内容正文:
代词
(1)David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.
(2) When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook head.
(3) We climb everywhere, not only in America. They have been to Europe many times.
(4) And I can’t forget the good food you cooked for I.
(5) I hope that both you two could come and visit us some time soon.
(6) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
his head
We
me
their
(7) And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game.
(10) I spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it.
(11) The day before the speech contest
(比赛) English teacher talked to me.
(12) I think I liked those classes because I felt that it helped me understand how the world works.
we
they
my
代词是代替名词的词类。
大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:
人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
一、人称代词
表示“我/我们,你/你们,他/她/它(们)”的词叫做人称代词。
人称代词用来指代人、动植物及无生命的物体。
根据它们在句中的作用,可分为主格和宾格两种形式。其人称、数及格的变化见下表:
数 单数 复数
格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he/she/it him/her/it they them
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人称代词的用法:
1. 人称代词作主语时用主格,在陈述句中放在谓语动词之前。
You are a good student.
2. 人称代词宾格用作宾语,置于动词或介词之后,构成动宾或介宾结构。
Let me help you. (动宾)
You have to depend on him.
3. 人称代词有时在口语中可用作表语,作表语时要用宾格。
--Who is it?
--It’s me. (表语)
注意:
1. 单数人称代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;复数人称代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
She is over there.
They are under the tree.
2. 两个或两个以上的人称代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
You, he and I are all Young Pioneers.
3. 两个或两个以上的人称代词并列使用时,一般的排列顺序是:
①单数按二、三、一的顺序。第三人称单数he, she或表示男女的姓名并列时,一般遵循男先女后的习惯。
你我她都是对的。
You,she and I are right.
他和她是同班。
He and she are in the same class.
我和他错了。
I and he are wrong.
②复数按一、二、三的顺序。但如果表示承认错误或承担责任时,英语习惯上把I放在最前面。
你们他们和我们是好朋友。
We, you and they are good friends.
4. 第三人称单数代词it, he和she还有特殊用法。
① it可指代时间、天气、气候、距离等,还可指代上文提到的人或事物。
It’s half past ten.
今天天气很好。
It is fine today.
There is a book on the desk. It is Wang Tao’s.
(指上文提到的事物)
② 用she来代表国家、小动物、太阳、月亮等以表示亲切和爱抚。有时也可以用he。
We love China very much.
is very beautiful.
She
5. 主格的人称代词存在于无谓语的省略句时常用宾格代替。
--Who broke the vase?
--Me.
--I like music.
–Me too.
6. 在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than .
He is taller than am.
I/me
I
7. 在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
我以为是她。
I thought it was .
(主格----主格)
I thought it to be . (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be .
我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be .
他们吧我当成了她。(宾格----宾格)
she
her
she
her
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
形容词性 my your his/her/
its our your their
名词性 mine yours his/hers/
its ours ours theirs
二、物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词,也叫代词的所有格。
物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。
其人称和数的变化见下表:
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物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词属于限定词,在句中只用作定语;
名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语,其含义相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。
His son is taller than her.
Her son is a friend of our.
Is this dictionary yours?
Ours is a great country.
This is your pen. Mine is in the box.
hers
ours
注意:
1. 为了强调,有时可在形容词性物主代词后加上own;有时可用 of one’s own 置于名词后作定语。
Mind your own business.
I saw it with my own eyes.
我希望有自己的房子
I hope to have my house.
I hope to have my own house.
I hope to have a house of my own.
2. 物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
即构成“a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词”结构。
He is a friend of mine.
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 I you he/she/it we you they
反身代词 myself yourself himself
herself
itself ourselves yourselves themselves
注意:one的反身代词为oneself
三、反身代词
英语中表示“某某人自己”的代词叫反身代词,是一种表示反射或强调的代词。反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,
在人称、性、数上保持一致。具体形式见下表:
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反身代词的用法
1. 做宾语
We enjoyed very much last night.
Please help to some fish.
He taught English.
ourselves
yourself
himself
2. 作表语
I am not today.
我今天不舒服。
3. 作同位语
事情本身并不重要。
The thing itself is not important.
我自己开车。
I myself drove the car.
myself
反身代词和人称代词作宾语时具有不同的含义。
(3)He saw himself in the mirror.
他在镜子里看见了他自己。
(himself 和 he 为同一人)
(4)He saw him in the mirror.
他在镜子里看见了他。
(him 显然指另外一人)
make yourself at home
help yourself to
enjoy oneself
express oneself
by oneself
of itself
be oneself (人)
come to oneself
for oneself
speak to oneself
be pleased with
oneself teach oneself
不要客气
随便吃
玩得开心
表达自己的思想/情感
独自地
自动地
处于正常状态
苏醒过来; 醒悟过来; 恢复理性
为自己;代表自己
自言自语
自满
自学
四、不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。英语中的不定代词主要有:
some,,something,somebody,someone,somewhere,any,anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere, no,nothing,nobody,no one,every,everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere,all,each,both,much,many,(a) little,(a) few,other(s),another,none,one,either, neither等。
不定代词的用法
1. 作主语
Both(of us) are right.
Either (of the answers) is correct.
Neither (of the answers) is correct.
Is everybody here?
Nothing special happened yesterday.
All is going well.
2. 作宾语
There is room for all of us.
He gave two to each (of them).
I like none of the books.
If you have any, give us some.
3. 作表语
That’s nothing.
Is that all you want to know?
Thanks, it’s too much for me.
I’m not somebody,I’m nobody.
That’s really something.
4. 作定语
You may take either road.
Every room is clean and tidy.
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
人人都管等于没人管。(谚)
Where are the other students?
Please give another example to illustrate your point.
5. 作同位语
They both agreed to stay here.
We are all for him.
We none of us said anything.
Give them two each.
几组不定代词的用法比较:
1)all,every和each
①all在表示抽象的整体概念时,作单数,相当于everything(一切东西)。
All destroyed in the big fire.
Is that all you Want to know?
was
②all指人时用作复数,意为指三者以上的“全部”、“全体”,相当于everyone(每个)。
All present.
There is room for all us.
There is room for all of us.
are
③all在人称代词前面,只能用all of,而且要与人称代词的宾格us, you, them等连用,如:all of us,而不能说成all us。
④every用于三个或三个以上的人或物,意为“每一个”,只能作定语,强调整体概念。
Every player is present.
They helped us in every way.
⑤在表示“每个”、“全体”的意思时,every的意思与all很接近。但一般情况下every和单数名词连用,all和复数名词连用。
child enjoys Christmas.
children enjoy Christmas.
Every
All
⑥each也表示“每一个”的意思,但与every不同。each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,强调个体概念。
Two men came into the room.
carried an umbrella.
He gave three cakes to (of them).
Each
each
2)some和any
①不定代词some,any都可表示“一些”的意思,都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中;而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中。
There are some pictures on the wall.
否定句:
There aren’t any pictures on the wall.
If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me.
②在表示请求或建议,希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中,应用 some而不用 any。
Would you please give me some paper?
Would you like some sugar?
Isn’t there some ink in that bottle?
那瓶子里不是还有墨水吗?
③当any表示“任何”或“无论哪一个”时,可用于肯定句,此时any要重读。
Any one will do.
You may come at any time that is convenient to you.
④some, any和 body, one, thing构成合成代词 somebody,someone, something, anybody, anyone,anything等和 some,any的基本用法一样,由some构成的合成代词一般用于肯定句,由any构成的合成代词一般用于否定句和疑问句。
如果要在疑问句中表示请求,建议等肯定的意思或者盼望得到肯定的答复,须用somebody,someone或something。
3)many, much和 few, little
①many(很多),few(很少),a few(有几个)用以代替或修饰可数名词; 而much(很多),little(很少),a little(有一些)用以代替或修饰不可数名词。a few和 a little表示肯定的意义,而 few和little则表示否定意义,强调少。这些词多作定语,有时也可作主语和宾语。
She has as books as you.(定语)
I have books to lend you. (定语)
My mother had money on her.(定语)
have come to the meeting.(主语)
There is left.(主语)。
He knows about it.(宾语)
How is it(表语)
many
few
a little
Many
little
little
much
②a lot (of),plenty of等短语的意思相当于many和much,可修饰可数或不可数名词,一般用于肯定句。
She has a lot of books on this subject.
lots of
4)other(s),the other和another
I have two brothers.One is a doctor,
is a teacher.
He is always ready to help .
Five of them are in the classroom. What about ?
Don’t lose heart.Have try.
I have three English novels. One is written by Charles Dickens, (is written)by Mark Twain,and the third(is written)by Bronte.
the other
others
the others
another
another
①other表示“另一个”的意思,在句中可作主语、宾语或定语,不独立使用,通常修饰可数复数名词。其复数形式是others,可独立使用,无范围限定,不可作定语。
other和others前面加定冠词the时表示特指,表示两个中的另一个;前面不带定冠词the时,表示泛指。
②another(另外一个,又一个)只能代替或修饰单数名词,可用作主语、宾语或定语,不独立使用。它实际上是由“an+other”构成的,因此前面不可再用冠词,表示泛指。
③another后面还可以跟few或带数字的复数名词,表示“又、再”。
Just think what our town will be like in
few years.
You’d better stay in bed for two weeks.
another
another
5)both, either, neither和all, any, none
①这些词都有修饰和替代作用。
both(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),
neither (两者都不)使用范围为两个人或物;
all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(任何一个都不)使用范围为三者以上。
这两个男孩子都不聪明。
of the two boys is clever.
Both of the two boys are clever.
Both of the two boys are not clever.
Either of the two boys are clever.
Either of the two boys is clever.
Both his parents are teachers.
Both of his parents are teachers.
Neither
All the students in the class are working very hard.
All of the students in the class are working very hard.
All of the students in the class are not working very hard.
Not all of the students in the class are working very hard.
None of the students in the class working very hard.
are /is
②both表示复数概念,要与复数名词连用,作主语时谓语用复数;either表示单数概念,要与单数名词连用,作主语时谓语用单数。
Both the boys are clever.
Either of the two boys is clever
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the street.
没有人读过它。
No one/Nobody has read it.
I wanted some more cold meat but there was left.
这些电影不值得看。
of the films is [are] worth seeing.
None of money lost.
--How much water is left in the bottle?
-- .
Who is in the room?
.
None
None
none
has
No one
6)no one, nobody和none
no one与nobody均只用于指人,不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时谓语单数;
而none既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指代不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指代复数名词,则谓语可用单数,也可用复数。
回答how many/much提出的问题常用none;
回答who提出的问题常用no one。
7)none和nothing
none和nothing都可指物,
none一般用于指上文提到的某一特定对象
而nothing则表示“无任何东西”。
--Is there any money in your pocket? --No, .
--Is there anything in your pocket? --No, .
none
nothing
复合不定代词的用法
复合不定代词主要包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。
使用时应请注意以下几点:
(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。如:
Tell us something interesting.
没有疲倦的人。(nobody)
There was nobody tired.
(2) 复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数。
If anybody/anyone comes, ask him to wait.
Nothing left in the fire.
was
(3) anyone, everyone
只能指人,不能指物,后面一般不接of 短语。
若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (即分开写)。
要求每个人在外面等待。
Everyone was asked to wait outside.
要求我们每个人在外面等待。
Every one of us was asked to wait outside.
那件事我找不出具体原因来。
I can't find particular reason for it.
any one
五、指示代词
指示代词包括this, that, these, those等,它们在句中既可用作代词,也可起形容词的作用。
一般说来,this, these表示“近指”,而that, those则表示“远指”。
指示代词的用法
指示代词(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
This is yours and that is mine. (主语)I want this book, not that book. (定语)
I like these and he likes those. (宾语)
These computers are cheaper. (定语)
What I want to say is this. (表语)
注意:
1. 指上文提到的事多用that,有时用this,指下文的事只能用this。
--He was nearly drowned once.
--When was ?
The reason he gave is : he was ill.
that
this
2. 电话用语中
常用this指自己,用that指对方,不用I或you。
“Who’s ?”
“ is Mary speaking.”
that
This
3. 指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。
That is my teacher.
那是我的老师。
(that作主语,指人)
He is going to marry this girl.
他要和这个姑娘结婚。
(this作限定词)
He is going to marry this.
(this作宾语时不能指人)
I bought this.
我买这个。
(this指物,可作宾语)
4. 指示代词that, those可作定语从句的先行词,一般说来,that后接which引导的定语从句,those(指人)后接who引导的定语从句。但this和these不可作定语从句的先行词。
They say the only real knowledge is
which can be measured(检验).
Only who had booked in advance were allowed in.
that
those
5. 指示代词that, those有时可用于替代前面提到过的人或事物,以免重复,有特指意义。
My seat is next to of the mayor.
The books are more interesting than
you bought last week.
that
those
that、it、one, those
1.I’m moving to the country because the air
there is much fresher than __ in the city.
2.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, I will always
treasure .
3.I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
4. Few pleasures can equal of a cool drink on a hot day.
=Few pleasures can equal of a cool drink on a hot day.
that
one
it
that
the
pleasure
of
a
cool
drink
the
pleasure
of
a
cool
drink
the
pleasure
of
a
cool
drink
the pleasure
1.代词it,they与替代词one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those
的用法区别:
(1)it指代前面提到过的事物,they是它的复数形式。
同类同物
(2)one
替代单数可数名词,泛指,指人指物都可以,同类异物
ones是它的复数形式。
(3)the one
替代前面的单数名词,表示特指,
the ones是它的复数
(4)that既可替代单数可数名词,也可以替代不可数名词,指物,同类异物
若替代单数名词时,相当于the one.
(5)those
替代复数名词,相当于the ones.
—Why don’t we take a little break?
—Didn’t we just have ?
Your story is interesting, but I don’t like .
These stories are interesting .
The population in China is much larger
that in America.
The conditions are like in the real
spaceship.
He is the teacher, who is loved by the
students.
He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads, that had the best color.
ones
it
one
than
those
the one
the ones /those
六、相互代词
英语中的相互代词只有 each other 和one another两个,两者均表示“相互”、“彼此”,在句子中用作宾语。有人认为,each other用于表示两者之间的相互关系,而one another用于表示三者或三者以上之间的相互关系,但在现代英语中两者常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。
They are exactly like one another.
We help each other in studying English.
自从我们还是孩子时,就认识彼此了。
We have known each other since we were children.
注意:
1. 相互代词只用作宾语,不用作主语,所以用相互代词作宾语的句子不能转换成被动语态形式。
2. 相互代词的所有格在后面一个词加词尾-’s,构成所有格。
They often stay in one another's house.
We didn’t know each other’s names.
七、疑问代词
用于引导特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人: who, whom, whose
指物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
疑问代词没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
Whose are these books on the desk?
(表语)
Whose books are these on the desk?
(定语)
What did he buy you for your birthday?
(宾语)
What events led to the war?
(定语)
Which do you think is the best?
(主语)
注意:
1. 疑问代词which 和 what 所指的范围不同
what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。
你最喜欢哪几个姑娘?
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
2. Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom。
你在街上碰到谁?
谁 你碰到 在街上?
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
(作介词宾语,置句首)
To did you speak on the campus?
(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who代替)
whom
3. 疑问代词在句中作介词宾语时,有时可把介词提到句首置于疑问代词之前。
大多数人是为了什么而活?
What do most people live?
What do most people live for?
For what do most people live?
With whom did you go to the cinema yesterday?
(13) …in any other words, I am an only child.
(14) For example, when he bought a chocolate cake, he put them in a secret place I couldn’t find.
(15) Then he ate it all, by himself. He never helped other.
(17) But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college is the only place for a smart boy like his son.
(18) According to studies, any children spend more time watching television than they spend in school.
it
others
some
their
(20) …as I was learning to express me in simple English.
21) One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher.
(21) At once I apologize and controlled me at my best till the dinner started.
(22) And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own
(23) If any one of us had any difficulty in our life or study, the other would help him out
(24) What’s more, you have to be friendly with your pupils and take good care of him.
myself
it
their
others
them
myself
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