第03讲 限制性定语从句-【寒假自学课】2025年高一英语寒假提升精品讲义（人教版2019）

第03讲 限制性定语从句 考点聚焦：核心考点+小考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺 难点强化：难点内容标注与讲解，能力提升 学以致用：真题感知+提升专练，全面突破 基本概念 定义与作用：限制性定语从句用于对先行词进行限定、修饰，是先行词在意义上不可或缺的部分，通过它能让先行词所指对象更明确、具体；无逗号隔开，若去掉该从句，主句意思会不完整或变得模糊不清。 先行词：是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，它处于主句中，是定语从句所依附的对象，决定了关系词的选用以及从句描述的范围。例如在句子 “The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.” 中，“book” 就是先行词，整个从句 “that I bought yesterday” 围绕它展开，来说明是具体哪一本 “book”。 关系词：起着连接主句和从句的桥梁作用，一方面指代先行词，另一方面在从句中充当一定的语法成分（如主语、宾语、定语、状语等），使得从句能围绕先行词进行合理、准确的描述。 例句： The students who study hard will get good grades.（“who study hard” 对先行词 “students” 进行限定，说明是 “努力学习的学生”，若去掉这个从句，就不清楚具体指哪些学生能取得好成绩了。） The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.（“that I bought yesterday” 限定了是 “我昨天买的” 那本书，去掉从句就不知道具体是哪本有趣的书了。） 考点1. 关系代词 who 作主语（指人） The man who is wearing a black hat is my uncle.（那个戴着黑色帽子的男人是我的叔叔。） Students who study hard usually get good grades.（那些学习努力的学生通常成绩很好。） whom 作宾语（指人） The boy whom we met yesterday is very friendly.（我们昨天遇到的那个男孩很友好。） The teacher whom I respect a lot has rich teaching experience.（我非常尊敬的那位老师有着丰富的教学经验。） whose 作定语（指人或物，表示所属关系） I know the girl whose mother is a famous singer.（我认识那个女孩，她的妈妈是一位著名的歌手。） The house whose roof was damaged in the storm needs to be repaired.（那座屋顶在暴风雨中受损的房子需要修理。） which 作主语或宾语（指物） The book which lies on the table is mine.（放在桌子上的那本书是我的。在从句中作主语） This is the computer which I bought last year.（这就是我去年买的那台电脑。在从句中作宾语） that 作主语或宾语（指人或物） The movie that we watched last night was really exciting.（我们昨晚看的那部电影真的很令人激动。在从句中作宾语） The person that helped me is a kind-hearted stranger.（帮助我的那个人是一位好心的陌生人。在从句中作主语） · 考点再现 1. The boy ______ is standing over there is my classmate. 2. The book ______ I bought yesterday is really useful. 3. I have a friend ______ mother is a doctor. 考点2. 关系副词 when 表示时间（相当于 “介词 + which”） I will never forget the day when I first came to this city.（我永远不会忘记我第一次来到这座城市的那一天。相当于 “on which”） Do you still remember the year when we graduated from high school?（你还记得我们高中毕业的那一年吗？相当于 “in which”） where 表示地点（相当于 “介词 + which”） This is the park where we often take a walk.（这就是我们经常散步的那个公园。相当于 “in which”） The factory where my father works is very big.（我爸爸工作的那家工厂很大。相当于 “at which”） why 表示原因（相当于 “for which”） I don't know the reason why he was late for school.（我不知道他上学迟到的原因。相当于 “for which”） Can you tell me the reason why she didn't come to the party?（你能告诉我她没来参加聚会的原因吗？相当于 “for which”） · 考点再现 1. I'll never forget the time ______ we spent together in the countryside. 2. This is the city ______ I was born. 3. Do you remember the reason ______ he was late for the meeting? 考点3. 介词+关系代词 表示方式、工具等（与动词搭配） The pen with which I write my diary is a gift from my friend.（我用来写日记的那支笔是我朋友送的礼物。“write with” 是固定搭配） The knife with which we cut the bread is very sharp.（我们用来切面包的那把刀很锋利。“cut with” 是固定搭配） 表示地点、范围等（与名词搭配） The room in which there are many books is our study.（里面有很多书的那个房间是我们的书房。“in the room” 表示地点） The city in which I live has changed a lot.（我居住的这座城市变化很大。“live in” 是固定搭配） · 考点再现 1. The knife with ______ we cut the watermelon is very sharp. 2. The house ______ which I live is near a park. 3. The teacher ______ whom we got much help has gone abroad. 考点4. that和which的区别 只用 that 的情况 先行词是不定代词： Everything that he said is true.（他说的一切都是真的。） There is nothing that can stop us from achieving our dreams.（没有什么能阻止我们实现梦想。） 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰： This is the second book that I have read this month.（这是我这个月读的第二本书。） She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.（她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。） 先行词被 the only、the very、the same、the last 等修饰： This is the only way that leads to success.（这是通向成功的唯一途径。） He is the very man that we are looking for.（他正是我们正在寻找的那个人。） 先行词既有人又有物时： They talked about the people and things that they remembered in their childhood.（他们谈论了他们童年时记得的人和事。） 只用 which 的情况 引导非限制性定语从句（这里对比了解）： He failed the exam, which made his parents very disappointed.（他考试不及格，这让他的父母非常失望。注意这里是非限制性，有逗号隔开，补充说明主句情况，用 which） 放在介词后面作宾语： The house in which I lived for five years has been pulled down.（我住了五年的那所房子已经被拆除了。） · 考点再现 1. This is the only book ______ can help you solve this problem. 2. All ______ I want to say is that you should work harder. 3. The house, ______ was built last year, is very beautiful. 考点5. 注意事项 （一）关系词选择 依据先行词是人还是物以及其在从句中的语法功能来确定合适的关系词： 指人作主语优先考虑 who/that：例如，People who/that have a good sense of humor are always popular.（“People” 是先行词，指人且在从句中作主语，所以用 who 或 that。） 指人作宾语可用 whom/that（作宾语时可省略）：如，The friend (whom/that) I visited last week is moving to another city.（“friend” 是先行词，在从句中作宾语，所以 whom 和 that 都能用，且此处可省略关系代词。） 指物作主语或宾语常用 which/that：The computer which/that I bought last month works well.（“computer” 是先行词，指物，在从句中作宾语时 which 和 that 可选用且可省略；若在从句中作主语，如 The tree which/that stands over there is very old. 同样二者可用。） 表所属关系（作定语）选 whose：A student whose grades are excellent often helps others with studies.（“student” 是先行词，“whose” 体现所属关系，说明是这个学生的成绩。） 表时间用 when：The month when we had a lot of exams was really tough.（“month” 是先行词，用 when 来引导从句说明是有很多考试的那个月。） 表地点用 where：The city where my grandparents live is very beautiful.（“city” 是先行词，where 引导从句指出是我祖父母居住的那个城市。） 表原因用 why（常用于先行词为 reason 时）：The reason why she didn't come to the party is still unknown.（“reason” 是先行词，用 why 说明她没来聚会的原因。） （二）主谓一致 当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致： 先行词为复数时谓语用复数形式：The students who are interested in English often practice speaking it.（“students” 是复数先行词，所以从句谓语用 are。） 先行词为单数时谓语用单数形式：The girl who plays the piano well is going to participate in a competition.（“girl” 是单数先行词，从句谓语用 plays。） · 考点再现 1. The man ______ car broke down on the way is very unlucky. 2. I want to find out the reason ______ it happened like this. 3. Can you tell me the man ______ you talked to just now? 一、单项选择题（10 小题，每题 2 分，共 20 分） 1. The book, the cover of ______ is blue, was given to me by my friend. A. which B. that C. whose D. whom 2. I visited the factory last week ______ my father used to work in his twenties. A. where B. which C. that D. when 3. The man to ______ I spoke just now is an expert in this field. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 4. This is the only one of the students ______ passed the exam with full marks. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 5. I'll never forget the days ______ we spent together in the countryside, which were full of joy. A. when B. that C. which D. where 6. We are living in an age ______ many things are done on the Internet. A. which B. that C. when D. where 7. The reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his absence didn't sound convincing. A. why B. that C. which D. for which 8. I like the city, ______ the people are really friendly. A. which B. where C. that D. whose 9. Those ______ want to go to the concert can sign up here. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose 10. The house in ______ there are many beautiful paintings belongs to a famous artist. 二、单句语法填空题（10 小题，每题 1.5 分，共 15 分） 1. The boy with ______ I went to school is now studying abroad. 2. The book, the pages of ______ are yellowing, was written by a famous writer. 3. I have a friend ______ hobbies are similar to mine. 4. The place ______ we will visit next week is famous for its beautiful scenery. 5. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen. 6. The man ______ car was stolen last night is very upset. 7. I still remember the time ______ we had a lot of fun during our summer vacation. 8. The pen ______ I write letters with is a gift from my friend. 9. The people ______ live in this neighborhood are from different places. 10. The story, ______ was told by my grandfather, is very interesting. · 真题感知 一、语法填空 （2023·全国·高考真题）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong 1 royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully 2 (build) system of ring roads. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 3 welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural 4 (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work, 5 somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. 6 (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I 7 (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. As a photographer, I have spent the last two years 8   (record) everything I discovered. The 9 (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, 10 (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 二、书面表达 （2023·全国·高考真题）上周末你参加了校学生会组织的“认识我们身边的植物”活动。请为校英文报写篇报道，内容包括： 1. 活动的过程； 2. 收获与感想。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。 Getting to Know the Plants Around Us ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 提升专练 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 I was pushed into writing the “top ten problems the young face” after I attended a school programme, where I had the opportunity to interact with many 1 (teenage). Each conversation was only adding one more item 2 the list of problems. About two 3 (three) of girls in year nine to year twelve “worry about their 4 (appear)”. 5 there were no gender (性别) differences in worries about school, girls are 6 (anxiety) about getting along with parents and what to do when they are older. Girls are proven to worry more about personal problems and romantic relationship, and are more 7 (concern) about their own images in peer group. In fact, the only thing 8 boys worry about more than girls is succeeding in their physical activities. 9 parents need to do is to look at ways to help teens and take responsibility for what we are exposing our teens to right now. We cannot afford 10 (ignore) the parental duties of bringing them up well from the time they are young. Televisions, computers and other gadgets that they spend most of the time with cannot give them a bright future. Passage 2 In ancient China lived an artist 1 paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their 2 (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would 3 (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li River - perhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world. 4 (fill) with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left. 5 he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and 6 (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out 7 (find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved 8 (gentle) along the river, he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue; And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 9 (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist 10 earth, Mother Nature. Passage 3Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with a given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. There is a photo hanging above my desk. Whenever I look at that photograph, it takes me back to those early years 1 every new experience was important for me.    I can still remember the shouts of the spectators as I 2 (go) out onto the sports field with my classmates. Two days 3 (early), I had qualified for the finals of the 100 metres. Now 4 (look) around, I was determined to win.   While I was walking across to the start, I began to feel more and more nervous. I looked around and saw my proud parents waving enthusiastically. My heart was beating fast when I lined up with the other eager competitors. I look some deep breaths and waited for the signal. Then the starting signal 5 (give) and I set off down the track.   I ran as fast as I could, not looking at anything but the finishing line. By the time I crossed the line, I was so exhausted that I 6 hardly breathe. As soon as I heard the result 7 (announce), I realized I had won! Overjoyed, I collapsed on the soft grass with a broad smile on my face.   “Well done!” said the Headmaster later, as I was 8 (present) with the winner’s certificate. I had never felt so happy and proud in my life. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！7 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第03讲 限制性定语从句 考点聚焦：核心考点+小考考点，有的放矢 重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺 难点强化：难点内容标注与讲解，能力提升 学以致用：真题感知+提升专练，全面突破 基本概念 定义与作用：限制性定语从句用于对先行词进行限定、修饰，是先行词在意义上不可或缺的部分，通过它能让先行词所指对象更明确、具体；无逗号隔开，若去掉该从句，主句意思会不完整或变得模糊不清。 先行词：是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，它处于主句中，是定语从句所依附的对象，决定了关系词的选用以及从句描述的范围。例如在句子 “The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.” 中，“book” 就是先行词，整个从句 “that I bought yesterday” 围绕它展开，来说明是具体哪一本 “book”。 关系词：起着连接主句和从句的桥梁作用，一方面指代先行词，另一方面在从句中充当一定的语法成分（如主语、宾语、定语、状语等），使得从句能围绕先行词进行合理、准确的描述。 例句： The students who study hard will get good grades.（“who study hard” 对先行词 “students” 进行限定，说明是 “努力学习的学生”，若去掉这个从句，就不清楚具体指哪些学生能取得好成绩了。） The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.（“that I bought yesterday” 限定了是 “我昨天买的” 那本书，去掉从句就不知道具体是哪本有趣的书了。） 考点1. 关系代词 who 作主语（指人） The man who is wearing a black hat is my uncle.（那个戴着黑色帽子的男人是我的叔叔。） Students who study hard usually get good grades.（那些学习努力的学生通常成绩很好。） whom 作宾语（指人） The boy whom we met yesterday is very friendly.（我们昨天遇到的那个男孩很友好。） The teacher whom I respect a lot has rich teaching experience.（我非常尊敬的那位老师有着丰富的教学经验。） whose 作定语（指人或物，表示所属关系） I know the girl whose mother is a famous singer.（我认识那个女孩，她的妈妈是一位著名的歌手。） The house whose roof was damaged in the storm needs to be repaired.（那座屋顶在暴风雨中受损的房子需要修理。） which 作主语或宾语（指物） The book which lies on the table is mine.（放在桌子上的那本书是我的。在从句中作主语） This is the computer which I bought last year.（这就是我去年买的那台电脑。在从句中作宾语） that 作主语或宾语（指人或物） The movie that we watched last night was really exciting.（我们昨晚看的那部电影真的很令人激动。在从句中作宾语） The person that helped me is a kind-hearted stranger.（帮助我的那个人是一位好心的陌生人。在从句中作主语） · 考点再现 1. The boy ______ is standing over there is my classmate. 答案：who 解析：此句中先行词是 “the boy”（人），且在从句 “______ is standing over there” 中充当主语，关系代词 who 用于指人且作主语，所以填 who。 2. The book ______ I bought yesterday is really useful. 答案：that/which 解析：先行词 “the book” 是物，在从句 “I bought yesterday” 中作宾语，关系代词 that 和 which 都可以用来指物并在从句中充当宾语，所以此处可填 that 或 which。 3. I have a friend ______ mother is a doctor. 答案：whose 解析：先行词 “friend” 是人，“mother” 和 “friend” 之间是所属关系，即 “朋友的妈妈”，whose 用于表示所属关系（作定语），不管先行词指人还是物都能用，所以这里填 whose。 考点2. 关系副词 when 表示时间（相当于 “介词 + which”） I will never forget the day when I first came to this city.（我永远不会忘记我第一次来到这座城市的那一天。相当于 “on which”） Do you still remember the year when we graduated from high school?（你还记得我们高中毕业的那一年吗？相当于 “in which”） where 表示地点（相当于 “介词 + which”） This is the park where we often take a walk.（这就是我们经常散步的那个公园。相当于 “in which”） The factory where my father works is very big.（我爸爸工作的那家工厂很大。相当于 “at which”） why 表示原因（相当于 “for which”） I don't know the reason why he was late for school.（我不知道他上学迟到的原因。相当于 “for which”） Can you tell me the reason why she didn't come to the party?（你能告诉我她没来参加聚会的原因吗？相当于 “for which”） · 考点再现 1. I'll never forget the time ______ we spent together in the countryside. 答案：that/which 解析：先行词 “the time” 在从句 “we spent together in the countryside” 中作宾语，虽然通常用 when 引导时间相关的定语从句，但这里缺的是 spent 的宾语，所以要用关系代词 that 或 which，而不是关系副词 when。 2. This is the city ______ I was born. 答案：where 解析：先行词 “the city” 是地点，在从句 “I was born” 中，born 是不及物动词，从句完整表达应该是 “I was born in the city”，where 相当于 “in which”，在从句中作地点状语，所以填 where。 3. Do you remember the reason ______ he was late for the meeting? 答案：why 解析：先行词 “the reason” 是原因相关的名词，在从句 “he was late for the meeting” 中，从句是说明迟到的原因，why 相当于 “for which”，在从句中作原因状语，所以填 why。 考点3. 介词+关系代词 表示方式、工具等（与动词搭配） The pen with which I write my diary is a gift from my friend.（我用来写日记的那支笔是我朋友送的礼物。“write with” 是固定搭配） The knife with which we cut the bread is very sharp.（我们用来切面包的那把刀很锋利。“cut with” 是固定搭配） 表示地点、范围等（与名词搭配） The room in which there are many books is our study.（里面有很多书的那个房间是我们的书房。“in the room” 表示地点） The city in which I live has changed a lot.（我居住的这座城市变化很大。“live in” 是固定搭配） · 考点再现 1. The knife with ______ we cut the watermelon is very sharp. 答案：which 解析：“cut” 和 “knife” 之间的搭配常用 “cut with...”（用…… 切），所以这里要用 “with + 关系代词 which” 来引导定语从句，which 指代先行词 “the knife”，故填 with which。 2. The house ______ which I live is near a park. 答案：in 解析：“live” 表示居住时，和地点搭配常用 “live in...”（住在……），先行词 “the house” 是地点，所以用 “in + which” 引导从句，which 指代 “the house”，填 in which。 3. The teacher ______ whom we got much help has gone abroad. 答案：from 解析：“get help from...” 是固定搭配，表示 “从…… 得到帮助”，先行词 “the teacher” 是人，所以用 “from + whom” 引导从句，whom 指代 “the teacher”，填 from whom。 考点4. that和which的区别 只用 that 的情况 先行词是不定代词： Everything that he said is true.（他说的一切都是真的。） There is nothing that can stop us from achieving our dreams.（没有什么能阻止我们实现梦想。） 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰： This is the second book that I have read this month.（这是我这个月读的第二本书。） She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.（她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。） 先行词被 the only、the very、the same、the last 等修饰： This is the only way that leads to success.（这是通向成功的唯一途径。） He is the very man that we are looking for.（他正是我们正在寻找的那个人。） 先行词既有人又有物时： They talked about the people and things that they remembered in their childhood.（他们谈论了他们童年时记得的人和事。） 只用 which 的情况 引导非限制性定语从句（这里对比了解）： He failed the exam, which made his parents very disappointed.（他考试不及格，这让他的父母非常失望。注意这里是非限制性，有逗号隔开，补充说明主句情况，用 which） 放在介词后面作宾语： The house in which I lived for five years has been pulled down.（我住了五年的那所房子已经被拆除了。） · 考点再现 1. This is the only book ______ can help you solve this problem. 答案：that 解析：先行词 “the only book” 被 “the only” 修饰，在这种情况下，关系代词只能用 that，不能用 which，所以填 that。 2. All ______ I want to say is that you should work harder. 答案：that 解析：先行词 “All” 是不定代词，当先行词是不定代词时，关系代词通常用 that，所以这里填 that。 3. The house, ______ was built last year, is very beautiful. 答案：which 解析：此句是非限制性定语从句，有逗号隔开，对先行词 “the house” 进行补充说明，在非限制性定语从句中，不能用 that，要用 which，所以填 which。 考点5. 注意事项 （一）关系词选择 依据先行词是人还是物以及其在从句中的语法功能来确定合适的关系词： 指人作主语优先考虑 who/that：例如，People who/that have a good sense of humor are always popular.（“People” 是先行词，指人且在从句中作主语，所以用 who 或 that。） 指人作宾语可用 whom/that（作宾语时可省略）：如，The friend (whom/that) I visited last week is moving to another city.（“friend” 是先行词，在从句中作宾语，所以 whom 和 that 都能用，且此处可省略关系代词。） 指物作主语或宾语常用 which/that：The computer which/that I bought last month works well.（“computer” 是先行词，指物，在从句中作宾语时 which 和 that 可选用且可省略；若在从句中作主语，如 The tree which/that stands over there is very old. 同样二者可用。） 表所属关系（作定语）选 whose：A student whose grades are excellent often helps others with studies.（“student” 是先行词，“whose” 体现所属关系，说明是这个学生的成绩。） 表时间用 when：The month when we had a lot of exams was really tough.（“month” 是先行词，用 when 来引导从句说明是有很多考试的那个月。） 表地点用 where：The city where my grandparents live is very beautiful.（“city” 是先行词，where 引导从句指出是我祖父母居住的那个城市。） 表原因用 why（常用于先行词为 reason 时）：The reason why she didn't come to the party is still unknown.（“reason” 是先行词，用 why 说明她没来聚会的原因。） （二）主谓一致 当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致： 先行词为复数时谓语用复数形式：The students who are interested in English often practice speaking it.（“students” 是复数先行词，所以从句谓语用 are。） 先行词为单数时谓语用单数形式：The girl who plays the piano well is going to participate in a competition.（“girl” 是单数先行词，从句谓语用 plays。） · 考点再现 1. The man ______ car broke down on the way is very unlucky. 答案：whose 解析：先行词 “the man” 是人，“car” 和 “the man” 之间是所属关系，即 “这个男人的车”，按照关系词选择规则，表所属关系（作定语）时用 whose，所以填 whose。 2. I want to find out the reason ______ it happened like this. 答案：why 解析：从句 “it happened like this” 是陈述语序，“the reason” 是先行词，表原因，按照从句语序规则以及关系词选择规则，用 why（相当于 “for which”）引导从句，在从句中作原因状语，所以填 why。 3. Can you tell me the man ______ you talked to just now? 答案：whom 解析：从句 “you talked to just now” 是陈述语序，先行词 “the man” 是人，在从句中作宾语，按照规则，指人作宾语可用 whom（也可用 that，但口语中常用 whom），所以填 whom。 一、单项选择题（10 小题，每题 2 分，共 20 分） 1. The book, the cover of ______ is blue, was given to me by my friend. A. which B. that C. whose D. whom 答案：A 解析：本题考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构引导的定语从句，先行词是 “the book”（物），这里表示 “书的封面”，用 “the cover of which” 来体现所属关系，相当于 “whose cover”，that 不能用于这种 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构在非限制性定语从句中（此处有逗号隔开是非限制性定语从句），whom 指人，所以选 A。 2. I visited the factory last week ______ my father used to work in his twenties. A. where B. which C. that D. when 答案：A 解析：分析句子结构可知，空处在定语从句 “my father used to work in his twenties” 中作地点状语。关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语（相当于 “in which” ）；关系代词 which/that可用于指物并在定语从句中充当主语或宾语；when引导定语从句时，在从句中作时间状语。故选A。 3. The man to ______ I spoke just now is an expert in this field. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 答案：D 解析：本题考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构且先行词 “the man” 是人，在从句 “I spoke just now” 中作宾语，正常语序是 “I spoke to the man”，当把介词提前时，指人作宾语只能用 whom，所以选 D。 4. This is the only one of the students ______ passed the exam with full marks. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 答案：C 解析：先行词 “the only one of the students” 虽然中心词是 “students”，但有 “the only” 修饰时，强调的是 “这唯一的一个（学生）”，所以关系代词要用 that，不能用 who 等其他关系代词，所以选 C。 5. I'll never forget the days ______ we spent together in the countryside, which were full of joy. A. when B. that C. why D. where 答案：B 解析：先行词 “the days” 在从句 “we spent together in the countryside” 中作宾语，也就是 “spent the days”，关系代词 that 可用来指物并在从句中充当宾语；when 作时间状语（相当于 “on which” 等情况）；why作原因状语；where 作地点状语。所以选 B。 6. We are living in an age ______ many things are done on the Internet. A. which B. that C. when D. where 答案：C 解析：先行词 “an age” 是时间概念，在从句 “many things are done on the Internet” 中作时间状语，完整表达可以是 “in an age”，when 相当于 “in which”，在从句中作时间状语，所以选 C。 7. The reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his absence didn't sound convincing. A. why B. that C. where D. for which 答案：B 解析：先行词 “The reason” 在从句 “he explained at the meeting for his absence” 中作 explained 的宾语，也就是 “explained the reason”，关系代词 that 可用来指物或事并在从句中充当宾语；而 why 相当于 “for which” 是作原因状语的，此处缺宾语；where引导定语从句时，在从句中作地点状语。所以选 B。 8. I like the city, ______ the people are really friendly. A. which B. where C. that D. whose 答案：B 解析：先行词 “the city” 是地点，在从句 “the people are really friendly” 中，从句完整表达应该是 “the people in the city are really friendly”，where 相当于 “in which”，在从句中作地点状语，对先行词 “the city” 进行修饰限定，所以选 B。 9. Those ______ want to go to the concert can sign up here. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose 答案：A 解析：先行词 “Those” 指代的是人（那些人），在从句 “______ want to go to the concert” 中作主语，关系代词 who 用于指人且作主语，which 指物，whom 指人作宾语，whose 表所属关系，所以选 A。 10. The house in ______ there are many beautiful paintings belongs to a famous artist. A. it B. that C. which D. where 答案：C 解析：本题考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构引导定语从句，先行词 “the house” 是物，“in which” 相当于 “where”，在从句 “there are many beautiful paintings” 中作地点状语，it 不能用于引导定语从句，that 不能放在介词后面引导这种结构的从句，where 不能用于 “介词 + 关系代词” 这种格式里，所以选 C。 二、单句语法填空题（10 小题，每题 1.5 分，共 15 分） 1. The boy with ______ I went to school is now studying abroad. 答案：whom 解析：先行词 “the boy” 是人，在从句 “with ______ I went to school” 中作宾语，这里是 “with + 关系代词” 结构，指人作宾语用 whom，所以填 whom。 2. The book, the pages of ______ are yellowing, was written by a famous writer. 答案：which 解析：考查 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词 “the book” 是物，“the pages of which” 表示 “书的页面”，相当于 “whose pages”，所以填 which。 3. I have a friend ______ hobbies are similar to mine. 答案：whose 解析：先行词 “friend” 是人，“hobbies” 和 “friend” 之间是所属关系，即 “朋友的爱好”，whose 用于表示所属关系（作定语），所以填 whose。 4. The place ______ we will visit next week is famous for its beautiful scenery. 答案：which/that 解析：先行词 “the place” 是物，在从句 “we will visit next week” 中作宾语，关系代词 which 和 that 都可以用来指物并在从句中充当宾语，所以填 which/that。 5. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen. 答案：that 解析：先行词 “the best film” 被形容词最高级 “the best” 修饰，在这种情况下，关系代词只能用 that，不能用 which，所以填 that。 6. The man ______ car was stolen last night is very upset. 答案：whose 解析：先行词 “the man” 是人，“car” 和 “the man” 之间是所属关系，即 “这个男人的车”，whose 用于表示所属关系（作定语），所以填 whose。 7. I still remember the time ______ we had a lot of fun during our summer vacation. 答案：when 解析：先行词 “the time” 是时间，在从句 “we had a lot of fun during our summer vacation” 中，从句完整表达是 “we had a lot of fun at the time during our summer vacation”，when 相当于 “at which”，在从句中作时间状语，所以填 when。 8. The pen ______ I write letters with is a gift from my friend. 答案：which/that（可省略） 解析：先行词 “the pen” 是物，在从句 “I write letters with” 中作宾语，关系代词 which 和 that 都可以用来指物并在从句中充当宾语，且作宾语时可省略，所以填 which/that（可省略）。 9. The people ______ live in this neighborhood are from different places. 答案：who 解析：先行词 “the people” 是复数，在从句 “______ live in this neighborhood” 中作主语，关系代词 who 用于指人且作主语，所以填 who。 10. The story, ______ was told by my grandfather, is very interesting. 答案：which 解析：此句是非限制性定语从句，有逗号隔开，对先行词 “the story” 进行补充说明，在非限制性定语从句中，不能用 that，要用 which，所以填 which。 · 真题感知 一、语法填空 （2023·全国·高考真题）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong 1 royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully 2 (build) system of ring roads. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 3 welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural 4 (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work, 5 somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. 6 (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I 7 (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. As a photographer, I have spent the last two years 8   (record) everything I discovered. The 9 (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, 10 (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 【答案】 1．to 2．built 3．which/that 4．wonders 5．but 6．Having visited 7．was amazed 8．recording 9．remarkable 10．means 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北京这座城市的古老建筑和现代化发展之间的独特结合，同时探讨了城市如何在不断发展的同时保护其丰富的遗产。作者作为一名摄影师，记录了这座城市的变化，并表示将来还会继续拍摄北京的风貌。 1．考查介词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，它拥有3000多年的辉煌历史，甚至从它的布局来看，这座城市一直保持着精心建造的环城道路系统。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词to。故填to。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，狭窄的胡同和皇家宫殿，它是3000多年辉煌历史的家园，即使是在它的布局上，这座城市也保持着精心建造的环城公路系统。这里为非谓语动词担当定语，表示“精心建造的……”，和被修饰词“system of ring roads”之间为被动关系，用过去分词。故填built。 3．考查定语从句。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。 4．考查名词。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；根据下文的“historical buildings of the past”可知，空处为名词的复数形式。故填wonders。 5．考查连词。句意：但不知何故，这两个截然不同的世界却很好地结合在了一起。空前“It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work,”和空后“somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.”之间存在转折关系，用but。故填but。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：在过去的10年里，我多次访问北京，我惊讶于这里的新旧共存，惊讶于一个城市如何在不断发展的同时保持如此丰富的文化遗产。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，和主句主语“I”之间为主动关系；根据时间状语“over the last 10 years”可知，用完成时态，由此推断，空处用现在分词的完成时态。置于句首，首字母大写。故填Having visited。 7．考查时态和语态。句意：在过去的10年里，我多次访问北京，我惊讶于这里的新旧共存，惊讶于一个城市如何在不断发展的同时保持如此丰富的文化遗产。这里为本句谓语动词，根据下文“how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.”可知，本句用一般过去时；主语I和动词amaze之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was amazed。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：作为一名摄影师，我花了两年时间记录我发现的一切。spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。这里为非谓语动词担当宾语，用动名词形式。故填recording。 9．考查形容词。句意：这个城市的显著发展，是有意识地在保护过去的同时步入现代世界，这意味着这里总是有新的东西可以发现，我可以在接下来的50年里一直拍摄北京。分析句子成分可知，空处为形容词修饰名词“development of this city”。故填remarkable。 10．考查时态。句意：这座城市的显著发展，在有意识地保护过去的同时步入现代世界，意味着这里总是有新的东西等待发现，我可以在接下来的50年里一直拍摄北京。这里为本句谓语动词，根据上下文可知，本句时态为一般现在时；主语为“development”，单数，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。 【点睛】 二、书面表达 （2023·全国·高考真题）上周末你参加了校学生会组织的“认识我们身边的植物”活动。请为校英文报写篇报道，内容包括： 1. 活动的过程； 2. 收获与感想。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。 Getting to Know the Plants Around Us ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】                                                     Getting to Know the Plants Around Us    Last weekend, I participated in a “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” activity organised by our Students’ Union.    The activity began with a lecture by a local botanist, who taught us about the different characteristics and uses of various plant species. We then went on a natural walk to observe and collect samples of different plants. Throughout the event, I was struck by the incredible variety of plants that exist in our world and learned about plants that are used for medical purposes, as well as those that provide food and shelter for animals. I also gained a greater appreciation for the role that plants play in maintaining the balance of our ecosystem.     Overall, it was a valuable and enriching experience. 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生为校英文报写篇报道，介绍上周末校学生会组织的“认识我们身边的植物”活动。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 参与：participate in → attend 开始：begin → start 观察，调查：observe → survey 震惊：strike → astonish/surprise 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句： Last weekend, I participated in a “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” activity organised by our Students’ Union. 拓展句： Last weekend, I participated in a “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” activity organised by our Students’ Union, which benefited me a lot. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The activity began with a lecture by a local botanist, who taught us about the different characteristics and uses of various plant species.（运用了who引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】Throughout the event, I was struck by the incredible variety of plants that exist in our world and learned about plants that are used for medical purposes, as well as those that provide food and shelter for animals.（运用了一般过去时的被动语态和定语从句） · 提升专练 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 I was pushed into writing the “top ten problems the young face” after I attended a school programme, where I had the opportunity to interact with many 1 (teenage). Each conversation was only adding one more item 2 the list of problems. About two 3 (three) of girls in year nine to year twelve “worry about their 4 (appear)”. 5 there were no gender (性别) differences in worries about school, girls are 6 (anxiety) about getting along with parents and what to do when they are older. Girls are proven to worry more about personal problems and romantic relationship, and are more 7 (concern) about their own images in peer group. In fact, the only thing 8 boys worry about more than girls is succeeding in their physical activities. 9 parents need to do is to look at ways to help teens and take responsibility for what we are exposing our teens to right now. We cannot afford 10 (ignore) the parental duties of bringing them up well from the time they are young. Televisions, computers and other gadgets that they spend most of the time with cannot give them a bright future. 【答案】 1．teenagers 2．to 3．thirds 4．appearance 5．While/Although/Though 6．anxious 7．concerned 8．that 9．What 10．to ignore 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了年轻人所面临的一些问题并提出解决意见。 1．考查名词复数。句意：在参加了一个学校项目后，我被迫写下了“年轻人面临的十大问题”，在那里我有机会与许多青少年互动。根据many可知，此处应用名词teenager“年轻人”的复数形式，作介词with的宾语。故填teenagers。 2．考查介词。句意：每次对话都只是在问题列表上增加了一项。add…to…“将……增加到……，把……添加到……”是固定搭配。故填to。 3．考查数词。句意：大约三分之二的9到12年级的女孩“担心自己的外表”。分数表示方法：“基数词+序数词”，分子大于一，做分母的序数词应用复数，本空用third“第三”的复数。故填thirds。 4．考查名词。句意：大约三分之二的9到12年级的女孩“担心自己的外表”。此处应用名词appearance“外表”，作worry about的宾语。故填appearance。 5．考查让步状语从句。句意：尽管在对学校的担忧方面没有性别差异，但女孩对与父母相处以及长大后该做什么感到焦虑。后文“girls are____6____ (anxiety) about getting along with parents and what to do when they are older”和“there were no gender (性别) differences in worries about school”存在转折关系，应用while或although或though引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母大写。故填While/Although/Though。 6．考查形容词。句意：尽管在对学校的担忧方面没有性别差异，但女孩对与父母相处以及长大后该做什么感到焦虑。be anxious about“对……感到焦虑”是固定搭配，本空应用其形容词anxious，作表语。故填anxious。 7．考查形容词。句意：事实证明，女孩更担心个人问题和恋爱关系，更关心自己在同龄人中的形象。be concerned about“关心”是固定搭配，应用形容词concerned，作表语。故填concerned。 8．考查定语从句。句意：事实上，男孩比女孩更担心的唯一一件事是在体育活动中取得成功。本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词为thing，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作worry about的宾语，且被the only修饰，应用关系代词that引导。故填that。 9．考查主语从句。句意：父母需要做的是寻找帮助青少年的方法，并为我们现在让青少年接触到的东西承担责任。本空引导主语从句，从句中缺少do的宾语，且指物，用what引导，位于句首，首字母大写。故填What。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：我们不能忽视父母的责任，从他们小的时候就很好地抚养他们。afford to do sth“负担得起做某事，能做某事”是固定句式，本空用ignore“忽视”的动词不定式，作宾语。故填to ignore。 Passage 2 In ancient China lived an artist 1 paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their 2 (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would 3 (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li River - perhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world. 4 (fill) with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left. 5 he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and 6 (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out 7 (find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved 8 (gentle) along the river, he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue; And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds 9 (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist 10 earth, Mother Nature. 【答案】 1．whose 2．finest 3．be chosen 4．Filled 5．When/As 6．pointed 7．to find 8．gently 9．surrounding 10．on 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，中国古代有一位画家，自以为艺术造诣很高，但是一次经历让他明白了大自然才是最伟大的画家。 1．考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。空处引导定语从句，先行词是artist，关系词在从句中作定语，使用关系代词whose，故填whose。 2．考查形容词最高级。句意：一天，皇帝想给自己画像，于是他把所有伟大的艺术家都请来，让他们展示自己最好的作品，这样他就能从中选出最好的。结合句意及下文“best”可知，此处指“让他们展示自己最好的作品”，使用形容词最高级作定语，故填finest。 3．考查被动语态。句意：画家确信自己会被选中，但当他把自己的杰作拿给皇帝的首席大臣时，老人笑了。动词choose和主语he之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，would后接动词原形，故填be chosen。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：满怀好奇，这位艺术家收拾好行李离开了。动词fill和逻辑主语the artist之间是动宾关系，使用过去分词作状语，首字母应大写，故填Filled。 5．考查状语从句。句意：当他问河岸上的村民在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们微笑着指着河的下游。结合句意可知，此处指“当……时”，使用when/as引导时间状语从句，首字母应大写，故填When/As。 6．考查时态。句意：同上。空处和smiled并列作谓语动词，句子时态是一般过去时，空格处使用动词过去式，故填pointed。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找那位著名的画家。句子使用固定短语set out to do sth.“着手做某事”。故填to find。 8．考查副词。句意：小船缓缓地在河上行驶，群山在水中无声地映出倒影，这让他无话可说。空处修饰动词moved，应用副词形式，故填gently。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：他走过乳白色的瀑布和深浅不一的蓝色山脉；当他看到河上升起的薄雾和山顶周围柔软的云时，他流下了眼泪。see sb. doing意为“看见某人正在干某事”，surround和clouds之间是主动关系，使用现在分词作宾语补足语，故填surrounding。 10．考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。on earth“在世界上”，固定短语，故填on。 Passage 3 Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with a given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. There is a photo hanging above my desk. Whenever I look at that photograph, it takes me back to those early years 1 every new experience was important for me.    I can still remember the shouts of the spectators as I 2 (go) out onto the sports field with my classmates. Two days 3 (early), I had qualified for the finals of the 100 metres. Now 4 (look) around, I was determined to win.   While I was walking across to the start, I began to feel more and more nervous. I looked around and saw my proud parents waving enthusiastically. My heart was beating fast when I lined up with the other eager competitors. I look some deep breaths and waited for the signal. Then the starting signal 5 (give) and I set off down the track.   I ran as fast as I could, not looking at anything but the finishing line. By the time I crossed the line, I was so exhausted that I 6 hardly breathe. As soon as I heard the result 7 (announce), I realized I had won! Overjoyed, I collapsed on the soft grass with a broad smile on my face.   “Well done!” said the Headmaster later, as I was 8 (present) with the winner’s certificate. I had never felt so happy and proud in my life. 【答案】1．when 2．went 3．earlier 4．looking 5．was given 6．could 7．announced 8．presented 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者参加100米决赛，并取得成功的心路历程。 1．考查定语从句。句意：每当我看到这张照片，它都会让我回想起早年的那些日子，那时每一次新的经历对我来说都很重要。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词those early years，先行词指时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用when。故填when。 2．考查时态。句意：我仍然记得当我和同学们一起走上运动场时观众们的叫喊声。结合语境可知，as引导的从句描述过去的事情，应使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式。故填went。 3．考查固定用法。句意：两天前，我获得了100米决赛的资格。...days earlier为固定用法，意为“……天前”，其中earlier是副词，故填earlier。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：现在环顾四周，我决心要赢。句中已有be动词was，空处作非谓语动词，look与I构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填looking。 5．考查时态语态。句意：然后起跑信号被发出，我沿着跑道出发了。根据上下文可知，句子描述发生在过去的动作，应使用一般过去时，主语the starting signal与谓语是被动关系，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，be动词使用was。故填was given。 6．考查情态动词。句意：当我越过终点线的时候，我已经筋疲力尽，几乎无法呼吸。根据句中was可知，句子使用一般过去时，could hardly do sth.为固定用法，意为“（当时）几乎不能做某事”。故填could。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：我一听到宣布结果，就意识到我赢了！As soon as引导的时间状语从句中，已有谓语heard，空处作非谓语动词，announce与result构成被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填announced。 8．考查语态。句意：“做得好！”后来，当我被授予获奖证书时，校长说。present作谓语，与主语构成被动关系，结合was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。故填presented。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$