Unit8重要知识点讲义2024-2025学年牛津译林版八年级英语上册

学员姓名： 陪读科目：英语 年 级： 八上 陪读教师： 陪读内容： U8重点内容 授课时间： 陪读内容 【进门小测】 【互动精讲】 知识点一、survive survive vt. ＆vi. 幸存，生存→survival n. 生存，存活 →survivor n. 幸存者 survive the war 从战争中幸存下来 survive on 靠....活下来；靠....生存 ①The urge to survive drove them on. 求生的欲望驱使他们继续下去。 ②Life became a struggle for survival. 生活变成了一场争取生存的斗争。 ③He can survive on just a few dollars a day. 他每天只靠几美元就能生存。 【例题精讲】 1.Her father was a_______. Her mother had not survived. 2.He_______the earthquake after spending 3 days in an air pocket. 3.The old man was a _ in the earthquake, but nobody knew how he _____. Finally he _____his life by 5 years. 知识点二、start v.开始 start to do sth 开始做某事（做另一件事）=begin to do sth start doing sth 开始做某事（继续做之前的事） start/cause a big fire 引起(大火) start the car 发动 start a band/ factory 创办，组建 when are you going to start? 出发，动身 start to do与start doing的区别 1.当我们谈论一项长期的或习惯性的活动时，用start doing sth.较多。 How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你几岁开始弹钢琴? 2.进行时中一般用start to do sth.。 The weather is now starting to change.现在天气开始变了。 3.在start之后有表示感情或思想（如：understand.realize等）的动词时，一般用start to do sth.。 Gradually,I started to understand him.渐渐地，我开始了解他了。 4.当主语是物不是人时，要用不定式。 It started to rain.天开始下雨了。 知识点三、fear v./n. 害怕，恐惧 fear to do sth害怕做某事=be afraid to do sth She has always feared to see mice. 她一向害怕看到老鼠。 be in fear 害怕地 be in fear of doing sth 害怕做某事 for fear of 害怕 frightened by the loud noise,the children looked at each other in fear. 被大的声音吓到了，孩子们害怕地看向彼此。 【例题精讲】 1.Are you______of the dark? -Yes, so I always go to sleep with my bedroom lights_____. A.worry; on B. worried, on C.afraid, on D.fear, off 2.他提早一小时离开，因为怕错过那趟火车。 He left an hour early for_________missing the train. 3.When the flood was washing the village, people screamed______and ran_____all directions. A.in fear; with B.without fear; in C.in fear; in D.with fear; with 知识点四、shake shake→shook→shaking v./n. 摇动 ①v. 摇动，抖动 Shake the bottle well before use.使用之前摇匀瓶子。 ②vt. 握手 shake hands (with sb) 和（某人）握手 ③vt. 摇头 shake one's head 摇头 ④cn. 摇动 A shake of the head was her answer 她的回答是摇摇头。 【例题精讲】 1. _______your closed hand can show that you're_____ . A.Shaking; angry B.Shake; angrily C.To shake, happily D.Shook; happy 2.When the singer stopped_____hands with us, we couldn't stop_____excitedly. A.shaking; to shout B.to shake, shouting C.to shake, to shout D.shaking; shouting 知识点五、hit hit→hit→hitting hit=crash into 撞上 hit a nail 钉钉子 hit one's taste 投人所好 hit the road 出发，上路 hit in：常用于打击身体的柔软或凹陷部位，如脸、肚子、眼睛等。 hit on：这个短语则用于打击身体的坚硬或不可凹陷部位，如肩部、头部、背部、嘴巴等 He hit me on the back. 他打了我的背。 I was hit by a falling stone我被一块落下的石头击中了。 【例题精讲】 1. -You are looking forward to your sister's coming back, aren't you? -_________ . A.It depends. B. It’s up to you. C. You’ve hit it. D.That's all right. 2.- I'm proud that the 2016 Wuhan Maratlhon_______the road on April 10. -So am I. And more than 20.000 athletes from 36 countries gathered in Wuhan for the event. A.beat B.hit C.trained D.raised 3.-Furious7 became a_______3D film in the first half of 2015. -I think so. Millions of people have seen it. A.heat B.recorder C.hit D.hot 知识点六、fire ①un. 火，火力 ②cn. 炉火，火灾 ③v. 开火；解雇；点燃 make/light/build a fire生火/点火 catch fire着火（强调动作） be on fire 着火（强调状态） put out a fire灭火 play with fire玩火 fight the fire救火 Children should not play with fire.孩子不应该玩火。 They are firing at the enemy.他们在向敌人开火。 There is no fire without smoke.无烟不起火。 The boss fired John yesterday.昨天老板解雇了约翰。 知识点七、accident cn. 事故 by accident 偶然 do sth by accident = do sth by chance=happen to do sth 碰巧做某事 There was a car accident last night.昨晚有一场车祸。 Helen got into acting purely by accident. 海伦当演员完全出于偶然。 知识点八、win/beat/defeat的辨析 1.win “获胜，赢得”，表在较强的竞争中取得胜利，常跟的宾语有game,war,prize fame,battle等，宾语通常不为人。 win→won→won win-win situation 双赢局面 He won a Nobel prize. 他赢得了诺贝尔奖。 2.beat/defeat ”战胜、击败”，宾语通常为人或集体，常可互换。 3.defeat用于各个方面，尤指战争中“击败”敌人 4.beat常用于游戏或比赛中“击败”对手；也可用于敲打门或拍打节奏乐器。beat drums 打鼓 还可形容心脏的跳动。 beat→beat→beaten She beat/defeated her at tennis. 她在网球上战胜了她。 拓展:defeat n. 失败 Don't admit defeat until you really have to. 不要承认失败除非你不得不的时候。 【例题精讲】 1.Is your friend the same as you? No. He is a lot_____than me, but he can____me easily when we play ping-pong together. A.short, win B.shorter, win C.shorter, beat D. stronger, beat 2.当我们紧张时，我们能感觉到我们的心跳很快(beat) When we're nervous ,we can____________. 3.Our team_______theirs by the score 2:1 in the final football match. A. won B.hit C.beat D.failed 4.The athlete_______his competitors and___the gold medal. 知识点九、go/get through go through检查；看一遍；经历（困难，痛苦）；翻找，搜寻；通过；用完，喝完，强调过程经历 I went through my homework to make sure that nothing had been missed. 我将作业检查了一遍，以确定什么都没有漏掉。 Go through the text from the beginning. 把课文从头看一遍。 She must have gone through a lot. 她一定吃了不少苦。 The bill is expected to go through easily. 这个议案有望顺利通过。 They went through three bottles of wine with dinner. 晚餐时他们喝光了三瓶葡萄酒 get through穿过，通过，通过考试；接通电话；熬过(困难时期等)；做完，强调结果 I got through everything except English . 除英语外我别的都极格了。 I can’t get through to Beijing.The line is busy. 我打不通北京的电话，占线 Traffic was very heavy, but we managed to get through (it). 交通非常拥挤，但我们还是设法开过去了。 It was a very difficult time in our marriage, but we got through it. 那是我们婚姻中非常困难的一段时期，但我们挺过来了。 拓展:live through 经受住；经受过 see through 看穿；识破 fall through 落空；失败；毁灭 look through 浏览；详尽核查；仔细查看；温习 break through 突破；突围；冲破 come through 经历；获得成功；交出；成功 put through 使穿过；使从事 【例题精讲】 1.这扇门实在太小了，我过不去。 The door is much too small________me _______ . 2.Although Mr Zhou is so strict______their schoolwork, they still thank her for helping them____ the difficult years. 知识点十、happen与take place的辨析 1.happen强调“偶然”发生或“碰巧”做某事。happen和take place都不能用于被动语态。 sth happen to sb 某人发生某事 happen to do sth 碰巧做某事 happen to be 碰巧是 as it happens 碰巧，偶然发生 2.take place指事先计划好或预先布置好的某种确定事件的发生。此外，还可指举行某种活动。 Where did the earthquake happen? 地震是在哪里发生的？ The meeting will take place soon. 会议即将举行。 【例题精讲】 1.Don’t worry, something lucky will_______you. A.happen B.happen to C.be happened to D. be happening 2.-What______if you_____ late for school again tomorrow, Tom? -My teacher will be very angry and call my parents. A.happens, are B.will happen ,will be C.will happen; are 知识点十一、late/later/latest/lately 1.late表示“迟的、晚的”，可用作形容词和副词。 2.later表示“以后的、较后的、后来"，也是late的比较级。 3.latest表示“最近的、最新的“，也是late的最高级。 4.lately表示“最近、不久前”，是副词。 You are late again, don't be late next time. 你又迟到了，下次别迟到。 Their ship touched land a month later. 一个月以后他们的船靠了岸。 His later novels have great effect on society. 他后期的小说对社会产生了巨大的影响。 Every day we watch the latest news at home and abroad 我们每天看电视播放的国内外最前的新间。 She was here only lately. 她最近才来过这里。 【例题精讲】 1.-Must we recite the poem right now? -No, you_______.You can do it ______. A.mustn’t, late B.don’t have to, after C.don’t have to , later D.needn’t, latest 2.-What do you think of his_______play？ -I like it much better than his_____one. A.latest, last B.last, later C. last , last D.latest, latest 知识点十二、break down/through/up/out/into/off的辨析 break→broke→broken break v. 打碎；弄坏；违反，违背 break the law 违法 break the promise 违背诺言 take/have a break 短暂休息 ①break down （机器）出故障；坍塌；崩溃；分解 The car broke down. 车出故障了。 ②break into 强行闯入；突然…… They broke into the prison and set free all the prisoners. 他们强行闯入了监狱，使所有的犯人获得了自由。 ③break out （战争、火灾、疾病等）突然发生 More than one hundred fires broke out in our city last year. 去年100多次火灾在我们的城市发生。 ④break up 分裂，破裂；分手 His first marriage broke up. 他的首次婚姻破裂了。 ⑤break off 突然停止（讲话等），中断 Talks broke off last week, with each side blaming the other for their failure. 双方的谈判于上周破裂，把自己的失败归咎于对方 ⑥break through 冲破，突破 There is still scope for new writers to break through 仍有一些领域需要新作家们去开拓。 【例题精讲】 1.We live in peace, all the Chinese people hope that the war between China and Japan won't______ again. A.come out B.put out C.work out D.break out 2.成千上万辆汽车由于恶劣天气而抛锚。(due) Thousands of cars______bad weather. 3.A sudden rainstorm______my hometown and all the houses were flown down by water. A.was broken out B.was taken place C.broke out D.broke down 知识点十三、hundreds/thousands 等+of的用法 在表示“数百”、“数千”、“数百万“等不确定的数日时，在hundreds,thousands,millions等后接“of+名词复数”。 Those mountains are thousands of meters high. 那些山有数千米高。 Many thousands of trees must be planted every year. 每年必须种植数千棵树。 【例题精讲】 1.他们花费了数亿元建造这条铁路. They spent________yuan building the railway. 2.Our school has more than three _______teachers and______students. A.hundreds of thousand of B.hundred, thousand of C.hundreds, thousands of D.hundred; thousands of 知识点十四、When,while,as引导的时间状语从句 1.When引导的从句，谓语动词可是延续性的也可是短暂性的。 When Sarah was sleeping, I went to school. 当Sarah睡觉时，我去了学校。 When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当老师进来时，我们正在讲话。 2.While引导的从句，谓语动词是延续性的。 You'll have great fun while you stay here. 当你呆这时，你将会觉得有趣的。 3.as conj. 当……时，谓语动词可是延续性的也可是短暂性的，强调主句和从句的行为同时发生，可译为“一边.……一边…；随着”。 The students took notes as they listened to the teacher. 学生们一边听老师讲课，一边做笔记 As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer. 随着时间的流逝，天气变的越来越暖和了。 拓展: 4.while conj. 然而，而 He is very tall, while his fan is so short. 他很高，然而他的粉丝是如此的矮。 conj虽然，尽管 While many of them are the same,not all are the same. 尽管他们大部分是一样的，但不是所有都一样的。 5.when有“就在此时”之意，相当于and at that time。 I was going out when my friend Jack came to play chess with me. 我正要出去，就在此时我的朋友杰克过来和我下棋。 【例题精讲】 1.The president was______a speech to experts______a group of armed young people rushed into the hall. A.giving; as B.delivering while C.making; when D.speaking; when 2.Bad luck! We______the mountain_____it started to rain yesterday. A.were climbing; when B.climbed,when C.were climbing, while D.climbed; as 知识点十五、过去进行时 1.基本含义:表示在过去某时刻或时间段内正在进行的动作或状态。 此时句中往往有表示过去的时间状语at that moment,at that time,(at)this time yesterday, at nine o'clock last night等，或者与when，while,as引导的表示过去的时间状语（从句）连用。有时没有时间状语，需要根据语境体会。 We were watching TV from seven to nine last night 昨晚7点到9点我们正在看电视。 2.表示一个过去的动作发生时，另一个过去的动作正在进行。 在when引导的描述过去的时间状语从句中，通常终止性动词用过去时，持续性动词用过去进行时。 I was cooking when she knocked at the door 她敲门时我正在做饭。 3.表示过去一 段时间内持续发生的动作。（中间可以有间歇) We were expecting you yesterday 我们昨天一直在等你。 4.基本结构: 肯定句：主语+was/ were + doing He was cooking at this time yesterday. 否定句:主语+ was / were not + doing He wasn't cooking at this time yesterday 疑问句：Was/Were + 主语+doing…，肯定/否定回答- Yes，主语+ was/were./No，主语+ wasn't/weren't. Was he cooking at this time yesterday? 肯定回答: Yes,he was 否定回答: No,he wasn't. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其他成分？ What was he doing at this time yesterday？ 5.▼不能用于进行时态的动词 部分连系动词be,seem，become等 表示心理状态、情感的动词 感官系动词see,hear,feel,smell, sound,taste 表示心理状态、情感的动词love, hate,like ,know ,remember, forget 表示存在或拥有的动词have, own,belong 知识点十六、whether/if引导宾语从句 whether/if引导宾语从句时，作“是否“讲，常放在动词 ask，see, say, know和 find out等后面。 Nobody knows whether (if) il will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。 Lucy asked whether (if) they had a cotton sweater. 露西问他们是否有棉制的毛衣。 注意： 1.宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。 2.whether/if不能省路。 3.一般情况下，whether，if可互换用，但只能用whether不能用 if的情况有 ①在介词后面时，如： We are worried about whether it will rain tomorrow. 我们担心明天是否下雨。 ②在动词不定式前(whether to do sth ，如 They asked me whether to go skating. 他们问我是否去滑冰 ③当与or not连用，或提出两种选择时，如: I don't know whether hes free or not. 我不知道他是否有空。 ④宾语从句提前时，如: Whether it is true or not, I can't say. 这是否是真的，我不敢说。 知识点十七、复合名词 1.以不可数名词结尾的复合名词，无复数形式。如：homework,newspaper How much homework do you get? 你有多少家庭作业？ 2.以可数名词结尾的复合名词变复数时，一般把后面的名词变复数 如：boyfriend boyfriends,grandparent grandparents Jessica's grandparents took her out for the day. 杰茜卡的祖父母带她出去玩了一天。 3.含有man和woman的复合名词部分除外，如： Englishman→Englishmen- Englishwoman→Englishwomen 4.以“可数名词+介词(短语）构成的复合名词变复数时，把前面名词变复数。如：father in-law →fathers in law, passer-by→passers by At least three passers-by witnessed the accident. 至少有三名过路人目击了那次事故。 5.以“动词/过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词变复数时，在词尾加s。 如：grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→stand-bys 旁观者，备用设备 6.以“man"或”woman“等构成的复数名词，两个都要变复数。如: man doctor >men doctors, woman teacher→women teachers There are many women teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多女老师。 7.职业类：policeman, milkman, postman;某国人：Englishman, Frenchman等，复数将man变成men。 (German变复数是Germans) The thief had run away when the policemen came. 警察来时小偷已经跑了。 注意：man意为“人类”时，谓语动词用单数，man前不加冠词 Man lives on the earth. 人类生活在地球上。 【例题精讲】 1._______the doctors in the hospital is about 100 and one fourth of them are___doctors. A.A number of; man B.The number of, men C.A number of, men D.The number of; man 2.Look! Two_____and three______are talking under the____trees. A.man teachers; boy students, apples B.men teachers; boys students, apples C.men teachers- boy students, apple D.man teacher, boy student; apple 【小试牛刀】 一、单项选择 (　　　)1. - Don't forget to give my best wishes to your family. - _________ . A. No, I won't B. OK, I will C. Yes, I won't D. Yes, I do (　　　)2. - _________ exciting news report it is! You must read it. - Oh yes. It _________ our school won the football match finally. A. What an; says B. What; tells C. How an; says D. How; tells (　　　)3. - David won men's high jump again. - No surprise. Who else can jump _________ he does? A. as highly as B. as high as C. as more highly as D. as higher as (　　　)4. - The baby is crying again. - He _________ hungry. He ate a lot of things two minutes ago. A. can't be B. mustn't be C. should be D. may be (　　　)5. Sally took a photo of her friends while they _________ snowmen. A. make B. are making C. made D. were making (　　　)6. You'd better stay at home _________ they _________ . A. during; leave B. while; leave C. during; are away D. while; are away (　　　)7. The boys made _________ , so their neighbours got very _________ . A. much noise; angry B. much noise; angrily C. much noises; angry D. many noises; angrily (　　　)8. - Mr Li is kind _________ any one in need of help. - It's really kind _________ him to do so. A. for;of B. to;for C. to;of D. of;to (　　　)9. - Are you still reading the story? - Yes. It is _________ long. I need _________ more time to finish it. A. a bit; a bit of B. a bit of; a bit of C. a bit; a bit D. a bit of; a bit (　　　)10. - Is Peter coming? - No. He _________ his mind after a phone call at the last minute. A. changed B. changes C. was changing D. is changing 二、动词填空 1. My mother______(do) some cooking in the kitchen when I got home. 2. There____ (be) too much traffic on my way to the office this morning. 3.When Tommy came in, we______(read) the English poems. 4. Those boys______(plan) a trip to the new Disneyland noisily at the moment 5. The Class 1 students____(have) a meeting while the Class 2 students were playing football. 6. A snowstorm_____(hit) the city late yesterday afternoon. 7. The giant panda______(eat) bamboo when we arrived at the panda's house. 8. When it began to rain, the farmers_____(harvest) the crops in the field. 9. He_____(search) the Internet at eight yesterday evening. 10. The temperature_____(drop) to -2°C between 3:00 and 4:00 yesterday morning. 11. Timmy_____(cut) vegetables in the kitchen at that time. 12. Last week the famous writer_____(write) a novel. He will complete it this week. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$