内容正文:
人教九年级Unit 12单元语法聚焦
一.过去完成时
【结构】过去完成时由“had + 动词的过去分词”构成(had缩写为’d)。
【定义】表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作,对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果,用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。它表示动作发生的时间是"过去的过去",侧重事情的结果。
【句型】
1.肯定句:主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他.
I had finished my homework.
我完成了我的家庭作业。
2.否定句:主语 +had + not + 过去分词 + 其他.
I hadn’t finished my homework.
我没有完成了我的家庭作业。
3.一般疑问句:Had +主语+过去分词+ 其他? 肯定回答用Yes, 主语 + had.;否定回答用No, 主语 + hadn’t.
Had you finished your homework?Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.
你完成了你的家庭作业吗?是的,我完成了。/ 没有,我还未完成。
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 / 词组 + had +主语+ 过去分词 + 其他?
What had you done?你做了什么?
【用法】
1.过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
(1)by +过去的时间点表示“在......之前、到......时”。
By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel.
他八点前已到了我住的旅馆。
(2)by the end of +过去的时间点/时间段表示“到......时为止”。
The company had finished that project by the end of 2023.
到2023年底公司完成了那个项目。
(3)before + 过去的时间点表示“在......之前”。
They had planted six hundred trees before last Sunday.
在上星期日之前,他们已经种了六百棵树了。
2.主句是一般过去时,谓语是told、said、knew、thought等动词,其后接了that引导的宾语从句,如果从句的谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,从句要用过去完成时
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
He said that he had known her well.他说,他很了解他。
3.在已经叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述以前发生的动作时,常用过去完成时。
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
4.want、hope等动词用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。
5.在含有定语从句的复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
6.在含有时间、原因等状语从句的复合句中,主从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后,他上床睡觉了。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed till she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs because I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
7.过去完成时表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常与for+时间段、since+时间点等连用。
He said he had worked in that factory since 2009.
他说自从2009年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站已经等了20分钟,一辆公共汽车终于来了。
【特别提醒】过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
1.现在完成时有have/has done构成,表示的动作发生在过去,以now的时间为基点,但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响。
2.过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到该时态。
I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
二.when、before、as、by the time引导时间状语从句
when意为“当......的时候”,引导时间状语从句。
1.特点:when引导的时间状语从句既可以指时间点,也可以指时间段。when引导的时间状语从句的谓语没有限制。从句谓语动作可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后发生或同时发生。
2.时态特征:
(1)主从句都用一般现在时。
Please call me when you come back.你回来时请给我打电话。
(2)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。
What will you do when you grow up?长大后你要做什么?
(3)主从句都用一般过去时。
When I was five,I could swim.我5岁时会游泳。
(4)主句用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时。
When she made a phone call,I was writing a letter.
她在打电话时,我正在写信。
(5)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时(从句部分的动作先发生)。
When he had finished his homework,he took a short rest.当他完成作业后,他休息了一会儿。
(6)主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时(主句部分的动作先发生)。
When I got home,my parents had already cooked the dinner.
我到家时我父母已经做好了晚餐。
(7)It +be动词+时间点+when从句.表示“当......的时候时间是......”。主从句都可以用一般过去时,或主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。
It was 5 o’clock when he came here. 他来这里的时候是5点。
It will be midday when they get home.当他们到家时将是中午。
before意为“在......之前”,引导时间状语从句。
(1)主从句都用一般现在时或都用一般过去时。
You should check your examination paper before you hand it in.
交卷之前,你应该检查一下。
The plane took off long before he got to the airport.
在他到达机场之前,飞机已起飞很久了。
(2)主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
The plane took off before he got to the airport.
在他到达机场之前,飞机就起飞了。
(3)主句用现在完成时,从句用一般现在时。
Before you clean the bedroom,I have finished my homework.
你打扫卧室之前,我就完成了家庭作业。
(4)It+be+时间段+before从句.表示“...之后才...”。如果主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时;主句用一般过去时,从句也可以用一般过去时。
It will be three years before we meet again. 三年以后我们才能再次相见。
It was one year before he came.他过了一年才回来。
by the time引导时间状语从句。
(1)by意为“到......的时候”时,引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句要用过去完成时。如果从句用一般现在时,主句要用将来完成时(will have done)
By the time the doctor arrived, the patient had died.
医生到达时,病人已经死了。
By the time he comes, we will have finished the job.
到他来的时候,我们将已经把活儿干完了。
(2)by the time意为“在……的时候”,主句通常含有be动词,主从句都可以用一般过去时,或者主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。
By the time you turned off the light, I was awake.你关灯的时候,我醒着。
By the time he comes,we will be on top of the mountain.
到他来的时候,我们将已在山顶了。
【注释4】as意为“当......的时候”,引导时间状语从句。
1.特点:从句谓语用延续性动词或短暂性动词,不用be/have/like等状态或静态意义的动词。
2.时态:
(1)主从句都用一般现在时或一般过去时。
As he sleeps,he dreams a good dream.
他睡觉时做了个好梦。
My cap was blown away as I stood up.我站起来时帽子被吹走了。
(2)主句用一般现在时,从句用现在进行时。
As we are going out, it begins to rain.我们出门时,开始下雨了。
(3)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去进行时。
As the doctors were checking him,the pain got worse.
医生正在给他检查时, 疼痛变得更厉害了。
考点汇总
真题链接:
1. It will be 2 years _______ we see each other again.
A. after B. before C. since D. when
2.By the end of last week, she ____ in the west of China for two months helping the homeless
children.
A. will stay B. has stayed C. would stay D. had stayed
3.—Anna, please tell Eric to call me when he _____ back.
—No problem.
A.come B.comes C.came D.will come
4.I overslept this morning. By the time I got to the train station, the train_______(leave).
答案速查
BDB had left
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