2024年牛津译林版中考英语一轮复习语法汇总课件

Hello, everyone! 名词单复数 一、可数名词都有单数和复数之分。 A: 规则的可数名词的复数变化规则： 1.一般情况加 s ： book-- books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls 2.以 s 、 sh 、 ch 、 x结尾的加 es ： class--- classes box----boxes match----matches 3.辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 i加es： city---cities country----countries party----parties factory----factories 4.以 o 结尾的词 +es的只有以下词 ：heroes Negroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes/zeros 以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s radios, zoos, bamboos ,(pianos ,kilos photos) 5.以f， fe 结尾的 变f或fe为v +es ： thief wife life knife wolf half leaf shelf The thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life. B: 名词词尾的读音规则： A）． 在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s] cups， hats， cakes， roofs B）. 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz] glasses, faces, roses. C）.在其他情况下读作[z] beds days cities knives. D）.以th结尾的词原来读[ s ] 加词尾后多数读[ z ] 如： mouth—mouths path—paths ; th前发长元音或双元音的词，加s后大多音变，读作[ z]，例如：，如： month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths. C: 不规则的可数名词的变化规则： 小老鼠爬灯台，偷油吃下不来。 男人当警察，保护妇女跟儿童； 英国人的牙咬了法国人的脚； 养了一头日本羊，送给了中国人； 养了一头鹿跟鹅，卖给了瑞士人。 1.man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese child—children, mouse—mice, 2.单复数相同: sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese Swiss. 3.以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man servant—men servants. (boy/girl students) woman doctor—women doctors. 形容词，副词的比较级、最高级 一、规则变化 1.一般在词尾直接加er或est，例如，tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st，例如，nice-nicer-nicest 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加er或est，例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest 4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est，例如，big-bigger-biggest 5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级，例如，slowly-more slowly-most slowly；beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/ well better best bad / ill worse worst old older/elder oldest/eldest much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 例如，Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.= Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.= Mike gets to school earliest in his class. (3)“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo+……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。 例如，Look at the two boys.My brother is the taller of the two.看那两个男孩，我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。 (4)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。 例如，He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。 The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。 (5)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。 例如，The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。 2.原级常用的句型结构 (1)“甲+be+(倍数)+as+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍” 例如，Tom is as old as Kate. Tom is twice as old as Kate. 二、比较级的用法 1.可以修饰比较级的词，much，a lot，far，…的多a little，a bit，…一点儿 even甚至，still仍然 例如，Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。 2.比较级常用的句型结构 (1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍” 例如，Tom is taller than Kate. This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。 “甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍” 例如，I got up earlier than my mother this morning. (2)“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”，含义是“甲最……”。 例如，The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.。 =The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 3.最高级常用句型结构 (1)“主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。 例如，Tom is the tallest in his class. /of all the students. “主语+实意动词+(the)+副词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。 例如，I jump (the) farthest in my class.我是我们班跳得最远的。 (2)“主语+be+oneofthe+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……之一”。 例如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. (3)“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。 例如，Which country is the largest，China，Brazil or Canada？ 介词用法 1.表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……” 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 There is a bridge over the river. 3)below, under （在…正下方 ） 在……下面 Please write your name below the line. 4)in front of, in the front of 其反义词分别是:behind & at the back of… There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。 5）beside，behind 2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在……时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一 般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如： We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从…… 4)except, besides 除了 except 除……之外，不包括在内； besides 除……之外，包括在内。 补充 add…to 加到……上 agree with 同意（某人） arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 begin…with 从……开始 believe in 相信 break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育，培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 clear up 整理，收拾 come about 发生，产生 come across （偶然）遇见 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 compare…with 与……比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以……为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步，屈服 人称代词和疑问代词用法 人称代词表 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself We us our ours ourselves they them their theirs themselves 疑问代词 1. 疑问代词是问何人、何物、何者的代词,如:who( 谁，问人）whose（谁的，问所有者）, whom（谁，问人，是who的宾格）, which（哪一个）, what(什么，问东西）等。 2. 疑问代词后不可接名词,如接名词,即为疑问形容词。 Whose pen is this? 3. 疑问代词没有数的区分,作主语时,除非在疑问句本身中已清楚表明疑问词所代表的人或物是复数,其后的谓语动词一律用单数形式。 What has happened? 出了什么事? Who are these people? 这些人是谁? 4. who和what在指人时意义不同。who问姓名、亲属关系,what问身分、职业。 Who is he? 他是谁? What is he? 他是做什么的? 5. 疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句,一般放在句首,并充当某一句子成分,如主语、主语补语、宾语。 Who will join us? 谁愿意加入我们? Whom did she marry? 她嫁给了谁? With whom did she dance the Waltz? 她跟谁跳的华尔滋舞? Which do you prefer, beer or whiskey? 你喜欢啤酒还是威士忌? 6. 可以引导名词性从句,并在从句中担任成分。 Do you know what her name is? Tell me which is better. 含be动词的基本句型 1）主语+系动词+表语 1 这个人 是 一个老师。 The man is a teacher. 主语 系 表语 主语 系 表语（名词） 2) 他 （是） 很忙。 He is busy. 主语 系 表语 主语 系 表语（形容词） ● 注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。 3) 她（是）在教室里。 She is in the classroom. 主语 系 表语 主语 系 表语（介词短语） 注：定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后。 be 的人称变化 You (They We ) are teachers. He ( She ) is a teacher. I am a teacher 2）▲ 谓+主+状 该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物（人） ●There is a book on the desk . Was / were Will be 相关句型转换 There is a wallet on the desk . There is not a wallet on the desk . Is there a wallet on the desk? There was a wallet on the desk . There was not a wallet on the desk . Was there a wallet on the desk ? There will be a wallet on the desk . There will not be a wallet on the desk . Will there be a wallet on the desk ? 补充（可讲解或不讲解） 主谓宾(do)句型 ▲ 一般时态的构成 时态 主系表 主谓宾 谓主状 (There be 句型) 一般现在时态 is, am, are do, does there is (are) 一般过去时态 was, were did there was (were) 一般将来时态 will be will do there will be 一般过去将来时态 would be would do there would be You study English. You do not study English. Do you study English? You studied English. You did not study English. Did you study English? You will study English. You will not study English. Will you study English? 8种主要时态 一般现在时 表示经常性的事情，经常性的动作或一般性事实。 时间状语：often 经常，usually通常，always 总是，every day每天，sometimes 有时，at …在几点钟 只有在第三人称单数用动词的“三单变化”，其他用动词的原形。 三单变化： 1.规则变化： 　　（1）直接在动词词尾加-s. 　　ask---asks work---works get---gets stay---stays 　　（2）以字母s, x, ch, sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-es. 　　watch---watches wish---wishes fix---fixes do---does 　　go---goes pass---passes 　　（3）以“辅音字母加 - y”结尾的动词，要先变y为i再加-es. 　　try---tries study---studies cry---cries fly---flies 　2.不规则变化： 　　 be---- is have----has 二、一般现在时用法 1. 表示经常性，习惯性,永久性的动作或存在的状态. There are 50 students in my class. 2. 表示客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，等客观事实或格言，谚语等。 　　 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day. 　　 Tomorrow is Tuesday. 三、一般现在时的句子转换： 　（1）当句子中有be动词或情态动词时，则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句. 例：①陈述句：She is a student. 　　疑问句→ Is she a student? 　　否定句→ She is not a student. 　　②陈述句：I can swim. 　　疑问句→ Can you swim 　　否定句→ I can not swim. （2） 当句子中既没有be动词，也没有情态动词时，则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数), does（单数she,he,it）变成问句；在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t（I,you,以及复数), doesn’t（单数she,he,it）变成否定句，助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。 　　例：①陈述句：We get up at 7:00 every morning. 　　 疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning? 　　 否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning. 　　 ②陈述句：She has a little brother. 　　 疑问句→ Does she have a little brother? 　　 否定句→ She doesn’t have a little brother. 现在进行时 现在进行时表示动作发生的时间是“现在”，动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。be+动词的现在分词（-ing） be的变化 在现在时中，be 要根据人称代词和名词的单复数不同，而分别使用am/is/are，即：I am，he/she/it 包括单数名词和不可数名词用is, you/we/they 包括复数名词用are. 注意：be 动词在现在时里算作“助动词”，be不能解释为“是”，它只是和现在分词一起构成“进行时”。 现在分词加ing的规则 现在分词是在动词后加上ing 构成。如:starting,working, coming, sitting 等都是现在分词。 (1)直接在谓语动词后加ing. 例如：going, starting, working. (2)去掉词尾不发音的e，再加ing. 例如 leaving,dining. 注意：如果单词结尾的e发音，则不能去掉，也直接加ing. 例如：see -seeing/agree - agreeing . 另外，有少数动词比较特殊，请用心记住：例如：lie - lying/die - dying/tie - tying/picnic - picnicking. (3) 对于重读闭音节词，双写末尾字母再加ing. 例如：sitting, beginning. 可用来表示现在进行时的时间状语，常用的有：now, this week, at this moment 等；或者告诉你一个准确的现在时间，或者用look, listen提醒听者注意正在发生的事。 Is he showing a foreign guest round the city? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't. The students aren't playing football. 一般将来时 一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 句中一般有以下时间状语： tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。 二、基本结构：①be going to + do； ②will+ do. 三、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或will后加not成 won’t。 例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon. → I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 四、一般疑问句： be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or， 第一二人称互换。 例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. → Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 五、对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。 1. 问人。Who 例如：I’m going to New York soon. →Who’s going to New York soon. 2. 问干什么。What … do. 例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. →What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3. 问什么时候。When. 例如：She’s going to go to bed at nine. →When is she going to bed? 六、同义句：be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）= I will go swimming tomorrow. 七、be going to和will 的区别 （1）be going to主要用于： 1、表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算要做的事情。E.g. What are you going to do today? Dad and I are going to see a Beijing opera this afternoon. 2、表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生。 E.g.Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 瞧！乌云密集，天要下雨。 补充 (2) will主要用于在以下几个方面： 1、表示单纯的未来“将要”通用各个人称。eg: They will go to visit the factory tomorrow. 2、表示不以人的意志为转移的自然发展的未来的事。eg: Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 3、问对方是否愿意做某事或表示客气地邀请或命令。eg: Will you please turn on the radio? 请打开收音机好吗？ 八　1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 　　will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 　　Which paragraph shall I read first. 2)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 3)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 　　He is about to leave for Beijing. 　 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 3.be to和be going to   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 　　 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排) 　I‘m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 现在完成时  比较过去时与现在完成时  1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 　 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语:　 this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 　 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 　举例： 　 I saw this film yesterday. 　　（强调看的动作发生过了。） 　 I have seen this film. 　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　 　 Why did you get up so early? 　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。） She has returned from Paris.　 　　 她已从巴黎回来了。 　 She returned yesterday. 　　 她是昨天回来了。 　 He has been in the League for three years. 　　(在团内的状态可延续) He joined the League three years ago.　 　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) 　 4比较since和for  　　Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 　　I have lived here for more than twenty years. 　　I have lived here since I was born.. 　　 　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 　　 I worked here for more than twenty years. 　　　(我现在已不在这里工作。) 　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　 　　　(现在我仍在这里工作。) 5.延续动词与瞬间动词  1) 用于完成时的区别 　　延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) 　　 I‘ve known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2)　用于till / until从句的差异 　　 延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……” 　　 He didn’t come back until ten o‘clock. 　　　　他到10 点才回来。 　　 He slept until ten o’clock.　　　　　 　　　　他一直睡到10点。 小窍门：　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 　　1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. 　　　 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 　　2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years. 　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years. 一般过去时 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 　 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 　 Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 　　　　　 3）句型： 　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了" 　 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了" 　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。 　 It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。 　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事' 　 I'd rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 　I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 　　 I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would. 　　　Could you lend me your bike? 过去完成时 过去完成时  1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　 2） 用法 　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 　b. 状语从句 　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" 　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 　 He said that he had learned some English before. 　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题　 　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　 A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left 　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就…… 　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就…… 　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 过去将来时 1、概述 过去时将来时是对于过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。 We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.他宣布不久离职的消息让我们都大吃一惊。 At that time I knew we should succeed.那时我知道我们会成功的。 2、构成 过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。 I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。 He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。 3、过去将来时的用法 （1）表示从过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态 She hoped that they would meet again someday. They said it would be fine.听说天气会很好。 He said he would come. I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.我打电话告诉我父亲我要去伦敦。 （2）表示过去的某种习惯行为 She would lose the key! 她总是把钥匙弄丢了。 He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。 4、过去将来时的其它表达法 过去将来时除了用“should, would+动词原形”表达外，还有以下几种表达法。 （1）was/were going to ①表示过去的打算和意图 He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算） He said he was going to visit China the next week.他说他下周访华。 ②表示没有实现的打算和意图 He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现) I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是） （2）was/were to+动词原形 这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。 He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m.他说他下午四点去车站接他女朋友。（计划安排） These first words were to change my world. 我最先学的这些单词将会改变我的生活天地。(注定要发生的事情) She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。 She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。 （3）was/were about to＋动词原形 was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。 I felt that something terrible was about to happen.我感到某种可怕的事情即将发生。 The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。 （4）用过去进行时表示 表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。 -What were you doing when he came to see you?他来看你时你在做什么？ -I had just put on my overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine. 我刚穿上外套要去看我的一个朋友。 过去进行时 1、概述 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。 The reporter said that the UFO was travelling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说他看见UFO时，它正由东向西飞行。 I don't think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space.我想吉姆没看见我；他当时正在凝视天空。 2、构成 构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。was not常简写为wasn’t, were not简略为weren’t。 -Hey, look where you are going? 喂，看你上哪了？ -Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I wasn’t noticing．噢，实在对不起，我刚才没留神。 It was raining when we left school. What were you doing when I phoned you last night? 3、过去进行时的用法 （1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。 I first met Lisa three years ago, She was working at a radio shop then. It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.今早六点钟时正在下雨。 I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，我正在画马。 （2）表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。 Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it. They were building a dam last winter.去年冬天他们在建大坝。 在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。 My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park.我在公园散步的时候，我的钢笔掉到地上了。 The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。 补充 （3）用来描写故事发生的背景 He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock at the door.他刚要人睡，这时突然听到有人砸门。 （4）代替过去将来时 用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。 They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他们想知道我们什么时候去上海。 She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走。 （5）表达褒贬等感情色彩 过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。 He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想。 He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。 （6）wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气 -Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? --打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？ -Of course. What is it? --当然。什么事？ -I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. -What were you wanting?你要什么？ - I was hoping you would help me with the work.我希望你能帮我做这项工作。 4、一般过去时与过去进行时用法比较 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态（强调一次性动作）；而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作（强调反复的动作）。 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（写完了） Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（不一定写完） We built a bridge last winter.去年冬天我们修了一座桥。（建成了） We were building a bridge last winter.去年冬于我们在修一座桥。（一直在修，不涉及结果） As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.奶奶读报时睡着了。 非常感谢! $$