Unit 1 Science and Scientists Using Language 知识点导学案-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

语言点 Using Language Page7. the Father of China’s Aerospace Page8. a World of Pure Thought (指示性缩略语说明：Para1,指课文第1段。Line1指本段第1行。Page7指课本第7页。相关类似) (颜色使用说明二：红色为宏观位置提示。绿色为重要语言点提醒。紫色为必做笔记部分。) (附录：课文汉语译文) Exercise7, Line3, Page7. A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete. “非牛顿流体”是很奇怪的,因为你可以像(倾倒)一种液体一样把它倒出来,可是如果你给它施加任何压力,它突然就变得和混凝土一样坚硬。 pour　vt.倒出;倾盆而下;倾泻;斟(饮料) pour in 大量地涌入;蜂拥而至 pour into/out of 不断地或大量地涌进/出 pour down 流下;(雨)倾盆而下 提示: pour sth into/to sth也可指“大量投入(金钱、时间、精力)于(某事物)”。 例句： Application letters from all over the country are pouring in by the thousands every week. 每星期有数千封申请信从全国各地纷至沓来。 单句填空 ①A big fire broke out in her house yesterday and thick black smoke was seen 　　　　　　(pour) out of the roof from the distance.   ②[2021·全国乙卷] People 　　　　　　　　　　(pour) into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.   ③No sooner had I got the chance to explain than she rushed into the 　　　　　　(pour) rain.   Keys: ①pouring　②have been pouring　③pouring 完成句子 ④He broke down at the news that he was rejected by the football club, 　　　　　　　　　　　　.  听到被足球俱乐部拒绝的消息,他崩溃了,眼泪顺着脸颊流了下来。(读后续写之神态描写) ⑤[2022·浙江1月考读后续写] I took down everything he mentioned and 　　　　　　　　　 　.  我记下他提到的所有事项,更加努力地投入到课题中。 Keys: ④tears pouring down his cheeks　⑤poured more effort to/into the project Para1, Line1, Page7. the Father of China’s Aerospace Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。 have an impact on. 对┈有影响 have an impact/influence/effect on. 对┈有影响 Para1, Line1, Page7. the Father of China’s Aerospace Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。 句型公式: 否定式+比较级 句式点拨 句中的否定词no 与比较级 greater连用,构成“否定词+比较级”结构,表示最高级的含义,意为“没有……能够比……更……的了”。常用的否定词有nothing, no, not, never, hardly, nobody等。 单句填空 ①To me, nothing can be 　　　　　　(significant) than to carry others through hard times.   ②We decided to take his suggestion because nobody could offer a 　　　　　　(good) solution.   ③Mr Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been 　　　　(popular).   Keys: ①more significant　②better　③more popular 完成句子 ④In my opinion,　　　　　　　　　　　　 than that gained with one’s own sweat.(valuable)   在我看来,没有什么经验比自己用汗水得来的经验更宝贵。 ⑤　　　　　　　　　　　　 being allowed to take part in the space travel programme.(there be)   没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。 Keys: ④no experience is more valuable　⑤There is nothing more exciting than Para2, Line5, Page7. the Father of China’s Aerospace However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 然而,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森决定改学航空专业,因为他意识到中国需要它自己的强大的空军来保卫国家。 break out　(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发 break in 强行进入;打断 break into 强行闯入;突然开始(笑、唱等) break up 粉碎;解散;(关系)破裂,结束;放假 break down (机器)出故障;(身体)垮掉;失声痛哭;(谈判等)失败;(化学)分解 break through 冲破;取得突破;取得新的重大发现 break away (from sb/sth) 逃脱;脱离;背叛 提示: break out, happen, take place都是不及物动词或短语,不用于被动结构。 In some conflict areas where civil wars often break out, fighters have even destroyed heritage sites on purpose. 在一些经常爆发内战的冲突地区,武装分子甚至故意摧毁了遗址。 用break短语的适当形式填空 ①Her mother totally　　　　　　at the passing away of her grandmother.   ②Sometimes giving a gift is better than spoken communication, since the message it offers can 　　　　　　barriers of language.   ③When the news came that the war　　　　　　, he decided to serve in the army.   ④Two friends have an argument that　　　　　　 their friendship forever.   Keys:①broke down　②break through　③broke out　④breaks up 完成句子 ⑤　　　　　　　　　　　　, the phones at donation centres have been ringing off the hook.   自从地震爆发以来,捐款中心的电话一直响个不停。 Keys: ⑤Since the earthquake broke out Para2, Line8, Page7. the Father of China’s Aerospace However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 然而,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森决定改学航空专业,因为他意识到中国需要它自己的强大的空军来保卫国家。 defend　vt. (to protect sb/sth from attack; to guard sb/sth)保卫;防守;辩解 (1)defend…from/against… 保卫……免受…… defend oneself 自卫;申辩;自行辩护 (2)defence n. 防御;保卫;答辩 in defence of 保护……;为……辩护 All the people, men and women, young and old, were fighting against the flood in defence of their own homes. 所有的人,无论男女老少,为了保卫自己的家园,都在与洪水做斗争。 单句填空 ①Once infected with HIV, the body is unable to defend itself 　　　　　　diseases.   ②The strong walls of the castle served as a good 　　　　　　(defend) against the attackers.   ③The dam was built to defend the road from 　　　　　　　　　　(wash) away by the sea.   Keys: ①from/against　②defence　③being washed 完成句子 ④Seeing the fierce dog suddenly appearing before them, he rushed 　　　　　　　　　like an arrow.  看到这只凶猛的狗突然出现在他们面前,他像箭一样冲过去保护儿子。(读后续写之动作描写) ⑤Keeping a balanced diet and taking regular exercise can   　　　　　　　　　. 保持均衡的饮食和经常锻炼有助于保护我们免受感染。(应用文写作之倡议书)  Keys: ④to defend his son　⑤help defend ourselves against infection Para3, Line5, Page7. the Father of China’s Aerospace As a graduate assistant at the California institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA'S leading space-exploration centres. 二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一 assistant n 助理，助手 assist vt. 帮助，协助 assist sb. in/ with sth. 帮助... assistance n. 帮助 come to one’s assistance 帮助某人 with the assistance of ... 在......帮助下 完成句子 ①We asked him to assist us in __________(design) a new bridge. ②One of her fellow colleagues (来帮助她) when she took charge of an important research. ③He asked us to assist him (carry) through their plan.他要我们帮助他实施他们的计划 ④We will also an economic and social impact assessment. 我们还将协助进行一个经济社会影响评估。 Keys: ①designing ②came to her assistance ③ in carrying ④ assist with 拓展："assist with"和"assist in"的区别 "Assist with"通常用于表示在某项具体任务或活动中提供帮助。比如，如果你说"I will assist with the project"，意思就是你将会在这个项目中提供具体的帮助。 而"Assist in"则更多地用于表示在某个更广泛或更抽象的领域或情境中提供帮助。例如，"I will assist in the planning stage"就是说你会在规划阶段提供帮助，这里的帮助可能不局限于某一项具体任务。 总的来说，"assist with"更侧重于具体的任务，而"assist in"则更侧重于整体的过程或情境。 Para4, Line4, Page8. the Father of China’s Aerospace He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到祖国英雄般的欢迎,受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。 in charge of　主管;掌管(一般用人作主语) (1)in the charge of… 由……负责/掌管(一般用物作主语) take charge (of) 主管;负责 free of charge 免费 (2)charge v. 收(费);指责;控告 charge (sb) sth (for sth)收费;要价 charge sb with (doing) sth 指控/起诉/指责某人(做)某事 用charge短语的适当形式填空 ①The school will put an experienced teacher 　　　　　　that class to bring the children under control.   ②The shop assistant was dismissed as she 　　　　　　　　　　　cheating customers.   ③His boss asked him to 　　　　　　　　　　the office for a few days while she was away.   ④You can download from the Internet as much information as you need 　　　　　　　　　　.   Keys:①in charge of　②was charged with　③take charge of ④free of charge 完成句子 ⑤The shop owner 　　　　　　　　　　　　the noodles; I felt a wave of warmth and gratitude welling within me.  店主没有收我买面条的钱,我感到一股温暖和感激之情涌上心头。(读后续写之情感描写) ⑥[2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达] My English teacher, who has been teaching for twenty years, 　　　　　　　　　　　　. 我的英语老师负责学校的工作,他已经教了二十年书了。  Keys: ⑤charged me nothing for/didn’t charge me for ⑥is in charge of the school work/takes charge of the school work Para4, Line4, Page8. the Father of China’s Aerospace He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到祖国英雄般的欢迎,受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。 句型公式:　not only…but also… 句式点拨 句中“not only…but also…”意为“不但……而且……”,用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分,如主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语或从句等,语意着重强调后者。但需要注意的是: (1)“not only…but also…”连接主语时,其后的谓语动词单复数遵循“就近原则”; (2)“not only…but also…”连接两个分句且当not only位于句首时,含有not only的句子要使用部分倒装结构。 单句填空 ①Not only the temple, which was built in AD 200, but the ancient buildings around it, 　　　　　　(be) worth visiting as well.   ② [2022·全国甲卷书面表达] Not only  the ocean offer us sufficient food, but it also maintains the balance of nature. ③As we all know, not only can reading classics improve our study, 　　　it also enriches our daily lives.   Keys: ①are　②does　③but　 完成句子 ④[2020·全国新高考Ⅰ/Ⅱ卷应用文写作]   　.  赛跑不仅增强了我们的体力,而且增进了我们的友谊。 ⑤Through the activity,   　.  通过这次活动,我不仅认识到了体力劳动的价值,而且体会到了收获的快乐。 Keys: ④Not only did the race build up our strength, but it also promoted our friendship　 ⑤not only did I realize the value of physical labour, but I also experienced the happiness of harvest Para4, Line11, Page8. the Father of China’s Aerospace Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. 然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。 discourage sb. from doing sth. 使某人气馁不做某事 take on the challenge接受挑战 take on 承担，接受（尤指艰巨工作或重大责任） ‌例句： He decided to take on more responsibilities at work.他决定在工作中承担更多的责任。 ‌The team is ready to take on any opponent. 这个团队准备接受任何对手的挑战。 Para5, Line7, Page8. the Father of China’s Aerospace Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of "the father of Chinas aerospace.” 由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父。 trace. n.痕迹;轨迹;踪迹;遗迹 vt.追踪;追溯;发现;查出 trace back to 追溯到，追根溯源到 trace... to... 追踪...到... 完成句子 ①The thief had left some (trace) of his presence. ②Can the police trace them their hiding place? ③His fear of dogs can __________________ his childhood. 他对狗的恐惧可以追溯到儿童时期。 Keys: ① traces ② to ③ be traced back to Para1, Line2, Page8. a World of Pure Thought Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and using a computer to talk.大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。 be familiar with 对┈熟悉 Para1, Line5, Page8. a World of Pure Thought Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. 自从他患上了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病,他的世界就变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 come down with　患(病),染上(小病) come down 崩塌;落下;着陆;下降 come about 发生 come across 偶然遇见 come up with 提出 come out 出现;出版 用come短语的适当形式填空 ①So far, several members 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　suggestions of their own.   ②While cleaning the room yesterday, I 　　　　　　　　　an old photograph of my mother.   ③During the cold rainy weather last week, Mr Bill suddenly 　　　　　　　　　　a fever.   ④Can you explain how it 　　　　　　that you were an hour late?   Keys: ①have come up with　②came across　③came down with　④came about　 完成句子 ⑤Susan didn’t attend her brother’s birthday party last night, because she 　　　　　　　　　.   苏珊昨天晚上没有参加她弟弟的生日派对,因为她得了严重的感冒。 Keys: ⑤came down with a bad cold Para2, Line4, Page8. a World of Pure Thought In general there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. 总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论 in general 总的来说 on关于某个主题 拓展：“on”关于某个主题时，通常表示一篇文章、一本书、一个演讲等的内容或焦点，且往往带有严肃或学术性较强的意味‌。当想要表达某篇文章、书籍或演讲是围绕某一特定主题展开时，可以使用“on”。 This book is on cross-cultural communication. We've compiled a new textbook on African history recently.我们最近编撰了一本关于非洲历史的教科书。 ‌与“about”的区别‌：虽然“about”也可以表示“关于”，但“on”更侧重于表达主题的严肃性或学术性。相比之下，“about”则更常用于一般性或非专业性的谈论。 Para2, Line13, Page8. a World of Pure Thought during the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. 在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。 point out 指出 make a mistake in 在某方面犯错 Para3, Line9, Page9. a World of Pure Thought Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是,霍金愿意承认自己的错误。 above all　最重要的是;尤其是 after all 毕竟,终归 at all 完全,全然 first of all 首先 in all 总计,总共 all in all 总的来说 once and for all彻底地 用all短语的适当形式填空 ①Children need many things, but 　　　　　　they need love.   ②The tickets we had bought numbered twelve　　　　　　.   ③That mobile phone company is going to overcome the technological problem 　 .  ④It’s not surprising that you’re tired.　　　　　, you were up until three last night!   Keys: ①above all　②in all　③once and for all　④After all 完成句子 ⑤As is known to all, travelling in China has become safer, more enjoyable and 　,   more economical. 众所周知,在中国旅行已经变得更安全、更愉快,最重要的是更经济实惠。 Keys: ⑤above all 附录：课文汉语译文 Using Language THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE 中国航天之父 Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献成就斐然。 Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However， after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。 Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA'S leading space-exploration centres. 1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一 After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked "Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” his reply was a determined "Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.” 留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他:“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗?他的回答十分坚定:“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。” Under Qians leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successful launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of "the father of Chinas aerospace.” 在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父 Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. 钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。 On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qians death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways. 2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他缅怀他。 A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT 一个纯思维的世界 Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles his world became one of abstract thought. 史蒂芬・霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界 Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory—and not the steady state theory—was true. Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A star was born。 霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论:第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德・霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。 So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius? Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 那么，是什么使史蒂芬・霍金成为一名天オ呢?除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$