【春考特训课】第09讲： 阅读理解C篇与长难句剖析 -【决胜春季高考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（上海专用）

第09讲： 阅读理解C篇与长难句剖析 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？长难句构成特征如下： 带有较多成分的简单句 含有多个从句的复合句 含有插入成份的句子 含有省略成份的句子 含有倒装句、强调句 【要点梳理】 · 破解长难句方法 1. 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled  and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。 句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。 句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。 4. 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。 句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。 5. 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。 句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 【例题】 （2024金山一模C篇）It’s not unheard of for one event to kick off a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lorimer’s paper came out in the journal, it was not surprising that many were skeptical. “Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data,” some commented. 63. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 3? A. Optimistic. B. Curious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful. 【答案】63. D 【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data(有时候，看似了不起的科学发现，其实是数据上的错误)”可知，许多人对洛里默的论文持怀疑态度，认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。 【例题】 （2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. 66. What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A. Studying space for countless years. B. Living in space for many years. C. Exploring space for some ten years. D. Observing space for several ten years. 【答案】 66. A 【66题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe”可知，此处指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. 【例题】 （2024黄埔一模C篇）①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found. 63. What was Meta accused of? A. It added problematic features to its platform. B. It started a discussion to mislead young people. C. It tempted children to use social media too much. D. It conducted illegal research on its parent company. 【答案】63.C 【解析】 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. (41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对Facebook、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼，坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功能，导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们，因此选择C。 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 【例题】 （2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. 66. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs? A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects. B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills. C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates. D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview. 【答案】66. C 【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . 【例题】 （2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.” 66. Which of the following statements does Kirk Johnson most probably agree with? A. A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. B. A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change C. The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. D. Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. 【答案】66. A 【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段“‘We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,’says Johnson. ‘There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.’(‘我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，’约翰逊说。‘有两件事正在发生：磁场正在变化，德干火山活动正在发生，气候正在变暖。所以这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知，柯克·约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候正在变暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。 附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 1. positive 肯定的,积极的 2. passive 被动的，消极的 3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的 5. disapproving 不赞成的 6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的 8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的 15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 【例题】 （2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many. 66. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. 【答案】66. B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating ...........has been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。 课堂精练 演练 （市西中学2024学年第一学期期中考试） A few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous tweet. Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting (增加) public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions. However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield tiny pieces of interesting new information that can be incorporated. Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes on biology, physics, and chemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse (话语) that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most puzzling of scientific principles. It is equally necessary to emphasize that being an expert on a topic does not automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though they have appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complex analogy(类比)involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires a written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption. Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon (术语) and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume communication expertise-imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close. 43. What does the author advise scientists do to deal with topics outside of their specialty? A. Write or present on them from new angles. B. Utilize information from diverse sources. C. Turn to a specialist for professional help. D. Fact-check with colleagues in-their field. 44. What can be learned from Paragraph 4? A. A solid academic foundation is essential to understanding puzzling scientific principles. B. Modern technology has facilitated communication between scientists and the public. C. Scientific articles have gained increasing popularity among the general public. D. The public’s understanding of science is much better than some have claimed. 45. What does the example of the biologist who shared an intricate analogy show? A. It is helpful to use illustrations in explaining scientific phenomena. B. It is imperative to have appropriate titles to explain scientific issues. C. A learned scholar is not necessarily a qualified science communicator. D. A nonscientific audience cannot correctly understand principles of science. 46. What does the author suggest scientists do to close the gap between science and society? A. Develop communication skills. B. Make appropriate use of scientific terms. C. Take courses in public speaking. D. Explain complex concepts scientifically. 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. C 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了科学家在向公众传播科学知识时面临的挑战、必要性以及如何提高传播效果，提出了科学家需要认识到自己知识的局限性、公众对科学知识的渴望、科学家需要具备有效的传播技巧等观点。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline.(他们需要认识到自己知识的局限性。这并不是说他们只能撰写或介绍自己的研究成果，而是说，如果话题超出了他们的学科范围，他们应该咨询相关专家)”可知，作者认为当科学家遇到超出了他们的学科范围的话题时，他们应该咨询相关专家。故选C。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes on biology, physics, and chemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse (话语) that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most puzzling of scientific principles.(有人认为，公众受教育程度不够，无法理解科学信息，尤其是复杂的科学现象，但这种观点是荒谬的。各级公共教育中都可以找到科学教学的内容，大多数中学都开设了生物、物理和化学等课程。如果说有什么不同的话，那就是社交媒体表明，公众渴望获得基于坚实科学基础的知识。甚至大多数科学文章后的公众讨论也表明，在线读者能够理解甚至最令人困惑的科学原理)”可推知，公众对科学的理解比一些人声称的要好得多。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“It is equally necessary to emphasize that being an expert on a topic does not automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though they have appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complex analogy (类比) involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires a written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption.(有人认为，公众受教育程度不够，无法理解科学信息，尤其是复杂的科学现象，但这种观点是荒谬的。各级公共教育中都可以找到科学教学的内容，大多数中学都开设了生物、物理和化学等课程。如果说有什么不同的话，那就是社交媒体表明，公众渴望获得基于坚实科学基础的知识。甚至大多数科学文章后的公众讨论也表明，在线读者能够理解甚至最令人困惑的科学原理)”可知，这个例子是为了强调，即使是一位在生物学领域有深厚学识的学者，也可能在尝试向非专业听众解释复杂的科学概念时遇到困难。这个例子突显了科学传播的挑战，并指出，仅仅因为某人在其专业领域内知识渊博，并不意味着他们就能有效地将这些知识传达给非专业听众。由此推知，这个例子说明了学识渊博并不等同于具备科学传播的能力。故选C。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon(术语)and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts.(科学传播本身就是一门科学。它需要严格的培训和指导。科学家应该参加沟通课程，这些课程可以教授如何识别和消除术语，以及如何发展有效的类比来解释复杂的概念)”可知，作者建议科学家为了缩小科学与社会之间的鸿沟应该接受沟通技巧。故选A。 课后反馈 演练 （2024年宝山区二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. It's possible to procrastinate by binge-watching (大量观看) your favorite show or doing other mindless activities, but procrastination doesn't always look like laziness. Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists. In order to overcome procrastination, you must first understand why you procrastinate. Perhaps you are a perfectionist, so you find not completing a task less upsetting than doing it badly. Perhaps the task is complicated or confusing, and you don't know where to begin. Or perhaps you are waiting to feel inspired to complete the task or believe that you become better under pressure. Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. You probably tend to overestimate how quickly you can finish tasks and how motivated you will feel later. Most work does not need to wait until you feel inspired, and if you begin the task, feelings of inspiration may follow. Further, research shows that despite some people's perceptions (感知), most individuals do not actually produce better work under pressure. If you are procrastinating because a task seems too overwhelming or too complicated, break it up into smaller pieces that feel more manageable. This can mean doing a part of the task, or dedicating a set amount of time - say, 15 minutes - to working on it. It may help to think about why the task is important. How will it contribute to your goals? How will it affect other people? What negative consequences could come from not doing it in a timely manner? Scheduling when you will work on tasks can be helpful as well, and so can ruthlessly eliminating distractions. You may need to put away your phone or go to a quiet room. Overcoming procrastination is a challenge, but doing so leads to benefits in many areas of life. 63. The word procrastinate in the second paragraph most probably means ______. A. keep off B. get off C. put off D. take off 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 65. What can we conclude from the passage? A. Nobody can entirely avoid procrastination in his personal life. B. Doing easier or unimportant tasks can make us more productive. C. The more pressure we have, the more productive we will become. D. It's generally more subjective than objective to procrastinate in life. 66. The best title for the passage may be ______. A. The challenges of procrastination and strategies to solve it B. The reasons of procrastination and the ways of avoiding it C. The advantages and disadvantages of procrastination in life D. The causes and process of procrastination in communication 【答案】63. C 64. A 65. D 66. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了导致拖延症的原因和避免它的方法。 【63题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists.(有些人拖延是为了逃避困难的任务，而去做更容易但不那么重要的任务。这会让他们觉得自己很有效率，即使他们忽略了待办事项清单上最重要的事情)”可知，人们为了避免困难任务而去做其他无关紧要的事情，这是在“拖延”，与put off这个短语的含义非常匹配，故选C。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness.(但有些人比其他人更经常这样做，这可能会导致灾难性的后果。经常推迟困难或不愉快的任务会导致学习成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，还会带来经济上的后果，比如滞纳金。拖延症还会损害人际关系，甚至影响你的健康，因为它会增加压力水平，有时会导致疾病) ”可知，拖延可能导致的后果包括：在学校成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，以及经济上的后果(例如滞纳金)，损害人际关系，影响健康甚至会导致疾病。由此可知，拖延可能导致的后果有五种。故选A。 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“In order to overcome procrastination, you must first understand why you procrastinate. Perhaps you are a perfectionist, so you find not completing a task less upsetting than doing it badly. Perhaps the task is complicated or confusing, and you don't know where to begin. Or perhaps you are waiting to feel inspired to complete the task or believe that you become better under pressure.(为了克服拖延症，你必须首先了解自己为什么会拖延。也许你是一个完美主义者，所以你觉得没有完成一项任务比把它做得不好更令人沮丧。也许这个任务很复杂或令人困惑，你不知道从哪里开始。或者你正在等待灵感来完成任务，或者相信你在压力下会变得更好)”和第四段的“Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. You probably tend to overestimate how quickly you can finish tasks and how motivated you will feel later. Most work does not need to wait until you feel inspired, and if you begin the task, feelings of inspiration may follow. Further, research shows that despite some people’s perceptions, most individuals do not actually produce better work under pressure.(纠正你的想法可以帮助你克服拖延症。你可能倾向于高估自己完成任务的速度以及之后的动力。大多数工作不需要等到你感到灵感，如果你开始任务，灵感的感觉可能随之而来。此外，研究表明，尽管有些人有这样的看法，但大多数人实际上并没有在压力下做出更好的工作)”可知，拖延的程度取决于个人的主观感受和态度，而不是客观事实。拖延的主观性意味着每个人对任务的看法和应对方式都可能不同，挑战在于克服个人心理障碍和行为模式。由此推知，拖延倾向在生活中通常更具主观性而非客观性。故选D。 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段的“It’s possible to procrastinate by binge-watching your favorite show or doing other mindless activities, but procrastination doesn't always look like laziness. Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists.(你可能会因为大量观看喜欢的节目或做其他不需要动脑的事情而拖延，但拖延并不总是看起来像懒惰。有些人拖延是为了逃避困难的任务，而去做更容易但不那么重要的任务。这会让他们觉得自己很有效率，即使他们忽略了待办事项清单上最重要的事情)”和第四段的“Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. (纠正你的想法可以帮助你克服拖延症)”可知，文章主要讲述了拖延症的原因和避免它的方法。故选B。 （2024年崇明区二模） For a long time, psychologists agreed with the findings of Roy Baumeister, whose research showed that willpower was a limited resource that could easily be exhausted through use. His book, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, has long been seen as the typical handbook on this subject. Plus, hundreds of experiments showed that when people had to complete two back-to-back tasks which both required willpower, they would demonstrate less willpower on the second task. From this research willpower came to be understood as a “brain muscle” that would grow more tired the longer you used it. With adequate rest and recovery, the muscle’s energy would be restored, and willpower levels would return to normal. This made sense and even opened the door for an optimistic long-term approach to willpower: You could improve your willpower by using it regularly, just as you can strengthen a muscle through exercise. However, just because an idea sounds good doesn’t mean it’s true. Later research failed to find Baumeister’s willpower exhaustion effect. And other research even showed that willpower exhaustion can be reversed if you have a positive belief about what hard work does for you. If you believe using willpower is draining, you’ll experience it as draining, but if you believe it energizes you, you’ll be energized. In other words, what you believe about willpower might be a self-fulfilling prophecy. The trouble is that studying a psychological quality like willpower in the lab is very difficult. Willpower experiments greatly oversimplify the human experience and don’t reflect how willpower is used in the real world. Sample sizes are usually small because of limited funding, and it’s difficult to find diverse subjects. It almost certainly matters how meaningful the willpower-requiring task is to the person doing it, and laboratory experiments generally don’t ask participants to perform meaningful tasks. Furthermore, there are a great many factors that can affect how much willpower an individual has. Willpower levels change from moment to moment and day to day. Someone who has excellent willpower in one situation might have terrible willpower in another. You might have high self-control one day and low self-control another. So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence. 63. Roy Baumeister’s book, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, is mentioned at the beginning of the passage in order to show that _____. A. willpower as a limited resource has been widely accepted B. his book is very popular among people in various fields C. willpower is essential in completing back-to-back tasks D. a great many experiments has been done on willpower 64. By “a self-fulfilling prophecy” in paragraph 3, the author means that _____. A. with enough rest, willpower can recover itself B. with the right attitude, we can own our willpower C. we can fulfil our dream as long as we have willpower D. there is a fixed amount of willpower if we think positively 65. The author implies in the passage that we should _____. A. view willpower as unlimited to fully cultivate our potential B. try doing different tasks when our willpower levels change C. stop doing research on willpower since it is too changeable D. treat willpower critically as it’s hard to get a full picture of it 66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Definition of Willpower B. The Great Willpower Debate C. The Importance of Willpower D. Strategies to Increase Willpower 【答案】63. A 64. B 65. D 66. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了关于意志力的讨论。 【63题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“For a long time, psychologists agreed with the findings of Roy Baumeister, whose research showed that willpower was a limited resource that could easily be exhausted through use. His book, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, has long been seen as the typical handbook on this subject. Plus, hundreds of experiments showed that when people had to complete two back-to-back tasks which both required willpower, they would demonstrate less willpower on the second task.”（长期以来，心理学家都同意罗伊·鲍梅斯特(Roy Baumeister)的研究结果，他的研究表明，意志力是一种有限的资源，很容易在使用过程中耗尽。他的书《意志力：重新发现人类最伟大的力量》一直被视为这一主题的典型手册。此外，数百个实验表明，当人们必须完成两个连续的任务，都需要意志力时，他们在第二个任务中表现出的意志力会更少。）可推知，文章开头提及罗伊·鲍梅斯特的书《意志力：重新发现人类最伟大的力量》，是为了说明意志力作为一种有限的资源已被广泛接受。故选A项。 【64题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“And other research even showed that willpower exhaustion can be reversed if you have a positive belief about what hard work does for you. If you believe using willpower is draining, you’ll experience it as draining, but if you believe it energizes you, you’ll be energized. In other words, what you believe about willpower might be a self-fulfilling prophecy.”（其他研究甚至表明，如果你对努力工作会给你带来什么有积极的信念，意志力枯竭是可以逆转的。如果你相信使用意志力会消耗你的精力，你就会觉得它在消耗你的精力，但如果你相信它能让你充满活力，你就会充满活力。换句话说，你对意志力的信念可能是一个自我实现的预言。）可推知，作者在第三段中说的“自我实现的预言”是指用正确的态度，我们可以拥有自己的意志力。故选B项。 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence.”（所以我们只是不知道意志力到底是如何起作用的，我们可能永远也不会知道。人们的意志力可能是有限的，也可能不是。相信自己拥有无限的意志力可能会让你更加努力地工作，但也可能导致过度自信。）可推知，作者在文章中暗示，我们应该批判性地对待意志力，因为很难对意志力有一个全面的了解。故选D项。 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence.”（所以我们只是不知道意志力到底是如何起作用的，我们可能永远也不会知道。人们的意志力可能是有限的，也可能不是。相信自己拥有无限的意志力可能会让你更加努力地工作，但也可能导致过度自信。）可知，本文主要讲述了关于意志力的讨论。因此，B项The Great Willpower Debate（关于意志力的辩论）是本文的最佳标题。故选B项。 （2024学年第一学期敬业中学高三阶段检测） The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept — one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics. One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economics theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept — a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally. To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set. If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme — all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets. If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not. 43. What is this passage mainly about? A. Guidelines for household purchase. B. The description of a daily phenomenon. C. Ways of presenting research data. D. The explanation of an economic concept. 44. The author uses the purchase of movie tickets and crime novels as an example of _________. A. the formalization of the budget line B. the formation of vertical and horizontal axes C. an informal understanding of the budget line D. a combination of budget set 45. What can be inferred from the passage about the budget line? A. The dots showing the maximum use of a budget can only be found on it. B. It is intended to indicate one’s household needs for specific goods. C. Graphs can interpret it more precisely than equations. D. It is used to explain consumers’ shopping habits. 46. In the example mentioned in the passage, if you want to buy 10 movie tickets and 10 crime novels with the same budget, where should you make the dot? A. On the horizontal axis. B. On the vertical axis. C. Above the budget line. D. Below the budget line. 【答案】43. D 44. A 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了预算线这一经济概念，通过购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子来说明预算线的含义和应用。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept—one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics(这个预算线是一个基础概念，大多数消费者都能理解，而不需要图表和等式——例如家庭预算。非正式地说，预算线描述了给定预算和特定商品的负担能力线。这个概念——大多数消费者每天都在反复思考的——是经济学中更正式的预算线概念的基础)”以及最后一段“If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not(如果你现在从最左边的最高点画一条线到最右边的最低点，你就创建了一个预算线。任何位于预算线下方的电影和犯罪小说的组合都是可负担得起的。而任何位于它上方的组合则是不可负担的)”可知，文章开头介绍了预算线的基本概念，接着通过购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子进一步阐述了预算线这一经济概念，所以这篇文章主要是关于一个经济概念的解释，故选D项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally. To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels(在形式化过程中，概念可以表达为一个数学方程式或一个通用的图表。要理解这一点，想象一个图表，其中纵轴量化了你可以购买的电影票数量，而横轴则对犯罪小说进行了同样的量化)”可知，作者用购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子来说明预算线的形式化，故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left- hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books—the number of books available in this example is 0.(如果每部电影花费10美元，那么用现有的钱最多可以看15部电影。为了记录这一点，你在图表的最左边（表示总的电影票数）标记一个点。同样的点会出现在水平轴上“0”的正上方，因为你没有剩余的钱买书——在这个例子中，可购得的书的数量是0)”和第五段“You can also graph the other extreme—all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets(您也可以绘制另一个极端情况——只购买犯罪小说而不购买电影。由于示例中的犯罪小说每本15美元，而您有150美元可用，如果您将所有可用资金都用于购买犯罪小说，您可以购买10本。因此，在水平轴上的数字10处放置一个点。您将在垂直轴的底部放置这个点，因为在这种情况下，您没有剩余的钱购买电影票)”的内容可知，图表上表示预算最大使用情况的点只能在预算线上找到，故选A项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“You can also graph the other extreme—all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets(您也可以绘制另一个极端情况——只购买犯罪小说而不购买电影。由于示例中的犯罪小说每本15美元，而您有150美元可用，如果您将所有可用资金都用于购买犯罪小说，您可以购买10本。因此，在水平轴上的数字10处放置一个点。您将在垂直轴的底部放置这个点，因为在这种情况下，您没有剩余的钱购买电影票)”可知，预算线以下的组合是可负担得起的，预算线以上的组合则不可负担。如果用相同的预算购买10张电影票和10本犯罪小说，那么花费的钱会超过预算，可推理出应该在预算线以上做标记，故选C项。 【2023年1月春考(C篇)】 To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【答案】63-66CABD 【导读】文章主要大意：本文主要介绍了地质学家通过研究化石来确定地层岩石的年代，并解释了化石在确定地球历史发展和时间上的重要作用。文章还指出了恐龙只是地球上生物化石中的一小部分，大部分化石是由动植物微观遗骸和贝壳类动物组成。最后，文章提到了早期地质学家通过化石研究地层岩石和制作地质图的重要贡献。 【解析】 63.C【解析]根据文章第一段第一句To tell the age of most layered rocks,scientists study the fossils these rocks contain.可知，此处句意为:“为了告诉大多数层状岩石的年龄，科学家们研究了这些岩石所包含的化石”，即科学家研究层状岩石的目的是研究其年龄，换言之就是在研究层状岩石的存在时间，故选C。 64.A【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句The reasons for and the rapidity of their extinction are a matter of intense debate among scientists.可知，恐龙灭绝的原因和速度是科学家们激烈争论的问题，换言之，恐龙灭绝之谜至今仍然未有答案，A项表述正确:根据文章第二段第三句These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous.可知，恐龙在晚三叠世至晚白垩世的一百多万年间是地球上的主要动物，B项表述有误:根据文章第二段倒数第二句By around 65 million years ago all dinosaurs were extinct.可知，大约到了6500万年前，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，C项表述有误:根据第二段第一句The word“fossil”makes many people think of dinosaurs.以及下文相关内容可推知，恐龙和化石之间存在一定关联，D项表述有误。故选A。 65.B【解析】根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils.可知，威廉·史密斯经常可以通过检查被山坡岩石侵蚀的化石或者挖一个小洞寻找化石来判断地表以下可能有什么样的岩石，结合选项分析，B项表述正确，故选B。 66.D【解析]根据文章标题以及整篇文章讲述的相关内容可知，本文讲述的内容与与“化石和岩石”相关，再根据相关选项分析，可以排除A项和C项，而B项是文章所举的一个相对典型的例子，相比之下D项表述符合文章讲述的内容，故选 D。 【2022年1月春考(C篇)】 Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of nature's value. New Conservationists argue such trade-offs are necessary in this human dominated epoch. And they support “re-wilding", a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature. New Conservationists believe the withdrawal could happen together with economic growth The California-based Breakthrough Institute believes in a future where most people live in cities and rely less on natural resources for economic growth. They would get food from industrial agriculture. including genetically modified foods, desalination intensified meat production and aquaculture, all of which have a smaller land footprint. And they would get their energy from renewables and natural gas. Driving these profound shifts would be greater efficiency of production, where more products could be manufactured from fewer inputs. And some unsustainable commodities would be replaced in the market by other, greener ones---natural gas for coal, for instance, explained Michael Heisenberg., president of the Breakthrough Institute. Nature would, in essence, be decoupled from the economy. And then he added a caveat:"We are not suggesting decoupling as the paradigm to save the world, or that it solves all the problems or eliminates all the trade- offs. Cynics( 悲观者) may say all this sounds too utopian, but Breakthrough maintains the world is already on this path toward decoupling. Nowhere is this more evident than in the United Sates, according to Iddo Wernick, a research scholar at the Rockefeller University, who has examined the nation’s use of 100 main commodities. Wemck and his colleagues looked at data carefully from the U.S. Geological Survey National Minerals Information Center , which keeps a record of commodities used from 1900 through the present day. They found that the use of 36 commodities ( sand, ire ore , cotton etc.) in the U. S. Economy had peaked. Another 53 commodities (nitrogen,timber, beef, etc. ) are being used more efficiently per dollar value of gross domestic product than in the pre-1970s era. Their use would peak soon, Wernick said. Only 11commodities (industrial diamond, indium, chicken, etc.) are increasing in use (Greenwire, Nov.6), and most of these are employed by industries in small quantities to improve systems processes.Chicken use is rising because people are eating less beef, a desirable development since poultry cultivation has a smaller environmental footprint. The numbers show the United States has not intensified resource consumption since the1970s even while increasing its GDP and population, said Jesse Ausubel of the Rockefeller University. “It seems like the 20th-century expectation we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater consumption of resources," Ausubel said. "But what we are seeing in the developed countries is, of course, peaks.” 63.What does the underlined word"trade-offs"refer to in the first paragraph? A. The balance between human development and natural ecology B. The profitability of import and export trade. C.The consumption of natural resources by industrial development D. The difficult plight of economies growth. 64.Which ofthe following is true of the views of the new environmentalists? A.They believe that mankind should live in forests with rich vegetation B.They believe that mankind will need more natural resources in the future. C.They believe that mankind is the master of the whole universe. D. They believe that mankind should limit economic growth 65.What can we infer from the last paragraph of the passage? A.Natural resources cannot support economic development. B.More resource consumption will not occur in a certain period of time. C.Excessive resource consumption will not affect the ecological environment D. All resource consumption in developed countries has reached a peak 66. What is the passage mainly about? A. Urbanization and re-wildness. B. Human existence and industrial development C.Socioeconomic development and resource consumption D. Commodity trading and raw material development 【答案】63~.66 ADBC 【解析】 63.A[解析]根据文章第一段第一句提及的 Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of natures value 和划线词所在句子的相关描述，可知，此处的 trade-offs 所指的就是关于“人类社会发展与自然生态之间的平衡”，结合相关选项分析，A 项表述符合文意，其余选项文章未明确提及，故选 A64.D[解析]根据文章第二段第二句提及的 The California-based Breakthrough Institute believes in a future where most people live in cities and rely less on natural resources for economic growth 可知，新环保主义者认为，未来大多数人都生活城市，经济增长对自然资源的依赖更少，A 和B 项表述错误;C 项文章未提及根据文章第一段最后一句提及的 And they support"re-wilding,”a concept originally proposed by Soul where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes,which then return to nature 可知，新环保主义者提出了“重新野生化”这一概念，即人们限制经济增长，远离风景，然后回归自然，结合选项分析,D项表述正确，故选 D。 65.B[解析]根据文章最后一段以及倒数第二段提及的 The numbers show the United States has not intensified resource consumption since the 1970s even while increasing its GDP and population, said Jesse Ausubel of the Rockefeller University等相关表述可知，最后一段想要表述的是，更多的资源消耗在一个阶段时间内不会出现，B 项表述正确，其余选项表述有误，故选 B。 66.C[解析]根据整篇文章分析，本文主要讲述了经济发展与资源消耗相关的问题。文章首段以新环保主义者的相关观点引出文章主题，即对“人类是否是自然价值的衡量标准”展开了讨论，之后又讲述了关于自然资源消耗的相关猜想和实际情况等内容。总之,本文主要围绕人类社会经济发展与资源消耗进行观点表达,结合选项分析，C 项表述正确，其余选项与文意不符，故选 C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第09讲： 阅读理解C篇与长难句剖析 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？长难句构成特征如下： 带有较多成分的简单句 含有多个从句的复合句 含有插入成份的句子 含有省略成份的句子 含有倒装句、强调句 【要点梳理】 · 破解长难句方法 1. 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled  and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。 句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。 句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。 4. 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。 句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。 5. 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。 句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 【例题】 （2024金山一模C篇）It’s not unheard of for one event to kick off a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lorimer’s paper came out in the journal, it was not surprising that many were skeptical. “Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data,” some commented. 63. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 3? A. Optimistic. B. Curious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful. 【答案】63. D 【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data(有时候，看似了不起的科学发现，其实是数据上的错误)”可知，许多人对洛里默的论文持怀疑态度，认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。 【例题】 （2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. 66. What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A. Studying space for countless years. B. Living in space for many years. C. Exploring space for some ten years. D. Observing space for several ten years. 【答案】 66. A 【66题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe”可知，此处指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. 【例题】 （2024黄埔一模C篇）①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found. 63. What was Meta accused of? A. It added problematic features to its platform. B. It started a discussion to mislead young people. C. It tempted children to use social media too much. D. It conducted illegal research on its parent company. 【答案】63.C 【解析】 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. (41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对Facebook、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼，坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功能，导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们，因此选择C。 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 【例题】 （2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. 66. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs? A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects. B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills. C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates. D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview. 【答案】66. C 【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . 【例题】 （2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.” 66. Which of the following statements does Kirk Johnson most probably agree with? A. A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. B. A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change C. The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. D. Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. 【答案】66. A 【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段“‘We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,’says Johnson. ‘There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.’(‘我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，’约翰逊说。‘有两件事正在发生：磁场正在变化，德干火山活动正在发生，气候正在变暖。所以这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知，柯克·约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候正在变暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。 附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 1. positive 肯定的,积极的 2. passive 被动的，消极的 3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的 5. disapproving 不赞成的 6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的 8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的 15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 【例题】 （2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many. 66. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. 【答案】66. B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating ...........has been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。 课堂精练 演练 （市西中学2024学年第一学期期中考试） A few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous tweet. Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting (增加) public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions. However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield tiny pieces of interesting new information that can be incorporated. Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes on biology, physics, and chemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse (话语) that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most puzzling of scientific principles. It is equally necessary to emphasize that being an expert on a topic does not automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though they have appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complex analogy(类比)involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires a written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption. Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon (术语) and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume communication expertise-imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close. 43. What does the author advise scientists do to deal with topics outside of their specialty? A. Write or present on them from new angles. B. Utilize information from diverse sources. C. Turn to a specialist for professional help. D. Fact-check with colleagues in-their field. 44. What can be learned from Paragraph 4? A. A solid academic foundation is essential to understanding puzzling scientific principles. B. Modern technology has facilitated communication between scientists and the public. C. Scientific articles have gained increasing popularity among the general public. D. The public’s understanding of science is much better than some have claimed. 45. What does the example of the biologist who shared an intricate analogy show? A. It is helpful to use illustrations in explaining scientific phenomena. B. It is imperative to have appropriate titles to explain scientific issues. C. A learned scholar is not necessarily a qualified science communicator. D. A nonscientific audience cannot correctly understand principles of science. 46. What does the author suggest scientists do to close the gap between science and society? A. Develop communication skills. B. Make appropriate use of scientific terms. C. Take courses in public speaking. D. Explain complex concepts scientifically. 课后反馈 演练 （2024年宝山区二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. It's possible to procrastinate by binge-watching (大量观看) your favorite show or doing other mindless activities, but procrastination doesn't always look like laziness. Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists. In order to overcome procrastination, you must first understand why you procrastinate. Perhaps you are a perfectionist, so you find not completing a task less upsetting than doing it badly. Perhaps the task is complicated or confusing, and you don't know where to begin. Or perhaps you are waiting to feel inspired to complete the task or believe that you become better under pressure. Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. You probably tend to overestimate how quickly you can finish tasks and how motivated you will feel later. Most work does not need to wait until you feel inspired, and if you begin the task, feelings of inspiration may follow. Further, research shows that despite some people's perceptions (感知), most individuals do not actually produce better work under pressure. If you are procrastinating because a task seems too overwhelming or too complicated, break it up into smaller pieces that feel more manageable. This can mean doing a part of the task, or dedicating a set amount of time - say, 15 minutes - to working on it. It may help to think about why the task is important. How will it contribute to your goals? How will it affect other people? What negative consequences could come from not doing it in a timely manner? Scheduling when you will work on tasks can be helpful as well, and so can ruthlessly eliminating distractions. You may need to put away your phone or go to a quiet room. Overcoming procrastination is a challenge, but doing so leads to benefits in many areas of life. 63. The word procrastinate in the second paragraph most probably means ______. A. keep off B. get off C. put off D. take off 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 65. What can we conclude from the passage? A. Nobody can entirely avoid procrastination in his personal life. B. Doing easier or unimportant tasks can make us more productive. C. The more pressure we have, the more productive we will become. D. It's generally more subjective than objective to procrastinate in life. 66. The best title for the passage may be ______. A. The challenges of procrastination and strategies to solve it B. The reasons of procrastination and the ways of avoiding it C. The advantages and disadvantages of procrastination in life D. The causes and process of procrastination in communication （2024年崇明区二模） For a long time, psychologists agreed with the findings of Roy Baumeister, whose research showed that willpower was a limited resource that could easily be exhausted through use. His book, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, has long been seen as the typical handbook on this subject. Plus, hundreds of experiments showed that when people had to complete two back-to-back tasks which both required willpower, they would demonstrate less willpower on the second task. From this research willpower came to be understood as a “brain muscle” that would grow more tired the longer you used it. With adequate rest and recovery, the muscle’s energy would be restored, and willpower levels would return to normal. This made sense and even opened the door for an optimistic long-term approach to willpower: You could improve your willpower by using it regularly, just as you can strengthen a muscle through exercise. However, just because an idea sounds good doesn’t mean it’s true. Later research failed to find Baumeister’s willpower exhaustion effect. And other research even showed that willpower exhaustion can be reversed if you have a positive belief about what hard work does for you. If you believe using willpower is draining, you’ll experience it as draining, but if you believe it energizes you, you’ll be energized. In other words, what you believe about willpower might be a self-fulfilling prophecy. The trouble is that studying a psychological quality like willpower in the lab is very difficult. Willpower experiments greatly oversimplify the human experience and don’t reflect how willpower is used in the real world. Sample sizes are usually small because of limited funding, and it’s difficult to find diverse subjects. It almost certainly matters how meaningful the willpower-requiring task is to the person doing it, and laboratory experiments generally don’t ask participants to perform meaningful tasks. Furthermore, there are a great many factors that can affect how much willpower an individual has. Willpower levels change from moment to moment and day to day. Someone who has excellent willpower in one situation might have terrible willpower in another. You might have high self-control one day and low self-control another. So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence. 63. Roy Baumeister’s book, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, is mentioned at the beginning of the passage in order to show that _____. A. willpower as a limited resource has been widely accepted B. his book is very popular among people in various fields C. willpower is essential in completing back-to-back tasks D. a great many experiments has been done on willpower 64. By “a self-fulfilling prophecy” in paragraph 3, the author means that _____. A. with enough rest, willpower can recover itself B. with the right attitude, we can own our willpower C. we can fulfil our dream as long as we have willpower D. there is a fixed amount of willpower if we think positively 65. The author implies in the passage that we should _____. A. view willpower as unlimited to fully cultivate our potential B. try doing different tasks when our willpower levels change C. stop doing research on willpower since it is too changeable D. treat willpower critically as it’s hard to get a full picture of it 66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Definition of Willpower B. The Great Willpower Debate C. The Importance of Willpower D. Strategies to Increase Willpower （2024学年第一学期敬业中学高三阶段检测） The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept — one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics. One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economics theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept — a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally. To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set. If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme — all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets. If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not. 43. What is this passage mainly about? A. Guidelines for household purchase. B. The description of a daily phenomenon. C. Ways of presenting research data. D. The explanation of an economic concept. 44. The author uses the purchase of movie tickets and crime novels as an example of _________. A. the formalization of the budget line B. the formation of vertical and horizontal axes C. an informal understanding of the budget line D. a combination of budget set 45. What can be inferred from the passage about the budget line? A. The dots showing the maximum use of a budget can only be found on it. B. It is intended to indicate one’s household needs for specific goods. C. Graphs can interpret it more precisely than equations. D. It is used to explain consumers’ shopping habits. 46. In the example mentioned in the passage, if you want to buy 10 movie tickets and 10 crime novels with the same budget, where should you make the dot? A. On the horizontal axis. B. On the vertical axis. C. Above the budget line. D. Below the budget line. 【2023年1月春考(C篇)】 To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【2022年1月春考(C篇)】 Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of nature's value. New Conservationists argue such trade-offs are necessary in this human dominated epoch. And they support “re-wilding", a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature. New Conservationists believe the withdrawal could happen together with economic growth The California-based Breakthrough Institute believes in a future where most people live in cities and rely less on natural resources for economic growth. They would get food from industrial agriculture. including genetically modified foods, desalination intensified meat production and aquaculture, all of which have a smaller land footprint. And they would get their energy from renewables and natural gas. Driving these profound shifts would be greater efficiency of production, where more products could be manufactured from fewer inputs. And some unsustainable commodities would be replaced in the market by other, greener ones---natural gas for coal, for instance, explained Michael Heisenberg., president of the Breakthrough Institute. Nature would, in essence, be decoupled from the economy. And then he added a caveat:"We are not suggesting decoupling as the paradigm to save the world, or that it solves all the problems or eliminates all the trade- offs. Cynics( 悲观者) may say all this sounds too utopian, but Breakthrough maintains the world is already on this path toward decoupling. Nowhere is this more evident than in the United Sates, according to Iddo Wernick, a research scholar at the Rockefeller University, who has examined the nation’s use of 100 main commodities. Wemck and his colleagues looked at data carefully from the U.S. Geological Survey National Minerals Information Center , which keeps a record of commodities used from 1900 through the present day. They found that the use of 36 commodities ( sand, ire ore , cotton etc.) in the U. S. Economy had peaked. Another 53 commodities (nitrogen,timber, beef, etc. ) are being used more efficiently per dollar value of gross domestic product than in the pre-1970s era. Their use would peak soon, Wernick said. Only 11commodities (industrial diamond, indium, chicken, etc.) are increasing in use (Greenwire, Nov.6), and most of these are employed by industries in small quantities to improve systems processes.Chicken use is rising because people are eating less beef, a desirable development since poultry cultivation has a smaller environmental footprint. The numbers show the United States has not intensified resource consumption since the1970s even while increasing its GDP and population, said Jesse Ausubel of the Rockefeller University. “It seems like the 20th-century expectation we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater consumption of resources," Ausubel said. "But what we are seeing in the developed countries is, of course, peaks.” 63.What does the underlined word"trade-offs"refer to in the first paragraph? A. The balance between human development and natural ecology B. The profitability of import and export trade. C.The consumption of natural resources by industrial development D. The difficult plight of economies growth. 64.Which ofthe following is true of the views of the new environmentalists? A.They believe that mankind should live in forests with rich vegetation B.They believe that mankind will need more natural resources in the future. C.They believe that mankind is the master of the whole universe. D. They believe that mankind should limit economic growth 65.What can we infer from the last paragraph of the passage? A.Natural resources cannot support economic development. B.More resource consumption will not occur in a certain period of time. C.Excessive resource consumption will not affect the ecological environment D. All resource consumption in developed countries has reached a peak 66. What is the passage mainly about? A. Urbanization and re-wildness. B. Human existence and industrial development C.Socioeconomic development and resource consumption D. Commodity trading and raw material development 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$