2024年人教版中考英语一轮复习句子的成分和五大基本句型详解

句子成分 一、什么是句子？ 句子是由词按照一定的语法规律组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位． 注意：句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？ ！ Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is ! She is a student. 二、句子的成分有哪些？ 英语句子的基本成分有 八 种：分别是：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语（adverbial）、补语（complement）和同位语（Appositive）‌ 三．句子成分详解 1.主语 全句的主体,是谓语 动作的执行者。 常用名词、代词、动词不定式或动名词等充当充当主语。主语一般在 句首 。 We work in a big factory. The classroom is very big. Three are enough. 三个人就够了。 Reading is useful. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 What we need is food. 拓展： （1）“There be …”句型中,主语在 be动词之后 。 There are some bottles of milk in the box. （2）在个别句型中，It 在句首作 形式主语 , 真正的主语在 句子后面 。 It is our duty to protect the environment. It’s a pity that he didn’t come. 练一练 划出下列句子的主语 Shanghai is in the east of China. Tom works very hard. I bought a new book. Who knows the answer? There is a book on the table. The first is the best. To see is to believe. It is important to learn English. There are a lot of trees in the park. 2.谓语 由 动词 或 动词短语 构成，存在时态、语态和人称和数的变化。 必须和主语在 人称 和 数 两方面一致（主谓一致）。 谓语一般在 主语之后 之后,说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。 They are teachers. Mr. Potts was laughed at by his colleagues. He can speak English. The children carried school bags . I don't like the picture on the wall. 总结；谓语是句子的躯干,说明主语的动作 谓语动词随着主语的不同而变化, 随着时间的不同而变化,随着与主语的不同关系( 主动关系和被动关系)而变化,总之,时时在变.谓语有不同的形式: 动词：They planted many trees on the hill . 情态动词+动词：May I come in? 系动词+表语：I am a teacher. 助动词+动词：I don’t speak English. 注意：在每一个正确的句子中都必须存在“谓语”部分。 练一练: 找出下列句子的谓语 1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. He often plays the piano. 3. I want to tell you a story. 4. You should study hard. 3.表语 位于 系动词 之后,说明主语是什么,或怎么样;常由形容词、副词、名词、代词等充当。 划出下列句子的表语 The leaves turn yellow. My father is a teacher. Everyone is here. They are at the theater. My hope is to travel around the world. Her job is training the nurses. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. Be动词（am，is，are, was, were） 系动词 表保持（keep, stay, remain） 表改变（get， become，turn） 感官动词（feel，sound (听起来) , seem/look (看起来) , taste (尝起来) , smell (闻起来)。 如： It sounds interesting. We should all remain careful. 4.宾语 是 动作的接受者 ; 和谓语(及物动词)一起说明 主语做了什么 ; 通常在谓语动词之后;由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或从句等充当。 She plays the piano every day. He often helps me. The boy admitted making a mistake. She likes to have a rest this afternoon. I think that he is a good guy. 拓展：直接宾语和间接宾语 有些及物动词后面要跟2个宾语,分为间接宾语 和直接宾语 ; We brought them some food. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 He gave me a gift. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 若先说直接宾语,后说间接宾语,必须借助介词 to 或 for： We bought some food for them. He showed how to run the machine to us. 划出下列句子的宾语 I like fruits. Mary bought a gift to Tom. How many chairs do you want? We should help the old and the injured. I really don’t know what to do next. 5.补语 有些句子中的某些成分不能表达完整的意思, 还必须在相应成分后加上补足语, 句意才完整。 能够作补语的有：代词, 形容词, 副词, 介词短语, 不定式, -ing形式和过去分词等。 划出下列句子的补足语 We found John out when we arrived. Tom was made monitor. Make yourself at home. I am sure to succeed. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called. 6.定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词． 形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语． The black bike is mine. What’s your name? A broken vase. A sleeping boy. I have 5 books. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool. 7.状语 状语用来修饰动词，形容词、副词或整个句子。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等。一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当． He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen. 8. 同位语 对句中某一成分作进一步解释或补充说明， 与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。 同位语常置于被说明词之后。 My friend lily invited me to take a walk. They are beautiful girls, my students. They three join the music club. 五大基本句型 主谓（SV） 句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思（这类动词叫做不及物动词） I laughed. I remember. Mum will come back from shopping any minute now. 主谓宾（SVO） 谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。（这类动词叫做及物动词）。 I like music. He asked some questions. I get such a strong feeling of satisfaction when I see the animals get better and the look of joy on their owner’s faces. 主谓宾宾（SVOO） 谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。 I showed him my photos. He gave me a gift. The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. 主谓宾宾补（SVOC） 只跟一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 They painted the door green. He made the boy laugh. It is leading us to that wonderful house made of bread, cake and candy. 主系表（SVC） 句子中的主要成分是主语、系动词和表语。这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。 They are students. The book is interesting. The answers to our questions about watching television were also interesting. 总结： （定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语） 如：The tall boy often goes to the big zoo. The tall boy who is my brother often says that he likes going to the big zoo that is near his school. The tall boy with a big school-bag often says that he likes going to the big zoo that is near his school because he likes animals very much, especially pandas. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$