,456,342,456 -----twenty-three billion four hundred and fifty-six million three hundred and forty-two thousand four hundred and fifty-six 23，456，342，456 billion million thousand 序数词 序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一．英语的序数词基本变法： 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。 二．序数词如下： 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th ※first ※second ※third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one hundredth 21st 22nd 23rd 35th 101st twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third thirty-fifth one hundred and first 1000th---one thousandth, 1000000th---one millionth., 第703---the seven hundred and third, 第5,480---the five thousand four hundred and eightieth. 注：(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如：thirty-sixth, (2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如：I’m in the third grade. (3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。 如：1/5---one fifth ; 2/3--- two thirds ; 4/7--- four sevenths ; 1/2---a half ; 1/4---a quarter ; 3/4---three quarters ; 50%--- fifty hundredths ( fifty percent). 数词的用法 1.表示年份：2002: two thousand and two ; 19 76 : nineteen seventy-six.，1990s表示年代。 2.表示日期：12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002. 3.表示时刻： 5：15--- five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30--- eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45---ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven. quarter half 顺读法： 11：38 eleven thirty-eight 逆读法 past, to 11:38 twenty-two to twelve 11:18 eighteen past eleven 4.表示编号：Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine， the first lesson=lesson one 5.小数的读法：5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six. 6.“半”的表达： 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half. 7.序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。 如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难) Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？) 8.倍数的表达：(一倍用once，两倍用 twice，两倍以上用基数词＋times。如：5倍five times)。 China is four times as large as Europe. 数词专练 1.Every year 　　　　　　(thousand) of drivers become“offenders”—they break the rules of the road.  答案　thousands　thousands of 是固定短语,意为“成千上万的”。故填thousands。 2.Laura is nine years old now and tomorrow will be her t　　　　　　 birthday.  答案　tenth　句意:Laura现在九岁,明天将是她十岁生日。此处应用序数词,故填tenth。 3.How time flies! Now we are in the 　　　　　　(nine) grade.  答案　ninth　句意:时间飞逝!我们现在九年级了。the ninth grade九年级。故填ninth。 4.The first question was “What's your favorite movie?” The 　　　　　　(two) question was “Where would you like to travel?”  答案　second　根据前文的The first question和该空后面的question was可知此处应填序数词,表示“第二个问题”。故填second。 5.Jafri hoped that by selling the pieces, he could raise 30 　　　　　　(million) dollars.  答案　million　million前有具体数字时,用单数。故填million。 6.They have been there for 　　　　　　(thousand) of years and have seen several key events in French history.  答案　thousands　固定搭配thousands of成千上万的。故填thousands。 7.They have 　　　　　　 children, one son and one daughter. They love them very much.  答案　two　根据one son and one daughter可知此处表示两个孩子,故填two。 8.As we all know, Sunday is the first day of a week and Saturday is the 　　　　　　.  答案　seventh　根据前文说星期日是一个星期的第一天可知,此处表示星期六是一个星期里的第七天。故填seventh。 9.There are five 　　　　　　(百) students in our school.  答案　hundred　百hundred。hundred前面有基数词时,用单数。故填hundred。 10.Although I am already 　　　　　　(四十), the book remains one of my favorites.  答案　forty　此处表示年龄,用基数词,根据中文提示可知填forty。 七．情态动词 定义: 情态动词是表示说话人对有关行为或事物的看法或态度，认为其可能、应该或必须等。 特点: 情态动词+ 动词原形，无人称和数的变化。 常见情态动词 can, may, must 及其否定形式的用法具体如下 ※ can 表示某人具备能力做某事，意为“能；会”。 其否定形式为 cannot 或 can’t。疑问句中，can 要提到句首，位于主语的面。 如：I can play the piano quite well. She cannot swim. Can you solve the problem yourself? ※ may 和 may not may 意为“能；可以”，表示提出委婉的请求或表示许可。 can 也可用来征求意见或表示许可，一般可互换，但是 may 比较正式，can 则比较口语化。may 用在一般疑问句中，其肯定回答用 may 或 can, 否定回答则用 can’t 或 may not。 如：— May I come in?— Yes, you may / can. — No, you may not / can’t. ※ must 和 must not must 表示“必须做某事”或“一定要做某事”，具有强制性。 （1）其否定形式为 mustn’t，表示“不允许；禁止”。如：I must phone my sister. You mustn’t tell the news to anyone else. （2）must 开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用 must，否定回答则常用 needn’t 或 don’t haveto 如：— Must I leave now? — No, you needn’t / don’t have to. ※ should和ought to should是情态动词，意为“应该”，表示主观的看法和建议 如：We should help our parents do some housework. ought to在用法上与should相同，可以互相转换。但ought to反映的是客观情况或法律义务和规定，强调有义务或必要做某事。 结构：should do = ought to do should not do (shouldn’t do) = ought not to do Should I do...? = Ought I to do... ※ had better had better是情态动词，意为“最好”，常用于对别人的劝告、建议或表达一种愿望 注意：① 这里的had没有时态、人称和数的变化，任何形式下都用had； ② 一般情况下had缩写’d，即 I’d, You’d等； ③ had better的语气要比should强烈。 情态动词专练 一. 用should或shouldn’t填空 1. All of us __________ study hard and learn English well. 2. My mother is very tired after work. I __________ do some housework for her. 3. You __________ speak to your parents like that. You must be polite. 4. As a student, you __________ eat in class. 5. You __________ eat less and take more exercise if you want to be healthier and stronger. 1 should 2. should 3. shouldn’t 4. shouldn’t 5. should 二. 单项选择 (　　)1. —We have only 30 minutes. What ________ we ________? —Don’t worry. Let’s go ________ taxi. A. should; do; by B. must; do; in C. need; go; on D. may; go; with (　　)2. You look tired. You ________ have a good rest. It’s good for your ________. A. should; healthy B. ought to; health C. should to; health D. ought; healthy (　　)3. —You’d better ________ late. —Sorry, I ________. A. don’t come; do B. not come; won’t C. not to come; don’t D. to not come; will (　　)4. —There is no time left. What ________ we ________? —Don’t worry. Let’s go ________ taxi. A. should; do; by B. must; do; in C. need; go; on D. may; go; with (　　)5. —Mom, can I watch TV for a while? —________. You have already finished your homework. A. Never mind B. You’d better not C. Of course D. Yes, please (　　)6.—Excuse me, can I smoke here? —No, ________. A. you must B. you’d not better C. you can D. you’d better not (　　)7.—Simon, what do I need to take for the hiking? —You’d better ________ more water than usual. It’s hot today. A. to take B. take C. taking D. took (　　)8.The doctor told him that he really ________ give up drinking because of his poor health. A. will B. may C. can D. should (　　)9.—Can I park my car here? —________. There is so much traffic here. A. Never mind B. You’d better not C. Of course D. Yes, please (　　)10.(It’s raining hard outside. You’d better ________ at home. A. stay B. to stay C. not stay D. not to stay 1-5 ABBAC 6-10 DBDBA 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit1 ~Unit8重点语法归纳 目录 Unit1 ~Unit8重点语法归纳 1 一．形容词的比较级和最高级 2 1. 形容词比较级、最高级的构成 2 2.形容词比较级和最高级的常见句式 3 3.含有形容词最高级的结构与含有形容词比较级的结构之间的转换 4 二．as...as的用法 5 形容词、副词比较等级专练 5 三．状语从句 7 （1）时间状语从句 7 （2）because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 8 （3）if和unless引导的条件状语从句 9 （4）although和though引导的让步状语从句 10 （5） so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 10 （6）so that引导的目的状语从句 11 状语从句专项练习 11 四．现在完成时 13 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 14 现在完成时专练 14 五．不定代词 15 复合不定代词的用法 15 1.复合不定代词的构成 15 2.复合不定代词的用法 15 3.复合不定代词的转换 15 不定代词的用法 16 1.other, the other, others, the others, another 16 2.it, one 16 3.no one, none 17 4.little, a little, few, a few 17 5.every, each 17 不定代词专练 18 六．数词 18 基数词 18 序数词 19 数词的用法 20 数词专练 21 七．情态动词 22 一．形容词的比较级和最高级 　　大多数形容词都有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。比较级用于两个对象的比较,表示"比……更……,较……";最高级用于三个或三个以上的对象的比较,表示"最……",最高级前通常要加定冠词the。 1. 形容词比较级、最高级的构成 (1)规则变化 变化规则 例词 单音节词及部分双音节词　 大多数词在词尾加 long→ → narrow→ → 以e结尾的词在词尾加 nice→ → late→ → 以辅音字母+y结尾的词, easy→ → happy→ → 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词, big→ → thin→ → 多音节词和部分双音节词　 在词前加more或most beautiful→ → careful→ → (2)不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well ill/bad many/much little 易错点有些词的比较级和最高级的变化方式有两种。 clever→cleverer/more clever→cleverest/most clever old→older/elder→oldest/eldest far→farther/further→farthest/furthest 2.形容词比较级和最高级的常见句式 (1)形容词比较级 ①两者相比较,可用"比较级+than"结构。 This park is larger than that one. 这个公园比那个公园更大。 形容词的比较级前还可以用一些副词(短语),如much、 a lot、 a bit、 a little、 far、 even、 still等修饰,以进一步说明程度。 Lily is a little taller than Lucy. 莉莉比露西稍微高一点儿。 Our city is much more beautiful than theirs. 我们的城市比他们的城市美多了。 ②"比较级 + and + 比较级"结构,表示"越来越……"。若形容词为多音节(或部分双音节)词,则用"more and more + 形容词"。 My brother is fatter and fatter. 我的哥哥越来越胖了。 It was becoming more and more difficult to live on his salary. 他越来越难以靠他的工资维持生计了。 ③"the + 比较级..., the + 比较级...",表示"越……,(就)越……"。 The busier my mother is, the happier she feels. 我的妈妈越忙越高兴。 The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you'll make. 你越细心,犯的错误就会越少。 ④"Which/Who...+比较级,A or B?"表示"A和B哪个(谁)更……?"。 Who is stronger, Tom or Jim? 汤姆和吉姆,谁更强壮呢? ⑤"the+比较级+of the two+可数名词复数"表示"两个……中较……的那个"。 The taller of the two boys is my brother.两个男孩中较高的那个是我哥哥。 易错点两者之间数量的比较 (1)more...than 结构表示"比……多",more后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词。 I have more storybooks than David. 我的故事书比戴维的多。 Peter has more milk than me.彼得的牛奶比我的多。 (2)fewer/less...than结构表示"比……少",可数名词复数用fewer修饰,不可数名词用less修饰。 Daniel studies fewer subjects than me.丹尼尔学的科目比我少。 Jane spends less money on snacks than you.简花在零食上的钱比你少。 易错点2三者或三者以上的事物数量上的比较 (1)most是many 和much的最高级,要与the连用,意为"最多",后接可数名词复数或不可数名词。 Bob got the most points in the race.鲍勃在比赛中得分最多。 Who has the most knowledge in the world?世界上谁的知识最丰富? (2)fewest "最少",是few的最高级;least "最少",是little 的最高级。两者都要与the连用,分别修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词。 —Which month has the fewest days in a year? 一年中几月的天数最少? —February. 二月。 John drank the least water of us three.我们三人中约翰喝水最少。 (2)形容词最高级 ①三个或三个以上的对象比较时用最高级,最高级的前面通常要加定冠词the,后面常有表示比较范围的"in.../of..."。此外,常用结构"one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数"意为"最……的……之一"。 Which is the safest, a bus, a train or a plane? 公共汽车、火车和飞机,哪个最安全? Peter is the tallest in our class. 在我们班上彼得个子最高。 It's one of the most difficult problems in my work.这是我工作中最棘手的问题之一。 ②序数词、形容词性物主代词和名词所有格等限定词都可以修饰形容词最高级。 Joe is the second tallest boy in our class. 乔是我们班上个子第二高的男孩。 Kate is my best friend. 凯特是我最好的朋友。 Mr Green's biggest problem is pronunciation.格林先生最大的问题就是发音。 3.含有形容词最高级的结构与含有形容词比较级的结构之间的转换 　　"the+形容词最高级+单数名词(+范围)""形容词比较级+than any other+单数名词(+范围)"和"形容词比较级+than the other+复数名词(+范围)"这三者之间可互相转换。 China is the largest country in Asia.=China is larger than any other country in Asia.=China is larger than the other countries in Asia.中国是亚洲最大的国家。 易错点"sb.+be动词+形容词比较级+than anybody else."="No one+be动词+形容词比较级+than sb.",两者都是用比较级表达最高级的句式。 Mary is taller than anybody else.=No one is taller than Mary.玛丽最高。 二．as...as的用法 1. as...as与not as/so...as 用法 例句 当我们想表达"和……一样"时,常用"as + 形容词原级/副词原级+ as"结构。 This park is as large as that one.这个公园和那个公园一样大。 He studies as hard as his brother.他学习和他弟弟一样努力。 当我们想表达"和……不一样,不如/不及……"时,常用"not as/so + 形容词原级/副词原级+ as"结构。 I'm not as/so tall as him. 我没有他高。 2. not as/so...as与比较级结构之间的转换 　　"not as/so...as"结构意为 "不及,不如……",也可以用比较级结构来转换。 Cycling is not as/so dangerous as diving.=Cycling is less dangerous than diving.=Diving is more dangerous than cycling.骑自行车没有潜水危险。 Jim doesn't run as/so fast as my sister.=Jim runs more slowly than my sister.=My sister runs faster than Jim.吉姆没有我妹妹跑得快。 形容词、副词比较等级专练 一.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1.I got only 65 points last time. And this time, I did even 　　　(bad).   2.Which do you think is 　　　(safe), travelling by air, by train, or by bus?  3.Children all like to play with snow. And the harder it snows, the 　　　(happy)the children feel.  4.Mary looks so slim because she eats 　　　(little)meat and 　　　(many)vegetables of us.  5.Western food doesn’t taste so 　　　(nice) as Chinese food, but it is 　　　(expensive) than traditional Chinese food.  二.单项选择 6.We’ll try our best to do the work with 　　　 money and 　　　 people.  A.few;little　　 　　B.a few;a little C.less;fewer　　　　 D.fewer;less 7.The Yellow River is the second 　　　　 river in China.  A.long　　　　 B.longest　　　　 C.longer　　　　 D.length 8.Of all the subjects, English is 　　　 for me.   A.interesting B.more interesting C.the most interesting D.much more interesting 9.—The doctor told me not to eat too much, but I find it difficult. —The doctor is right. 　　　 you eat, 　　　you will be.  A.The less;the healthier B.The less;the more healthier C.The more;the healthier D.The more;the more healthier 10.Liu Ying is good at singing. She sings 　　　the famous singer Han Hong.  A.as well as　　　 　 B.as good as C.as better as　　　　 D.as the best as 三.同义句转换,每空一词 11.I don’t think Maths is as interesting as English. I think English is 　　　 　　　 　　　 Maths.  12.My cousin can’t swim as well as I. I swim 　　　 　　　 my cousin.  13.Nobody else can sing so beautifully as Mary in our class. Mary sings 　　　 　　　 　　　 in our class.  14.Jack joins the fewest clubs of the three boys. Jack joins 　　　 　　　 　　　 the other two boys.  15.She doesn’t have as much free time as her sister. She has 　　　 free time 　　　 her sister.  四.根据汉语意思完成句子 16.我现在聊QQ比以前花的时间少多了。 I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 before.  17.在我家我妹妹吃蔬菜最少。她应该改变饮食。 My sister 　　　　　　　　　　　　　. She should change her diet.  18.这件外套和那件一样大,它们型号相同。 This coat is as 　　　　　　 that one. They are 　　　　　　.  19.你锻炼得越多,你就感到越健康。 　　　　　 you take, 　　　　 you will feel.  三．状语从句 （1）时间状语从句 时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。 1. before、 after、 when和while引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 before Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。 after I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。 when He was cleaning the room when I went to see him. 当我去看他时,他正在打扫房间。 I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。 I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。 while While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。 My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。 易错点(1) while还可意为"(对比两件事物)而,然而",表示对比。 I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。 (2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。 2. since、 till和until引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 since 意为"自……以来",从句谓语动词常用一般过去时,对应的主句的谓语动词多用现在完成时。 He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。 till/until 意为"到……为止",一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如until正式。until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以放在句首。 Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。 Until now I have always lived alone.直到现在,我一直独自生活。 易错点当主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,该动词用否定形式。 "not ...till/until"结构,意为"直到……才(开始)"。 He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。 3.as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 as soon as 意为"一……就",可以放在句首或句中,可以用于各种时态。 I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。 whenever 意为"每当,每次;任何时候"。 Whenever I have a cold,I get a nosebleed.每次我感冒都会流鼻血。 You can ask for help whenever you need it.你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。 （2）because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 　　原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because, since和 as等。 连词 用法 例句 because 意为"因为",语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。 I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。 since 意为"既然;由于;因为",表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。 Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。 as 意为"由于;因为",与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的"双方已知的原因",语气比 since弱。 As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。 She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。 易错点汉语里我们习惯说"因为……所以……",但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。 for作连词,意为"因为,由于",不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。 They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。 （3）if和unless引导的条件状语从句 条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。 一. if引导的条件状语从句 1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置 　　if意为"如果",表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。 We won't go out if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。 If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。 2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态 在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时: (1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如: If everyone protects the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。 (2)当主句使用must, may, can等情态动词时,如: If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。 (3)当主句是祈使句时,如: Don't touch the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。 3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同 　　if引导宾语从句时,意为"是否",相当于whether,位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。 I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。 The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。 二． unless引导的条件状语从句 　　unless意为"除非,如果不",相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时 He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。 He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。 易错点(1)如果表示的是客观事实、真理或经常发生的动作,那么含条件状语从句的复合句中的主从句都用一般现在时。 Water turns into ice if it is cold enough. 如果天气足够冷,水会结冰。 Unless it is rainy, he runs every day. 除非下雨,否则他每天跑步。 (2)当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。 I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√) I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. ( （3）although和though引导的让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有"退一步说……"的意思。although和though意为"尽管;虽然",都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。 Although/Though the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。 She doesn't put on weight although/though she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。 易错点(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。 Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然还是好朋友。 (2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为"即使;纵然;虽然",而although不可以这样用。 Even though it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。 （4） so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 so/such...that意为 "如此……以至于",引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。 (1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so + adj./adv.+ that从句。 He was so tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。 Everything happened so quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。 (2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况: ①such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句 Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。 ② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句 He told such funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。 ③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句 It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。 易错点(1)当名词前有many, much, few, little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。 There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。 (2)当单数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。 The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。 （5）so that引导的目的状语从句 目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为"为了,以便",引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could,may/might,should,would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。 We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。 状语从句专项练习 一.单项选择 1.　　　 English has a history of over 2,500 years, the first English dictionary didn’t appear until the 17th century. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.Because　 B.Although　 C.Unless 2.If it 　　　tomorrow,we will make a snowman.  A.snows　　 B.will snow C.snowed　　 D.is snowing 3.—Lucy, you can’t use the phone 　　　we are far from the gas (天然气) station.  —OK, I won’t do that again. A.after　　 B.when C.though　　 D.until 4.—I am worrying about our final exam these days. —There is nothing to worry about 　　　you work hard.  A.until　　 B.so that C.as far as　　 D.as long as 5.I was　　　careless that I forgot something important.  A.such　　 B.such a　　 C.so　　 D.so a 6.Our Chinese teacher is nice and patient 　　　she is very strict with us.  A.if　　 B.as C.unless　　 D.though 7.Please put the waste into the special box 　　　it can be recycled!  A.so that　　 B.in order to C.because of　　 D.though 8.It was the middle of the night 　　　the sound of the piano woke me up.  A.because　　 B.if C.when　　 D.although 9.—Daddy, when will we go out to fly a kite? —As soon as the rain 　　　.  A.is stopping　　 B.stopped C.will stop　　 D.stops 10.—What happened to Mrs. Smart? —She cut herself while she 　　　lunch.  A.prepares　　B.is preparing C.was preparing 二.将下列句子改为同义句,每空一词 11.I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework. I finished my homework 　　　I 　　　to bed.  12.All living things will die without air and water. 　　　 there is no air 　　　water, all living things will die.  13.If you come early, you will see her husband. 　　　 early, 　　　you will see her husband.  14.Use your head, and you will find the way. 　　　you 　　　your head, you will find the way.  15.If you don’t study hard, you will fall behind the others. 　　　 hard, 　　　you will fall behind the others.  16.Eat your breakfast, or you will get hungry at school. 　　　you　　　　　　your breakfast, you will get hungry at school.  17.Don’t read in the sun, or your eyes will hurt. 　　　 　　　　　　in the sun, your eyes will hurt.  18.Run fast, or you’ll be late for school. 　　　 you 　　　　　　fast, you’ll be late for school.  19.You can buy the dictionary if you take enough money with you. Take enough money with you, 　　　　　　　　　buy the dictionary.  20.You should offer to help your father so that he won’t be angry with you. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  四．现在完成时 基本结构 主语+have/has+done(动词的过去分词) 常见 时间 状语 already、 just、 never、 yet、 before、 so far、 recently、 lately、 for+时间段、since+时间点以及since引导的时间状语从句等 高频 考点 ①“for+时间段”与“since+时间点”作时间状语;②延续性动词与短暂性动词:短暂性动词(肯定式)不能和表示一段时间的状语,如for two years、 since five years ago、 since he came here等连用。但短暂性动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词或短语与一段时间连用。转换成延续性动词,如buy-have、borrow-keep、come(go)-be等。转换成“be+名词”的形式,如join the army-be a soldier、join the party-be a party member。转换成“be+形容词(副词)”的形式,如die-be dead、open-be open、close-be closed、fall asleep-be asleep、leave-be away、finish-be over等。转换成“be+介词短语”的形式,如join the army-be in the army、go to school-be in school等。③对have (has) gone to、 have (has) been to、 have (has) been in(at)的考查 辨析:have/has gone to、 have/has been to 和have/has been in(at) have/has gone to have/has been to have/has been in (at) have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in(at) 三个词组后接副词(here、 there等)时,短语后均不带介词。 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 　　一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和yesterday、last night、three weeks ago、in 1990等表示过去的时间状语连用。 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如: I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(我了解这部电影的内容。) I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了这部电影,不涉及现在的情况。) He has lived here since 1992.1992年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里。) He lived here in 1992.1992年他住在这里。(不涉及他现在是否还住在这里。) 现在完成时专练 一. 写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词 原形 过去式 过去分词 1. go _______________ _______________ 2. have _______________ _______________ 3. come _______________ _______________ 4. be _______________ _______________ 5. leave _______________ _______________ 6. meet _______________ _______________ 7. know _______________ _______________ 8. think _______________ _______________ 9. write _______________ _______________ 10. eat _______________ _______________ 二. 请填写空白处完成句子 1. I _______________ already _______________(see)the film. 2. I _______________ already _______________(read)the book. I _______________(read)it last week. 3. I _______________ just _______________(write)a letter to my mom. 4. Leo _______________(be)to London twice. 5. My father _______________ just _______________(come)back from work. He is tired now. 6. I _______________(work)in this place since I _______________(move)here in 2005. 7. So far Jean _______________(make)quite a few friends here. 8. —_______________ you _______________(be)to Hong Kong? —Yes, I _______________(be)there twice. 9. Lily and Merry _______________ ever _______________(visit)the White House. 10. So far I _______________(make)quite a few friends here. 五．不定代词 一、复合不定代词的用法 1.复合不定代词的构成 指人的复合不定代词一般是由some、any、every、no等加上-body/-one构成的。指物的复合不定代词一般是由some、any、every、no等加上-thing构成的。 2.复合不定代词的用法 (1)something、somebody、someone通常用于肯定句;anything、anybody、anyone常用于否定句和疑问句,但表示邀请、请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复时常用something、somebody、someone。复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词一律用单数形式。例如:Everything begins to grow in spring. 春天万物开始生长。 (2)复合不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词一般放在复合不定代词之后。例如: Is there anything new in today's newspaper? 今天的报纸上有什么新东西吗?  (3)动词不定式、介词短语修饰复合不定代词时,须后置,作后置定语。例如: Could you give me something to eat? 你能给我一些吃的吗?  (4)复合不定代词与else 一词连用时,应注意else 必须置于复合不定代词之后。例如: There is nothing else in the bag. 包里没有别的东西了。  3.复合不定代词的转换 (1)anything一般用于否定句和疑问句;not...anything相当于nothing;nothing是否定词,不与否定词not连用。 (2)anybody一般用于否定句和疑问句,not...anybody相当于nobody。例如: There isn't anybody in the room./There is nobody in the room.房间里没有人。 易错点everyone不可写成every one。everyone一般用来指人,相当于everybody,意为“人人,每人”。every one意为“每个”。everyone后面不能跟of短语,而every one后面可跟of短语,此时的every one可指人,也可指物。 二、不定代词的用法 1.other, the other, others, the others, another 词汇 含义 习惯搭配 备注 other other+复数名词=others 常起形容词作用,多修饰复数名词 the other one...the other..., the other+名词 others some...others... 只能作代词,该词不能指“其余全部的人或物” the others some...the others... another one...another... 该词还可表示“又;再”,放于数字前,如:another two weeks 2.it, one it 可以代替上文出现过的名词,但it通常代替上文所提事物本身,有特指作用,即同类同物。it既可代替可数名词单数,也可代替不可数名词 one 指代上文中出现的可数名词单数形式,使句子更简洁。one指代的名词与上文中出现的名词不是同一事物,而是同类事物中的另外一个,即同类异物 例如:My brother has a nice bag. I want to use it. 我哥哥(弟弟)有一个漂亮的书包。我想借用一下。(同类事物,且指同一个书包)  My brother has a nice bag. I want to buy one. 我哥哥(弟弟)有一个漂亮的书包。我想去买一个。(同类事物,但不是指同一个书包)  3.no one, none no one= nobody 意为“没有人”,只指代人,不指代物。一般不和of相连。当no one作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 none 意为“一个也没有”,既可用来代替人,表示“(三个以上)一个也没有”;也可用来代替物(可数与不可数皆可),表示“没有任何东西” 指“(三个或三个以上的人或物中)没有一个人或物”,常与of连用,表示全部否定。作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数,也可用复数 例如:None of the stories are/is interesting. 没有一个故事有意思。 I need some paper, but there is none left.(none=no paper)我需要一些纸,但这里一点也不剩了。 易错点用who提问的句子可以用no one或nobody来回答。用what提问的句子可以用nothing来回答。在简略回答中,none用来回答“How many...?/How much...?”引导的疑问句。 4.little, a little, few, a few 词汇 含义 用法 例句 little 很少的; 几乎没有 There is little milk in the glass. a little 一些, 一点, 少量 There is a little water in my bottle. I can give you some. few 不多; 很少 Lily has few apples. a few 一些; 几个 I'm going to buy a few bananas. 5.every, each every 用于三者或三者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”,只能作定语。还可与not连用构成部分否定 each 用于两者或两者以上,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等,后面可以跟表示范围的of...结构。不可以与not连用 例如:Every boy in the room knows it. 房间里的每个男孩都知道它。 He has read every book (all the books) in the reading room. 他读完了阅览室里的每一本书。 Each answer is worth 20 points.每题为20分。 不定代词专练 Ⅰ. 用some或any填空 1. There are _______________ pencils here, but there aren’t _______________ rubbers here. 2. Does John have _______________ brothers or sisters? 3. They don’t have _______________ time to finish the job. 4. Would you like _______________ water? 5. Can I ask _______________ questions? 6.There are many story books,you can choose _______________ one. Ⅱ. 用适合的复合不定代词填空 1. The girl was too shy. She didn’t talk to _______________ that night. 2. This is a secret. You mustn’t tell _______________. 3. At first, it was very quiet. Later, _______________ began to cough. 4. The question was so difficult that _______________ could answer it. 5. The foreigner was shouting. But _______________ knew what he was talking about. 6. What’s on TV tonight? Is there _______________ interesting? 7. Can I have _______________ to drink, please? 8. These questions are too difficult. I think _______________ can answer them. 9. Kitty is sitting alone. She isn’t with _______________. 10. You can buy a lot of things with money, but not _______________. 六．数词 基数词 基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。 一．英语中常用的基数词有： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one(a) hundred 23 35 101 twenty-three thirty-five one hundred and one 1000----one(a)thousand, 10000→ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand , 1000000---one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million, one billion, 1000000000 108---one hundred and eight, 146---one hundred and forty-six, 500---five hundred(不加s) , 1,001---one thousand and one, 1,813---one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 二．(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。 (2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand, 倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。 (3)hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词 时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的 (4)How to read big numbers? 23,456,342,456 -----twenty-three billion four hundred and fifty-six million three hundred and forty-two thousand four hundred and fifty-six 23，456，342，456 billion million thousand 序数词 序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一．英语的序数词基本变法： 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。 二．序数词如下： 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th ※first ※second ※third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one hundredth 21st 22nd 23rd 35th 101st twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third thirty-fifth one hundred and first 1000th---one thousandth, 1000000th---one millionth., 第703---the seven hundred and third, 第5,480---the five thousand four hundred and eightieth. 注：(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如：thirty-sixth, (2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如：I’m in the third grade. (3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。 如：1/5---one fifth ; 2/3--- two thirds ; 4/7--- four sevenths ; 1/2---a half ; 1/4---a quarter ; 3/4---three quarters ; 50%--- fifty hundredths ( fifty percent). 数词的用法 1.表示年份：2002: two thousand and two ; 19 76 : nineteen seventy-six.，1990s表示年代。 2.表示日期：12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002. 3.表示时刻： 5：15--- five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30--- eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45---ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven. quarter half 顺读法： 11：38 eleven thirty-eight 逆读法 past, to 11:38 twenty-two to twelve 11:18 eighteen past eleven 4.表示编号：Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine， the first lesson=lesson one 5.小数的读法：5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six. 6.“半”的表达： 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half. 7.序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。 如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难) Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？) 8.倍数的表达：(一倍用once，两倍用 twice，两倍以上用基数词＋times。如：5倍five times)。 China is four times as large as Europe. 数词专练 1.Every year 　　　　　　(thousand) of drivers become“offenders”—they break the rules of the road.  2.Laura is nine years old now and tomorrow will be her t　　　　　　 birthday.  3.How time flies! Now we are in the 　　　　　　(nine) grade.  4.The first question was “What's your favorite movie?” The 　　　　　　(two) question was “Where would you like to travel?”  5.Jafri hoped that by selling the pieces, he could raise 30 　　　　　　(million) dollars.  6.They have been there for 　　　　　　(thousand) of years and have seen several key events in French history.  7.They have 　　　　　　 children, one son and one daughter. They love them very much.  8.As we all know, Sunday is the first day of a week and Saturday is the 　　　　　　.  9.There are five 　　　　　　(百) students in our school.  10.Although I am already 　　　　　　(四十), the book remains one of my favorites.  七．情态动词 定义: 情态动词是表示说话人对有关行为或事物的看法或态度，认为其可能、应该或必须等。 特点: 情态动词+ 动词原形，无人称和数的变化。 常见情态动词 can, may, must 及其否定形式的用法具体如下 ※ can 表示某人具备能力做某事，意为“能；会”。 其否定形式为 cannot 或 can’t。疑问句中，can 要提到句首，位于主语的面。 如：I can play the piano quite well. She cannot swim. Can you solve the problem yourself? ※ may 和 may not may 意为“能；可以”，表示提出委婉的请求或表示许可。 can 也可用来征求意见或表示许可，一般可互换，但是 may 比较正式，can 则比较口语化。may 用在一般疑问句中，其肯定回答用 may 或 can, 否定回答则用 can’t 或 may not。 如：— May I come in?— Yes, you may / can. — No, you may not / can’t. ※ must 和 must not must 表示“必须做某事”或“一定要做某事”，具有强制性。 （1）其否定形式为 mustn’t，表示“不允许；禁止”。如：I must phone my sister. You mustn’t tell the news to anyone else. （2）must 开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用 must，否定回答则常用 needn’t 或 don’t haveto 如：— Must I leave now? — No, you needn’t / don’t have to. ※ should和ought to should是情态动词，意为“应该”，表示主观的看法和建议 如：We should help our parents do some housework. ought to在用法上与should相同，可以互相转换。但ought to反映的是客观情况或法律义务和规定，强调有义务或必要做某事。 结构：should do = ought to do should not do (shouldn’t do) = ought not to do Should I do...? = Ought I to do... ※ had better had better是情态动词，意为“最好”，常用于对别人的劝告、建议或表达一种愿望 注意：① 这里的had没有时态、人称和数的变化，任何形式下都用had； ② 一般情况下had缩写’d，即 I’d, You’d等； ③ had better的语气要比should强烈。 情态动词专练 一. 用should或shouldn’t填空 1. All of us __________ study hard and learn English well. 2. My mother is very tired after work. I __________ do some housework for her. 3. You __________ speak to your parents like that. You must be polite. 4. As a student, you __________ eat in class. 5. You __________ eat less and take more exercise if you want to be healthier and stronger. 二. 单项选择 (　　)1. —We have only 30 minutes. What ________ we ________? —Don’t worry. Let’s go ________ taxi. A. should; do; by B. must; do; in C. need; go; on D. may; go; with (　　)2. You look tired. You ________ have a good rest. It’s good for your ________. A. should; healthy B. ought to; health C. should to; health D. ought; healthy (　　)3. —You’d better ________ late. —Sorry, I ________. A. don’t come; do B. not come; won’t C. not to come; don’t D. to not come; will (　　)4. —There is no time left. What ________ we ________? —Don’t worry. Let’s go ________ taxi. A. should; do; by B. must; do; in C. need; go; on D. may; go; with (　　)5. —Mom, can I watch TV for a while? —________. You have already finished your homework. A. Never mind B. You’d better not C. Of course D. Yes, please (　　)6.—Excuse me, can I smoke here? —No, ________. A. you must B. you’d not better C. you can D. you’d better not (　　)7.—Simon, what do I need to take for the hiking? —You’d better ________ more water than usual. It’s hot today. A. to take B. take C. taking D. took (　　)8.The doctor told him that he really ________ give up drinking because of his poor health. A. will B. may C. can D. should (　　)9.—Can I park my car here? —________. There is so much traffic here. A. Never mind B. You’d better not C. Of course D. Yes, please (　　)10.(It’s raining hard outside. You’d better ________ at home. A. stay B. to stay C. not stay D. not to stay 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$