Unit 5 Grammar 讲义 2024-2025学年译林版（2024）七年级英语上册

7AUnit 5 Grammar-可数名词和不可数名词 英语中的名词按其表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词与不可数名词。 一、可数名词 可数名词,顾名思义,是可以用数目来计算的人或物。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个及以上的人或事物时,用复数形式。如: I usually have a sandwich for breakfast.我早餐通常吃一个三明治。 They exercise in different ways.他们用不同的方式锻炼身体。 单数的可数名词或名词短语前一般有限定词,如:冠词a/an、the,指示代词 this、that,形容词性物主代词my, your, his, her, their,名词所有格John's等。 注意:冠词a用于辅音音素开头的可数名词前;an用于元音音素开头的可数名词前,而不是元音字母开头的名词前。如: There is an apple tree in the garden.院子里有一棵苹果树。 Mary dances for an hour every day.玛丽每天跳一个小时的舞。 She has an umbrella and a useful book.她有一把雨伞和一本有用的书。 单数可数名词变成复数形式的常见规则如下: 1.大多数词后加s, 其读音规则是在清辅音后读/s/,在元音和浊辅音后读/z/。如: book-books , egg-eggs, day-days. 附:清辅音: /p/ / t / /k/ /f/ / / /s// / / h/ /ts/ /t / /tr/ 浊辅音:/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / / /z// / / r/ /dz/ /d / /dr/ /m//n/ / / / j / / w // / 2.以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的词,去掉y,再加ies. es 读 /z/.如: hobby-hobbies, library-libraries, activity-activities. 注意:此处是“辅音字母+y”,而“元音字母+y”则不适用此规则。如: boy-boys. 3.以s、x、ch、sh结尾的词后加es, es 读/z/.如: box—boxes, dish-dishes, glass-glasses, bench-benches. 注意:以ch 结尾但不发/t∫/的可数名词不适用此规则。如:stomach-stomachs 4.以o结尾的词后有的加s,有的加 es , s读 /z/, es 读/z/. 如: piano-pianos, zoo-zoos, hero—heroes. 补充:加“es”构成复数的名词有:negro-negroes; hero-heroes; mango- mangoes; potato – potatoes; tomato – tomatoes 黑人英雄爱吃芒果、土豆和西红柿。 5.以f或fe结尾的词,去掉f或fe,再加ves, ves 读 /vz/. 如:shelf—shelves, leaf-leaves, knife-knives. 补充:记忆口诀:妻子拿刀去杀狼,小偷吓得发了慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 wife-wives; knife – knives; wolf-wolves; thief-thieves; shelf – shelves; self-selves; life-lives; half – halves; leaf – leaves; 6.特殊变化 1).单复数同形: Chinese-Chinese; Japanese-Japanese; Swiss-Swiss; sheep-sheep; deer-deer;fish- fish 中日瑞士人民爱护羊,鹿鱼单复都一样。 2).变元音字母oo为ee : tooth-teeth; foot-feet; goose-geese. 3).变man为 men: man-men; woman-women; policeman-policemen; Frenchman-Frenchmen; (walkmans; Germans; humans例外) 4).其它形式: child-children; mouse-mice. 5).复合名词复数形式: (1)将中心词变为复数: girlfriend-girlfriends; grandchild-grandchildren; father-in-law/ fathers-in-law; passer-by/passers-by (2)由man或woman与另一可数名词组成的复合名词变为复数时,两部分都发生变化。 如:women drivers女司机 men doctors男医生 (3)sports, clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式。a sports field; a clothes shop (4)常以复数形式出现的名词: people; clothes; police; trousers; glasses等,这些名词做主语时,注意它们的谓语动词用复数。如: * My clothes are newer than yours. * The police often come here. (5)汉语音译词如度量衡、币制等单位的名词无复数形式,但要用斜体。yuan/RMB…etc 二、不可数名词 不可数名词指不可以计数的名词。不可数名词没有词形变化,主要为抽象名词和物质名词。这类词无单、复数之分,前面有无限定词均可。如: The soup smells great.汤闻起来很香。 Do you have salt?你有盐吗? 不可数名词前不能用a/an或表示具体数量的数词,但可以用the或表示数量多少的some, much, a little, little, a lot of等词或短语修饰。如: a lot of water许多水a little milk一点牛奶 不可数名词前还可以用表示量的“可数名词+of”短语来表示数量。如: a piece of paper一张纸three cups of coffee三杯咖啡 five kilos of beef五千克牛肉 如果主语是不可数名词,谓语动词常用单数。如: Coffee is a kind of drink.咖啡是一种饮品。 英语中常见的不可数名词有:time(时间); money(钱); work(工作,劳动); homework(家庭作业); news(消息); luck(运气)等。 拓展: 1.巧分可数名词和不可数名词。 物体分几半,名字不改变,不可数名词记心间;(paper ,milk ,water ,meat) 物体分几半,名字就改变,可数名词记心间。 (car ,radio ,bed ,man) 2.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化,同一个词,但意思不同。 (1) glass(玻璃)– a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸) – a paper(报纸) work(工作) – a work(著作//作品) room(空间) – a room(房间) (2) fruit(水果) – fruits (各种水果) fish(鱼//鱼肉) – fishes(各种鱼) hair(所有头发) – hairs (几根头发) time(时间) – times(次数//倍数//时代) 3.名词作定语修饰名词: 1) a computer room// three computer rooms; a school hall// four school halls; an art room// five art rooms; an apple tree// six apple trees 2) a man doctor //six men doctors a woman teacher//eight women teachers 3) sports, clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式: a sports field//two sports fields; a clothes shop//ten clothes shops 即时自测: 一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。 1.Pan Shu usually has a (cucumber) and some (piece) of bread for breakfast. 2.Zhou Yang and Amy are (homebody). They seldom go out at weekends. 3.He wants to go to the market to buy some (tomato) and two _(kilo) of pork . 4.The boy with _ drink the _ of water on the table. (glass) 5. What does the man usually do with those _(knife)?He cuts the wood into two _(half) with one of them. 6.Millie and Daniel are talking about what they like. What other do you know? (food) 7.In the picture there are many_(deer) and two_(fox). 8.We are _(China), they are _(Japan). David and Bob are _(Englishman). Amy and Millie are _(America). 9. Look at those (people) in the boats! Some of the (woman)are singing. 10.The tigers’ _(tooth) are very sharp and their _(foot) are so strong. 二、单项选择。 ( )1.Would you please pass me these _and _? I want to read them and write a letter . A. a paper, papers B. papers, a piece of paper, C. papers, two paper D. a paper, two piece of paper ( )2. There are on my farm, so I often have some delicious to eat. A. chickens; chickens B. chicken; chickens C. chickens; chicken D. chicken; chicken ( )3. I’m so hungry. I’d like for my supper. A. two bowl of noodle B. two bowl of noodles C. two bowls of noodles D. two bowls of noodle ( )4. The in this shop taste really . A. sweet; sweet B. sweets; sweets C. sweets; sweet D. sweet; sweets ( )5. — Why are so people in the supermarket near our school? — Because they want to buy cheap bread there. A. many; much B. many; many C. much; much D. much; many ( )6. My cousin is heavy because he often eats fast food. A. too much; too many B. too many; too much C. much too; too much D. too much; much too ( )7. — How many doctors are there in your hospital, David? — them over one hundred. A. man; The number of; is B. men; A number of; are C. man; A number of; is D. men; The number of; is ( )8. — Can I help you? — Yes, , please. I want something to drink now. A. some juice B. two tomatoes C. some fish D. some beef ( )9. — Please give me . I feel a little thirsty. — OK. Here you are. A. two bottles of orange juice B. two bottles of oranges juice C. two bottle of orange juice D. two bottle of oranges juice ( )10. The three students’ mothers are all teachers in our school. A. boy; woman B. boy; women C. boys; women D. boys; woman 三、句型转换。 1.There is a computer lesson every week.(就划线部分提问) _ _ computer _ _ there every week? 2.There are three packets of salt on the table.(就划线部分提问) _ _ packets of salt _ there on the table? 3.There are three packets of salt on the table.(就划线部分提问) _ _ salt _ there on the table? 4.There are three packets of salt on the table.(就划线部分提问) _ _ (= _ ) on the table? 5.There is a knife in my pencil case.(改为复数句) There some in my pencil case. 6.I want to buy two kilos of meat.(对画线部分提问) meat want to buy? 7.My sister drank 3 glasses of water this morning.(对画线部分提问) glasses of water your sister this morning? 8.Are there any apples on the table?( 改为单数肯定句) _ _ _ apple on the table. 即时自测答案: 一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。 【答案】 1.cucumbers , pieces; 2.homebodies; 3.tomatoes , kilos;4.glasses, glass;5.knives, halves; 6.food, foods;7.deer, foxes;8.Chinese, Japanese, Englishmen, Americans; 9.people, women;10.teeth, feet; 二、单项选择。 【答案】 1-5: BCCCA 6-10:CDAAB 三、句型转换。 【答案】 1.How many, lessons, are there; 2.How many, are there; 3.How much, is; 4.What is(=What’s); 5.are, knives; 6.How much, do you; 7.How many, did, drink; 8.There is an; 4 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$