专题03 阅读理解之议论文（期末真题好题速递）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期末真题分类汇编（人教版2019）

专题03 阅读理解之议论文 （一） （23-24高二上·江苏南通·期末）How often in your busy life when faced with an issue or a problem do you consider subtraction (减法)? Every day, with big and small challenges, we ignore a basic way to make things better. We are great at adding to our “to dos”, but we don’t consider “stop-doings”. We collect new-and-improved ideas, but don’t delete the outdated ones. Do your resolutions more often start with “I should do more of…” than with “I should do less of…”? Do you add new rules in your household or workplace more often than you take rules away? In our striving to improve our lives, our work and our society, we overwhelmingly add. Leidy Klotz’s Lego bridge test, with two support towers of differing heights, found that almost everyone added a Lego brick to the shorter tower, rather than removing a brick from the longer tower. The valid subtraction solution produced a stronger outcome. Why do we ignore the option to subtract from what is already there? Why do we fail to use subtraction as a way to change things? Firstly, behavioural science suggests that our brains are wired to ignore subtraction. Initial studies show that our mental shortcuts have a preference for adding when solving problem. We are tricked by our mindset. Further, we have a tendency to think addition or subtraction; however, they can be complementary (互补的) ways to make changes. So we ignore subtraction because it is often harder to think of. Moreover, even when we do manage to think of it, subtracting can be harder to perform. In chemistry, valency (化合价) refers to an elemental force that is not necessarily visible but helps explain the elements’ behaviour. Psychological valency is the inner attractiveness or strong dislike of something. There is a negative valency around subtracting. Even the word subtraction has a negative valency. Subtraction is the act of getting to less but it is not the same as doing less. Getting to less often means doing, or at least thinking, more. In your pursuit of success and happiness I encourage you to overcome the tendency to ignore subtraction. Subtracting can be delightful! 1．What do people usually do when faced with problems in life? A．Adopt subtraction. B．Stop doing things. C．Add new rules. D．Abandon outdated ideas. 2．How did the author prove his viewpoint? A．By comparing examples. B．By conducting a survey. C．By analyzing statistics. D．By citing a typical test. 3．What causes people to ignore the option of subtraction? A．Initial fixed mindset. B．Resistance to change. C．Flexible mental desire. D．Expectation for success. 4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．State possible reasons. B．Offer valuable advice. C．Give some warnings. D．Provide useful proof. （二） （23-24高二上·湖北武汉·期末）It is a general belief among academics that the humanities(人文学科) are in crisis. According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of “critical” reading over “primary” reading. Primary reading takes a text at face value and simply tries to understand what the author intended to say. Critical reading assumes an author’s statements can never be taken at face value. Instead, they must be “seen through” to expose the text’s real meaning, which is determined in line with this or that fashionable theory. Mr. Hankins says primary reading “must be recovered” for higher education in the humanities to be effective. I would go further. Primary reading isn’t important only for the humanities, but for education more generally. The restoration of primary reading could be a crucial weapon in fighting the “idle talk” that troubles American society. Idle talk was philosopher Martin Heidegger’s term for inauthentic discourse(话语). It involves adopting and circulating others’ opinions about something without ever personally engaging that thing for yourself. People engaged in idle talk speak in line with expectations for their particular role. They hold and express the opinions a person in their role is expected to hold. Idle talk can be harmless. Each year my mother forms strong opinions about which films should win Academy Awards without seeing any of them, after reading articles by critics she favors. But idle talk can also be dangerous. Consider journalism. The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content. They may add a little spin of their own but rarely look into the issue for themselves—even when this would require but a few clicks. Some journalists even just search social media for the story of the day and rewrite it in their own words. It could be argued that social media has contributed to the popularization of idle talk. Authentic discourse requires time, effort and good-faith engagement, but social media tends to encourage the opposite. Social media raises this voice, pushing it into user feeds 24/7. We hear about everything, and we can’t hear about anything without also being told what opinion we should have about it. Opinions before facts; know what to think about something before actually looking into it for yourself. And really, why even bother with that? Primary reading isn’t only something the humanities need. Our entire culture needs its value to be recognized and restored. 5．What do we know from the first two paragraphs? A．Critical reading leads to the crisis in the humanities. B．Critical reading is generally dominated nowadays. C．Primary reading fails to expose the real meaning. D．Primary reading isn’t important for the humanities. 6．What does the underlined word “spin” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Interpretation. B．Intervention. C．Interaction. D．Investigation. 7．What does the author think of social media? A．It tends to encourage high engagement. B．It promotes the spread of idle talk C．It offers people facts instead of opinions. D．It advocates independent thinking ability. 8．What’s the author’s advice for readers? A．To focus more on facts. B．To get off social media. C．To gain an insight into idle talk. D．To read original texts exclusively. （三） （23-24高二上·广东广州·期末）The need of plus-size consumers has long been the elephant in the room of the fashion industry until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind. This trend has become so popular that it is influencing mainstream culture. As a result, fashion brands have finally decided to expand their size ranges. In 2022, the plus-size market grew twice as fast as the standard size market in both North America and the UK. Yet, many consumers say fashion brands broadening their ranges are not truly inclusive (包容的). “Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes,” says Marie North, a UK-based journalist who covers body-image issues. “However, what many designers do right now is pick a number that they think is big enough to include plus sizes and stop. This is even more disrespectful.” Researchers also criticize (批评) that some brands are just taking advantage of the trend. “Brands that used to promote so-called perfect bodies in their advertisements are now trying to get in on the trend by adding a few sizes. It doesn’t feel like they really care about plus-size people,” says Michael Burgess, analyst in fashion industry. “If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn’t have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist,” he says. “It gives the impression that companies are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real devotion to the community.” The fashion industry must go beyond merely producing clothing in a range of sizes if they hope to succeed with a body-diverse world. The whole industry has to connect on a personal level with consumers. That involves showing shoppers that they are seen, understood and important to brands. “Consumers care about values, and so they want to buy from brands that reflect the values they believe in. Everyone should enjoy the same range of fashion choices,” says Ludovica Ospina, professor of marketing at the College of Business. 9．What do the underlined words “the elephant in the room” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Hardly satisfied. B．Socially accepted. C．Widely promoted. D．Obvious but ignored. 10．What is Marie North’s attitude towards the all-size trend? A．Unclear. B．Negative. C．Puzzled. D．Cautious. 11．For what are some brands criticized by researchers? A．Their motivation. B．Their promotion. C．Their devotion. D．Their advertisement. 12．What should fashion industry do in a body-diverse world? A．Provide more fashion choices. B．Show respect to the consumers. C．Produce clothes in various sizes. D．Build private relationships with customers. （四） （23-24高二上·广东广州·期末）We are all aware of the damaging pollution that’s created by driving petrol and diesel (柴油) vehicles. Many of the world’s cities are blocked with traffic, creating fumes containing gases such as nitrogen oxides. The solution for a cleaner, greener future could be electric vehicles. But how optimistic should we be? There was much excitement last year when the UK government announced it will ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030. But is that easier said than done? The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off. Currently, battery life is an issue — a fully charged battery won’t take you as far as a full tank of petrol. There are also limited numbers of charging points to plug an EV into. Of course, technology is always improving. Some of the biggest tech companies, like Google and Tesla, are spending huge amounts of money developing electric cars. And most of the big car manufacturers are now making them too. Colin Herron, a consultant on low-carbon vehicle technology, told the BBC: “The big leap forward will come with solid state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress to cars.” These will charge more quickly and give cars a bigger range. Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. But some countries offer incentive, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams. These kinds of measures have made Norway the country with the most electric cars per capita (人均) at more than thirty electric cars per 1000 inhabitants. But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future. “It’s emission-free motoring, but the car has to be built, the battery has to be built, and the electricity does come from somewhere.” Maybe it’s time to think about making fewer journeys or using public transport. 13．What can we infer from the question at the end of paragraph 1? A．We should not be too optimistic about the future. B．Electric vehicles may not solve the traffic problems. C．It’s not a good idea to replace petrol vehicles with electric ones. D．It is not easy to obtain a greener future by means of electric vehicles. 14．What does the underlined word “incentive” mean in paragraph 2? A．payment B．income C．encouragement D．method 15．Which statement is true according to the passage? A．Electric motoring will create a zero-carbon future. B．Electric cars might not get stuck in traffic jams in the future. C．There are four obstacles on the road to global traffic being totally electric. D．Putting solid-state batteries in electric cars first will be a “great leap forward”. 16．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．Total Electric Traffic: a Long Way to Go B．Electric Vehicles: a Road to a Greener Future C．Electric Power or Petrol: a Tough Decision to Make D．Petrol and Diesel Vehicles: a Main source of Gases （五） （23-24高二上·山东德州·期末）The house had been cleaned and decorated elegantly. The air smelt fresh. Little labels on all we saw around the house displayed important details: date of purchase and the current selling price. We were at a garage sale. There was no talking or bargaining. Buyers could pick up at the listed price. All efforts that release cash that is locked into stuff touch me deeply. If they break conventional ideas, I will like them even more. It is my view that people love to follow suit and end up with emotions they ought to feel, rather than being true to themselves. To say that one does not care for one’s grandmother’s necklace is considered rude, so one would simply keep it in the locker and pass it on to the next generation. No longer so, I am guessing. It’s not always about money, but perhaps about considering one’s choices. My argument always is to use stuff, if you like it so much. Wear those pieces of jewellery; use those pieces of furnitures; take home those piles of old-time bedsheets. But if none of them fit into your current home, allow someone else to take them home. Turn those properties over instead of leaving them unused. Hoarding (囤积) is not a virtue. It is a waste of the money that is locked into the property you are hoarding. I may use it sometime in the future, say some. Give that a time frame. If you are holding something you haven’t used even once in five years, ask yourself if someone else may need it. Don’t sell if you don’t care for money; but do give it away. All else needs to earn their place for their value and usefulness for you. Celebrate the liberation from hoarding and let there be light! 17．What do people often do at the garage sale? A．Purchase a garage. B．Label their belongings. C．Talk about decoration. D．Trade their unused stuff. 18．Why does the author mention “necklace” in paragraph 2? A．To call for respect towards the elderly. B．To advocate holding onto the family tradition. C．To show the financial condition of an average family. D．To prove people tend to follow suit against their wills. 19．What does the author believe according to paragraph 4? A．It is a good idea to save money. B．A good taste counts in purchase. C．Unused items deserve a new owner. D．The outdated should be thrown away. 20．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To call on people to get rid of hoarding. B．To show his worry about wasting resources. C．To draw attention to conserving the traditions. D．To inspire people to spend more on meaningful things. （六） （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us tide through difficult times in our lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 21．What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A．Positive. B．Satisfied. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 22．The author answers the question in the second paragraph with . A．evidence and argument B．opinions and persuasion C．examples and conclusion D．descriptions and analysis 23．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by . A．speaking loudly B．laughing hard C．acting strangely D．explaining carefully 24．In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to . A．talk about his own understanding of humor B．introduce a practical way to get through daily life C．encourage people to make jokes about serious matters D．convince people of the power of being optimistic about life （七） （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期末）In the annals of human history, few subjects have generated as much excitement, debate, and guess as artificial intelligence (AI). This revolutionary technology, which enables machines to perform tasks that once required human intelligence, has the potential to transform every part of our society, from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment. At its heart, AI is all about data. Massive amounts of data are fed into algorithms that learn from this data, allowing them to make predictions, recognize patterns, and even make decisions. This “machine learning” is the driving force behind many of the AI applications we see today, from virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to more advanced systems like IBM’s Watson, which can analyze vast amounts of information to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. The transformative potential of AI is undeniable. In the medical field, for instance, AI can assist in early detection of diseases, predict patient outcomes, and even suggest treatment options. In finance, algorithms can predict stock market trends, and provide personalized financial advice. In transportation, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems promise to reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transform urban landscapes. However, with great potential comes great responsibility. The rise of AI has caused debates about is ethical implications (道德含义). The machines are only as good as the data they are fed, and there’s a growing concern about biases (偏见) being built into AI systems. For instance, facial recognition technologies, used in everything from unlocking phones to police monitoring cameras, have come under check for misidentifying individuals based on race or gender. Moreover, the widespread adoption of AI could lead to significant job displacement. While new roles and industries might emerge as a result of AI, it is not sure that these will pay off the jobs lost. This could increase income inequalities and causes difficulties to social systems. Another major concern is the “black box” nature of AI. Many AI systems operate in ways that even their creators don’t fully understand. This can be problematic, especially in critical applications like healthcare or criminal justice where understanding the logic behind a decision is important. Then there’s the potential for AI to be weaponized. In the hands of evil actors, AI could be used to spread misinformation, control public opinion, or even engage in internet warfare. The global community must come together to set standards and regulations to prevent such misuse. On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right frameworks and investing in education and retraining, we can use the power of AI for the greater good. By fostering (促进) a culture of continuous learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) of technological advancements, society can benefit from the promise of AI while avoiding its potential dangers. In conclusion, artificial intelligence stands as one of the most profound inventions of our time. While it offers vast opportunities, it also poses significant challenges that we, as a society, must welcome. As we stand at this technological crossroads, our choices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit or a harm for humanity. 25．Which of the following best describes the method by which machines acquire the capability to perform tasks that traditionally required human intelligence? A．By programming predefined rules. B．Through user interactions every day. C．By ingesting and processing vast amounts of data. D．Via regular software updates from developers. 26．In the context of the article, how does the author primarily demonstrate the effect of artificial intelligence? A．By citing numerous statistical data. B．By presenting both the positive potential and the challenges of AI. C．Through personal experiences. D．By focusing on the negative effects of AI. 27．Which of the following is the best title? A．The Rise of Virtual Assistants: Siri and Alexa B．Understanding the Mechanisms Behind AI Algorithms C．Artificial Intelligence: Charting the Course for Tomorrow’s Tech D．Balancing the Potential and challenges of AI in Modern Society 28．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI has already replaced most human jobs and is the leading cause of unemployment. B．The global community has taken measures to prevent AI misuse. C．The operation of many AI systems is easily understood by their creators. D．The solving to the dilemma brought by AI needs collective efforts of our society. （八） （23-24高二上·北京东城·期末）As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in India, there is a notice which shows a huge tiger. The notice says, “You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.” There are more than a billion people in India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day. Tigers can and do kill almost anything they meet in the jungle. However, it is a little strange that attacks on humans are not that frequent. Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. But there were far more tigers around in those days. So, to some extent, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today. People think it is because of fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be simpler and, in a way, more interesting. I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies in the way he actually observes us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up to 3 meters long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6 meters long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man, he can’t see a back. From the front the man is huge, but looked at from the side he all but disappears. This must be very disturbing. A hunter has to be confident that it can kill its prey, and no one is confident when they are disconcerted. The opposite is true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and appears like a medium-sized deer. Many incidents of attacks on people involve villagers bending over to cut grass. The fact that humans stand upright may not just distinguish them from other species, but also help them to survive in an unpredictable environment. 29．As for some people’s opinion on tiger attacks, the author is ________. A．objective B．unconcerned C．supportive D．disapproving 30．Why does the author raise three questions in Paragraph 3? A．To present assumptions. B．To evaluate arguments. C．To question findings. D．To confirm opinions. 31．What does the underlined word “disconcerted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Confused. B．Annoyed. C．Depressed. D．Surprised. 32．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．It is the genes that cause the tiger’s fear of humans. B．It is hard for a tiger to make out the shape of humans. C．Tigers sense the danger the moment they spot humans. D．Tigers are less confident when facing squatting humans. （九） （23-24高二上·北京丰台·期末）The need for clarity extends beyond how we communicate science to how we evaluate it. Who can really define stock phrases such as ‘a significant contribution to research’? Or understand what ‘high impact’ or ‘world-class’ mean? Scientists demand that institutions should be clear about their criteria and consider all scholarly outputs—preprints, code, data, peer review, teaching, mentoring and so on. My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution. Broad language increases room for misunderstanding. ‘High impact’ can be code for where research is published. Or it can mean the effect that research has had on its field, or on society locally or globally—often very different things. Yet confusion is the least of the problems. Words such as ‘world-class’ and ‘excellent’ allow assessors to vary comparisons depending on whose work they are assessing. Academia(学术界) cannot be a fair and reasonable system if standards change depending on whom we are evaluating. Unconscious bias(偏见) associated with factors such as a researcher’s gender, ethnic origin and social background helps the academic injustice continue. It was only with double-blind review of research proposals that women finally got fair access to the Hubble Space Telescope. Many strategies exist to improve fairness in academia, but conceptual clarity is paramount. Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered. Achieving that conceptual clarity requires discussion with faculties, staff and students: hours and hours of it. The University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands, for example, held a series of conversations, each involving 20-60 researchers, and then spent another year revising its research assessment policies to recognize social impacts. Frank conversations about what is valued in a particular context, or at a specific institution, are an essential first step in developing concrete recommendations. Although ambiguous(模棱两可的) terms, for instance ‘world-class’ and ‘significant’, are a barrier when performing assessments, university administrators have said that they rely on flexible language to make room to reward a variety of contributions. So it makes sense that more specific language in review and promotion must be able to accommodate varied outputs, outcomes and impacts of scholarly work. Setting specific standards will be tough. It will be inviting to fall back on the misleading standards such as impact factors, or on ambiguous terms that can be agreed to by everyone but applied wisely by no one. It is too early to know what those standards will be or how much they will vary, but the right discussions are starting to happen. They must continue. 33．Regarding the current practices in research assessment, the author is ________. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．disapproving 34．What can we learn from this passage? A．Bias on assessors can cause inequality. B．Frank conversations harm scholarly work. C．Specific qualities need to be clearly stated. D．Broad language ensures academic fairness. 35．What does the word “paramount” underlined in Para. 4 most probably mean? A．primary. B．recognized. C．optional. D．accomplished. 36．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Fix research assessment. Change slogans for clear standards. B．Fix research assessment. Change evaluations for conversations. C．Define research assessment. Change simplicity for specification. D．Define research assessment. Change broad language for flexible one. （十） （23-24高二上·吉林白山·期末）Bruce Springsteen played at MetLife Stadium last weekend in New Jersey, which is about an hour’s drive from my home. I’ve been a huge fan of his music for a long time, but I’ve never seen him at a concert. There were still tickets available, and yet I held back. I didn’t want to go there alone. I’m an independent woman who has lived alone since graduating from college. I love living alone and I need lots of solo (单独的) time to recharge my batteries from a demanding job. I enjoy spending time with small groups of friends and seeing my brother and his family, but I hesitate when leisure time involves large crowds, such as concerts or even movies. I don’t have social anxiety, so I often wonder why I hesitate when it comes to going somewhere alone. A previous study stated that people hesitate about doing things by themselves because they’re afraid of how they’ll be perceived. The good news is that no one is going to notice that. The reason is “the spotlight effect” which has been tested and proven through the use of bright yellow T-shirts. Students were forced to wear these bright shirts to class and were asked how many students they thought would notice them. The subjects thought, on average, about 50% of the class would notice them. In reality, fewer than 20%of the students noticed the shirts. I believe that some activities, such as listening to one’s favorite music at a concert, would be greater pleasure if it was a shared experience. However, according to some studies, people actually had about as much fun doing fun activities alone as they thought they would be accompanied by friends. If enjoying the free time we have depends on finding others to join us, we’ll go from having serious FOMO(Fear of missing out) to absolutely MO as people work more hours and have less free time these days. So if I had another chance to go to Bruce’s concert, even alone, I would surely go. 37．What was the reason for the author’s missing Bruce’s concert? A．A lack of time. B．Having no companion. C．The long travel distance. D．Being unable to get a ticket. 38．What can we know about the author? A．She enjoys socializing with familiar people. B．She suffers from severe social anxiety. C．She prizes family ties over friendships. D．She gets bored with her present job. 39．What does “the spotlight effect” refer to? A．The fear of being judged by others. B．The fact that bright clothes attract more attention. C．The tendency to focus on what’s happening around us. D．The belief that we’re being noticed more than we really are. 40．What does the author aim to do in the last paragraph? A．To express her fondness for Bruce. B．To explain the busyness of our daily life. C．To encourage people to do activities alone. D．To stress the close relationship between people. （十一） （23-24高二上·广西南宁·期末）“I never know what to say around other people. Whenever I am in a group of people, I feel like everyone knows what to say and I have no idea. When I do try to join in or answer a question, I get anxious. My heart starts thumping. This happens at parties or meetings with parent groups, but I feel judged—as if I were being interviewed for a job. I don’t enjoy these experiences, so I routinely avoid them. People think I am a loner. Maybe I am?” Individuals experiencing this type of social discomfort are often polite and considerate. They do not interrupt others and they say please and thank you when it is appropriate to do so. They often avoid eye contact, because it makes them feel judged. They feel like others can see how uncomfortable they are. Individuals experiencing these symptoms are often very intelligent, but their anxiety prevents them from being able to demonstrate this in front of others. Fitting into most groups of people requires conformity (从众). You need to be interested in the topics that others in the group are interested in and think and talk about them the way they do. Becoming an essential part of these groups requires that you sacrifice some of your individuality in order to adapt your perspectives, values, and styles to fit in. Some individuals are chameleon-like in that they naturally pick up the patterns of relating to different groups and change themselves accordingly. They accommodate themselves to the group. They leave their individuality behind. For some people, this is automatic and they don’t even register that they are changing themselves to fit into groups. However, if you are one of those people who feels disconnected in most social group settings, it may be because your personality refuses conformity. You have difficulty liking what other people like and you stop changing the way you think in order to feel part of a group. Perhaps it’s better for you to stay true to yourself. Maybe you are better off? 41．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To introduce hard experience of social anxiety. B．To explain why some people avoid eye contact. C．To compare different types of social groups. D．To recommend ways to go for job interviews. 42．What would people do when experiencing social discomfort? A．They are mindful of proper social manners. B．They are eager to stop others judging them. C．They tend to observe what others are doing. D．They try to demonstrate their intelligence. 43．How can we possibly fit into most groups? A．By improving the communication skills. B．By sharing interest and adapting to others. C．By showing respect and kindness to others. D．By practicing active listening and speaking 44．What would the author agree with according to the last paragraph? A．We should abandon our personality to fit in. B．Not changing ourselves is also a good choice. C．Refusing help will turn you away from friends. D．Following suit is a requirement in the society. （十二） （23-24高二上·甘肃酒泉·期末）“Second place is just the first loser” is a well-known saying from the legendary NASC ARchampion Dale Earnhardt. Or as my late father put it jokingly, “It’s not enough to win. Your friends have to lose, too.” We may not want others to know our thoughts, but many of us think this way, because we are born to compete with each other. However, if left unmanaged, this can create conflicts between ourselves and others. Fortunately, there is a way to solve this problem: instead of always going for gold, aim for the bronze (铜牌). To expand on the wisdom of Earnhardt, although second place may be the first loser, third place can be the real winner, at least when it comes to happiness and longevity. A 1995 study discovered that bronze winners appeared consistently happier on average than silver medalists, while another research in 2018 studied U.S. athletes in the Olympics from 1904 to1936 and found that those whose best performance was silver lived to 72 on average. Gold medalists beat this by living to 76. But the first prize went to the bronze winners, who lived to 78. The social concepts of upward and down ward comparison help explain the difference. Silver medalists see themselves as the first loser because they compare themselves only with the champions. In contrast, the bronze winners compare downwards with those who have never made it onto the podium (领奖台) at all. Therefore, they feel better about themselves and thus, happier. The emotion shows up in improved health and lifespan. In fact, researchers have found that comparing ourselves with the unfortunate lot of others is a reliable technique for reducing a negative mood. The comparison is not from a feeling of ill will, but because rewards in life are relative. The worldly happiness strategy of working for gold every day is foolish. Stop spending most of your time feeling like a silver medalist: always pursuing and relying your happiness on a single outcome. Rather, aim for healthy competitions in which you do your best without the expectation of being the absolute winner. 45．What does the joke from the author’s father imply? A．Everyone has his or her secret. B．Winning and losing are quite common. C．Defeat is embarrassing in a competition. D．A true friend always stands by your side. 46．What does the underlined word “longevity” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Long lifetime. B．Enough pleasure. C．Slow growth. D．Constant pursuit. 47．What can we learn about downward comparison from paragraph 4? A．It brings some shyness. B．It prevents conflicts. C．It improves well-being. D．It reflects negative intentions. 48．What is the best title for the text? A．The Key to Being a Winner B．The Path to Worldly Happiness C．The Wisdom of Dale Earnhardt D．The Victory of Coming in Third （十三） （23-24高二上·四川德阳·期末）When people wanted to find their way to a place in the past, they used to have to buy a map. They don’t have to do that any more. Now they can either buy a GPS, or go online and find maps for just about anywhere. Is this an improvement? Perhaps, but some people think some of the online companies are going too far, because they have been sending out cars with photographic equipment on their roofs, to photograph every street and house in the country. One of these cars arrived on a Wednesday morning in the quiet English village of Broughton. The camera was on a metre-high pole on top of the car and could see over walls and into people’s gardens. Some of the villagers came and stood around the car, and asked the driver and photographer to go away. Journalists quickly arrived on the scene, and soon the event was news all over the country. Of course, the online company in question claims that it is simply collecting information that people on the Internet want. But Broughton residents feel differently. “We used to have privacy in this country. Now companies just come and take photographs of our homes without even asking,” said one resident. “It’s not right. We mustn’t let this happen. We mustn’t lose our right to live privately.” There is, of course, no law to prevent people from taking photographs of houses, so the residents cannot go to court. But many people are asking the question: OK, it’s legal, but is it right? This is a question that won’t go away very quickly. 49．Why did the car with a camera on the car roof come to Broughton? A．To test whether their GPS works in the village. B．To investigate for a law case for the country. C．To spy on villagers and their life in Broughton. D．To collect information for their online maps. 50．What can be inferred about the incident in Broughton? A．The incident drew people’s attention all over the world. B．The incident made online maps popular among the local residents. C．The local residents were curious about what these people were doing. D．The local residents were upset about their privacy not being respected. 51．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The law should be changed to protect the residents. B．The incident will remain a hot topic for people to discuss. C．The residents accept what the company was doing in their neighborhood. D．The residents can sue (控告) the company for violating their privacy. 52．What can be the best title of the passage? A．A strange car! B．It’s legal, but is it right? C．Say goodbye to paper maps. D．Privacy gives way to technology. （十四） （23-24高二上·四川达州·期末）There is no doubt that artificial intelligence—or AI—has become an important part of our lives. It is no longer just a thing of science fiction: it’s an incredible technological breakthrough that has changed the way we live. But there are fears that AI has become too intelligent and could be a threat to humanity. This claim might sound extreme, but a letter signed by more than 1,000 technology experts, including Tesla boss Elon Musk, called on the world to press pause (暂停) on the development of more advanced AI because of the risks. Estonian billionaire Jaan Tallinn, for example, who helped develop communication app Skype, thinks we should be cautious. Also The Future of Life Institute, a not-for-profit organization, says that there should be a temporary pause to control the speed of advanced AI development and that “AI systems with human-competitive intelligence can cause profound risks to society and humans.” This negative view is supported by a report by investment bank Goldman Sachs that says AI could replace the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs. But it may also mean new jobs and a productivity bonanza. We may argue that AI such as chatbots can help us. State-of-the-art ChatGPT, for example, has been helping some students write assignments. AI is allowing computers to think or act in a more human way. And machine learning means computers can learn what to do without being given evident instructions. The technology is impressive, but as it starts to think for itself, will it outsmart us? However, the founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates, has called on governments to work with industry to “limit the risks” of AI. He says, “Just as the world needs its brightest people focused on its biggest problems, we will need to focus the world’s best AIs on its biggest problems.” If this happens, maybe humanity will have a future. 53．What is the major fear that AI causes? A．It will change our life completely. B．It will cause many job losses. C．It will be too intelligent to control. D．It will replace many other technologies. 54．What did the technology experts demand? A．Slowing the development of AI. B．Stopping the using of AI. C．Building a not-for-profit organization. D．Helping develop communication app Skype. 55．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “bonanza” in paragraph 3? A．Increase. B．Innovation. C．Problem. D．Expense. 56．Why does the author quote Bill Gates’ words? A．To call on joint efforts of government and industries. B．To expect Bill Gates’ company to make the best AIs. C．To encourage more talented people to work with Bill Gates. D．To express an optimistic attitude towards the AI development. （十五） （23-24高二上·四川宜宾·期末）While the remaining 8 teams of the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar compete in the quarter-finals, it is worth noting that it is not only soccer that has captured the world’s attention, but also the video assistant referee (VAR) technology. Like it or hate it, the VAR is a part of football games today. Many football fans question whether the system made the game better or if it added unnecessary some complication to the beautiful game, especially this time in Qatar, as a number of controversial (引起争议的) decisions were made involving VAR – it slows down the game, offside law (越位规则) is sometimes not flexible. The introduction of the VAR means at the top-level football now tends to pause and delay with the on-field referee often waiting for decisions to be made by those located in offices often far away from the stadiums themselves. Actually, the use of video match officials (VMOs) in football was included in the 2018/2019 edition of the Laws of the Game and was already used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Since then, the system has been used in over 100 competitions worldwide. Despite criticisms, FIFA thought VAR’s first show to be a success, with referee committee head Pierluigi Collina claiming that 99.3 percent of “match-changing” decisions were called correctly at the World Cup – “very, very close to perfection”. Without VAR, referees called 95% of incidents correctly. We should admit that sports tech is still far from perfect in the field of sports events. People’s emotions are not towards those technologies themselves, but the current shortcomings of the application of the technology. The controversies in the football field are not caused by VAR alone as there are too many uncertain factors on the court, which is a part of the game drama. For example, the penalty kick (点球) in the penalty area is judged in a variety of situations. 57．What made fans dissatisfied in Qatar? A．The use of VAR technology. B．The results of soccer games. C．The changes of match laws. D．The decisions made by coaches. 58．What does the underlined word “referee” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Viewer. B．Athlete. C．Judge. D．Host. 59．Why did Collina favor the use of VAR? A．It reduces the burden of the referees. B．It has become a part of football games. C．It is widely applied in many fields of sports. D．Its “match-changing” decisions proved more exact. 60．What is probably the best title for the text? A．World Cup 2022 is a turning point B．Is VAR technology ruining football games? C．Should VAR be popularized in the sports world? D．The 2022 World Cup saw the first show of VAR （十六） （23-24高二上·河南洛阳·期末）Will your job be done by a robot in the future? Bank of England economist s predict that almost half of all UK jobs are under threat of automation. But could even the admired profession of teaching soon have to compete against powerful electronic educators? At first glance, teaching might seem impossible to be replaced by robots. Teachers use a range of soft skills that machines find hard to copy exactly. They judge pupils’ needs and tailor feedback accordingly. They adapt materials to make them more engaging and effective. And they provide kind care: looking out for students who drop behind or disturb the class. Despite that, some believe the future of education will be technological. Futurist Thomas Frey, from Business Insider magazine, predicts that “by 2030 the largest company on the internet is going to be an education-based company that we haven’t heard of yet.” He thinks that ‘bots’— online robot teachers will make education so efficient that students will be able to compress (压缩) an entire undergraduate degree into six months of learning. A bot learns what your “idiosyncrasies” “interests” and “reference points” are, “and it figures out how to teach you in a faster and faster way over time,” according to Frey. Whether or not such incredible speeds will be reached over the last decade, there has been a huge increase in online learning platforms. Companies such as Udemy and Khan Academy produce courses that allow millions to learn at home for free at their own pace. But there are limitations. Without the face-to-face inspiration of a classroom environment, the majority of students fail to complete online courses. How to keep motivation to learn is one more skill that online teachers will need to master. Indeed, Frey admits there is some way to go: “Nobody has quite cracked the code for the future of education.” What do teachers themselves think about this? Professor Donald Clark from Derby University in the UK thinks that we should accept change, even though people will lose their jobs. 61．What’s the second paragraph mainly about? A．Teaching by robots can be replaced. B．The advantages of face-to-face teaching. C．Human teachers will be replaced by robots. D．The potential of the electronic educators. 62．What does the underlined word “idiosyncrasies” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Personalities. B．Senses. C．Nationalities. D．Families. 63．Why are Udemy and Khan Academy mentioned? A．To tell how online learning is progressing. B．To show the significance of online learning. C．To explain people how online learning works. D．To suggest the shortcomings of online learning. 64．What might be talked about following the last paragraph? A．How robots will change in the future. B．How artificial intelligence will destroy jobs. C．How educators will meet the future challenge. D．How electronic educators will lose their jobs. （十七） （23-24高二上·河南焦作·期末）Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. These days, you have to make a decision on not only the percentage of fat you want, but also what source you want your milk to be coming from: cows, soybeans... You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused. This phenomenon is known as the paradox (悖论) of choice and it is becoming a concern in the modern world, where more and more options are becoming easily available to us. While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice. The idea was popularized by American psychologist Barry Schwartz when he published his book, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Schwartz, who has long studied the ways in which economics and psychology intersect (交叉), became interested in seeing the way that choices were affecting the happiness of citizens in Western societies. He identified that the range of choices that we have available to us these days is far greater than that people had in the past; however, consumer satisfaction has not increased as much as traditional economics theories might expect. Schwartz identified that the paradox of choice carries the most consequence for people that are maximizers. Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. When there are many options available to maximizers, it becomes harder for them to determine which is the best, which can cause them to feel a great deal of regret after they have made a choice. Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society. 65．What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning buying milk in paragraph 1? A．To lead in the topic. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To show that we have more choices when shopping. D．To indicate that people pay greater attention to health when shopping. 66．What does the paradox of choice suggest? A．More options mean less satisfaction. B．Consumer satisfaction has greatly increased. C．People are happy with more choices. D．Modern people are happier than their ancestors. 67．What can be learned about satisficers? A．They aim for the very best. B．They tend to follow their feelings. C．They often regret their decisions. D．They have trouble making a decision. 68．What does Schwartz suggest people do? A．Hold on to their beliefs. B．Accept their own behavior. C．Give up freedom. D．Limit their own choices. 试卷第1页，共3页 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解之议论文 （一） （23-24高二上·江苏南通·期末）How often in your busy life when faced with an issue or a problem do you consider subtraction (减法)? Every day, with big and small challenges, we ignore a basic way to make things better. We are great at adding to our “to dos”, but we don’t consider “stop-doings”. We collect new-and-improved ideas, but don’t delete the outdated ones. Do your resolutions more often start with “I should do more of…” than with “I should do less of…”? Do you add new rules in your household or workplace more often than you take rules away? In our striving to improve our lives, our work and our society, we overwhelmingly add. Leidy Klotz’s Lego bridge test, with two support towers of differing heights, found that almost everyone added a Lego brick to the shorter tower, rather than removing a brick from the longer tower. The valid subtraction solution produced a stronger outcome. Why do we ignore the option to subtract from what is already there? Why do we fail to use subtraction as a way to change things? Firstly, behavioural science suggests that our brains are wired to ignore subtraction. Initial studies show that our mental shortcuts have a preference for adding when solving problem. We are tricked by our mindset. Further, we have a tendency to think addition or subtraction; however, they can be complementary (互补的) ways to make changes. So we ignore subtraction because it is often harder to think of. Moreover, even when we do manage to think of it, subtracting can be harder to perform. In chemistry, valency (化合价) refers to an elemental force that is not necessarily visible but helps explain the elements’ behaviour. Psychological valency is the inner attractiveness or strong dislike of something. There is a negative valency around subtracting. Even the word subtraction has a negative valency. Subtraction is the act of getting to less but it is not the same as doing less. Getting to less often means doing, or at least thinking, more. In your pursuit of success and happiness I encourage you to overcome the tendency to ignore subtraction. Subtracting can be delightful! 1．What do people usually do when faced with problems in life? A．Adopt subtraction. B．Stop doing things. C．Add new rules. D．Abandon outdated ideas. 2．How did the author prove his viewpoint? A．By comparing examples. B．By conducting a survey. C．By analyzing statistics. D．By citing a typical test. 3．What causes people to ignore the option of subtraction? A．Initial fixed mindset. B．Resistance to change. C．Flexible mental desire. D．Expectation for success. 4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．State possible reasons. B．Offer valuable advice. C．Give some warnings. D．Provide useful proof. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要介绍了在忙碌的生活中，当你面对一个问题时，习惯性做加法，作者建议克服忽视减法的倾向，做减法让人愉快。 1．细节理解题。文章第二段讲到“We are great at adding to our “to dos”, but we don’t consider “stop-doings”. (我们很擅长增加我们的“待办事项”，但我们不考虑“停止行动”。)”可知，当人们面对生活中的问题时，通常会添加新规则。故选C。 2．推理判断题。文章第四段讲到“Leidy Klotz’s Lego bridge test, with two support towers of differing heights, found that almost everyone added a Lego brick to the shorter tower, rather than removing a brick from the longer tower. (Leidy Klotz的乐高大桥测试有两个不同高度的支撑塔，发现几乎每个人都在较短的塔上添加了一块乐高积木，而不是从较长的塔上取下一块积木。)”可知，作者是通过引用一个典型的测试证明他的观点的。故选D。 3．细节理解题。文章第六段讲到“Initial studies show that our mental shortcuts have a preference for adding when solving problem. (最初的研究表明，在解决问题时，我们的思维捷径更倾向于加法。)”可知，最初的固定心态导致人们忽略了减法的选项。故选A。 4．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Getting to less often means doing, or at least thinking, more. In your pursuit of success and happiness I encourage you to overcome the tendency to ignore subtraction. Subtracting can be delightful! (减少时间意味着做得更多，或者至少想得更多。在你追求成功和幸福的过程中，我鼓励你克服忽视减法的倾向。减法可以令人愉快！)”可知，作者在最后一段是提供有价值的建议。故选B。 （二） （23-24高二上·湖北武汉·期末）It is a general belief among academics that the humanities(人文学科) are in crisis. According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of “critical” reading over “primary” reading. Primary reading takes a text at face value and simply tries to understand what the author intended to say. Critical reading assumes an author’s statements can never be taken at face value. Instead, they must be “seen through” to expose the text’s real meaning, which is determined in line with this or that fashionable theory. Mr. Hankins says primary reading “must be recovered” for higher education in the humanities to be effective. I would go further. Primary reading isn’t important only for the humanities, but for education more generally. The restoration of primary reading could be a crucial weapon in fighting the “idle talk” that troubles American society. Idle talk was philosopher Martin Heidegger’s term for inauthentic discourse(话语). It involves adopting and circulating others’ opinions about something without ever personally engaging that thing for yourself. People engaged in idle talk speak in line with expectations for their particular role. They hold and express the opinions a person in their role is expected to hold. Idle talk can be harmless. Each year my mother forms strong opinions about which films should win Academy Awards without seeing any of them, after reading articles by critics she favors. But idle talk can also be dangerous. Consider journalism. The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content. They may add a little spin of their own but rarely look into the issue for themselves—even when this would require but a few clicks. Some journalists even just search social media for the story of the day and rewrite it in their own words. It could be argued that social media has contributed to the popularization of idle talk. Authentic discourse requires time, effort and good-faith engagement, but social media tends to encourage the opposite. Social media raises this voice, pushing it into user feeds 24/7. We hear about everything, and we can’t hear about anything without also being told what opinion we should have about it. Opinions before facts; know what to think about something before actually looking into it for yourself. And really, why even bother with that? Primary reading isn’t only something the humanities need. Our entire culture needs its value to be recognized and restored. 5．What do we know from the first two paragraphs? A．Critical reading leads to the crisis in the humanities. B．Critical reading is generally dominated nowadays. C．Primary reading fails to expose the real meaning. D．Primary reading isn’t important for the humanities. 6．What does the underlined word “spin” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Interpretation. B．Intervention. C．Interaction. D．Investigation. 7．What does the author think of social media? A．It tends to encourage high engagement. B．It promotes the spread of idle talk C．It offers people facts instead of opinions. D．It advocates independent thinking ability. 8．What’s the author’s advice for readers? A．To focus more on facts. B．To get off social media. C．To gain an insight into idle talk. D．To read original texts exclusively. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．B 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了恢复初级阅读是非常重要的，因为不仅人文学科需要它，而且整个人类文化也需要它。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It is a general belief among academics that the humanities(人文学科) are in crisis. According to Harvard historian James Hankins, part of the problem is the dominance of ‘critical’ reading over ‘primary’ reading.(学术界普遍认为人文学科正处于危机之中。哈佛大学历史学家James Hankins认为，部分问题在于‘批判性’阅读比‘初级’阅读占主导地位。)”可知，现在批判性阅读普遍占主导地位。故选B。 6．词义猜测题。根据第四段划线词前一句“The norm nowadays is for one reporter to break a story, followed by dozens or hundreds of journalists recycling that content.(如今的常态是一名记者报道一个新闻，然后数十或数百名记者重复报道该内容。)”和划线词所在句中的“but rarely look into the issue for themselves—even when this would require but a few clicks（但他们很少自己去研究这个问题——即使这只需要点击几下鼠标）”可知，现在的记者只会重复其他记者报道的内容，而几乎不会自己去亲自调查，but前后表示表示转折，由此可推测出，记者在自己写报道的时候，会增加的一点点解读，但不会亲自调查。所以spin表示“解读”，与interpretation意思相近。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“It could be argued that social media has contributed to the popularization of idle talk.(可以说，社交媒体促进了闲言碎语的普及。)”可知，社交媒体促进了闲言碎语的扩散。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Authentic discourse requires time, effort and good-faith engagement, but social media tends to encourage the opposite.(真实的话语需要时间、精力和真诚的参与，但社交媒体往往会鼓励相反的情况。)”可知，作者不赞成社交媒体的行为，建议通过投入时间、精力和真诚参与来得到真实的话语，由此可推测出，作者建议读者更加重视事实。故选A。 （三） （23-24高二上·广东广州·期末）The need of plus-size consumers has long been the elephant in the room of the fashion industry until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind. This trend has become so popular that it is influencing mainstream culture. As a result, fashion brands have finally decided to expand their size ranges. In 2022, the plus-size market grew twice as fast as the standard size market in both North America and the UK. Yet, many consumers say fashion brands broadening their ranges are not truly inclusive (包容的). “Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes,” says Marie North, a UK-based journalist who covers body-image issues. “However, what many designers do right now is pick a number that they think is big enough to include plus sizes and stop. This is even more disrespectful.” Researchers also criticize (批评) that some brands are just taking advantage of the trend. “Brands that used to promote so-called perfect bodies in their advertisements are now trying to get in on the trend by adding a few sizes. It doesn’t feel like they really care about plus-size people,” says Michael Burgess, analyst in fashion industry. “If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn’t have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist,” he says. “It gives the impression that companies are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real devotion to the community.” The fashion industry must go beyond merely producing clothing in a range of sizes if they hope to succeed with a body-diverse world. The whole industry has to connect on a personal level with consumers. That involves showing shoppers that they are seen, understood and important to brands. “Consumers care about values, and so they want to buy from brands that reflect the values they believe in. Everyone should enjoy the same range of fashion choices,” says Ludovica Ospina, professor of marketing at the College of Business. 9．What do the underlined words “the elephant in the room” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Hardly satisfied. B．Socially accepted. C．Widely promoted. D．Obvious but ignored. 10．What is Marie North’s attitude towards the all-size trend? A．Unclear. B．Negative. C．Puzzled. D．Cautious. 11．For what are some brands criticized by researchers? A．Their motivation. B．Their promotion. C．Their devotion. D．Their advertisement. 12．What should fashion industry do in a body-diverse world? A．Provide more fashion choices. B．Show respect to the consumers. C．Produce clothes in various sizes. D．Build private relationships with customers. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．A 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了时尚行业在面对大尺码消费者需求时的变化。尽管一些品牌扩大了尺码范围，但有批评指出它们可能只是跟随潮流，缺乏真正的包容性。研究人员和消费者强调，时尚行业需要更深入地与消费者建立联系，展示对各种身体和价值观的尊重。 9．词句猜测题。根据文章划线短语the elephant in the room后的内容“until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind.(直到身体积极向上和接受肥胖的运动促使人们意识到，身材魁伟的人不应该是那些被忽视的人)”可知，新的口号的是“身材魁梧的人不应该被忽视”，由此推知，这些身材魁伟的消费者原来一直是“被忽视”的。但划线短语中“the elephant (大象)”却是如此明显的存在，由此推知，此处划线短语the elephant in the room的意思“显而易见却被忽视的事实”，与“obvious but ignored”意思相近。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段中Marie North的话“Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes,(包容性尺码意味着所有人的身材都被纳入时尚，而不仅仅是那些符合标准尺码的人)”和第段中“However, what many designers do right now is pick a number that they think is big enough to include plus sizes and stop. This is even more disrespectful.(然而，许多设计师现在所做的是选择一个他们认为足够大的数字来包括大码，然后就此打住。这更不尊重人)”可知，Marie North对“全码”趋势持否定态度。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchers also criticize (批评) that some brands are just taking advantage of the trend. “Brands that used to promote so-called perfect bodies in their advertisements are now trying to get in on the trend by adding a few sizes. It doesn’t feel like they really care about plus-size people,” says Michael Burgess, analyst in fashion industry.(研究人员还批评说，一些品牌只是在利用这一趋势。“过去在广告中宣传所谓完美身材的品牌，现在正试图加入这一潮流，增加几个尺码。他们感觉不像是真的关心大码人，”时尚行业分析师迈克尔•伯吉斯表示)”可知，研究人员批评了一些品牌的动机，认为他们只是想利用这一潮流来获益。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The fashion industry must go beyond merely producing clothing in a range of sizes if they hope to succeed with a body-diverse world. The whole industry has to connect on a personal level with consumers. That involves showing shoppers that they are seen, understood and important to brands.(如果时尚行业希望在身材多样化的世界中取得成功，就必须超越仅仅生产各种尺码的服装。整个行业必须在个人层面上与消费者建立联系。这包括向消费者表明，消费者被看到了，被理解了，同时对品牌很重要)”可知，文章建议在一个身体多样化的世界里，时尚行业应该看到消费者，理解消费者，并让消费者知道他们对品牌很重要。由此推知，时尚行业应该做的是尊重消费者。故选B项。 （四） （23-24高二上·广东广州·期末）We are all aware of the damaging pollution that’s created by driving petrol and diesel (柴油) vehicles. Many of the world’s cities are blocked with traffic, creating fumes containing gases such as nitrogen oxides. The solution for a cleaner, greener future could be electric vehicles. But how optimistic should we be? There was much excitement last year when the UK government announced it will ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030. But is that easier said than done? The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off. Currently, battery life is an issue — a fully charged battery won’t take you as far as a full tank of petrol. There are also limited numbers of charging points to plug an EV into. Of course, technology is always improving. Some of the biggest tech companies, like Google and Tesla, are spending huge amounts of money developing electric cars. And most of the big car manufacturers are now making them too. Colin Herron, a consultant on low-carbon vehicle technology, told the BBC: “The big leap forward will come with solid state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress to cars.” These will charge more quickly and give cars a bigger range. Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. But some countries offer incentive, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams. These kinds of measures have made Norway the country with the most electric cars per capita (人均) at more than thirty electric cars per 1000 inhabitants. But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future. “It’s emission-free motoring, but the car has to be built, the battery has to be built, and the electricity does come from somewhere.” Maybe it’s time to think about making fewer journeys or using public transport. 13．What can we infer from the question at the end of paragraph 1? A．We should not be too optimistic about the future. B．Electric vehicles may not solve the traffic problems. C．It’s not a good idea to replace petrol vehicles with electric ones. D．It is not easy to obtain a greener future by means of electric vehicles. 14．What does the underlined word “incentive” mean in paragraph 2? A．payment B．income C．encouragement D．method 15．Which statement is true according to the passage? A．Electric motoring will create a zero-carbon future. B．Electric cars might not get stuck in traffic jams in the future. C．There are four obstacles on the road to global traffic being totally electric. D．Putting solid-state batteries in electric cars first will be a “great leap forward”. 16．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．Total Electric Traffic: a Long Way to Go B．Electric Vehicles: a Road to a Greener Future C．Electric Power or Petrol: a Tough Decision to Make D．Petrol and Diesel Vehicles: a Main source of Gases 【答案】13．D 14．C 15．B 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了电动汽车更加清洁、更加环保，但是电动汽车本身有两大问题亟待解决，而且汽车电动化并不意味着零碳，实现全球交通电动化还有很长的路要走。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“But is that easier said than done?(但这说起来容易做起来难吗？)”可知，第一段提出疑问：英国宣布从2030年开始禁止销售新型汽油和柴油汽车，这说起来容易做起来难吗？第二段第一句“The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off.(实现全球交通完全电动化的道路还有很长的路要走。)”指出实现全球交通完全电动化还有很长的路要走。由此可推测出，作者在第一段最后提出疑问是想说明用电动汽车来实现环保并不容易。故选D。 14．词义猜测题。根据划线词前一句“Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power.(成本是另一个可能阻碍人们转向电力的问题。)”和划线词后的“such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. (比如通过降低进口税来降低价格，以及不收取道路税和停车费。)”可知，划线词后的举例是对incentive的进一步说明，通过降低进口税来降价以及不收取道路税和停车费，这些有助于降低购买和使用成本，有助于激励人们购买，incentive意为“激励措施”，与encouragement(起激励作用的事物)意思最接近。故选C。 15．细节理解题。文章第二段讲到“Currently, battery life is an issue (目前，电池寿命是一个问题)”以及“Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. (成本是另一个可能阻碍人们转向电力的问题。)”可知，C项“在全球交通完全电动化的道路上有四个障碍”是错误的。最后一段讲到“But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future (但是科林·赫伦警告说“电动汽车”并不意味着零碳排放的未来)”可知，A项“电动汽车将创造一个零碳的未来”是错误的。第二段还讲到“The big leap forward will come with solid state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress to cars (固态电池将带来巨大的飞跃，它将首先出现在手机和笔记本电脑中，然后才会发展为汽车)”可知，D项“首先将固态电池应用于电动汽车将是一次“大跃进””是错误的。根据第二段“Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams.(一些国家还为电动汽车提供专用车道，超越可能陷入拥堵的传统汽车。)”可知，电动汽车有专用通道，因此，“电动汽车在未来可能不会陷入交通堵塞”是正确的说法。故选B。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off.(实现全球交通完全电动化的道路还有很长的路要走。)”可知，电动汽车更加清洁、更加环保，但实现全球交通电动化还有很长的路要走，电动汽车本身有两大问题亟待解决，而且汽车电动化并不意味着零碳。由此可推测出，A项“全电动交通：任重道远”最适合作本文标题。故选A。 （五） （23-24高二上·山东德州·期末）The house had been cleaned and decorated elegantly. The air smelt fresh. Little labels on all we saw around the house displayed important details: date of purchase and the current selling price. We were at a garage sale. There was no talking or bargaining. Buyers could pick up at the listed price. All efforts that release cash that is locked into stuff touch me deeply. If they break conventional ideas, I will like them even more. It is my view that people love to follow suit and end up with emotions they ought to feel, rather than being true to themselves. To say that one does not care for one’s grandmother’s necklace is considered rude, so one would simply keep it in the locker and pass it on to the next generation. No longer so, I am guessing. It’s not always about money, but perhaps about considering one’s choices. My argument always is to use stuff, if you like it so much. Wear those pieces of jewellery; use those pieces of furnitures; take home those piles of old-time bedsheets. But if none of them fit into your current home, allow someone else to take them home. Turn those properties over instead of leaving them unused. Hoarding (囤积) is not a virtue. It is a waste of the money that is locked into the property you are hoarding. I may use it sometime in the future, say some. Give that a time frame. If you are holding something you haven’t used even once in five years, ask yourself if someone else may need it. Don’t sell if you don’t care for money; but do give it away. All else needs to earn their place for their value and usefulness for you. Celebrate the liberation from hoarding and let there be light! 17．What do people often do at the garage sale? A．Purchase a garage. B．Label their belongings. C．Talk about decoration. D．Trade their unused stuff. 18．Why does the author mention “necklace” in paragraph 2? A．To call for respect towards the elderly. B．To advocate holding onto the family tradition. C．To show the financial condition of an average family. D．To prove people tend to follow suit against their wills. 19．What does the author believe according to paragraph 4? A．It is a good idea to save money. B．A good taste counts in purchase. C．Unused items deserve a new owner. D．The outdated should be thrown away. 20．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To call on people to get rid of hoarding. B．To show his worry about wasting resources. C．To draw attention to conserving the traditions. D．To inspire people to spend more on meaningful things. 【答案】17．D 18．D 19．C 20．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人们应该根据自己的实际需求和价值观来对待物品，而不是过度囤积物品，以及应该根据个人喜好和需求来选择物品。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Little labels on all we saw around the house displayed important details: date of purchase and the current selling price. We were at a garage sale. There was no talking or bargaining. Buyers could pick up at the listed price.(我们在房子周围看到的所有东西上的小标签都显示了重要的细节：购买日期和当前的售价。我们在车库旧货拍卖会上。没有谈话，也没有讨价还价。买家可以按挂牌价格提货。)”可知，人们在车库大甩卖时经常交易他们不用的东西。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“It is my view that people love to follow suit and end up with emotions they ought to feel, rather than being true to themselves. To say that one does not care for one’s grandmother’s necklace is considered rude, so one would simply keep it in the locker and pass it on to the next generation.(我的观点是，人们喜欢随大流，最终产生他们应该感受到的情绪，而不是真实的自己。说自己不喜欢祖母的项链被认为是无礼的，所以你会把它放在储物柜里，传给下一代。)”可知，作者在第2段提到“项链”是为了证明人们往往会违背自己的意愿跟风。故选D。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段“My argument always is to use stuff, if you like it so much. Wear those pieces of jewellery; use those pieces of furnitures; take home those piles of old-time bedsheets.(我的观点是，只要你喜欢，就可以使用。戴上那些首饰；使用那些家具;把那些成堆的旧床单带回家。)”和“Turn those properties over instead of leaving them unused.(把这些属性翻转过来，而不是让它们闲置。)”可知，根据第4段，作者认为不用的东西应该有个新主人。故选C。 20．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“All else needs to earn their place for their value and usefulness for you. Celebrate the liberation from hoarding and let there be light!(所有其他的东西都需要为它们的价值和有用性赢得一席之地。庆祝从囤积中解放出来，让光明出现吧！)”以及全文内容可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁人们摆脱囤积。故选A。 （六） （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us tide through difficult times in our lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 21．What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A．Positive. B．Satisfied. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 22．The author answers the question in the second paragraph with . A．evidence and argument B．opinions and persuasion C．examples and conclusion D．descriptions and analysis 23．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by . A．speaking loudly B．laughing hard C．acting strangely D．explaining carefully 24．In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to . A．talk about his own understanding of humor B．introduce a practical way to get through daily life C．encourage people to make jokes about serious matters D．convince people of the power of being optimistic about life 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．B 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是幽默和笑的重要性。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段“There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today(当今世界存在着残酷的战争、战斗和悲伤)”可知，作者对当今世界持批评的态度，故选C。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段“I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you.(我总是说一些让别人微笑或大笑的话，即使我不知道和我开玩笑的人是谁。我奶奶总是在她做的每件事中找到幽默，即使那是任何人能想象到的最困难的工作。这不仅在任何情况下都能缓解压力，而且对你周围的人说话也是一种礼貌。)”可知，第二段用证据来说明幽默的好处，因此是通过证据与论证来回答第二段的问题，故选A。 23．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh.(他们周围的每个人都可能在听到一个很棒的笑话后在地板上打滚，他们会坐在那里，脸上没有一丝微笑。他们听不懂让别人发笑的笑话。)”和“while they just sit there(而他们只是坐在那里)”可知，作者听到笑话会笑得很厉害，划线短语busting a gut的意思是“大笑”。故选B。 24．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.(我们都需要找到一种方法来绕过悲伤，给我们的生活带来一点光明。所以，我相信我们最好的药是聚在一起，讲一些笑话，一起笑得开心。)”可知，本文作者给大家论述了幽默和笑的重要性，因此目的是让人们相信对生活保持乐观的力量。故选D。 （七） （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期末）In the annals of human history, few subjects have generated as much excitement, debate, and guess as artificial intelligence (AI). This revolutionary technology, which enables machines to perform tasks that once required human intelligence, has the potential to transform every part of our society, from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment. At its heart, AI is all about data. Massive amounts of data are fed into algorithms that learn from this data, allowing them to make predictions, recognize patterns, and even make decisions. This “machine learning” is the driving force behind many of the AI applications we see today, from virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to more advanced systems like IBM’s Watson, which can analyze vast amounts of information to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. The transformative potential of AI is undeniable. In the medical field, for instance, AI can assist in early detection of diseases, predict patient outcomes, and even suggest treatment options. In finance, algorithms can predict stock market trends, and provide personalized financial advice. In transportation, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems promise to reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transform urban landscapes. However, with great potential comes great responsibility. The rise of AI has caused debates about is ethical implications (道德含义). The machines are only as good as the data they are fed, and there’s a growing concern about biases (偏见) being built into AI systems. For instance, facial recognition technologies, used in everything from unlocking phones to police monitoring cameras, have come under check for misidentifying individuals based on race or gender. Moreover, the widespread adoption of AI could lead to significant job displacement. While new roles and industries might emerge as a result of AI, it is not sure that these will pay off the jobs lost. This could increase income inequalities and causes difficulties to social systems. Another major concern is the “black box” nature of AI. Many AI systems operate in ways that even their creators don’t fully understand. This can be problematic, especially in critical applications like healthcare or criminal justice where understanding the logic behind a decision is important. Then there’s the potential for AI to be weaponized. In the hands of evil actors, AI could be used to spread misinformation, control public opinion, or even engage in internet warfare. The global community must come together to set standards and regulations to prevent such misuse. On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right frameworks and investing in education and retraining, we can use the power of AI for the greater good. By fostering (促进) a culture of continuous learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) of technological advancements, society can benefit from the promise of AI while avoiding its potential dangers. In conclusion, artificial intelligence stands as one of the most profound inventions of our time. While it offers vast opportunities, it also poses significant challenges that we, as a society, must welcome. As we stand at this technological crossroads, our choices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit or a harm for humanity. 25．Which of the following best describes the method by which machines acquire the capability to perform tasks that traditionally required human intelligence? A．By programming predefined rules. B．Through user interactions every day. C．By ingesting and processing vast amounts of data. D．Via regular software updates from developers. 26．In the context of the article, how does the author primarily demonstrate the effect of artificial intelligence? A．By citing numerous statistical data. B．By presenting both the positive potential and the challenges of AI. C．Through personal experiences. D．By focusing on the negative effects of AI. 27．Which of the following is the best title? A．The Rise of Virtual Assistants: Siri and Alexa B．Understanding the Mechanisms Behind AI Algorithms C．Artificial Intelligence: Charting the Course for Tomorrow’s Tech D．Balancing the Potential and challenges of AI in Modern Society 28．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI has already replaced most human jobs and is the leading cause of unemployment. B．The global community has taken measures to prevent AI misuse. C．The operation of many AI systems is easily understood by their creators. D．The solving to the dilemma brought by AI needs collective efforts of our society. 【答案】25．C 26．B 27．D 28．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人工智能的潜力和挑战。作者呼吁全球社区共同努力，通过制定标准和规定，投资教育和再培训，以确保AI的潜力得到最大限度的利用，同时避免潜在的危险。 25．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“At its heart, AI is all about data. Massive amounts of data are fed into algorithms that learn from this data, allowing them to make predictions, recognize patterns, and even make decisions.(人工智能的核心是数据。大量的数据被输入到算法中，从这些数据中学习，使它们能够做出预测，识别模式，甚至做出决策。)”可知，机器获得执行传统上需要人类智能的任务的能力的方法是通过摄取和处理大量数据。故选C。 26．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The transformative potential of AI is undeniable. In the medical field, for instance, AI can assist in early detection of diseases, predict patient outcomes, and even suggest treatment options. In finance, algorithms can predict stock market trends, and provide personalized financial advice. In transportation, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems promise to reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transform urban landscapes.(人工智能的变革潜力是不可否认的。例如，在医疗领域，人工智能可以帮助早期发现疾病，预测患者的预后，甚至提出治疗方案。在金融领域，算法可以预测股票市场趋势，并提供个性化的理财建议。在交通方面，配备人工智能系统的自动驾驶汽车有望减少事故，缓解交通拥堵，并改变城市景观。)”、第四段“However, with great potential comes great responsibility. The rise of AI has caused debates about is ethical implications (道德含义).(然而，潜力越大，责任越大。人工智能的兴起引发了关于其道德含义的争论。)”、第五段“Moreover, the widespread adoption of AI could lead to significant job displacement.( 此外，人工智能的广泛应用可能会导致大量的工作岗位流失。)”以及第六段“Another major concern is the “black box” nature of AI.(另一个主要问题是人工智能的“黑匣子”性质。)”可推知，作者通过展示人工智能的积极潜力和挑战来论证人工智能的影响。故选B。 27．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“In conclusion, artificial intelligence stands as one of the most profound inventions of our time. While it offers vast opportunities, it also poses significant challenges that we, as a society, must welcome. As we stand at this technological crossroads, our choices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit or a harm for humanity.(总之，人工智能是我们这个时代最深刻的发明之一。虽然它提供了巨大的机会，但它也带来了我们作为一个社会必须欢迎的重大挑战。当我们站在这个技术的十字路口时，我们的选择将决定人工智能对人类是有益还是有害。)”可知，文章主要讲述了人工智能的潜力和挑战。作者呼吁全球社区共同努力，通过制定标准和规定，投资教育和再培训，以确保AI的潜力得到最大限度的利用，同时避免潜在的危险。由此可知，D项：Balancing the Potential and challenges of AI in Modern Society(平衡人工智能在现代社会中的潜力和挑战)是最好的标题。故选D。 28．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right frameworks and investing in education and retraining, we can use the power of AI for the greater good. By fostering (促进) a culture of continuous learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) of technological advancements, society can benefit from the promise of AI while avoiding its potential dangers.(从好的方面来看，许多专家认为，通过建立正确的框架，投资于教育和再培训，我们可以利用人工智能的力量为更大的利益服务。通过培养一种持续学习的文化和跟上技术进步的步伐，社会可以从人工智能的前景中受益，同时避免其潜在的危险。)”可知，解决人工智能带来的困境需要我们社会的共同努力。故选D。 （八） （23-24高二上·北京东城·期末）As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in India, there is a notice which shows a huge tiger. The notice says, “You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.” There are more than a billion people in India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day. Tigers can and do kill almost anything they meet in the jungle. However, it is a little strange that attacks on humans are not that frequent. Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. But there were far more tigers around in those days. So, to some extent, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today. People think it is because of fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be simpler and, in a way, more interesting. I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies in the way he actually observes us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up to 3 meters long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6 meters long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man, he can’t see a back. From the front the man is huge, but looked at from the side he all but disappears. This must be very disturbing. A hunter has to be confident that it can kill its prey, and no one is confident when they are disconcerted. The opposite is true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and appears like a medium-sized deer. Many incidents of attacks on people involve villagers bending over to cut grass. The fact that humans stand upright may not just distinguish them from other species, but also help them to survive in an unpredictable environment. 29．As for some people’s opinion on tiger attacks, the author is ________. A．objective B．unconcerned C．supportive D．disapproving 30．Why does the author raise three questions in Paragraph 3? A．To present assumptions. B．To evaluate arguments. C．To question findings. D．To confirm opinions. 31．What does the underlined word “disconcerted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Confused. B．Annoyed. C．Depressed. D．Surprised. 32．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．It is the genes that cause the tiger’s fear of humans. B．It is hard for a tiger to make out the shape of humans. C．Tigers sense the danger the moment they spot humans. D．Tigers are less confident when facing squatting humans. 【答案】29．D 30．A 31．A 32．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就老虎袭击人的原因展开讨论，作者认为老虎攻击人是因为很难辨认出人的形状。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段“Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. But there were far more tigers around in those days. So, to some extent, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today. (有些人可能会争辩说，这些攻击实际上在过去很常见。但那时候老虎的数量要多得多。因此，从某种程度上说，袭击事件在当时和今天一样罕见)”可知，对于一些人对老虎袭击的看法，作者不赞成。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段“People think it is because of fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be simpler and, in a way, more interesting.(人们认为这是因为恐惧，但老虎到底害怕什么？他们真的知道我们的武器装备比他们更好吗？当然不是。这个物种是否将所有老虎与人类相处的经历编入了自己的基因，并作为本能遗传了下来？也许。但我认为解释可能更简单，在某种程度上也更有趣)”可推知，作者在第3段提出了三个问题是为了提出假设。故选A。 31．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A hunter has to be confident that it can kill its prey, and no one is confident when they are”可知，猎人必须对自己能杀死猎物充满信心，而没有人在对猎物感到困惑时是自信的。故划线词意思是“困惑的”。故选A。 32．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies in the way he actually observes us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up to 3 meters long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6 meters long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man, he can’t see a back.(我怀疑老虎对人类的恐惧来自于它观察人类的视觉方式。想象一只老虎看到一个1.8米高的人。老虎不到1米高，但从头到尾可达3米长。因此，当老虎看到这个人的脸时，它可能会认为这个人有6米长。如果他遇到这么大的鹿，他可能会跳到它的背上攻击它，但当他看那个人的背后时，他看不到背影)”以及最后一段“The opposite is true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and appears like a medium-sized deer.(而蹲着的人则相反。一个蹲着的人只有一半的大小，两倍的背部伸展，看起来像一只中等大小的鹿)”可知，老虎很难辨认出人的形状。故选B。 （九） （23-24高二上·北京丰台·期末）The need for clarity extends beyond how we communicate science to how we evaluate it. Who can really define stock phrases such as ‘a significant contribution to research’? Or understand what ‘high impact’ or ‘world-class’ mean? Scientists demand that institutions should be clear about their criteria and consider all scholarly outputs—preprints, code, data, peer review, teaching, mentoring and so on. My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution. Broad language increases room for misunderstanding. ‘High impact’ can be code for where research is published. Or it can mean the effect that research has had on its field, or on society locally or globally—often very different things. Yet confusion is the least of the problems. Words such as ‘world-class’ and ‘excellent’ allow assessors to vary comparisons depending on whose work they are assessing. Academia(学术界) cannot be a fair and reasonable system if standards change depending on whom we are evaluating. Unconscious bias(偏见) associated with factors such as a researcher’s gender, ethnic origin and social background helps the academic injustice continue. It was only with double-blind review of research proposals that women finally got fair access to the Hubble Space Telescope. Many strategies exist to improve fairness in academia, but conceptual clarity is paramount. Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered. Achieving that conceptual clarity requires discussion with faculties, staff and students: hours and hours of it. The University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands, for example, held a series of conversations, each involving 20-60 researchers, and then spent another year revising its research assessment policies to recognize social impacts. Frank conversations about what is valued in a particular context, or at a specific institution, are an essential first step in developing concrete recommendations. Although ambiguous(模棱两可的) terms, for instance ‘world-class’ and ‘significant’, are a barrier when performing assessments, university administrators have said that they rely on flexible language to make room to reward a variety of contributions. So it makes sense that more specific language in review and promotion must be able to accommodate varied outputs, outcomes and impacts of scholarly work. Setting specific standards will be tough. It will be inviting to fall back on the misleading standards such as impact factors, or on ambiguous terms that can be agreed to by everyone but applied wisely by no one. It is too early to know what those standards will be or how much they will vary, but the right discussions are starting to happen. They must continue. 33．Regarding the current practices in research assessment, the author is ________. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．disapproving 34．What can we learn from this passage? A．Bias on assessors can cause inequality. B．Frank conversations harm scholarly work. C．Specific qualities need to be clearly stated. D．Broad language ensures academic fairness. 35．What does the word “paramount” underlined in Para. 4 most probably mean? A．primary. B．recognized. C．optional. D．accomplished. 36．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Fix research assessment. Change slogans for clear standards. B．Fix research assessment. Change evaluations for conversations. C．Define research assessment. Change simplicity for specification. D．Define research assessment. Change broad language for flexible one. 【答案】33．D 34．C 35．A 36．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章讨论了科研评估中存在的概念不清的问题，并提出了需要明确标准和提高公正性的观点。作者认为目前的评估准则通常允许标准滑动，使用模棱两可的口号代替明确的术语。广泛的语言增加了误解的空间，并导致评估中的主观因素和偏见。为了改善学术界的公正性，需要进行概念上的明确，并与教职员工和学生进行广泛的讨论。文章强调了制定具体标准的困难，但认为必须继续进行正确的讨论。 33．推理判断题。根据第二段“My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution.”（我对研究评估实践的看法是，大多数评估指南允许滑动标准：它们给我们的是缺乏任何固定含义的自我感觉良好的口号，而不是明确定义的术语。面对这个问题会让我们在很大程度上找到解决办法。）可推知，对于目前的研究评估实践，作者是不赞成的。故选D项。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Many strategies exist to improve fairness in academia, but conceptual clarity is paramount. Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered.”（有许多策略可以提高学术界的公平性，但概念的清晰是最重要的。明确具体的品质是如何被评估的，会让评估者批判性地思考这些品质是否真的被考虑在内。）可知，需要明确说明具体的品质。故选C项。 35．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered. Achieving that conceptual clarity requires discussion with faculties, staff and students: hours and hours of it.”（明确具体的品质是如何被评估的，会让评估者批判性地思考这些品质是否真的被考虑在内。要实现概念上的清晰，需要与教师、教职员工和学生们进行长时间的讨论。）由此可知，此处为有许多策略可以提高学术界的公平性，但概念的清晰是最重要的。故可猜测划线单词paramount为“主要的”意思，结合选项A项primary“主要的”，意思一致。故选A项。 36．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第二段“My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution.”（我对研究评估实践的看法是，大多数评估指南允许滑动标准：它们给我们的是缺乏任何固定含义的自我感觉良好的口号，而不是明确定义的术语。面对这个问题会让我们在很大程度上找到解决办法。）和最后一段中“It is too early to know what those standards will be or how much they will vary, but the right discussions are starting to happen. They must continue.”（现在要知道这些标准将是什么，或者它们会有多大的变化还为时过早，但正确的讨论正在开始进行。它们必须继续下去。）可知，文章主要讨论了科研评估中存在的概念不清的问题，并提出了需要明确标准和提高公正性的观点。作者认为目前的评估准则通常允许标准滑动，使用模棱两可的口号代替明确的术语。广泛的语言增加了误解的空间，并导致评估中的主观因素和偏见。为了改善学术界的公正性，需要进行概念上的明确，并与教职员工和学生进行广泛的讨论。文章强调了制定具体标准的困难，但认为必须继续进行正确的讨论。故文章最好的标题是“修正研究评估。为明确的标准改变口号”。故选A项。 （十） （23-24高二上·吉林白山·期末）Bruce Springsteen played at MetLife Stadium last weekend in New Jersey, which is about an hour’s drive from my home. I’ve been a huge fan of his music for a long time, but I’ve never seen him at a concert. There were still tickets available, and yet I held back. I didn’t want to go there alone. I’m an independent woman who has lived alone since graduating from college. I love living alone and I need lots of solo (单独的) time to recharge my batteries from a demanding job. I enjoy spending time with small groups of friends and seeing my brother and his family, but I hesitate when leisure time involves large crowds, such as concerts or even movies. I don’t have social anxiety, so I often wonder why I hesitate when it comes to going somewhere alone. A previous study stated that people hesitate about doing things by themselves because they’re afraid of how they’ll be perceived. The good news is that no one is going to notice that. The reason is “the spotlight effect” which has been tested and proven through the use of bright yellow T-shirts. Students were forced to wear these bright shirts to class and were asked how many students they thought would notice them. The subjects thought, on average, about 50% of the class would notice them. In reality, fewer than 20%of the students noticed the shirts. I believe that some activities, such as listening to one’s favorite music at a concert, would be greater pleasure if it was a shared experience. However, according to some studies, people actually had about as much fun doing fun activities alone as they thought they would be accompanied by friends. If enjoying the free time we have depends on finding others to join us, we’ll go from having serious FOMO(Fear of missing out) to absolutely MO as people work more hours and have less free time these days. So if I had another chance to go to Bruce’s concert, even alone, I would surely go. 37．What was the reason for the author’s missing Bruce’s concert? A．A lack of time. B．Having no companion. C．The long travel distance. D．Being unable to get a ticket. 38．What can we know about the author? A．She enjoys socializing with familiar people. B．She suffers from severe social anxiety. C．She prizes family ties over friendships. D．She gets bored with her present job. 39．What does “the spotlight effect” refer to? A．The fear of being judged by others. B．The fact that bright clothes attract more attention. C．The tendency to focus on what’s happening around us. D．The belief that we’re being noticed more than we really are. 40．What does the author aim to do in the last paragraph? A．To express her fondness for Bruce. B．To explain the busyness of our daily life. C．To encourage people to do activities alone. D．To stress the close relationship between people. 【答案】37．B 38．A 39．D 40．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了独立自主和独自享受休闲活动的观点，作者认为独自进行有趣的活动同样有趣，而且有时候更应该享受自己的自由时间，而不是因为他人的陪伴而放弃自己的独立自主。 37．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Bruce Springsteen played at MetLife Stadium last weekend in New Jersey, which is about an hour’s drive from my home. I’ve been a huge fan of his music for a long time, but I’ve never seen him at a concert. There were still tickets available, and yet I held back. I didn’t want to go there alone.( Bruce Springsteen上周末在新泽西州的大都会MetLife Stadium演出，那里距离我家大约一个小时的车程。我一直是他的超级歌迷，但我从来没有在音乐会上见过他。虽然还有票，但我还是忍住了不去。我不想一个人去。)”可知，作者不去听Bruce Springsteen的演唱会是因为作者不想一个人去，也就是因为没有同伴。故选B。 38．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“I enjoy spending time with small groups of friends and seeing my brother and his family, but I hesitate when leisure time involves large crowds, such as concerts or even movies.(我喜欢和一小群朋友在一起，也喜欢去看哥哥和他的家人，但当我的休闲时间涉及到人群时，比如音乐会或电影，我就会犹豫。)”可知，作者喜欢和自己熟悉的人交往。故选A。 39．词句猜测题。根据划线短语下文“Students were forced to wear these bright shirts to class and were asked how many students they thought would notice them. The subjects thought, on average, about 50%of the class would notice them. In reality, fewer than 20%of the students noticed the shirts.(学生们被迫穿着这些鲜艳的衬衫去上课，并被问及他们认为有多少学生会注意到这些衬衫。研究对象认为，平均而言，班上约有50%的人会注意到他们。实际上，只有不到20%的学生注意到了这些T恤。)”可知，划线短语“the spotlight effect”指的是，有时候我们会以为别人会关注我们，但是并非如此。也就是说，认为自己受到了比实际更多的关注。故选D。 40．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“If enjoying the free time we have depends on finding others to join us, we’ll go from having serious FOMO(Fear of missing out)to absolutely MO as people work more hours and have less free time these days. So if I had another chance to go to Bruce’s concert, even alone, I would surely go.(如果享受我们拥有的空闲时间取决于寻找其他人加入我们，那么随着人们工作时间越来越长，空闲时间越来越少，我们将从严重的FOMO(害怕错过)变成绝对的MO（错过）。所以如果我有机会再去看布鲁斯的演唱会，即使只有我一个人，我也一定会去的。)”可知，作者认为如果享受我们拥有的空闲时间取决于寻找其他人加入我们，那么随着人们工作时间越来越长，空闲时间越来越少，我们将从严重的FOMO（害怕错过）变成绝对的MO（错过）。可知，作者在最后一段鼓励人们独自活动。故选C。 （十一） （23-24高二上·广西南宁·期末）“I never know what to say around other people. Whenever I am in a group of people, I feel like everyone knows what to say and I have no idea. When I do try to join in or answer a question, I get anxious. My heart starts thumping. This happens at parties or meetings with parent groups, but I feel judged—as if I were being interviewed for a job. I don’t enjoy these experiences, so I routinely avoid them. People think I am a loner. Maybe I am?” Individuals experiencing this type of social discomfort are often polite and considerate. They do not interrupt others and they say please and thank you when it is appropriate to do so. They often avoid eye contact, because it makes them feel judged. They feel like others can see how uncomfortable they are. Individuals experiencing these symptoms are often very intelligent, but their anxiety prevents them from being able to demonstrate this in front of others. Fitting into most groups of people requires conformity (从众). You need to be interested in the topics that others in the group are interested in and think and talk about them the way they do. Becoming an essential part of these groups requires that you sacrifice some of your individuality in order to adapt your perspectives, values, and styles to fit in. Some individuals are chameleon-like in that they naturally pick up the patterns of relating to different groups and change themselves accordingly. They accommodate themselves to the group. They leave their individuality behind. For some people, this is automatic and they don’t even register that they are changing themselves to fit into groups. However, if you are one of those people who feels disconnected in most social group settings, it may be because your personality refuses conformity. You have difficulty liking what other people like and you stop changing the way you think in order to feel part of a group. Perhaps it’s better for you to stay true to yourself. Maybe you are better off? 41．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To introduce hard experience of social anxiety. B．To explain why some people avoid eye contact. C．To compare different types of social groups. D．To recommend ways to go for job interviews. 42．What would people do when experiencing social discomfort? A．They are mindful of proper social manners. B．They are eager to stop others judging them. C．They tend to observe what others are doing. D．They try to demonstrate their intelligence. 43．How can we possibly fit into most groups? A．By improving the communication skills. B．By sharing interest and adapting to others. C．By showing respect and kindness to others. D．By practicing active listening and speaking 44．What would the author agree with according to the last paragraph? A．We should abandon our personality to fit in. B．Not changing ourselves is also a good choice. C．Refusing help will turn you away from friends. D．Following suit is a requirement in the society. 【答案】41．A 42．A 43．B 44．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者认为，拒绝改变自己去融入团队，也是一种展示自己是团队一员的方式，或许这对于不太擅于社交的人来说，是一种更好的方式。 41．推理判断题。文章第一段讲到“When I do try to join in or answer a question, I get anxious. My heart starts thumping. This happens at parties or meetings with parent groups, but I feel judged-as if I were being interviewed for a job. I don’t enjoy these experiences, so I routinely avoid them. (当我试图加入或回答一个问题时，我会感到焦虑。我的心开始砰砰直跳。这种情况发生在聚会或与家长团体的会议上，但我感觉受到了评判—就好像我在面试工作一样。我不喜欢这些经历，所以我习惯性地避免它们。人们认为我不合群)”可知，第一段的作用是介绍社交焦虑的痛苦经历。故选A。 42．细节理解题。文章第二段讲到“Individuals experiencing this type of social discomfort are often polite and considerate. They do not interrupt others and they say please and thank you when it is appropriate to do so. (经历这种社交不适的人通常是有礼貌和体贴的。他们不会打断别人，在适当的时候会说请和谢谢)”可知，当人们经历社交不适时会注意适当的社交礼仪。故选A。 43．细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“Fitting into most groups of people requires conformity(从众). You need to be interested in the topics that others in the group are interested in and think and talk about them the way they do. (融入大多数人群需要一致性。你需要对小组中其他人感兴趣的话题感兴趣，并以他们的方式思考和谈论这些话题)”可知，我们可以通过分享兴趣和适应他人来融入大多数群体。故选B。 44．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“You have difficulty liking what other people like and you stop changing the way you think in order to feel part of a group. Perhaps it’s better for you to stay true to yourself. Maybe you are better off? (你很难喜欢上其他人喜欢的东西，你不再改变自己的思维方式来感觉自己是一个群体的一部分。也许对你来说，忠于自己更好。也许你过得更好？)”可知，根据最后一段，作者会同意不改变自己也是一个不错的选择。故选B。 （十二） （23-24高二上·甘肃酒泉·期末）“Second place is just the first loser” is a well-known saying from the legendary NASC ARchampion Dale Earnhardt. Or as my late father put it jokingly, “It’s not enough to win. Your friends have to lose, too.” We may not want others to know our thoughts, but many of us think this way, because we are born to compete with each other. However, if left unmanaged, this can create conflicts between ourselves and others. Fortunately, there is a way to solve this problem: instead of always going for gold, aim for the bronze (铜牌). To expand on the wisdom of Earnhardt, although second place may be the first loser, third place can be the real winner, at least when it comes to happiness and longevity. A 1995 study discovered that bronze winners appeared consistently happier on average than silver medalists, while another research in 2018 studied U.S. athletes in the Olympics from 1904 to1936 and found that those whose best performance was silver lived to 72 on average. Gold medalists beat this by living to 76. But the first prize went to the bronze winners, who lived to 78. The social concepts of upward and down ward comparison help explain the difference. Silver medalists see themselves as the first loser because they compare themselves only with the champions. In contrast, the bronze winners compare downwards with those who have never made it onto the podium (领奖台) at all. Therefore, they feel better about themselves and thus, happier. The emotion shows up in improved health and lifespan. In fact, researchers have found that comparing ourselves with the unfortunate lot of others is a reliable technique for reducing a negative mood. The comparison is not from a feeling of ill will, but because rewards in life are relative. The worldly happiness strategy of working for gold every day is foolish. Stop spending most of your time feeling like a silver medalist: always pursuing and relying your happiness on a single outcome. Rather, aim for healthy competitions in which you do your best without the expectation of being the absolute winner. 45．What does the joke from the author’s father imply? A．Everyone has his or her secret. B．Winning and losing are quite common. C．Defeat is embarrassing in a competition. D．A true friend always stands by your side. 46．What does the underlined word “longevity” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Long lifetime. B．Enough pleasure. C．Slow growth. D．Constant pursuit. 47．What can we learn about downward comparison from paragraph 4? A．It brings some shyness. B．It prevents conflicts. C．It improves well-being. D．It reflects negative intentions. 48．What is the best title for the text? A．The Key to Being a Winner B．The Path to Worldly Happiness C．The Wisdom of Dale Earnhardt D．The Victory of Coming in Third 【答案】45．B 46．A 47．C 48．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要通过分析获的奖牌对人生的影响论述了谁才是最大的赢家。 45．推理判断题。根据第一段““Second place is just the first loser” is a well-known saying from the legendary NASC ARchampion Dale Earnhardt. Or as my late father put it jokingly, “It’s not enough to win. Your friends have to lose, too.”(“第二名只是第一个失败者”，这是传奇的全美汽车联盟冠军戴尔·恩哈特的名言。或者就像我已故的父亲开玩笑说的那样：“光赢是不够的。你的朋友也会输。”)”可推知，作者父亲的笑话暗示了赢和输是很常见的。故选B。 46．词句猜测题。根据划线上文“To expand on the wisdom of Earnhardt, although second place may be the first loser, third place can be the real winner, at least when it comes to happiness and(扩展一下恩哈特的智慧，虽然第二名可能是第一个失败者，但第三名可能是真正的赢家，至少在幸福和)”及下文“A 1995 study discovered that bronze winners appeared consistently happier on average than silver medalists, while another research in 2018 studied U.S. athletes in the Olympics from 1904 to1936 and found that those whose best performance was silver lived to 72 on average. Gold medalists beat this by living to 76. But the first prize went to the bronze winners, who lived to 78.(1995年的一项研究发现，铜牌获得者平均比银牌获得者更快乐，而2018年的另一项研究调查了1904年至1936年参加奥运会的美国运动员，发现那些最好成绩是银牌的人平均寿命为72岁。金牌得主可以活到76岁。但第一名是铜牌得主，他们活到了78岁)”可知，第三名的寿命最长。由此可知，划线词longevity与Long lifetime“长寿命”意思一致。故选A。 47．推理判断题。根据第四段“The social concepts of upward and down ward comparison help explain the difference. Silver medalists see themselves as the first loser because they compare themselves only with the champions. In contrast, the bronze winners compare downwards with those who have never made it onto the podium (领奖台) at all. Therefore, they feel better about themselves and thus, happier. The emotion shows up in improved health and lifespan. In fact, researchers have found that comparing ourselves with the unfortunate lot of others is a reliable technique for reducing a negative mood. The comparison is not from a feeling of ill will, but because rewards in life are relative.(向上比较和向下比较的社会概念有助于解释这种差异。银牌获得者认为自己是第一个失败者，因为他们只把自己和冠军比较。相比之下，铜牌获得者与那些从未登上领奖台的人相比，地位较低。因此，他们自我感觉更好，因此更快乐。这种情绪表现在健康和寿命的改善上。事实上，研究人员发现，把自己和其他不幸的人比较是一种减少消极情绪的可靠方法。这种比较并不是出于恶意，而是因为生活中的回报是相对的)”可推知，向下比较能提高幸福感。故选C。 48．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“To expand on the wisdom of Earnhardt, although second place may be the first loser, third place can be the real winner, at least when it comes to happiness and longevity.(扩展一下恩哈特的智慧，虽然第二名可能是第一个失败者，但第三名可能是真正的赢家，至少在幸福和长寿方面是这样)”及第四段中的“The social concepts of upward and down ward comparison help explain the difference.(向上比较和向下比较的社会概念有助于解释这种差异)”可知，本文主要围绕“第三名是真正赢家”这一观点展开论述，通过引用以前的研究论证了其观点的合理性，并从“向上比较”和“向下比较”的差异对其进行了解释。由此可知，The Victory of Coming in Third(获得第三名的胜利)适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。 （十三） （23-24高二上·四川德阳·期末）When people wanted to find their way to a place in the past, they used to have to buy a map. They don’t have to do that any more. Now they can either buy a GPS, or go online and find maps for just about anywhere. Is this an improvement? Perhaps, but some people think some of the online companies are going too far, because they have been sending out cars with photographic equipment on their roofs, to photograph every street and house in the country. One of these cars arrived on a Wednesday morning in the quiet English village of Broughton. The camera was on a metre-high pole on top of the car and could see over walls and into people’s gardens. Some of the villagers came and stood around the car, and asked the driver and photographer to go away. Journalists quickly arrived on the scene, and soon the event was news all over the country. Of course, the online company in question claims that it is simply collecting information that people on the Internet want. But Broughton residents feel differently. “We used to have privacy in this country. Now companies just come and take photographs of our homes without even asking,” said one resident. “It’s not right. We mustn’t let this happen. We mustn’t lose our right to live privately.” There is, of course, no law to prevent people from taking photographs of houses, so the residents cannot go to court. But many people are asking the question: OK, it’s legal, but is it right? This is a question that won’t go away very quickly. 49．Why did the car with a camera on the car roof come to Broughton? A．To test whether their GPS works in the village. B．To investigate for a law case for the country. C．To spy on villagers and their life in Broughton. D．To collect information for their online maps. 50．What can be inferred about the incident in Broughton? A．The incident drew people’s attention all over the world. B．The incident made online maps popular among the local residents. C．The local residents were curious about what these people were doing. D．The local residents were upset about their privacy not being respected. 51．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The law should be changed to protect the residents. B．The incident will remain a hot topic for people to discuss. C．The residents accept what the company was doing in their neighborhood. D．The residents can sue (控告) the company for violating their privacy. 52．What can be the best title of the passage? A．A strange car! B．It’s legal, but is it right? C．Say goodbye to paper maps. D．Privacy gives way to technology. 【答案】49．D 50．D 51．B 52．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就一些在线公司为了互联网上一些被人们需要的信息不分地点和场合的收集信息，给当地人们带来了困扰，并对这种行为是否合法展开了讨论。 49．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Perhaps, but some people think some of the online companies are going too far, because they have been sending out cars with photographic equipment on their roofs, to photograph every street and house in the country. (也许吧，但有些人认为一些网络公司做得太过分了，因为他们一直在派出车顶上装有摄影设备的汽车，拍摄这个国家的每一条街道和每一栋房子。)”和文章第四段“Of course, the online company in question claims that it is simply collecting information that people on the Internet want. (当然，有问题的网络公司声称它只是在收集互联网上人们想要的信息。)”可知，车顶装有摄像头的汽车来到布劳顿为他们的在线地图收集信息。故选D。 50．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But Broughton residents feel differently. “We used to have privacy in this country. Now companies just come and take photographs of our homes without even asking,” said one resident. “It’s not right. We mustn’t let this happen. We mustn’t lose our right to live privately.” (但布劳顿的居民却有不同的感受。“在这个国家，我们曾经有隐私。现在公司甚至不问就来给我们的房子拍照。”一位居民说。“这是不对的。我们不能让这种事发生。我们不能失去私下生活的权利。”)”可推知，当地居民对他们的隐私没有得到尊重感到不安。故选D。 51．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This is a question that won’t go away very quickly. (这个问题不会很快消失。)”可知，这一事件仍将是人们讨论的热门话题。故选B。 52．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“There is , of course, no law to prevent people from taking photographs of houses, so the villagers cannot go to court. But many people are asking the question: OK, it’s legal, but is it right? (当然，没有法律禁止人们给房子拍照，所以居民们不能上法庭。但是很多人都在问的问题：“好的，这是合法的，或者不是？”)”可知，文章主要就一些在线公司为了互联网上一些被人们需要的信息不分地点和场合的收集信息，给当地人们带来了困扰，并对这种行为是否合法展开了讨论。故选B。 （十四） （23-24高二上·四川达州·期末）There is no doubt that artificial intelligence—or AI—has become an important part of our lives. It is no longer just a thing of science fiction: it’s an incredible technological breakthrough that has changed the way we live. But there are fears that AI has become too intelligent and could be a threat to humanity. This claim might sound extreme, but a letter signed by more than 1,000 technology experts, including Tesla boss Elon Musk, called on the world to press pause (暂停) on the development of more advanced AI because of the risks. Estonian billionaire Jaan Tallinn, for example, who helped develop communication app Skype, thinks we should be cautious. Also The Future of Life Institute, a not-for-profit organization, says that there should be a temporary pause to control the speed of advanced AI development and that “AI systems with human-competitive intelligence can cause profound risks to society and humans.” This negative view is supported by a report by investment bank Goldman Sachs that says AI could replace the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs. But it may also mean new jobs and a productivity bonanza. We may argue that AI such as chatbots can help us. State-of-the-art ChatGPT, for example, has been helping some students write assignments. AI is allowing computers to think or act in a more human way. And machine learning means computers can learn what to do without being given evident instructions. The technology is impressive, but as it starts to think for itself, will it outsmart us? However, the founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates, has called on governments to work with industry to “limit the risks” of AI. He says, “Just as the world needs its brightest people focused on its biggest problems, we will need to focus the world’s best AIs on its biggest problems.” If this happens, maybe humanity will have a future. 53．What is the major fear that AI causes? A．It will change our life completely. B．It will cause many job losses. C．It will be too intelligent to control. D．It will replace many other technologies. 54．What did the technology experts demand? A．Slowing the development of AI. B．Stopping the using of AI. C．Building a not-for-profit organization. D．Helping develop communication app Skype. 55．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “bonanza” in paragraph 3? A．Increase. B．Innovation. C．Problem. D．Expense. 56．Why does the author quote Bill Gates’ words? A．To call on joint efforts of government and industries. B．To expect Bill Gates’ company to make the best AIs. C．To encourage more talented people to work with Bill Gates. D．To express an optimistic attitude towards the AI development. 【答案】53．C 54．A 55．A 56．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。人工智能已经成为人们生活中的重要部分，但有人担心人工智能太过聪明并且会威胁人类。针对这个话题，本文讲述了持有消极态度和积极态度的两种不同观点。 53．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But there are fears that AI has become too intelligent and could be a threat to humanity.(但也有人担心，人工智能已经变得过于智能，可能对人类构成威胁。)”可知，人工智能造成的主要担忧是它会变得太过聪明以至于难以控制。故选C。 54．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This claim might sound extreme, but a letter signed by more than 1,000 technology experts, including Tesla boss Elon Musk, called on the world to press pause(暂停) on the development of more advanced AI because of the risks.(这一说法听起来可能有些极端，但包括特斯拉老板埃隆·马斯克在内的1000多名技术专家签署了一封信，呼吁全世界暂停开发更先进的人工智能，因为存在风险。)”可知，技术专家们要求减缓人工智能的开发进程。故选A。 55．词义猜测题。根据and前的“new jobs”可知，人工智能可以带来新的工作，再结合画线词前的productivity可知，这里应是说人工智能可以促进生产力提升，bonanza与increase(增长)意思最接近。故选A。 56．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“However, the founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates, has called on governments to work with industry to ‘limit the risks’ of AI.(然而，微软创始人比尔·盖茨呼吁各国政府与工业界合作‘限制人工智能的风险’。)”可知，比尔·盖茨呼吁主动限制人工智能的风险，而不是像第二段中提到的技术专家们呼吁暂停开发AI，再结合他的话“Just as the world needs its brightest people focused on its biggest problems, we will need to focus the world’s best AIs on its biggest problems.(正如世界需要最聪明的人专注于最大的问题一样，我们也需要让世界上最好的人工智能专注于最大问题。)”可推测出，引述比尔·盖茨的话是为了表达对AI发展的乐观态度。故选D。 （十五） （23-24高二上·四川宜宾·期末）While the remaining 8 teams of the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar compete in the quarter-finals, it is worth noting that it is not only soccer that has captured the world’s attention, but also the video assistant referee (VAR) technology. Like it or hate it, the VAR is a part of football games today. Many football fans question whether the system made the game better or if it added unnecessary some complication to the beautiful game, especially this time in Qatar, as a number of controversial (引起争议的) decisions were made involving VAR – it slows down the game, offside law (越位规则) is sometimes not flexible. The introduction of the VAR means at the top-level football now tends to pause and delay with the on-field referee often waiting for decisions to be made by those located in offices often far away from the stadiums themselves. Actually, the use of video match officials (VMOs) in football was included in the 2018/2019 edition of the Laws of the Game and was already used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Since then, the system has been used in over 100 competitions worldwide. Despite criticisms, FIFA thought VAR’s first show to be a success, with referee committee head Pierluigi Collina claiming that 99.3 percent of “match-changing” decisions were called correctly at the World Cup – “very, very close to perfection”. Without VAR, referees called 95% of incidents correctly. We should admit that sports tech is still far from perfect in the field of sports events. People’s emotions are not towards those technologies themselves, but the current shortcomings of the application of the technology. The controversies in the football field are not caused by VAR alone as there are too many uncertain factors on the court, which is a part of the game drama. For example, the penalty kick (点球) in the penalty area is judged in a variety of situations. 57．What made fans dissatisfied in Qatar? A．The use of VAR technology. B．The results of soccer games. C．The changes of match laws. D．The decisions made by coaches. 58．What does the underlined word “referee” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Viewer. B．Athlete. C．Judge. D．Host. 59．Why did Collina favor the use of VAR? A．It reduces the burden of the referees. B．It has become a part of football games. C．It is widely applied in many fields of sports. D．Its “match-changing” decisions proved more exact. 60．What is probably the best title for the text? A．World Cup 2022 is a turning point B．Is VAR technology ruining football games? C．Should VAR be popularized in the sports world? D．The 2022 World Cup saw the first show of VAR 【答案】57．A 58．C 59．D 60．B 【分析】本文是议论文。视频助理裁判技术已经成为当今足球比赛的一部分，但是也备受质疑：它是否让比赛变得更精彩，或者是否让精彩的比赛变得更加复杂了呢？ 57．细节理解题。根据第三段“especially this time in Qatar, as a number of controversial (引起争议的) decisions were made involving VAR – it slows down the game, offside law(越位规则) is sometimes not flexible.”(尤其是这次在卡塔尔，由于VAR做出了许多有争议的决定——这会减慢比赛速度，越位法有时并不灵活。)可知，VAR作出的一些裁判决策让本应精彩的球赛增加了一些不必要的复杂性，从而引发球迷不满。故选A项。 58．词义猜测题。根据第四段“The introduction of the VAR means at the top-level football now tends to pause and delay with the on-field referee often waiting for decisions to be made by those located in offices often far away from the stadiums themselves.”(VAR的引入意味着顶级足球现在往往会暂停和拖延，场上referee经常等待那些位于办公室的人做出决定，而办公室往往远离体育场。)可知，在VAR引入球场后，判罚需根据回放视频才能决定。所以赛场上的裁判经常需要等待办公室的人根据回放视频向其提供信息而从作出判罚决定。所以referee意为“裁判”。故选C项。 59．细节理解题。根据第六段“Despite criticisms, FIFA thought VAR’s first show to be a success, with referee committee head Pierluigi Collina claiming that 99.3 percent of “match-changing” decisions were called correctly at the World Cup – “very, very close to perfection”. Without VAR, referees called 95% of incidents correctly.”(尽管受到批评，国际足联认为VAR的首秀是成功的，裁判委员会主席Pierluigi Collina声称，世界杯上99.3%的“改变比赛”的判罚是正确的——“非常、非常接近完美”。在没有VAR的情况下，裁判正确判罚了95%的赛事。)可知，世界杯上99. 3%的“改变比赛”的判罚被认为是正确的判罚，而在没有视频助理裁判的情况下，裁判判罚的正确率为95%。所以VAR被证实判罚准确率更高，所以Collina才会支持VAR。故选D项。 60．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Like it or hate it, the VAR is a part of football games today.”(不管你喜不喜欢，VAR是当今足球比赛的一部分。)可知，VAR虽然存在争议，但在当今足球比赛中广泛使用。第三段第一句“Many football fans question whether the system made the game better or if it added unnecessary some complication to the beautiful game”(许多足球迷质疑这个系统是让比赛变得更好，还是给这场漂亮的比赛增加了不必要的复杂性)。可知，VAR技术是存在争议的，很多球迷质疑VAR技术，持不满态度。第六段Collina称VAR技术判罚的准确率更高，持支持态度。由此可知这篇文章主要讲述VAR这一技术现在存在争议，对于是否能促进比赛的精彩还是会毁坏一场比赛仍然处于争议，不同的人有不同的看法。B项“Is VAR technology ruining football games?(VAR技术正在破坏足球比赛吗?)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选B项。 （十六） （23-24高二上·河南洛阳·期末）Will your job be done by a robot in the future? Bank of England economist s predict that almost half of all UK jobs are under threat of automation. But could even the admired profession of teaching soon have to compete against powerful electronic educators? At first glance, teaching might seem impossible to be replaced by robots. Teachers use a range of soft skills that machines find hard to copy exactly. They judge pupils’ needs and tailor feedback accordingly. They adapt materials to make them more engaging and effective. And they provide kind care: looking out for students who drop behind or disturb the class. Despite that, some believe the future of education will be technological. Futurist Thomas Frey, from Business Insider magazine, predicts that “by 2030 the largest company on the internet is going to be an education-based company that we haven’t heard of yet.” He thinks that ‘bots’— online robot teachers will make education so efficient that students will be able to compress (压缩) an entire undergraduate degree into six months of learning. A bot learns what your “idiosyncrasies” “interests” and “reference points” are, “and it figures out how to teach you in a faster and faster way over time,” according to Frey. Whether or not such incredible speeds will be reached over the last decade, there has been a huge increase in online learning platforms. Companies such as Udemy and Khan Academy produce courses that allow millions to learn at home for free at their own pace. But there are limitations. Without the face-to-face inspiration of a classroom environment, the majority of students fail to complete online courses. How to keep motivation to learn is one more skill that online teachers will need to master. Indeed, Frey admits there is some way to go: “Nobody has quite cracked the code for the future of education.” What do teachers themselves think about this? Professor Donald Clark from Derby University in the UK thinks that we should accept change, even though people will lose their jobs. 61．What’s the second paragraph mainly about? A．Teaching by robots can be replaced. B．The advantages of face-to-face teaching. C．Human teachers will be replaced by robots. D．The potential of the electronic educators. 62．What does the underlined word “idiosyncrasies” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Personalities. B．Senses. C．Nationalities. D．Families. 63．Why are Udemy and Khan Academy mentioned? A．To tell how online learning is progressing. B．To show the significance of online learning. C．To explain people how online learning works. D．To suggest the shortcomings of online learning. 64．What might be talked about following the last paragraph? A．How robots will change in the future. B．How artificial intelligence will destroy jobs. C．How educators will meet the future challenge. D．How electronic educators will lose their jobs. 【答案】61．B 62．A 63．A 64．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了教学似乎不可能被机器人取代，尽管如此，一些人认为未来的教育将是科技的。文章说明了面对面教学的优势以及在线学习的发展情况。 61．主旨大意题。根据第二段“At first glance, teaching might seem impossible to be replaced by robots. Teachers use a range of soft skills that machines find hard to copy exactly. They judge pupils’ needs and tailor feedback accordingly. They adapt materials to make them more engaging and effective. And they provide kind care: looking out for students who drop behind or disturb the class.(乍一看，教学似乎不可能被机器人取代。教师使用的一系列软技能是机器很难完全复制的。他们判断学生的需求，并相应地调整反馈。他们调整材料，使其更吸引人，更有效。他们提供亲切的照顾：注意那些掉队或扰乱课堂的学生)”可知，第二段的主要内容是面对面教学的优势。故选B。 62．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文““interests” and “reference points” are, “and it figures out how to teach you in a faster and faster way over time”可知，此处指机器人会了解你的“兴趣”和“参考点”是什么，然后随着时间的推移，它会想出如何以越来越快的方式教你。由此推知，机器人会全面了解你，以便因材施教，因此划线词idiosyncrasies应该是指你的“个性”。故选A。 63．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Whether or not such incredible speeds will be reached over the last decade, there has been a huge increase in online learning platforms. Companies such as Udemy and Khan Academy produce courses that allow millions to learn at home for free at their own pace.(不管在过去的十年里，这种令人难以置信的速度是否会达到，在线学习平台已经有了巨大的增长。Udemy和可汗学院等公司提供的课程让数百万人可以在家按照自己的进度免费学习)”可推知，提到Udemy和可汗学院是为了讲述在线学习的发展情况。故选A。 64．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Indeed, Frey admits there is some way to go: “Nobody has quite cracked the code for the future of education.” What do teachers themselves think about this? Professor Donald Clark from Derby University in the UK thinks that we should accept change, even though people will lose their jobs.(事实上，弗雷承认还有一段路要走：“没有人能完全破解未来教育的密码。”老师们自己是怎么想的呢？英国德比大学的唐纳德·克拉克教授认为，我们应该接受改变，即使人们会失去工作)”可推知，在最后一段之后可能会讨论教育工作者将如何应对未来的挑战。故选C。 （十七） （23-24高二上·河南焦作·期末）Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. These days, you have to make a decision on not only the percentage of fat you want, but also what source you want your milk to be coming from: cows, soybeans... You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused. This phenomenon is known as the paradox (悖论) of choice and it is becoming a concern in the modern world, where more and more options are becoming easily available to us. While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice. The idea was popularized by American psychologist Barry Schwartz when he published his book, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Schwartz, who has long studied the ways in which economics and psychology intersect (交叉), became interested in seeing the way that choices were affecting the happiness of citizens in Western societies. He identified that the range of choices that we have available to us these days is far greater than that people had in the past; however, consumer satisfaction has not increased as much as traditional economics theories might expect. Schwartz identified that the paradox of choice carries the most consequence for people that are maximizers. Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. When there are many options available to maximizers, it becomes harder for them to determine which is the best, which can cause them to feel a great deal of regret after they have made a choice. Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society. 65．What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning buying milk in paragraph 1? A．To lead in the topic. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To show that we have more choices when shopping. D．To indicate that people pay greater attention to health when shopping. 66．What does the paradox of choice suggest? A．More options mean less satisfaction. B．Consumer satisfaction has greatly increased. C．People are happy with more choices. D．Modern people are happier than their ancestors. 67．What can be learned about satisficers? A．They aim for the very best. B．They tend to follow their feelings. C．They often regret their decisions. D．They have trouble making a decision. 68．What does Schwartz suggest people do? A．Hold on to their beliefs. B．Accept their own behavior. C．Give up freedom. D．Limit their own choices. 【答案】65．A 66．A 67．B 68．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。 文章主要介绍了“选择悖论”这一现象，即过多的选择会让人们感到困惑和不满，从而降低消费者的满意度。文章还介绍了“最大化者”和“满足者”的区别，以及心理学和行为经济学在解决这一问题中的作用。 65．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. (想象一下，你需要牛奶，所以你去杂货店买了一些，却发现有几十种选择)”以及“You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused.(你不知道该选什么牛奶。有太多的选择让你感到困惑)”可知，购物时牛奶品类众多，以至于很难做出决策。是下文“选择的悖论”这一现象的一个案例。由此可推知，文章第一段提到买牛奶就是为了引出文章的话题。故选A。 66．推理判断题。根据第二段的“While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice.(虽然我们可能认为，提供多种选择实际上会让我们更容易选择一种我们满意的选择，从而提高消费者满意度，选择太多实际上需要付出更多的努力才能做出决定，这会让我们对自己的选择感到不满意)”可知，选择太多实际上需要付出更多的努力才能做出决定，这会让我们对自己的选择感到不满意。由此可推知，更多的选择意味着更少的满足感。故选A。 67．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. (与满足者不同，最大化者关心的是做出最好的选择，而不是简单地做出他们满意的选择)”可推知，满足者跟随自己的感觉，不纠结于必须做出“最好的”决定。故选B。 68．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society.(施瓦茨不认为选择的自由是无限的，而是主张心理学和行为经济学的作用应该是找到对自由的限制，从而在社会中获得最大程度的幸福)”可知，施瓦茨建议人们限制自己的选择。故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$