【春考特训课】第01讲：语法填空之动词部分核心考点 -【决胜春季高考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（上海专用）

第01讲： 语法填空之动词部分 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 谓语动词的时态、语态是高考的必考重点。高考常考的时态有，一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等。高中阶段的被动语态：主要掌握现在进行时与过去进行时的被动语态，以及将来完成时被动语态的用法。 特别注意：要把握各种时态的特点，注意容易混淆的时态差异，准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，务必要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维习惯。 【要点梳理】 考点一：动词时态 · 动词时态梳理 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 does/is/are/am is/are/am doing have done 过去 did was/were doing had done 将来 will do will be doing will have done 过去将来 would do would be doing would have done 此外：高中阶段需重点掌握： ①将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。其构成为：will/shall bee＋现在分词 Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。 ②现在完成进行时 一、现在完成进行时的构成 对完成进行时要求学生掌握的是现在完成进行时。其构成为：have/has been＋现在分词。 二、现在完成进行时的用法 (1)表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常见的时间状语：all this morning，this month，these few days，since和for引导的状语从句等。 —Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for? ——打扰了，你们在等着看哪部电影呢？ —The new Star Wars.We have been waiting here for more than two hours. ——新版的《星球大战》，我们在这儿等了两个多小时了。 (2)所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 学生们一直在努力学习功课，他们的付出最终会收获成功的。 ③将来完成时 将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间或 “by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。其构成为：will /shall +have ＋过去分词。 The children will have gone to sleep by the time we get home.到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。 When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了 By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。 备注1： 其他表示“将来”的结构及用法 (1)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 Look，dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon，I think. 瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。 Whether in the home or the workplace，social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. 无论是在家里还是在工作场所，在未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得越来越普遍。 (2)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. 到10点你得交上试卷。 (3)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。 Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird. 汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。 备注2： 常使用完成时的句型 (1)This/It /That is the first /...time＋that sb.has/have done； This/It /That was the first /...time＋that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。 (2)It(This)is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。 (3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb.did； It was/ had been＋一段时间＋since sb.had done sth.自从……以来多久了。 (4)hardly(scarcely)...when.../ no sooner...than...( 一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们有10年没那么高兴过了。 考点二：动词语态 · 动词语态梳理 一、被动语态的构成形式 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有：get/become＋过去分词。各种时态的被动语态形式如下： 　　形式 时间　　 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 am/ is/ are done am/ is/are being done have/has been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done shall/will have　been done 被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。 )It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come. 据报道，一个空间站将在未来的几年内在月球上被建成。 )In my hometown，there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut. 在我的家乡，所有的麦子被收割后，总是要给农民们准备一顿收获的晚餐。 With many forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。 易错警示 (1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。 (2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。 二、get构成的表示被动的短语：get paid/lost/hurt等 get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。 While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty. 在等待机会被提拔期间，亨利尽量履行好自己的职责。 We get paid by the week. 我们按周获得薪酬。 1．“系动词feel，sound，taste，look，smell，appear，seem，turn，stay，become，get，grow，keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。 2．当sell，read，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你买最近销售很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。 三、主动形式表示被动意义 1．在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这房子需要修理。 2．be to rent/blame/let主动形式表被动意义。 Who is to blame for the mistake? 谁应为此错误接受谴责？ The house is to let. 此房出租。 附： · 【动词时态思维导图】 · 【常用动词时态语态表】 时态 主动语态形式 被动语态形式 一般现在时 am/is/are/do/does am/is/are done 一般过去时 was/were/did was/were done 一般将来时 will /shall do am/is/are going to do am/is/are coming/leaving am/is/are to do am/is/are about to do will /shall be done am/is/are to be done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 过去完成时 had done had been done 现在完成时 has/have done has/have been done 过去将来时 would do was going to do was coming/leaving was to do was about to do would be done was/were to be done · 【非谓语动词部分】 【考情链接】 非谓语动词是高考非常重要的必考重难点，几乎占语法填空三分之一分值。非谓语包括动词不定式、动名词及现在分词与过去分词。要厘清非谓语构成及其各种形式。非谓语主要考查点分别有: 1. 动词不定式的正确运用，尤其是被动式、进行式和完成式的正确运用; 2. 现在分词与过去分词的区别，尤其是现在分词被动式和完成式的正确运用、现在分词与过去分词作表语、定语，宾语补是语和状语的区别以及分词在 with 复合结构及独立主格结构中的运用。 3. 动名词的正确运用:介词后接的动名词的用法，常见接动名词作宾语的动词，含动名词的常见固定句型，尤其是被动式和完成式的正确运用以及复合结构的正确识别。 【要点梳理】 · 考点一：不定式用法 1. 构成 一般式 to do /被动 to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done /被动 to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1. To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 2. I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 3. It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 4. It happened to be raining when I got there. 【经典题例】 1.The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ___________ (break) the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. to have broken 2. When mother entered the room last night, I pretended ___________ (work) on the computer. to be working 3. She was the first woman ___________ (elect) to such a post. to be elected 4.Energy drinks are not allowed _________ (make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. to be made 注意①seem; appear; be said; be supposed; be believed; be thought; be known; be reported等动词常用不定式。 注意②expect / hope /intend/ mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望”。 也可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达“原打算、原以为”之意思。如： I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想来拜访你，但没来成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨晚能在这里见到他。 I had hoped to meet him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up. 我本希望在火车站接到他但他未露面。 2．用法 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. （主语/形式主语） He managed to solve the complicated problem. （宾语） I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. （形式宾语） His wish is to become an astronaut. （表语） On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. （定语） She raised her voice to be heard well. （状语） The teacher encouraged the students to take active part in some outdoor activities. · 考点二：动名词用法 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written ★ 必背动词 admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 forbid 禁止 consider考虑 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 propose 建议 resume 继续 ban 禁止 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 keep 继续 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 recommend推荐 advise建议 involve涉及 mention提及 resist 抵制 permit 默许 allow 允许 ★ 必背句型 The children are busy (in) doing their homework. 孩子们忙于做作业。 There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again. The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这曲子很值得多听几遍。 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam. · 考点三：分词用法 现在分词主动语态 现在分词被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 1. The child standing over there is my brother． 2. Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends. 3. His remark left me wondering what he was driving at. 4. Please keep us informed of the latest developments. 5. Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds. 6. Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together. 7. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 8. Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. 附： （一）不定式思维导图 （二）动名词思维导图 （三）分词思维导图 （四）非谓语动词成分 【详解】 · 非谓语动词的形式及意义 非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义 不定式 一般式 to do to be done 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生 进行式 to be doing 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前 现在分词/动名词 一般式 doing being done 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生 现在分词/动名词 完成式 having done having been done 表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生 过去分词 一般式 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 Many Chinese brands，having developed their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market. 很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。 There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。 一、非谓语动词的作用 句子成分 非谓语 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 动名词 分 词 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 不定式 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 to do to be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后 进行式 to be doing / 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 动名词 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 having done having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 现在分词 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 having done having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 三、非谓语动词的比较 1、不定式和动名词作主语的比较 1) 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。动名词常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。 Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 2) 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj/n + (for/of sb) to do sth。而动名词常用于It + is+ no good, no use, a waste of time/money, fun, useless, nice, boring, foolish, worthwhile +doing句型。 It’s no use complaining. 2、不定式、动名词作宾语的比较 1) 只能接不定式的动词：agree (同意), aim (旨在), afford (承担得起), appear (似乎), attempt (试图), beg (恳求), begin, choose, demand (要求), decide, desire (渴望), determine (决定), expect, fail (未做), forget, guarantee (保证), hope, happen (碰巧), hesitate (犹豫), hurry, intend (打算), long (渴望), manage (设法做成), mean (打算), offer (愿意), plan, prefer, pretend (假装), promise, pray (祈祷), prove (证明), refuse (拒绝), resolve (决心), regret (遗憾), remember, remain (有待), strive/struggle (奋力), seem, tend (往往会), try (努力), unite (联合), volunteer (自愿), wish (想要). 2) 只能接动名词的动词：admit (承认), allow (允许), advise (建议), avoid (避免), appreciate (欣赏), ban (禁止), consider (考虑), delay (推迟), deny (否认), dislike, escape (逃避), enjoy, end up (以...结束), encourage, explain, excuse (原谅), feel like (想), finish, forbid (禁止), forgive (原谅), fancy/ imagine (想象), include/involve (包括), keep, mention (提及), mind (介意), miss (错过), pardon (原谅), practise, permit (允许), prohibit (禁止), postpone/put off (推迟), quit (停止), propose/ recommend (建议), recall (记起), report (报告), resist (抵抗), risk, save (避免), suggest, tolerate (忍受), understand, worth (值得). 3) 接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词： remember to do记得去做 remember doing记得做过 forget to do忘记去做 forget doing忘记做过 regret to do遗憾去做 regret doing 后悔做过 try to do设法去做 try doing试着做 go on to do继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事 mean to do打算做 mean doing意味着做 stop to do停下来去做 stop doing停止做 can’t help (to) do 不能帮助做 can’t help doing 忍不住做 4) 要接动名词的几个句型： prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing... 阻止...做 how about/what about doing 　 spend/waste time (money) in doing sth. 在...上花费或浪费时间或钱 have some difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doing做...有困难 have a hard/good time/fun in doing 做...很艰难或做...很愉快 5) 动词不定式在but, except后面时，前有do后无to have no choice but to do sth.　没有别的选择，只好做... do nothing but do除了做...什么都没做 can’t choose/help but do只好做 can’t but do只好做 6) allow/advise/encourage/forbid/permit/recommend+doing/sb to do 7) sth need/want/require+doing/to be done be worth doing = be worthy+to be done/of being done 3、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较 1) 不定式、动名词作表语，表示主语的内容。 My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容) 2) 一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。 现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise: surprising, surprised。类似动词有：excite, astonish, shock, scare, disappoint, move等。 3) 在be, seem/appear, prove/turn out, remain等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。 4、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的比较 1) 不定式作宾补有3种情况： ① 可以用带to的不定式作宾补的动词常用的有: advise, allow, ask, assign (分派), beg (恳求), cause (使), call on (号召), challenge (质疑，强烈建议), command (命令), dare (激某人做某事), direct (指示), drive (驱使), employ (雇佣), enable, encourage, expect, force (迫使), forbid (禁止), get (让), invite, inspire (鼓舞), instruct (指示), lead, order, oblige (迫使), permit (允许), persuade (说服), prepare (准备), remind (提醒), require (需要), request (要求), recommend (建议), send (派遣), teach, tell, tempt (吸引，诱惑), urge (力劝), want, warn. ② 动词不定式在动词feel (一感)，hear, listen to (二听)，have, let, make (三让)，notice, see, watch, observe, witness (五看) (即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。 ③ 在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补。 2) 感官动词＋sb + do / doing / done/being done (分别表示全过程/正在发生/被动完成/正在发生且表示被动) 感官动词：see/ look at/ watch/ notice/ observe/ witness/ hear/ listen to/ smell/ feel 3) 表使役或致使的动词后接分词作宾补的具体情况： 动词 have keep get leave make catch send 现在分词 √ √ √ √ × √ √ 过去分词 √ √ √ √ √ × × 4) With的复合结构：With+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语/to do/doing/done。to do 表示将来，doing 表示主动和进行，done表示被动和完成。 5) It is said / reported / thought / known /believed that… 可转化为： sb/sth be said / reported/known/believed to do/to be doing/to have done sth. 5、不定式、动名词、分词作定语的比较 1) 在the only、no、all、any、序数词（the first/second）、顺序词（the last, the next）或形容词最高级修饰的名词后接不定式作定语。动词和形容词后接不定式，其相应的名词后也用不定式作定语，如agreement, desire, failure, intention, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness。名词本身是抽象名词，不定式解释其中的内容：efforts, opportunity, plan, position, power, way等。 2) 不定式作定语时，句子主语就是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动表被动。 3) 动名词作定语表用途，分词作定语可转化为定语从句。 4) 不定式和分词作定语的区别： 动作表将来，主动时用to do，被动时用to be done；  动作正在进行，主动或不及物动词时用doing，被动时用being done；  动作已完成，表被动时用done；不及物动词只表动作完成。 6、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较 1) 不定式作目的、原因、结果状语 ① 目的：eg. She had to shout to make herself heard. 常见于：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首) ② 原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed. 如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill. ③ 结果：常用 only to do...来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外，固定结构：too...to do, enough to do, so/such...as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。 ④ 在形容词后作状语，只用不定式　如： The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.) 2) 现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果、伴随状语。分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句。分词作状语时可分为以下几种形式： * doing：用来表示主动，且前后动作同时进行 * having done：表示主动，且动作发生在主句之前 * done：表示被动且完成 * having been done：用来表示被动，且动作发生在主句之前 3) 独立主格结构 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 ① 名词(代词)+现在分词： Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. ② 名词(代词)+过去分词： The test finished (= When the test was finished), we began our holiday. ③ 名词(代词)+不定式： Many trees and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空（注意动词时态语态与非谓语动词） 1．The seaport, situated at the mouth of the Yangtze river, (grow) to cover an area of 1.5 square miles since it was opened in 1842. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】has grown 【详解】考查现在完成时和主谓一致。句意：这个海港位于长江口，自1842年开放以来，占地面积已扩大到1.5平方英里。根据since it was opened in 1842可知，此处应用现在完成时。主语seaport为第三人称单数。故填has grown。 2．Together, they experienced kindness, ________ (visit) charities, and rescued animals, forming an unbreakable bond. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】visited 【详解】考查时态。句意：他们一起体验了善意，参观了慈善机构，救助了动物，形成了不可破的纽带。visit意为“参观”，空处与experienced和rescued并列，用连词and连接，应为一般过去式。故填visited。 3．Nathen ________ (cycle) along a remote road when he came across an abandoned kitten. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】was cycling 【详解】考查固定句型和时态。句意：Nathen在一条偏僻的路上骑自行车时，遇到了一只被遗弃的小猫。cycle“骑自行车”。根据句意和空后的when和came可知，此处为固定句型was/were doing... when...，本空用过去进行时，表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，主语Nathen为第三人称单数，be动词用was。故填was cycling。 4．As they sailed, the navigators took compass readings, (keep) logs of their voyages and charted the coast. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】kept 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：航行时，航海家们记录罗盘读数，记录航行日志，绘制海岸地图。took，空处与charted为并列谓语动词，空处用动词过去式kept。故填kept。 5．He said the team (experiment) with different types of food products, but the models they got weren't as successful. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】had experimented 【详解】考查时态。句意：他说，该团队已经试验了不同类型的食品，但他们得到的模型并不成功。这里为从句的谓语动词，根据主句谓语said可知，从句时态为过去完成时。故填had experimented。 6．The rising sun (colour) the sky bright red when we climbed onto the top of the mountain. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】coloured/had coloured 【详解】考查时态。句意：当我们登上山顶时，冉冉升起的太阳把天空染成了鲜红色。动词colour意为“渲染，为……着色”。根据语境可知事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，本空用过去式coloured。也可以理解为，在“我们”到达山顶之前，太阳把天空染成了鲜红色这件事已经发生，句子时态用过去完成时。故填coloured或had coloured。 7．Did you predict that many students (sign) up for the dance competition? (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】would sign 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：你是否预料到许多学生会报名参加舞蹈比赛？表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或呈现的状态，应用过去将来时。故填would sign。 8．Bacteria can attach itself to your food instantly, regardless of how quickly it (pick) up, (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】is picked 【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：细菌可以立即附着在你的食物上，不管它吸收食物的速度有多快。it指代food，和动词pick之间是被动关系，且句子是描述一个事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，故填is picked。 9．After the box (open), I gently lifted a beautiful coat from it. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】was opened 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：盒子打开后，我轻轻地从里面拿出一件漂亮的外套。根据“I gently lifted a beautiful coat from it.”以及the box承受open的动作可知，从句的谓语动词使用一般过去时的被动语态，主语the box为单数。故填was opened。 10．The chef said the menu (adjust) to suit local tastes. That’s why more customers were flooding into the restaurant. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】had been adjusted 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：厨师说菜单已经调整以适应当地人的口味。这就是为什么越来越多的顾客涌入餐馆。空处应填谓语动词，由句意及That’s why more customers were flooding into the restaurant可知the menu与adjust之间为被动关系且动作发生在过去的过去，应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been adjusted。 11．Up to now food and water (deliver) to the disaster­-stricken area, where many people (survive) the disaster are in urgent need of help. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 have been delivered surviving 【详解】考查动词语态、非谓语动词。句意：到目前为止，食物和水已经送到了受灾地区，那里的许多幸存者迫切需要帮助。①处为主句谓语，由Up to now可知，句子用现在完成时，主语food and water与deliver“递送，运载”为被动关系，句子用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为复数，助动词用have。where引导的定语从句的系动词为are，②处为非谓语动词，且people与survive“幸存”为主动关系，应用现在分词，作定语，修饰people。故填①have been delivered ②surviving。 12．To our shock, the young girl struggled (support) a large family last year, which   (appreciate) by her family members. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 to support was appreciated 【详解】考查不定式，时态，被动语态和主谓一致。句意：令我们震惊的是，这个小女孩去年努力养活一个大家庭，这得到了她的家人的赞赏。struggle to do是固定短语，意为“努力做某事”，因此第一空用不定式to support。由by可知，第二空用被动语态，which指代的是前面主句所讲述的“这个小女孩去年努力养活一个大家庭”这件事，这是被她家人赞赏，且由struggled可知，时态是一般过去时，因此第二空用一般过去时的被动语态，主语which指代的是前面整个主句，是单数概念，因此第二空是was appreciated。故填to support，was appreciated。 13．Two fifths of the buildings (destroy) in the earthquake last weekend, (leave) the whole world shocked. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 were destroyed leaving 【详解】考查时态语态和非谓语。句意：五分之二的建筑在上周末的地震中被毁，全世界都震惊了。分析句子可知，第一空考查谓语动词，主语Two fifths of the buildings，为复数，与destroy为被动关系，再由last weekend可知，这里应用一般过去时的被动语态；第二空考查非谓语，前面句子和leave为主动关系，再由句意可知，这里应用现在分词作状语。故填were destroyed；leaving。 14．This conclusion was drawn from a study (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, which tests 3-D navigation skills. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】involving 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这一结论来自一项研究，研究对象是一款关于海洋的手机游戏的玩家，该游戏测试的是3D导航技能。分析句子结构可知involve与逻辑主语study构成主动关系，故用现在分词作定语，故填involving。 15．Ultimately, if in doubt, abandon the food (avoid) potential illness. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to avoid 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：最后，如果有疑问，放弃食物以避免潜在的疾病。结合句意可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to avoid。 16．An alarm (play) by the smartphones will be sent to the services automatically. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】played 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：智能手机播放的警报将自动发送到服务。动词play意为“播放”，和谓语之间没有连词，根据by the smartphones可知，和主语构成被动关系，且动作已完成，所以应用过去分词形式。故填played。 17．But with no compasses, satellites or radios, how did they manage (map) the globe so impressively? (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to map 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：但在没有指南针、卫星或无线电的情况下，他们是如何绘制出如此令人印象深刻的全球地图的呢？manage to do意为“成功做某事”，此处应用to do不定式。故填to map。 18．Research suggests a connection between deforestation, ________ (result) in poorer air quality, and increased rates of depression and anxiety. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】resulting 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：研究指出，森林砍伐导致空气质量变差，并且抑郁症和焦虑症的发病率上升。本句谓语为suggests，此处为非谓语动词，本空用result“导致”的现在分词形式，作结果状语。故填resulting。 19．Harbin, (know) for its ice and snow festivals, became very popular last winter. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】known 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：哈尔滨以冰雪节而闻名，去年冬天非常受欢迎。became为谓语动词，所以空处需要非谓语动词作状语，be known for“因……而出名”，所以去掉be动词，剩下过去分词作状语。故填known。 20．It is a broad and beautiful country (stretch) from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.(所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】stretching 【详解】考查现在分词。句意：这是一个广阔而美丽的国家，从大西洋一直延伸到太平洋。分析句子可知，空格处是定语成分，因为country与stretch是主动关系，所以用现在分词作定语。故填stretching。 · Translation（注意动词时态语态与非谓语动词） 1. 由于工作时心不在焉，约翰被老板解雇了。 2. 在过去的十年中，这个地区发生了翻天覆地的变化。 3. 当他到学校时，他意识到他把作业忘在家里了。 4. 应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识用于实践中去。 5. 很多年前，人们不知道人口问题将是个大问题。 6.等他明年回来，这个体育馆就建好了。(by the time) 答案：（only for reference） 1. John was dismissed by his boss as he didn’t pay much attention to his work. 2. Over the past 10 years, great changes have happened in this area. 3. When he got to school, he realized that he had left his homework at home. 4. Students should be encouraged to apply what they have learned in class to practice. 5. Many years ago people never knew that population would become a big problem．  6. By the time he comes back next year, the stadium will have been set up. 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．I made a resolution (respect) and protect this unique landscape while I was here. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to respect 【详解】考查动词。句意：当我在这里的时候，我下定决心尊重并保护这一独特的景观。设空处在句中作非谓语，固定短语make a resolution to do sth。故填to respect. 2．Dust storms are common throughout the year and cover the entire planet for weeks, (block) sunlight from reaching the surface. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】blocking 【详解】考查现在分词。句意：沙尘暴全年都很常见，覆盖整个地球数周，阻挡阳光照射到地球表面。此处为非谓语动词作状语，block与逻辑主语Dust storms之间为主动关系，所以此处使用现在分词形式。故填blocking。 3．Shock absorbers originally (apply) to the space shuttle launch have also been set up in the cities with a high frequency of earthquakes in order to protect buildings and save lives. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】applied 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了保护建筑物和挽救生命，在地震频发的城市也设置了原先用于航天飞机发射的减震器。句中已有谓语动词have been set up，所以空格处用非谓语动词形式。apply与其逻辑主语Shock absorbers之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填applied。 4．With each space mission comes greater insight, thus motivating us (continue) along the same path of adventure. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to continue 【详解】考查不定式。句意：每一次太空任务都带来了更深刻的见解，从而激励我们继续沿着同样的冒险之路前进。motivate sb. to do sth.是固定短语，意为“激励某人做某事”，因此空格处用不定式to continue。故填to continue。 5．The most challenging work (take) place when we need to perform tasks outside the space station, such as (test) new equipment, monitoring scientific experiments or repairing the space station. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 takes testing 【详解】考查时态，主谓一致和动名词。句意：最具挑战性的工作发生在我们需要在空间站外执行任务的时候，比如测试新设备、监控科学实验或修理空间站。句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语The most challenging work是不可数名词，因此第一空用第三人称单数takes；第二空用动名词testing作宾语，故填takes，testing。 6．Now many modern smartphones (equip) with crash-detection technology that uses data to determine when a car crash has occurred. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】are equipped 【详解】考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：现在，许多现代智能手机都配备了碰撞检测技术，该技术使用数据来确定何时发生了车祸。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。动词equip意为“配备”，空处与主语many modern smartphones构成被动关系。故填are equipped。 7．Up till now, this practice________ (use) for treating patients. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】has been used 【详解】考查动词语态、主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，这种实践已经被用于治疗病人。根据Up till now可知，use表示“使用”，这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，句子应用现在完成时，且this practice与use为被动关系，句子用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has been used。 8．But I (gather) all my courage to take a bite and was amazed to find it wasn’t so bad. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】gathered 【详解】但我鼓起勇气吃了一口，惊讶地发现它并没有那么糟糕。根据后文“and was amazed to find it wasn’t so bad”可知发生在过去，用一般过去时。故填gathered。 9．ChatGPT is a chatbot. Some schools (ban) it since its birth. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】have banned 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：一些学校自其诞生以来就禁止它。根据since its birth可知，谓语动词ban使用现在完成时，主语some schools为复数意义，谓语复数形式，故填have banned。 10．Though (major) in engineering, the lady made every effort to learn calligraphy which (regard) as an art form. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 majoring is regarded 【详解】考查时态，主谓一致，省略，固定短语和被动语态。句意：虽然学的是工程专业，但这位女士还是努力学习被视为一种艺术形式的书法。though引导的让步状语从句意为“虽然她正在学的是工程专业”，由made可知，从句时态是过去进行时，主语she是单数，因此though引导的从句是though she was majoring in engineering，状语从句中主语和主句主语一致，且从句中有be动词时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，因此第一空是majoring；书法被认为是一种艺术形式，“被认为”是be regarded as，“书法被认为是一种艺术形式”是一种客观事实，时态用一般现在时，which指代的是先行词calligraphy，是单数，因此第二空是is regarded。故填majoring，is regarded。 句子翻译 1. 二十世纪末中国经济迅速发展。(see) （汉译英） 【答案】The late twentieth century saw the rapid development of China’s economy. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态。“二十世纪末”是the late twentieth century，“某个时候发生什么事情”可用“时间+see sth.”，句子是过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，“中国经济迅速发展”是the rapid development of China’s economy，因此句子翻译为“The late twentieth century saw the rapid development of China’s economy”。故答案为The late twentieth century saw the rapid development of China’s economy. 2. 只要你有耐心，你总能在夜市淘到一些便宜货。(pick up) 【答案】As long as you have patience, you can always pick up some bargains in the night market. 【解析】 【详解】考查状语从句和时态。此处含as long as“只要”引导的条件状语从句的复合句；have patience“有耐心”，故前半句译为：As long as you have patience；固定词组：pick up“捡起，获得”；再根据所给汉语可知句子用一般现在时态，主语是you，情态动词can（能够）后接动词原形pick up，“一些便宜货”译为：some bargains，in the night market作地点状语放在最后。故翻译为As long as you have　patience, you can always pick up some bargains in the night market. 3. 申请材料必须精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才能对你的能力有全面的了解。（so that）（汉译英） 【答案】The applications must be carefully prepared so that your dream school can have an overall understanding of your abilities. 【解析】 【详解】考查被动语态和状语从句。表示“申请材料”应用the applications；表示“必须”应用must；表示“准备”应用prepare，和主语the applications为被动关系，需用被动语态，位于情态动词must后面，使用动词原形；表示“精心”应用carefully；表示“为了，以便”应用so that引导目的状语从句；表示“你心仪的学校”应用your dream school；表示“能够”应用can；表示“对你的能力有全面的了解”应用have an overall understanding of your abilities，位于情态动词can后面，使用动词原形。故翻译成：The applications must be carefully prepared so that your dream school can have an overall understanding of your abilities. 4. 鉴于这个计划风险太大，虽然设计者的分析听上去很合理，政府最终没有采纳。(risky) 【答案】Considering that the plan was too risky, the government eventually didn’t adopt it although the designer’s analysis sounded sensible. 【解析】 【详解】考查状语从句和时态。此处是considering that“考虑到，就…而论”引导的原因状语从句；although引导让步状语从句；risky“冒险的”，adopt“采纳”；句子为一般过去时。再根据所给汉语故翻译为：Considering that the plan was too risky, the government eventually didn’t adopt it although the designer’s analysis sounded sensible. 5．如果全中国的学校教材每年被循环使用一年，节约的费用可以援建约4万所希望小学。(cost) 【答案】If the school textbooks across China are recycled for an additional year every year, the saving costs can help build about 40000 Hope Primary Schools. 【详解】考查if的主从句时态以及被动语态。根据句意可知，前半句是if引导的条件句，时态是一般现在时；主语“教材”和谓语“循环使用”构成被动关系，因此用一般现在时态的被动语态am/is/are +done表示；表示“全中国的学校教材”短语为the school textbooks across China；表示“被循环使用一年”用被动语态are recycled for an additional year；时间状语“每年”翻译成every year，置于句尾；故从句翻译为If the school textbooks across China are recycled for an additional year every year；if的主语时态应该是一般将来时，本句谓语为情态动词，故用can原形做谓语；表示“节约的费用”表示为the saving costs；表示“可以援建”翻译为can help build；表示“约4万所希望小学”翻译为about 40000 Hope Primary Schools；故主句部分翻译为the saving costs can help build about 40000 Hope Primary Schools。故整句翻译为If the school textbooks across China are recycled for an additional year every year, the saving costs can help build about 40000 Hope Primary Schools。 6. 用过的竹筷可以制成风格独特的地板。(make) 【答案】Used bamboo chopsticks can be made into a unique style of flooring. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态语态和短语。表示“用过的竹筷” Used bamboo chopsticks，used为形容词修饰bamboo chopsticks, chopstick应用复数形式；表示“制成”用短语“be made into”；表示风格独特的地板用“unique style of flooring”, a style of 意为“一种风格”，of为介词，后面用flooring, 故翻译为Used bamboo chopsticks can be made into a unique style of flooring. 7. 现在数字技术无处不在，据说未来学校也是基于数字技术和人工智能强大功能.(base) 【答案】Now, digital technology is everywhere. It is said that future schools are also based on the powerful function of digital technology and artificial intelligence. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态，从句和短语。根据句意，描述现在的事实用一般现在时，表示“现在”应用now；表示“数字科技”应用digital technology；表示“到处”应用everywhere；表示“据说”应用句型“It is said that”；表示“未来的学校”应用future schools；表示“以……为基础”应用短语be based on，由于主语为复数故用are based on；表示“强大的功能”应用powerful function；表示“人工智能”应用artificial intelligence。故翻译为Now, digital technology is everywhere. It is said that future schools are also based on the powerful function of digital technology and artificial intelligence。 8. 漫步在这古典园林中，四处可见各式木门，它们图纹各异，形式活泼，别具特色。(hang) 【答案】When you are hanging around the classical garden, a variety of wooden doors are seen everywhere, which are different in pattern, lively in form and unique in style./When you are hanging about the classical garden, a variety of wooden doors are seen everywhere, which are different in pattern, lively in form and unique in style. 【解析】 【详解】考查时间状语从句、定语从句、语态、固定短语。表示“漫步在……中（时）”用 when you are hanging around /about…；表示“古典园林”用the classical garden；表示“四处可见各式木门”用a variety of wooden doors are seen everywhere；本处用which引导非限定性定语从句来表示“它们图纹各异，形式活泼，别具特色”，即“which are different in pattern, lively in form and unique in style.”，其中which指物，在从句中作主语；句首单词首字母用大写；故填When you are hanging around the classical garden, a variety of wooden doors are seen everywhere, which are different in pattern, lively in form and unique in style.或When you are hanging about the classical garden, a variety of wooden doors are seen everywhere, which are different in pattern, lively in form and unique in style. 9．令校长开心的是，自推行新教材以来，越来越多的学生对地理表现出兴趣。(introduce) 【答案】What delights the headmaster is that more and more students have shown/ expressed (an) interest in geography since the new textbooks were introduced. 【详解】考查主语从句、表语从句和时态语态。用指物的连接代词what 引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，表示“令……高兴”应用动词delight，后跟the headmaster作宾语，为一般现在时；系动词is后跟that引导的表语从句，表示“越来越多的学生”为more and more students；表示“对地理表现出兴趣”翻译为show/ express (an) interest in geography，为现在完成时；表示“自从”应用since引导时间状语从句，主语为the new textbooks；表示“推行”可用动词introduce，为一般过去时的被动语态。故翻译为What delights the headmaster is that more and more students have shown/ expressed (an) interest in geography since the new textbooks were introduced. 10．图书馆收藏了所有详细记载该地区文化遗产的书籍，对于学者和爱好者来说，这里是无比珍贵的知识宝库。 【答案】The library houses all the books that contain detailed accounts of the region’s cultural heritage, serving as an invaluable repository for scholars and enthusiasts alike. 【详解】考查时态、定语从句、非谓语动词、固定短语、形容词、名词、副词。表示“图书馆”用library，此处为特指，library前加the，作主语。表示“收藏”用house，结合语境可知本句陈述事实，故时态用一般现在时，且主语为The library，故谓语用第三人称单数形式houses；表示“所有的书籍”用all the books，作houses的宾语；表示“详细记载该地区文化遗产的”用定语从句，先行词是books，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且先行词有all修饰，应用关系代词that引导该定语从句。从句中：表示“包含”用contain，主语that指代books，从句谓语用动词原形；表示“详细的”用 detailed，作定语，修饰“记载”；表示“描述、叙述、记载”用account，结合句意可知，“描述、叙述、记载”不止一个，应用名词复数形式，作contain的宾语；表示“记载该地区文化遗产”用accounts of the region’s cultural heritage；表示“充当”用serve as，此处用现在分词，作状语；表示“珍贵的知识宝库”用an invaluable repository，作serving as的宾语；表示“对于……来说”用介词for，表示“学者”用scholar，表示“爱好者”用enthusiast，学者和爱好者不止一个，应用名词复数形式，作for的宾语，表示“同样地、两者都”用副词alike，作状语。故翻译为The library houses all the books that contain detailed accounts of the region’s cultural heritage, serving as an invaluable repository for scholars and enthusiasts alike. 2022年秋考 An entrepreneur perceives a commercial need in their society(24) ________ (develop)an idea for a business, and then takes the initiative to start their firm 【答案】24.develops 【解析】考查一般现在时。此句的主语是 An entrepreneur，该空是一个谓语动词,且与前面的 perceives 并列，时态还是一般现在时，故填入 develops。句意:企业家在他们的社会中发现了商业需求，发展出了一个商业想法，然后主动创办了自己的公司。此空的陷阴主谱后面的空格处动词，惯性思维理解为非谓语结构。实际这个句子看完才发现是并列谓语结构。此题的失分较多，很多同学们会填写 developing:事实 上是 develops 2022年春考 We do not think that his ever happened before 1859, and we know that it (24)________ (not happen) since then. 【答案】 24,has not happened [解析]考查现在完成时的否定结构。此处的宾语从句缺谓语动词，结合“since”可知此处的时态为现在完成时，故填入 has not happened。句意:我们不认为这种情况在 1859 年以前发生过，我们知道从那以后也没有发生过。 2021年秋考 When people arrive in a new place , they may bring in bacteria that ( 21)__________( not be) present in the past. 【答案】21.were not 【解析】考查一般过去时的否定结构。根据句子结构分析，该空所处句子结构为定语从句，修饰 bacteria，但是bacteria 为名词复数形式(类似data)，又根据此处的时间状语 in the past 可知，此处需要填入一般过去时态，且该句为陈述句，故此处填入 were not。此题作为新高考英语的创新型试题，考查同学们语篇语境下的语法应用能力。Be作为助动词，其与后面的表语一起构成谓语结构。 2020年秋考 The first pocket watch was invented by Thomas Tompion (1639-1714) in England 330 years ago, and his watch—face design, with two (and sometimes three) hands moving around a single dial, (30)________ (remain) largely unchanged in all that time. 【答案】30. has remained 【解析】考查现在完成时，in all hat time 表示“在那段时间”根据句意:“第一块怀表是由托马斯·汤普森(1639-1714)在330 年前在英国发明的，他的表面设计，两个(有时三个)秒针在一个表盘上移动，在这段时间里基本上没有改变。” 2020年春考 The latter (28)_________ (predict) that Motecuhzoma’s kingdom would fall and the game was set-up to establish the truth of this bold prediction. 【答案】 28. had predicted 【解析】考查时态语态—过去完成时。根据本空后that连接的从句，可知predict引导宾语从句，从句表述了预测的内容...kingdom would fall..., 从句为过去时，预测的动作必然发生在过去的过去，因此要用过去完成，故用had predicted。 【2019春考】 Jason set up a plan that in five years he ________ (show) his work in the top gallery in that area of the country. 【答案】would show 【解析】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：他给自己设定了一个目标，用五年的时间，他要让他自己的作品在全国顶尖艺术馆里被展出。分析句子可知，本句缺乏谓语，show与he为主谓关系，故用主动语态，由于陈述过去的计划和打算，故用过去将来时，综述用would show。 This five-year goal gave him a starting point from which to work backwards... ...By setting this goal, all of Jason's efforts ________ (point) in the same direction. He showed up at different art show openings,.... 【答案】 pointed 【解析】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：通过设定目标，他的所有努力能向着同一个方向。分析句子可知，本句缺乏谓语，point与主语efforts为主谓关系，故用主动语态，陈述过去事情，故用一般过去时pointed。 2019年秋考 Also, some fierce animals such as dogs and birds (29) __________ (reduce) the number of nesting turtles. 【答案】 29.have reduced [解析]考查现在完成时。根据句意:“还有，诸如一些凶残的狗和鸟已经减少了龟巢的数量。”根据前句的谓语动词 has led 和此句中的 also 可以判定此句也是用现在完成时，强调动作的形成的结果。 2018年春考 When the boys were infants, I wondered how I (23) ______ (spend) all the hours before they were born, (24) ___now___ __that____ I have those hours back, I can focus on my own needs. 【答案】23. had spent 【解析】 23.had spent[解析]考查过去完成时。根据此句中的谓语动词 wondered，可知宾语从句从用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。此句句意为当孩子们还是婴儿的时候，我想知道在他们出生之前我是怎么度过这些小时的。因此正确答案为 had spent。 2022年秋考 An individual who establishes and expands their own company through innovative strategies(23)______(know) as an entrepreneur During the expansion of their companies: 【答案】23. is known 【解析】考查一般现在时的被动。结合问题"How Would You Describe An Entrepreneur?(你如何描述企业家?)"可知这个回答是在为企业家下定义，此处应为固定搭配“be known as”(被称为:被认为是...)，根据“An individual"可知此处的be动词是单数的，文章的时态为一般现在时，而且根据句子主语 individual后的 who 引导的定语从句，空格处的动词为谓语动词。故填入 is known。句意:通过创新战略建立并扩大自己公司的人被称为企业家。 2021年秋考 Then when the air-conditioner ( 27 )_________(turn) on, the bacteria will be blown into the home or office and make people sick. 【答案】27. is tuned 【解析】考查一般现在时的被动。根据相关句意分析，可知此处的空调是“被打开”，即需要填入动词的被动语态，又因为该空前 the air-conditioner 的提示，可知从句中的主语用的是单数形式，故此处填入 is tuned。 2020年春考 The game (22) _________ (invent) sometime in the Preclassical Period (2500—100 BCE), probably by the Olmec, and became a common Mesoamerican-wide feature of the urban landscape by the Classical Period (300—900 CE). 【答案】 22. was invented 【解析】考查过去时的被动语态。The game指the Ball Game是过去被发明出来的，故用was invented。 2018年秋考 S&A is starting to do police work. Earlier this summer, 90 employees (23) __________(hire) to guard its doors and check receipts. 【答案】 was hired 【解析】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：今年夏天早些时候，90名员工被雇佣守卫其大门并检查收据。hire与主语 employees 为被动关系，故用被动语态，陈述过去事情，故用一般过去时被动语态。故填was hired。 A comprehensive study of 4,500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex一the outer layer that processes sensory information. "We don't know if it ______ (cause) by the screen time. 【答案】 is being caused 【解析】 考查时态和语态。句意：我们不知道这是否是看屏幕时间造成的。此处为宾语从句谓语动词，空前的it指代premature thinning of their brain's cortex，和cause之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用被动语态；结合语境可知，此处表目前一直在发生的动作，故应用现在进行时的被动语态。故填is being caused。 2019年秋考 The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that (26) __________ (deposit) in the warm sand. 【答案】 26.were deposited [解析]考查一般过去时被动语态。根据句意:“那些已被沉淀在温暖的沙子里的卵。”由此句意和结构分析可知，此处用被动语态，又因为有 again 提示，可知发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态 2018年秋考 “We don't know if it (21) ___________( cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's a bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time (22)________we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot ," Dr. Gaya Dowling. 【答案】2l.is being caused [解析]考查现在进行时的被动。根据句意“随着时间的推移我们还不知道这是不是视屏时间造成的坏事。”视屏时间造成的问题，且有介by 引导出动作的执行者，故用被动语态。 2017年秋考 As far back as the 1790s, the elderly at a senior citizens’ home in England 21__________ (encourage) to spend time with farm animals. 【答案】21. were encouraged [解析]考查现在完成时被动。the elderly at a senior citizens’ home in England has been encouraged to spend time with farm animals.英国一家老人之家的老年人被鼓励与农场动物呆在一起。考查被动语态。 2017年春考 Zootopia 22___________(praise) for its sharp humor and strong message since its release. 【答案】22. has been praised 【解析】 22. has been praised[解析]考查现在完成时的被动。praised 被表扬且句子中又个词 since。“Zootopia”was praised for its sharp humor and strong message since its release.自《动物城》发行以来，它因为突出的幽默和强有力的信息被称赞。 2022年秋考 Interviewing entrepreneurs might provide insight into the steps they took(22) ________(achieve) success. Here is the interview of entrepreneur related questions, and you will find more preparations for it. Suppose a business idea does not center on producing a product that fills a gap in the(25) ______ (exist) market. It necessitates a work style (29)________ (characterize) by multitasking and planning for the firm's short and long term goals. 【答案】 22 to achieve 25. existing 29 characterized 【解析】 22 to achieve 【解析】考查动词不定式作目的状语。根据句子结构，企业家所采取的步骤是为了获得成功，所以这里应用动词不定式表目的。而且根据句子的谓语动词 might provide判定空格处的动词为非谓语动词。故填入to achieve。句意:采访企业家可能会让你了解他们取得成功所采取的步骤。 25.existing 【解析】考查先分词作定语。根据句子结构可知,此处应用形容间修饰名词 market,而且从句子的谓语动词 does not center 也推测空格处动词需要填写非谓语动词,故填入existing(现存的，现行的)。句意:假设一个商业想法的中心不是生产填补现有市场空白的产品。 29.characterized 【解析】考查过去分词作后置定语，根据句子的谓语动词necessitates 判定空格处的提示动词为非谓语动词结构，而且由"by”可知，此处应用过去分词修饰名词词组a work style，此处实际上是一个定酒从句.which is characterized by multitasking and planning: 省略了 which is，故填入characterized。句意:它需要种多任务处理和为公司的短期和长期目标规划的工作风格。 2022年春考 The light moved across the sky, (21)___________( come ) and going, like clouds in a strong wind in the United States The aurora is made by something (25)__________(call) the ‘'solar wind’( wind from the sun). Alaska is a good place ( 28 )________( see ) the auurora borealis , and you can also go to places like Iceland, Siberia , the north of Greenland , Norway , Sweden, and Scotland 【答案】21.coming 25.called 28.to see 【解析】 21.coming [解析]考查现在分词。根据句子结构，空格处提示动词与“going”并列，所以形式应保持一致，所以填入 coming。句意:光在天空中移动，来来去去，就像强风中的云。 25.called [解析]考查过去分词作后置定语。根据句子的谓语动词 is made，判定空格处的动词为非谓语结构，而且 分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词的过去分词作后置定语修饰 something，故填入 called。句意: 极光是由一种叫做“太阳风来自太阳的风)的东西产生的。 28.to see [解析]考查动词不定式。根据句子谓语动词 is 判定空格处提示动词是非谓语动词结构，而此处考查的是句式:(It+is+a/an+名词+to+do+sth.)，故填入 to see句意:阿拉斯加是观赏北极光的好地方。 2021年秋考 Heating and cooling systems in buildings can also be a source of disease. Take old air conditioners in windows as an example. They tend to collect dirt and water, which makes it easy for bacteria (26)_____( grow). Pollution of the oceans can also be a factor in spreading disease. The pollution may be caused by fertilizers that wash into rivers and then into the ocean, or by human waste (29) _________ ( dump ) directly into the ocean with no processing. These pollutants result in the increased growth of tiny plants that are called algae (海藻). They can form a thick mass in the water, (30) __________( provide ) a perfect environment for cholera , a fatal disease. 【答案】 26. to grow 29. dumped 30. providing 【答案详解】 26.to grow 【解析】考查动词不定式。根期从句的谓语动间 makes 判定此处非讲语结构。而且根糖句子结构分析，此处考查固定搭配 make itradj to do sth意为“使某事助的怎么样"，故此处填入to grow。 29. dumped 【解析】 考查过去分词。根据主句谓语动词 may be caused 以及or 引导的并列状语，判定空格处的动词为非谓语动词。而且句子结构分析，该空处做后置定语修饰 human waste，再结合上文内容推知，此处想要表达的是“未经加工直接被倾倒到海洋中的人类废弃物”，即此处需要填入动词的过去分词形式，故此处填入 dumped。 30. providing 【解析】考查现在分词。根据句子的谓语动词 can form 判定空格处的动词为非谓语结构,在从句子结构分析，该空构成分词短语作状语,再根据相关句意分析,此处想表述的是“它们可以在水中形成厚厚的团块，为霍乱这种致命疾病提供一个完美的环境”，即此处需要填入动同的现在分词，故此处填入 providing 2019年春考 He was faced with the choice of sitting back to wait for something (22) ________ (happen), or pursuing a path into the unknown. He chose the latter. (28) ________ (inspire), Jason spent the next month making new work. He struck while the iron was hot, and in (30) ________ (do) so, shortened his five-year plan into a year-and-a-half. 【答案】 22. to happen 28. Inspired 30. doing 【22题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他面临两个选择，第一个坐着等待事情的发生，另一个选择就是去探索未知的路。分析句子可知，happen作后置定语修饰something，故用不定式to happen。 【28题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：深受启发，他花了一个月时间来创作新的作品。分析句子可知，inspire作状语修饰he，与其属于动宾关系，故用过去分词形式Inspired。 【30题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他趁热打铁，通过这样做，把五年的目标用一年半的时间就实现了。In为介词后接动词ing形式，故用doing。 2018年春考 But, surprisingly, yes. (27) ______ (be) a different kind of mother defines me now. And yet, the spaces (28) ______ (empty) by loss are more than filled by what I've found. I now have the chance (29) ______ (see) them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will. As adults I happened to help create. 【答案】 27. To be/ Being 28. emptied 29. to see 【解析】 27.To be/ Being[解析]考查非谓语动词作主语。此句有谓语动词 defines，但句子中缺少主语，而动词放在句首，需要用其 ing 形式或用 to do 的非谓语形作主语。句意为作为一个不同类型的母亲现在定义了我。因此正确答案为To be /Being。 28.emptied[解析]考查过去分词。此句中有谓语动词 are，因此这里的 emptied是非谓语动词修饰 the spaces。因此正确答案为 emptied。 29.to see[解析]考查动词不定式。此句中有谓语动词 have，这里的 see 是非语动闻作后置定语修饰 he chance，句意为我现在有机会把他们看作整个世界，但也没有人会将会喜欢这样。因此正确答案为 to see。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 34 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第01讲： 语法填空之动词部分 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 谓语动词的时态、语态是高考的必考重点。高考常考的时态有，一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等。高中阶段的被动语态：主要掌握现在进行时与过去进行时的被动语态，以及将来完成时被动语态的用法。 特别注意：要把握各种时态的特点，注意容易混淆的时态差异，准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，务必要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维习惯。 【要点梳理】 考点一：动词时态 · 动词时态梳理 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 does/is/are/am is/are/am doing have done 过去 did was/were doing had done 将来 will do will be doing will have done 过去将来 would do would be doing would have done 此外：高中阶段需重点掌握： ①将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。其构成为：will/shall bee＋现在分词 Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。 ②现在完成进行时 一、现在完成进行时的构成 对完成进行时要求学生掌握的是现在完成进行时。其构成为：have/has been＋现在分词。 二、现在完成进行时的用法 (1)表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常见的时间状语：all this morning，this month，these few days，since和for引导的状语从句等。 —Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for? ——打扰了，你们在等着看哪部电影呢？ —The new Star Wars.We have been waiting here for more than two hours. ——新版的《星球大战》，我们在这儿等了两个多小时了。 (2)所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 学生们一直在努力学习功课，他们的付出最终会收获成功的。 ③将来完成时 将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间或 “by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。其构成为：will /shall +have ＋过去分词。 The children will have gone to sleep by the time we get home.到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。 When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了 By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。 备注1： 其他表示“将来”的结构及用法 (1)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 Look，dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon，I think. 瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。 Whether in the home or the workplace，social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. 无论是在家里还是在工作场所，在未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得越来越普遍。 (2)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. 到10点你得交上试卷。 (3)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。 Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird. 汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。 备注2： 常使用完成时的句型 (1)This/It /That is the first /...time＋that sb.has/have done； This/It /That was the first /...time＋that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。 (2)It(This)is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。 (3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb.did； It was/ had been＋一段时间＋since sb.had done sth.自从……以来多久了。 (4)hardly(scarcely)...when.../ no sooner...than...( 一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们有10年没那么高兴过了。 考点二：动词语态 · 动词语态梳理 一、被动语态的构成形式 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有：get/become＋过去分词。各种时态的被动语态形式如下： 　　形式 时间　　 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 am/ is/ are done am/ is/are being done have/has been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done shall/will have　been done 被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。 )It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come. 据报道，一个空间站将在未来的几年内在月球上被建成。 )In my hometown，there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut. 在我的家乡，所有的麦子被收割后，总是要给农民们准备一顿收获的晚餐。 With many forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。 易错警示 (1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。 (2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。 二、get构成的表示被动的短语：get paid/lost/hurt等 get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。 While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty. 在等待机会被提拔期间，亨利尽量履行好自己的职责。 We get paid by the week. 我们按周获得薪酬。 1．“系动词feel，sound，taste，look，smell，appear，seem，turn，stay，become，get，grow，keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。 2．当sell，read，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你买最近销售很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。 三、主动形式表示被动意义 1．在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这房子需要修理。 2．be to rent/blame/let主动形式表被动意义。 Who is to blame for the mistake? 谁应为此错误接受谴责？ The house is to let. 此房出租。 附： · 【动词时态思维导图】 · 【常用动词时态语态表】 时态 主动语态形式 被动语态形式 一般现在时 am/is/are/do/does am/is/are done 一般过去时 was/were/did was/were done 一般将来时 will /shall do am/is/are going to do am/is/are coming/leaving am/is/are to do am/is/are about to do will /shall be done am/is/are to be done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 过去完成时 had done had been done 现在完成时 has/have done has/have been done 过去将来时 would do was going to do was coming/leaving was to do was about to do would be done was/were to be done · 【非谓语动词部分】 【考情链接】 非谓语动词是高考非常重要的必考重难点，几乎占语法填空三分之一分值。非谓语包括动词不定式、动名词及现在分词与过去分词。要厘清非谓语构成及其各种形式。非谓语主要考查点分别有: 1. 动词不定式的正确运用，尤其是被动式、进行式和完成式的正确运用; 2. 现在分词与过去分词的区别，尤其是现在分词被动式和完成式的正确运用、现在分词与过去分词作表语、定语，宾语补是语和状语的区别以及分词在 with 复合结构及独立主格结构中的运用。 3. 动名词的正确运用:介词后接的动名词的用法，常见接动名词作宾语的动词，含动名词的常见固定句型，尤其是被动式和完成式的正确运用以及复合结构的正确识别。 【要点梳理】 · 考点一：不定式用法 1. 构成 一般式 to do /被动 to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done /被动 to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1. To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 2. I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 3. It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 4. It happened to be raining when I got there. 【经典题例】 1.The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ___________ (break) the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. to have broken 2. When mother entered the room last night, I pretended ___________ (work) on the computer. to be working 3. She was the first woman ___________ (elect) to such a post. to be elected 4.Energy drinks are not allowed _________ (make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. to be made 注意①seem; appear; be said; be supposed; be believed; be thought; be known; be reported等动词常用不定式。 注意②expect / hope /intend/ mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望”。 也可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达“原打算、原以为”之意思。如： I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想来拜访你，但没来成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨晚能在这里见到他。 I had hoped to meet him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up. 我本希望在火车站接到他但他未露面。 2．用法 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. （主语/形式主语） He managed to solve the complicated problem. （宾语） I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. （形式宾语） His wish is to become an astronaut. （表语） On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. （定语） She raised her voice to be heard well. （状语） The teacher encouraged the students to take active part in some outdoor activities. · 考点二：动名词用法 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written ★ 必背动词 admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 forbid 禁止 consider考虑 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 propose 建议 resume 继续 ban 禁止 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 keep 继续 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 recommend推荐 advise建议 involve涉及 mention提及 resist 抵制 permit 默许 allow 允许 ★ 必背句型 The children are busy (in) doing their homework. 孩子们忙于做作业。 There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again. The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这曲子很值得多听几遍。 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam. · 考点三：分词用法 现在分词主动语态 现在分词被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 1. The child standing over there is my brother． 2. Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends. 3. His remark left me wondering what he was driving at. 4. Please keep us informed of the latest developments. 5. Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds. 6. Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together. 7. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 8. Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. 附： · 【动词时态思维导图】 · 【常用动词时态语态表】 时态 主动语态形式 被动语态形式 一般现在时 am/is/are/do/does am/is/are done 一般过去时 was/were/did was/were done 一般将来时 will /shall do am/is/are going to do am/is/are coming/leaving am/is/are to do am/is/are about to do will /shall be done am/is/are to be done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 过去完成时 had done had been done 现在完成时 has/have done has/have been done 过去将来时 would do was going to do was coming/leaving was to do was about to do would be done was/were to be done · 【非谓语动词部分】 【考情链接】 非谓语动词是高考非常重要的必考重难点，几乎占语法填空三分之一分值。非谓语包括动词不定式、动名词及现在分词与过去分词。要厘清非谓语构成及其各种形式。非谓语主要考查点分别有: 1. 动词不定式的正确运用，尤其是被动式、进行式和完成式的正确运用; 2. 现在分词与过去分词的区别，尤其是现在分词被动式和完成式的正确运用、现在分词与过去分词作表语、定语，宾语补是语和状语的区别以及分词在 with 复合结构及独立主格结构中的运用。 3. 动名词的正确运用:介词后接的动名词的用法，常见接动名词作宾语的动词，含动名词的常见固定句型，尤其是被动式和完成式的正确运用以及复合结构的正确识别。 【要点梳理】 · 考点一：不定式用法 1. 构成 一般式 to do /被动 to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done /被动 to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1. To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 2. I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 3. It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 4. It happened to be raining when I got there. 【经典题例】 1.The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ___________ (break) the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. to have broken 2. When mother entered the room last night, I pretended ___________ (work) on the computer. to be working 3. She was the first woman ___________ (elect) to such a post. to be elected 4.Energy drinks are not allowed _________ (make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. to be made 注意①seem; appear; be said; be supposed; be believed; be thought; be known; be reported等动词常用不定式。 注意②expect / hope /intend/ mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望”。 也可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达“原打算、原以为”之意思。如： I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想来拜访你，但没来成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨晚能在这里见到他。 I had hoped to meet him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up. 我本希望在火车站接到他但他未露面。 2．用法 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. （主语/形式主语） He managed to solve the complicated problem. （宾语） I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. （形式宾语） His wish is to become an astronaut. （表语） On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. （定语） She raised her voice to be heard well. （状语） The teacher encouraged the students to take active part in some outdoor activities. · 考点二：动名词用法 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written ★ 必背动词 admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 forbid 禁止 consider考虑 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 propose 建议 resume 继续 ban 禁止 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 keep 继续 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 recommend推荐 advise建议 involve涉及 mention提及 resist 抵制 permit 默许 allow 允许 ★ 必背句型 The children are busy (in) doing their homework. 孩子们忙于做作业。 There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again. The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这曲子很值得多听几遍。 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam. · 考点三：分词用法 现在分词主动语态 现在分词被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 9. The child standing over there is my brother． 10. Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends. 11. His remark left me wondering what he was driving at. 12. Please keep us informed of the latest developments. 13. Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds. 14. Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together. 15. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 16. Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. 附： （一）不定式思维导图 （二）动名词思维导图 （三）分词思维导图 （四）非谓语动词成分 【详解】 · 非谓语动词的形式及意义 非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义 不定式 一般式 to do to be done 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生 进行式 to be doing 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前 现在分词/动名词 一般式 doing being done 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生 现在分词/动名词 完成式 having done having been done 表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生 过去分词 一般式 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 Many Chinese brands，having developed their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market. 很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。 There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。 一、非谓语动词的作用 句子成分 非谓语 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 动名词 分 词 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 不定式 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 to do to be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后 进行式 to be doing / 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 动名词 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 having done having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 现在分词 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 having done having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 三、非谓语动词的比较 1、不定式和动名词作主语的比较 1) 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。动名词常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。 Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 2) 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj/n + (for/of sb) to do sth。而动名词常用于It + is+ no good, no use, a waste of time/money, fun, useless, nice, boring, foolish, worthwhile +doing句型。 It’s no use complaining. 2、不定式、动名词作宾语的比较 1) 只能接不定式的动词：agree (同意), aim (旨在), afford (承担得起), appear (似乎), attempt (试图), beg (恳求), begin, choose, demand (要求), decide, desire (渴望), determine (决定), expect, fail (未做), forget, guarantee (保证), hope, happen (碰巧), hesitate (犹豫), hurry, intend (打算), long (渴望), manage (设法做成), mean (打算), offer (愿意), plan, prefer, pretend (假装), promise, pray (祈祷), prove (证明), refuse (拒绝), resolve (决心), regret (遗憾), remember, remain (有待), strive/struggle (奋力), seem, tend (往往会), try (努力), unite (联合), volunteer (自愿), wish (想要). 2) 只能接动名词的动词：admit (承认), allow (允许), advise (建议), avoid (避免), appreciate (欣赏), ban (禁止), consider (考虑), delay (推迟), deny (否认), dislike, escape (逃避), enjoy, end up (以...结束), encourage, explain, excuse (原谅), feel like (想), finish, forbid (禁止), forgive (原谅), fancy/ imagine (想象), include/involve (包括), keep, mention (提及), mind (介意), miss (错过), pardon (原谅), practise, permit (允许), prohibit (禁止), postpone/put off (推迟), quit (停止), propose/ recommend (建议), recall (记起), report (报告), resist (抵抗), risk, save (避免), suggest, tolerate (忍受), understand, worth (值得). 3) 接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词： remember to do记得去做 remember doing记得做过 forget to do忘记去做 forget doing忘记做过 regret to do遗憾去做 regret doing 后悔做过 try to do设法去做 try doing试着做 go on to do继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事 mean to do打算做 mean doing意味着做 stop to do停下来去做 stop doing停止做 can’t help (to) do 不能帮助做 can’t help doing 忍不住做 4) 要接动名词的几个句型： prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing... 阻止...做 how about/what about doing 　 spend/waste time (money) in doing sth. 在...上花费或浪费时间或钱 have some difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doing做...有困难 have a hard/good time/fun in doing 做...很艰难或做...很愉快 5) 动词不定式在but, except后面时，前有do后无to have no choice but to do sth.　没有别的选择，只好做... do nothing but do除了做...什么都没做 can’t choose/help but do只好做 can’t but do只好做 6) allow/advise/encourage/forbid/permit/recommend+doing/sb to do 7) sth need/want/require+doing/to be done be worth doing = be worthy+to be done/of being done 3、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较 1) 不定式、动名词作表语，表示主语的内容。 My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容) 2) 一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。 现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise: surprising, surprised。类似动词有：excite, astonish, shock, scare, disappoint, move等。 3) 在be, seem/appear, prove/turn out, remain等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。 4、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的比较 1) 不定式作宾补有3种情况： ① 可以用带to的不定式作宾补的动词常用的有: advise, allow, ask, assign (分派), beg (恳求), cause (使), call on (号召), challenge (质疑，强烈建议), command (命令), dare (激某人做某事), direct (指示), drive (驱使), employ (雇佣), enable, encourage, expect, force (迫使), forbid (禁止), get (让), invite, inspire (鼓舞), instruct (指示), lead, order, oblige (迫使), permit (允许), persuade (说服), prepare (准备), remind (提醒), require (需要), request (要求), recommend (建议), send (派遣), teach, tell, tempt (吸引，诱惑), urge (力劝), want, warn. ② 动词不定式在动词feel (一感)，hear, listen to (二听)，have, let, make (三让)，notice, see, watch, observe, witness (五看) (即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。 ③ 在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补。 2) 感官动词＋sb + do / doing / done/being done (分别表示全过程/正在发生/被动完成/正在发生且表示被动) 感官动词：see/ look at/ watch/ notice/ observe/ witness/ hear/ listen to/ smell/ feel 3) 表使役或致使的动词后接分词作宾补的具体情况： 动词 have keep get leave make catch send 现在分词 √ √ √ √ × √ √ 过去分词 √ √ √ √ √ × × 4) With的复合结构：With+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语/to do/doing/done。to do 表示将来，doing 表示主动和进行，done表示被动和完成。 5) It is said / reported / thought / known /believed that… 可转化为： sb/sth be said / reported/known/believed to do/to be doing/to have done sth. 5、不定式、动名词、分词作定语的比较 1) 在the only、no、all、any、序数词（the first/second）、顺序词（the last, the next）或形容词最高级修饰的名词后接不定式作定语。动词和形容词后接不定式，其相应的名词后也用不定式作定语，如agreement, desire, failure, intention, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness。名词本身是抽象名词，不定式解释其中的内容：efforts, opportunity, plan, position, power, way等。 2) 不定式作定语时，句子主语就是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动表被动。 3) 动名词作定语表用途，分词作定语可转化为定语从句。 4) 不定式和分词作定语的区别： 动作表将来，主动时用to do，被动时用to be done；  动作正在进行，主动或不及物动词时用doing，被动时用being done；  动作已完成，表被动时用done；不及物动词只表动作完成。 6、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较 1) 不定式作目的、原因、结果状语 ① 目的：eg. She had to shout to make herself heard. 常见于：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首) ② 原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed. 如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill. ③ 结果：常用 only to do...来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外，固定结构：too...to do, enough to do, so/such...as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。 ④ 在形容词后作状语，只用不定式　如： The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.) 2) 现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果、伴随状语。分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句。分词作状语时可分为以下几种形式： * doing：用来表示主动，且前后动作同时进行 * having done：表示主动，且动作发生在主句之前 * done：表示被动且完成 * having been done：用来表示被动，且动作发生在主句之前 3) 独立主格结构 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 ① 名词(代词)+现在分词： Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. ② 名词(代词)+过去分词： The test finished (= When the test was finished), we began our holiday. ③ 名词(代词)+不定式： Many trees and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空（注意动词时态语态与非谓语动词） 1．The seaport, situated at the mouth of the Yangtze river, (grow) to cover an area of 1.5 square miles since it was opened in 1842. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．Together, they experienced kindness, ________ (visit) charities, and rescued animals, forming an unbreakable bond. （所给词的适当形式填空） 3．Nathen ________ (cycle) along a remote road when he came across an abandoned kitten. （所给词的适当形式填空） 4．As they sailed, the navigators took compass readings, (keep) logs of their voyages and charted the coast. (所给词的适当形式填空) 5．He said the team (experiment) with different types of food products, but the models they got weren't as successful. (所给词的适当形式填空) 6．The rising sun (colour) the sky bright red when we climbed onto the top of the mountain. （所给词的适当形式填空） 7．Did you predict that many students (sign) up for the dance competition? (所给词的适当形式填空) 8．Bacteria can attach itself to your food instantly, regardless of how quickly it (pick) up, (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．After the box (open), I gently lifted a beautiful coat from it. （所给词的适当形式填空） 10．The chef said the menu (adjust) to suit local tastes. That’s why more customers were flooding into the restaurant. (所给词的适当形式填空) 11．Up to now food and water (deliver) to the disaster­-stricken area, where many people (survive) the disaster are in urgent need of help. (所给词的适当形式填空) 12．To our shock, the young girl struggled (support) a large family last year, which   (appreciate) by her family members. (所给词的适当形式填空) 13．Two fifths of the buildings (destroy) in the earthquake last weekend, (leave) the whole world shocked. (所给词的适当形式填空) 14．This conclusion was drawn from a study (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, which tests 3-D navigation skills. (所给词的适当形式填空) 15．Ultimately, if in doubt, abandon the food (avoid) potential illness. (所给词的适当形式填空) 16．An alarm (play) by the smartphones will be sent to the services automatically. (所给词的适当形式填空) 17．But with no compasses, satellites or radios, how did they manage (map) the globe so impressively? (所给词的适当形式填空) 18．Research suggests a connection between deforestation, ________ (result) in poorer air quality, and increased rates of depression and anxiety. （所给词的适当形式填空） 19．Harbin, (know) for its ice and snow festivals, became very popular last winter. (所给词的适当形式填空) 20．It is a broad and beautiful country (stretch) from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.(所给词的适当形式填空) · Translation（注意动词时态语态与非谓语动词） 1. 由于工作时心不在焉，约翰被老板解雇了。 2. 在过去的十年中，这个地区发生了翻天覆地的变化。 3. 当他到学校时，他意识到他把作业忘在家里了。 4. 应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识用于实践中去。 5. 很多年前，人们不知道人口问题将是个大问题。 6.等他明年回来，这个体育馆就建好了。(by the time) 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．I made a resolution (respect) and protect this unique landscape while I was here. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．Dust storms are common throughout the year and cover the entire planet for weeks, (block) sunlight from reaching the surface. (所给词的适当形式填空) 3．Shock absorbers originally (apply) to the space shuttle launch have also been set up in the cities with a high frequency of earthquakes in order to protect buildings and save lives. (所给词的适当形式填空) 4．With each space mission comes greater insight, thus motivating us (continue) along the same path of adventure. (所给词的适当形式填空) 5．The most challenging work (take) place when we need to perform tasks outside the space station, such as (test) new equipment, monitoring scientific experiments or repairing the space station. (所给词的适当形式填空) 6．Now many modern smartphones (equip) with crash-detection technology that uses data to determine when a car crash has occurred. (所给词的适当形式填空) 7．Up till now, this practice________ (use) for treating patients. （所给词的适当形式填空） 8．But I (gather) all my courage to take a bite and was amazed to find it wasn’t so bad. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．ChatGPT is a chatbot. Some schools (ban) it since its birth. （所给词的适当形式填空） 10．Though (major) in engineering, the lady made every effort to learn calligraphy which (regard) as an art form. (所给词的适当形式填空) 句子翻译 1. 二十世纪末中国经济迅速发展。(see) （汉译英） 2. 只要你有耐心，你总能在夜市淘到一些便宜货。(pick up) 3. 申请材料必须精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才能对你的能力有全面的了解。（so that）（汉译英） 4. 鉴于这个计划风险太大，虽然设计者的分析听上去很合理，政府最终没有采纳。(risky) 5．如果全中国的学校教材每年被循环使用一年，节约的费用可以援建约4万所希望小学。(cost) 6. 用过的竹筷可以制成风格独特的地板。(make) 7. 现在数字技术无处不在，据说未来学校也是基于数字技术和人工智能强大功能.(base) 8. 漫步在这古典园林中，四处可见各式木门，它们图纹各异，形式活泼，别具特色。(hang) 9．令校长开心的是，自推行新教材以来，越来越多的学生对地理表现出兴趣。(introduce) 10．图书馆收藏了所有详细记载该地区文化遗产的书籍，对于学者和爱好者来说，这里是无比珍贵的知识宝库。 2022年秋考 An entrepreneur perceives a commercial need in their society(24) ________ (develop)an idea for a business, and then takes the initiative to start their firm 2022年春考 We do not think that his ever happened before 1859, and we know that it (24)________ (not happen) since then. 2021年秋考 When people arrive in a new place , they may bring in bacteria that ( 21)__________( not be) present in the past. 2020年秋考 The first pocket watch was invented by Thomas Tompion (1639-1714) in England 330 years ago, and his watch—face design, with two (and sometimes three) hands moving around a single dial, (30)________ (remain) largely unchanged in all that time. 2020年春考 The latter (28)_________ (predict) that Motecuhzoma’s kingdom would fall and the game was set-up to establish the truth of this bold prediction. 【2019春考】 Jason set up a plan that in five years he ________ (show) his work in the top gallery in that area of the country. This five-year goal gave him a starting point from which to work backwards... ...By setting this goal, all of Jason's efforts ________ (point) in the same direction. He showed up at different art show openings,.... 2019年秋考 Also, some fierce animals such as dogs and birds (29) __________ (reduce) the number of nesting turtles. 2018年春考 When the boys were infants, I wondered how I (23) ______ (spend) all the hours before they were born, (24) ___now___ __that____ I have those hours back, I can focus on my own needs. 2022年秋考 An individual who establishes and expands their own company through innovative strategies(23)______(know) as an entrepreneur During the expansion of their companies: 2021年秋考 Then when the air-conditioner ( 27 )_________(turn) on, the bacteria will be blown into the home or office and make people sick. 2020年春考 The game (22) _________ (invent) sometime in the Preclassical Period (2500—100 BCE), probably by the Olmec, and became a common Mesoamerican-wide feature of the urban landscape by the Classical Period (300—900 CE). 2018年秋考 S&A is starting to do police work. Earlier this summer, 90 employees (23) __________(hire) to guard its doors and check receipts. A comprehensive study of 4,500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex一the outer layer that processes sensory information. "We don't know if it ______ (cause) by the screen time. 2019年秋考 The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that (26) __________ (deposit) in the warm sand. 2018年秋考 “We don't know if it (21) ___________( cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's a bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time (22)________we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot ," Dr. Gaya Dowling. 2017年秋考 As far back as the 1790s, the elderly at a senior citizens’ home in England 21__________ (encourage) to spend time with farm animals. 2017年春考 Zootopia 22___________(praise) for its sharp humor and strong message since its release. 2022年秋考 Interviewing entrepreneurs might provide insight into the steps they took(22) ________(achieve) success. Here is the interview of entrepreneur related questions, and you will find more preparations for it. Suppose a business idea does not center on producing a product that fills a gap in the(25) ______ (exist) market. It necessitates a work style (29)________ (characterize) by multitasking and planning for the firm's short and long term goals. 2022年春考 The light moved across the sky, (21)___________( come ) and going, like clouds in a strong wind in the United States The aurora is made by something (25)__________(call) the ‘'solar wind’( wind from the sun). Alaska is a good place ( 28 )________( see ) the auurora borealis , and you can also go to places like Iceland, Siberia , the north of Greenland , Norway , Sweden, and Scotland 2021年秋考 Heating and cooling systems in buildings can also be a source of disease. Take old air conditioners in windows as an example. They tend to collect dirt and water, which makes it easy for bacteria (26)_____( grow). Pollution of the oceans can also be a factor in spreading disease. The pollution may be caused by fertilizers that wash into rivers and then into the ocean, or by human waste (29) _________ ( dump ) directly into the ocean with no processing. These pollutants result in the increased growth of tiny plants that are called algae (海藻). They can form a thick mass in the water, (30) __________( provide ) a perfect environment for cholera , a fatal disease. 2019年春考 He was faced with the choice of sitting back to wait for something (22) ________ (happen), or pursuing a path into the unknown. He chose the latter. (28) ________ (inspire), Jason spent the next month making new work. He struck while the iron was hot, and in (30) ________ (do) so, shortened his five-year plan into a year-and-a-half. 2018年春考 But, surprisingly, yes. (27) ______ (be) a different kind of mother defines me now. And yet, the spaces (28) ______ (empty) by loss are more than filled by what I've found. I now have the chance (29) ______ (see) them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will. As adults I happened to help create. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 26 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$