Unit 1 grammar知识点学案 -2024-2025学年牛津译林版八年级英语下册

课题：Past and present 课型：Grammar 学习目标： 词汇：yet, recently, past 词组：learn more about, over the past century 句型：We haven’t seen each other for years. 学习重点：掌握现在完成时的基本结构、用法和动词过去分词的变化规律。 学习难点：理解并运用常和现在完成时连用的时间表达方式。 能够在语境中正确运用现在完成时。 【课前导学】 预习书本P12~14单词和课文，并完成相应的习题。 【课堂研学】 一、现在完成时（版本1） 一． 基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done) 二．句型： 否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他. 简略答语： Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 三．用法 （1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是：现在我没有钱花了.) Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿) My father has gone to work.(含义是：我爸爸现在不在这儿) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时） ⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 四．has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 Have/has gone(to) ：去了(现在不在说话现场) Where is your father? He has gone to Shanghai. have/has been (to) ：去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai. have/has been in：待了多久（还在所待的地方） My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago. 五．现在完成时的标志 1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响，用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义： * 以already, just和yet为标志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasn’t come back yet.他还没有回来。 * 以ever和never为标志 This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。 * 以动作发生的次数为标志 He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 * 以so far（到目前为止）和before为标志词 He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。 2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在，甚至有可能继续延续下去，我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手，进一步学习现在完成时。 ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志 注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago等； 2)不能与when连用； 3)现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用。 二、现在完成时（版本2） 1. 现在完成时的构成 现在完成时是由助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。 2. 现在完成时的用法 现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。 We are good friends.(现在的情况） I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作） We have known each other since 1997. （现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在） （1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如： —Have you had lunch yet? 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ —Yes, I have. I've just had it.我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了） （2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。　 如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教） I haven't seen her for four years. 　 我有四年没见到她了。 （3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。 3.现在完成时的时间状语 （1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。 They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。 b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未”等。 如：—Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？ —I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 （2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.　 4.几点注意事项 （1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once, never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。 （2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。 　 　如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有两年了。 ★（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。 如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。 (4) 表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，用现在完成时，要加表示一段时间的时间状语时，常用 for＋一段时间, since＋时间点。 　I have lived here since my childhood.我从小就一直住在这里。 　I have lived here for 10 years. 我在这已经住了10年了。 ★(5) 在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用 how long How long have you lived here? ★注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。如： I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。 I have lived here for a week by now. 到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。 I will live here for a week next year.明年我会在这里住一周。 二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。 I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。 1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。　 2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 ①一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。 ②现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years等。 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 【课堂反馈】 一、写出所给动词的过去式及过去分词 1. see__________ 2. make__________ 3. eat__________ 4. write__________ 5. know__________ 6. come__________ 7. give__________ 8. travel__________ 9. put__________ 10. visit__________ 二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词 1. Have you seen any films ______ (近来)? 2. Hurry up! Your ______ (丈夫) is waiting for you at the bus stop. 3. I had to throw away all the food after I left the fridge open. What a ______ (浪费)! 4. The teacher often tells us that nothing is ______(不可能的). 5. Never forget the ______ (过去的) sufferings. 6. I like watching TV. ______ (然而）, it takes much time. 三、用所给单词的适当形式填空 1. ______ you ______ (hear) from Sandy recently, Jim? 2. We have planned ______ (visit) Shanghai this summer. 3. ______ you ______ (have) your breakfast? —Yes. I have. I ______ (have) it at 6: 00. 4. They ______ (be) busy making model planes last week. 5. Why not ask these children ______ (look) after your pet? 6. Li Ping’s father ______ (go) to Paris already. 7 —______you ______ (finish) your homework yet? —No. But I ______(finish) it soon. 8. —The newspaper says all the museums will be open for free soon. Do you know that? —Yes. But the local government ______ (not confirm) it yet. Let’s just wait and see. 四、单项选择 1. —Do you know the pregnant woman (孕妇）in Zhenjiang who caught H7N9 has got well? —Yes. The virus H7N9 doesn’t seem so serious. But I ____ chicken for over two months. A. didn’t eat B. hadn’t eaten C. haven’t eaten D. don’t eat 2. The cleaners ____ the street and it is quite clean now. A. are sweeping B. will sweep C. have swept D. had swept 3. Great changes ____ in our hometown over the past few years. A. has happened B. happened C. took place D. have taken place 4. I have ____ finished my work. Have you finished yours ____? A. already; already B. yet; yet C. yet; already D. already; yet 5. —Is your father in? —No, he ____ for three hours. A. was out B. has been out C. went out D. has gone out 6. —Excuse me, does Mr. Smith’s son live here? —He ____ live here, but he has moved. A. has to B. used to C. tried to D. happened to 7. —Have you ____ “Zhang Lili”? —Yes, she is the most beautiful woman teacher in China A. heard of B. heard from C. heard out D. heard on 8. The Greens went to Beijing in 2008, and they there for four years since then. A. live B. lived C. has lived D. have lived 八年级 4 / 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$