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►专题08 动词
考点精讲
动词
一、动词的概念
动词是表示动作、状态、变化等的词。如:表示动作swim游泳;push推等
表示状态:have有;be是等。
二、动词的基本形式
原形do
规则变化
例句
不规则变化
一般现在时第三人称单数
一般情况在动词后直接加-s
look→looks;
work→works
have→has
be→is
以o、s、x、sh、ch结尾的动词,后加-es
catch→catches;
go→goes
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-es
study→studies;
try→tries
现在分词
一般情况在动词后直接加-ing
read→reading
;go→going
travel和quarrel可双写l,也可以不双写l
以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词,直接加-ing
see →seeing;
toe→toeing
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing
love→loving;
write→writing
以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写辅音字母,再加-ing
cut→cutting;
put→putting
少数以ie结尾的动词,先变ie 为y再加-ing
die→dying;
lie→lying
过去式和过去分词
一般情况在动词后直接加-ed
ask→asked;
help→helped
①ABC结构
fly→flew→flown
lie→lay →lain
②AAA结构
cost→cost→cost
cut→cut→cut
③ABA结构
come→came→come
run→ran→run
④ABB结构
bring→brought→brought
buy→bought→bought
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,只加-d
like→liked;live→lived
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed
cry→cried;study→studied
以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写辅音字母,再加-ed
stop→stopped;plan→planned
三、动词的分类
(一)从其含义来分,动词有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(link verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。
分类
特点
例句
实义动词
表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
Give me some ink, please.
He works hard.
The sun shone brightly this morning.
We have a big TV set in the club
连系动词
本身有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份等。英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等
He is a teacher.
They look the same.
Keep quiet,please!
The problem remained unsolved until last year.
助动词
本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态、语气等
。常见的助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,would, do等。
I am watching
I don’t speak English.
The idea was given up years ago
情态动词
本身有一定的意义,表示人的语气和情态,不可单独作谓语,须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。
Tom can swim.
May I come in?
They dare not tell the truth.
(二)从是否能充当句子中的谓语来看,动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类。
分类
特点
例句
谓语动词
能充当句子中的谓语。
Facts are more eloquent than words.
We have friends all over the world.
An apple falls by the force of gravitation.
非谓语动词
不能充当句子的谓语。在句子里都不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化。
动名词(v-ing)
Smoking is harmful to the health.
不定式(to do)
I am pleased to meet you
分词(v-ed/v-ing)
I heard them singing the Internationale
Spoken words are often more powerful than writing
(3) 从是否能直接跟宾语来分,实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
分类
特点
例句
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词。
Crude oil contains many useful substances
Dr. Bethune set us a good example.
I believe that he will consider our suggestion
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词
It happened in June 1932.
My watch stopped.
I am pleased to meet you
4、 常见动词辨析
(一)cost,take,spend,pay
cost除了钱的花费以外,还能表示时间上的花费,但常用物作主语。
句型:sth./it costs(sb.)time/money to do sth.
It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
spend句子主语是人,可指花费时间和金钱。
句型:sb.spend time/,money in doing/on sth.
I spent a lot of time reading stories.
pay句子主语是人,常与for连用。
句型:sb.pay some money for sth
buy也常与for连用,但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面,而pay则放在介词for前面。
句型;sb.buy sth.for some money.
补充:spend.(in)doing sth.意思是“花(时间、钱)干某事”,后面的动词必须使用动词的-ing形式,介词in可省略。
spend...on sth.意思是“在某事/某物上花(时间、钱)”。有时,两者可以替换使用。
(二)join,take part in
join指“参加”组织,成为一个成员,join sb.意思是“加人某人”,如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a…member,而不能用join.
He joined the League two years ago.
He has been in the League for two years.
take part in指参加活动,特别是大的活动。
(三)borrow,lend,keep
borrow/lend是短暂性动词,在肯定句里不如表示一段时间的状语连用。
She has lent me the book for a week(×)
She lent me the book a week ago.
It's a week since she lent me the book.
borrow意思是“借(进)”,后面跟介词from;
lend意思是“借(出)”,后面跟介词to,
keep是延续性动词,可与表示一段时间的状语连用,1end也可用于某些成语中,如lend sb. a hand,意为“助某人一臂之力”。
(四)lie,lay,lain
lie说谎, 过去式、过去分词、现在分词 即:lie-lied-lied-lying
lie躺,卧;位于,是不规则动词,其过去式 过去分词 现在分词 即:lie-1ay-lain-1ying。
Lay 放;孵(蛋),其过去式 过去分词 现在分词即:lay-laid-laid-laying
She laid down the book and lay in bed.
(五)be made in,be made of,be made from,be made up of,be made into
be made in意思是“由…生产”,强调产地;
be made of意思是用…制成,强调从成品上能看出原料,制成物没改变原料的本质;
be made from意思也是用…制成”,强调从成品上看不出原料,制成物已改变原料的本质;
be made up of意思是“由…构成或组成”,指人或物都可,表示结构成分;
be made into意思是“制成…东西”,强调制成之后的物件。
(六)stop to do,stop doing
stop to do sth.意思是“停下正做的事开始去做别的某事”,带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语;
He was too tired,so he stopped to have a rest.
stop doing sth.意思是“停止做某事(不做了)”,带ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。
Look!The teacher is coming.We must stop talking.
相同用法的还有:
go on doing sth.继续做某事
go on to do sth.继续做另一件事
(七)arrive,get (to),reach
三者均表示“到达某地”。
arrive in+大地方;
arrive at+小地方:
We arrived at the village at six in the afternoon.
get to+地点名词;
When will you get to Shanghai?
reach是及物动词,后面可直接跟地点名词。
They reached London two weeks ago.
注意:get to+地点,到达的地点如用副词表示,则直接跟在gt后面,不必用介词to。
I must get home at twelve.
(八)bring,take,carry,fetch
bring意为“带来,拿来”,表示“拿到靠近说话者的地方”;
Remember to bring your homework to school tomorrow.
take意为“带走,拿去”,表示“拿到远离说话者的地方”;
Please take the books to the classroom.
carry意为“扛,搬”,指用力移动,没有方向性;
The bag is very heavy.Please carry it to my office.
fetch意为“去取,去拿”,表示往返拿东西。
Don't worry.I can fetch the key.
(九)see,look,watch,read
see意为“看见”,表结果;“看病”
I need to see a doctor.
I can see an apple on the table.
look意为“看”,表动作,是不及物动词,后面须加介词at才能跟宾语;
Look!There is a kite flying in the sky.
watch意为“看(比赛、电视)”;
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.
read意为“看(书、报、杂志)”,表示阅读。
Don't read books in the sun.
(十)speak,say,talk,tell
speak作为及物动词时接表示语言的名词或指在会议上发言;
Can you speak English?
say常跟直接引语或间接引语,表示说的内容;
What did our teacher say just now?
talk是不及物动词,常跟介词to或with连用,意为“同某人谈话”,也表示具有说话能力;
What are you talking about?
tell意为“告诉”,常与story连用,意为“讲故事”。
My mother often tells me stories in the evening.
(十一)die,dead,death,dying
die意为“死”,是不及物动词和非延续性动词;
Her grandfather died last year.
dead意为“死的”,是形容词,表状态;
Her grandfather has been dead for two years.
death意为“死”,是名词;
His death made us feel very sad.
dying意为“垂死的,要死的”,是形容词。
The poor old woman was dying.
那个可怜的老人快死了。
(十二)turn on,turn off,turn up,turn down
turn on/off分别指打开/关闭电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水管等;
turn up/down分别指把音量或水流量调高/调低。
Peter always turns on all the lights when he comes home.
(十三)lose,fail,beat,win
lose意为“输给某人”,固定搭配为lose to sb.
fail指“失败”或“未做成某事:beat查为打败”,后接sb.或某支队伍;
win意为“赢得”,如赢得荣誉、地位,比赛等。
Doctor failed to save the girl's life.
(十四)lose,forget,leave
lose意为“丢失;失去”;
forget意为“忘记”,“忘记做某事”为forget to do sth.
“leave sth.+介词+地点”意为“把某物落在某处”。
I left my notebook at home yesterday.
(十五)look for...,find
1ook for和find都有“找"的意思。
look for强调寻找的过程,而find强调找的结果。
I can't find my wallet.I'm looking for it everywhere.
(十六)dress,put on,wear
dress sb.意为“给某人穿衣服”;
The boy dressed himself quickly.
dress sb.up意为“打扮某人”;
The lady dressed herself up and went to the party.
put on意为“穿上,戴上”,表动作;
john put on his coat and went out.
wear意为“穿着,戴着”,表状态,与“be in”同义。
Lily is wearing a red skirt today.
(十七)used to do,be used to doing,be used to do/be used for(doing)
used to do表示“过去常常做某事”。如:
I used to get up at 6 o'clock.But now I often get up at 7 o'clock.
be used to doing sth.表示“习惯于做某事”。如:
We are used to reading English very early in the morning.
be used to do/be used for(doing)表示被“被用来做某事”,主语常常是物。如:
Mobile phones are used to communicate with other people.
(十八)have to,must
have to往往是客观外界情况造成“不得不”,
It is late now.We have to leave, or we”ll be late.
must表示说话人主观认为“应该,有必要”。
I must finish my task this afternoon.
(19) full ,fill
fill 动词 把……填满 be filled with
May you life be filled with happiness.
full 形容词 be full of 装满,强调状
The bottle is full of water.
(二十) 四个与“听”有关的词或词组:listen to,hear,hear of,hear from
listen “听……”,强调听的动作,不及物动词,接宾语要用listen to...
hear “听见,听到”,强调听的结果。
I listen carefully to the radio ,but didn’t hear anything.
hear of “听说……”
I have never heard of the story before.
hear from “收到某人的信息或来信”。
I am delighted to hear from you.
(二十一) receive,accept
receive 的意思是“收到……”,只表示收到某物,并不表明接受或不接受 。
accept 表示“接受……,同意接纳……”,如接受物体、邀请、批评等。
She received a present from him and accept。
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