Unit 4 Natural Disasters【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高一英语单元速记•巧练（人教版2019必修第一册）

Unit 4 Natural Disasters【速记清单】 话题 自然灾难 词汇 flood, rescue, damage, shelter, ruin, shock, trap, effort ,supply ,strike, aid, death, crack, length, context, wisdom, emergency, summary,flood, rescue, damage, affect,shelter,ruin,shock,trap, bury,breathe,suffer,supply,survey,strike, aid, deliver, erupt,calm, sweep 短语 on hand, in ruins, in summary, have an effect on , come to an end , set up, fall down, in shock , in the open air, on hand , sweep away 句型 as if ,leave+宾语+宾语补足语, be doing …when…,make it +形容词/名词+to do/doing/从句, as …as…..和….一样 语法 限制性定语从句(1) 写作 概要写作 考点1. flood n. 洪水；大量 vi. 淹没；大量涌入 vt. 使灌满水；淹没 用法归纳 名①   flood of大批的，大量的 动②flood 　  大量涌入 ③flood into. . . /out of. . . 大量涌入……/从……蜂拥而出 ④be 　 with. . . 充满…… 词汇拓展 n. 水灾；洪水泛滥 【经典练】 A of poems appeared in the Tang Dynasty. 唐朝出现了大量的诗。 Supplies began to in from all over the country. 物资开始从全国各地大量涌入。 Hearing the sad news，her eyes were with tears and her mouth moved lightly. 听到这个不幸的消息时，她的眼里充满了泪水，嘴轻轻地动了动。 考点2. ruin n. 废墟；破坏；毁坏 vt. 破坏；毁坏；毁灭；使破产 In less than one minute，a large city lay in ruins. 不到一分钟，一座大城市就成了废墟。 用法归纳 ①fall 　 ruin衰落；破败；被毁灭 ②be/lie 　 ruins破败不堪；倒塌；崩溃；垮掉 易混辨析 damage 多指轻度损坏，一般是可修复的；也可以指对健康、感情、名誉等的伤害 ruin 多指自然因素对建筑物、动植物、城镇等带来严重破坏，后果往往是使物体丧失价值；也可指毁掉假期、希望、梦想、前程等美好的事物或严重危害健康 destroy 指彻底毁坏某事物，使事物丧失功能或不复存在；也可指使希望、计划等落空或摧毁人的信心等 【经典练】 Their marriage was in . 他们的婚姻破裂了。 Many ancient buildings fell into ruin/lay after the earthquake. 地震过后，许多古建筑都被毁了。 考点3. shelter n. 避难处；居所；庇护vt. 保护；掩蔽vi. 躲避(风雨或危险) Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 工人们为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。 用法归纳 名①take shelter 　 . . . 躲避…… 动②shelter. . . 　 . . . 保护……免受…… ③shelter from. . . 　 ……     We took shelter the rain in an old house. 我们在一座老房子里面避雨。 Trees shelter the house the wind. 树给房子挡住了风。 My father invited them to our home to shelter the rain. 我的父亲邀请他们到我们家来避雨。 考点4. shock n. 震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt. 使震惊 People were in shock. . . 人们都很震惊……  用法归纳 ①　 shock 震惊；休克 ②be a shock　 . . . 让……感到震惊 ③come　    a shock 让人震惊 ④suffer from shock休克 词汇拓展 ① adj. 震惊的；惊讶的 . . . 对……吃惊 . . 因看到/听到/发现……而吃惊 e震惊的表情/说话声 •Rescue workers were shocked by/at what they saw. 救援人员对眼前的景象感到震惊。 ② adj. 令人震惊的(常用来形容物) •What strikes me most is that their gifts for art are extremely shocking. 让我印象最深刻的是他们令人极其震惊的艺术天赋。 【经典练】 I stared at him in ，unsure what to do next. 我惊愕地盯着他看，不知道接下来做什么。 The failure of the Germany national football team in the 2022 World Cup was a to fans. 德国国家男子足球队在2022年世界杯中的失利令球迷震惊。 The news that the great scientist had passed away came as a . 那位伟大的科学家去世的消息让人震惊。 考点5. trap vt. (trapped，trapped)使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n. 险境；陷阱 Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，去将受困群众从废墟中挖出来，并掩埋死者。 用法归纳 动①trap sb. 　 (doing) sth. 诱骗某人(做)某事 ②be trapped 　 . . . 被困在……中；陷入……中 名③lay/set a trap 　 . . . 为……设下圈套 ④walk/fall into a trap 　    【经典练】 The building caught fire and many people were in it. 大楼着火了，许多人被困在里面。 Some advertisements like to old people into buying some useless things. 有些广告喜欢诱骗老年人买一些无用的东西。 The cheater set a for him and he walked straight into it. 骗子给他设下了圈套，他就径直钻了进去。 考点6. breathe vi. & vt. 呼吸 Slowly，the city began to breathe again. 慢慢地，这座城市又开始恢复生机 用法归纳 ①breathe 　    吸气 ②breathe 　 呼气 ③breathe a sigh of relief 　    ④breathe deeply深呼吸 词汇拓展 ① n. 呼吸的空气；一次吸入的空气 深深吸一口气 屏住呼吸；憋气 喘口气，恢复正常呼吸 令某人惊叹 喘不过气来 (因生病、年迈等)呼吸困难 •He smiled，took a deep breath and got ready for the run. 他微笑着，深深吸一口气，准备好跑步。(读后续写—动作描写) ④breathe deeply深呼吸 词汇拓展 ① n. 呼吸的空气；一次吸入的空气 深深吸一口气 屏住呼吸；憋气 喘口气，恢复正常呼吸 令某人惊叹 喘不过气来 (因生病、年迈等)呼吸困难 ② adj. 上气不接下气的 【经典练】 He smiled， a deep and got ready for the run. 他微笑着，深深吸一口气，准备好跑步。 When we paused to our breath，Steve got down on one knee. 当我们停下来喘口气时，史蒂夫单膝跪下了。 Nearly ，he walked to me and then gave me a hug. 他几乎喘不过气来了，走向我，然后给了我一个拥抱。 The doctor asked me to in，and then to breathe out fully. 医生让我吸气，然后全部呼出。 We all a sigh of relief when the news came that no one was injured in the accident. 当事故中没有人受伤的消息传来时，我们都松了一口气。 考点7. effort n. 努力；艰难的尝试；尽力 With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people，a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins. 在政府的大力支持和全市人民的不懈努力下，一个新的唐山在地震的废墟上被建起来了。 用法归纳 ①make an effort to do sth. =make 　 to do sth. 努力做某事 ②spare 　 effort to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事 ③make every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力做某事 ④　 an effort 　    sth. 为了做某事 ⑤with/　 effort费力地/毫不费力地 ⑥put effort 　 (doing) sth. 努力做某事 【经典练】 As a senior high school student，you must make to improve your communication and problem-solving skills. 作为一名高中生，你必须努力提高沟通和解决问题的能力。 In an to protect the environment，people should cut down carbon footprints. 为了保护环境，人们应该减少碳足迹。 We should spare no to carry forward excellent traditional Chinese culture. 我们应该不遗余力地弘扬中国优秀传统文化。 The boy always put into studying，so he passed the exam without effort. 这个男孩总是努力学习，所以他轻松地通过了考试。 考点8. suffer vt. 遭受；蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 What kind of help do you think people who have suffered an earthquake need?你认为遭受地震的人需要什么类型的帮助?  用法归纳 ①suffer pain　   ②suffer　 . . . 患……病；因……受苦 特别提醒 suffer用作及物动词时意为“遭受；蒙受”，后常接pain、loss、injury、defeat、damage、 punishment等；用作不及物动词时意为“(因……)受苦”，构成suffer from，后常接表示疾病的名词或表示造成苦难、痛苦的事物的名词，如ill health、a shortage of. . . 、 a lack of. . . 等。 词汇拓展 ① n. 痛苦；疼痛 ② n. 受苦者；受难者 【经典练】 The athlete's leg was broken and he great pain. 那个运动员的腿断了，他遭受了巨大的痛苦。 He suffered all kinds of diseases in those years. 那些年，他患有各种各样的疾病。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 考点9. supply n. 供应(量)；补给；[pl. ]补给品 vt. 供应；供给 The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country. 向灾区提供的补给品是从全国各地收集来的。 用法归纳 名①　    short supply 供应短缺 ②supply chain供应链 动③supply sb. 　 sth. =supply sth. 　  sb. 给某人提供某物 特别提醒 表示“补给品”常用复数形式supplies。 易混辨析 supply 尤指大量或定期地提供所缺之物 provide 提供事先准备好的必需品或提供建议或指导， 常用搭配：provide sb. with sth. /provide sth. for/to sb. offer 强调主动提供，常用搭配：offer sb. sth. /offer sth. to sb. 【经典练】 Some cold medicine was in short . 有些感冒药供应短缺了。 The government supplied the people in the disaster-hit area with enough . =The government enough supplies to the people in the disaster-hit area. 政府为受灾地区的人们提供了足够的补给品。 考点10. survive vi. 生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过 She's feeding the baby who survived the earthquake. 她正在喂这个在地震中幸存的婴儿。 用法归纳 ①survive sth. 在某事中幸存；渡过难关 ②A survive B 　    +一段时间 A比B多活一段时间 ③survive 　    . . . 依靠……生存 词汇拓展 ① n. 幸存者 ② n. [U]幸存，存活；[C]残存物 •The survival rate of the trees is 85% now. . . 树的成活率现在是85%…… 【经典练】 Love of family helps us great hardships. 家人的爱帮助我们度过艰辛岁月。 John his wife by five years，during which time he was very lonely. 约翰比他妻子多活了五年，在此期间他很孤独。 In Germany，beer is the drink everyone is enjoying but you can't on just beer. 在德国，啤酒是每个人都喜欢的饮料，但是你不能只靠啤酒生存。 考点11. calm adj. 镇静的；沉着的 vt. 使平静；使镇静 Stay calm. 保持镇静。 用法归纳 形①keep/stay calm保持镇静 动②calm (sb. /sth. )　 (使……)镇静/平静下来 词汇拓展 ① adv. 镇静地 ② n. 镇静 【经典练】 Thankfully，Jeff and turned off the gas quickly. 万幸的是，杰夫保持冷静，迅速关掉了煤气。 The mother tapped the baby gently to . 妈妈温柔地拍着婴儿，使他安静下来。 I slowly and hugged him，telling him that I would help him overcome his difficulty. 我慢慢平静下来，拥抱了他，告诉他我愿意帮助他克服困难。 考点12. aid n. 援助；帮助；救援物资 vi. & vt. 帮助；援助 first aid kit急救箱  用法归纳 名①first aid急救 ②　    aid of. . . 为了帮助…… ③　    the aid of在……的帮助下 ④come to one's aid 　    动⑤aid sb. 　     (doing)sth. 帮助某人做某事 【经典练】 A concert that is designed to collect money was given of the flooded areas. 为了帮助洪涝灾区，(人们)举行了一场旨在筹集资金的音乐会。 the Internet，people quickly find all the information they need. 有了网络的帮忙，人们很快就找到所需要的全部资料。 People from other parts of the country came to their when the disaster struck. 当灾难到来时，全国各地的人都来帮助他们。 He tried his best to a doctor in/with rescuing an injured man. 他尽最大努力帮助一位医生抢救一名受伤的男子。 考点13. strike v. 侵袭；突击；击打；罢工；使突然想到；划(火柴)；敲；鸣；让(某人)觉得 n. 罢工；罢课；袭击 The undersea quake struck around 7：00 a. m. ，Sunday off the west coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island. 印度尼西亚的苏门答腊岛的西海岸附近的海域于周日早上7点左右发生了海底地震 用法归纳 动①　     strikes 　 .     某人突然想到某事物 ②be struck　     . . . 被……打动 ③It strikes sb. that. . . 　 ④strike one/two/three. . . (时钟)敲响一点/两点/三点…… ⑤strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁 名⑥　    strike/be on strike举行罢工/在罢工 词汇拓展 striking adj. 引人注目的；显著的 【经典练】 The clock has just three. 时钟刚刚敲过三点。 Visitors at home and abroad are by the beauty of the Yellow Crane Tower. 国内外的游客都被黄鹤楼的美打动了。 A solution me immediately，which made me very excited. 我立刻想到了一个解决办法，这使我非常兴奋。 It suddenly him that it was also his duty to do the washing himself. 他突然意识到自己洗衣服也是他的职责。 Workers in London went on last week. 伦敦的工人上周举行了罢工。 考点14. effect n. 影响；结果；效果 用法归纳 ①have an effect 　    . . . 对……产生影响 ②be brought/put 　   effect被实施，生效(主动语态为bring/put. . . 　into   effect) ③　    effect实际上(=in fact)；在实施中 ④come 　     effect生效；开始实施 ⑤　     effect见效，开始起作用 词汇拓展 ① adj. 有效的 ② adv. 有效地 ③ vt. 影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动 被……深深打动/影响 【经典练】 In ，that would kill two birds with one stone. 事实上，那样会有一石二鸟的效果。 The steps that Ford took have begun to take . 福特公司采取的措施已经开始见效了。 To improve the population structure，the three-child policy has come into . 为了优化人口结构，三孩政策已经生效了。 The new traffic rules have been brought/put into since March. 新交通规则自三月份起就生效了。 Best of all，humor raises your energy，and that can have an on everything you do at school，at work，or in your personal life. 最好的是，幽默能让你精力充沛，那会影响你在学校、工作或个人生活中所做的一切。 考点15. It seems/seemed as if. . . 仿佛/似乎…… It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!仿佛世界末日即将来临!  用法归纳 ①It seems/seemed as if. . . 句型是“主系表”结构。其中It是代词，并无实义，指的是某种情况，seems/seemed为系动词，as if 引导　 从句    。 ②在It seems/seemed as if. . . 句型中，若从句表示的是很可能实现的事情，则从句要用陈述语气；若从句表示的是与事实相反的假设或实现的可能性很小的事情，则从句要用　 语气   。 特别提醒 as if引导从句使用虚拟语气时有以下三种情况： 从句内容 从句谓语的形式 与现在事实相反 一般过去时(be动词一般用were) 与过去事实相反 过去完成时(had done) 与将来事实相反 could/might/would do 【经典练】 they had never seen each other before. 仿佛他们以前从未见过面。 It seemed as if he has learned by heart a speech by someone else. 他好像是背了一篇由别人写的演讲稿。 考点16. was/were doing sth. when. . . 正在做某事，这时…… I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 我和我的三个孩子正在吃早餐，这时水开始涌进我的家里。 用法归纳 was/were doing sth. when. . . 中的when为并列连词，意为“这时；那时”，相当于and at this/that time，连接两个并列分句，前面的分句用过去进行时，后面的分句用　   。 结构拓展 when用作并列连词还常用于下列句型中： ①was/were on the point of doing. . . when. . . 刚要做……，这时…… •He was on the point of sleeping when there was a knock at the door. 他正要睡觉，这时有敲门声。 ②was/were about to do. . . when. . . 正要做……，这时…… I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 我正要出去，这时电话铃响了。 ③had just done. . . when. . . 刚做完……，这时…… 【经典练】 I had just walked out of the kitchen when someone at the door. 我刚从厨房出来，这时有人敲门。 We were having a meeting when someone in. 我们正在开会，这时有人闯了进来。 My mother was putting her groceries into shopping bags when a stranger up to her. . . 我妈妈正在把食品杂货装进购物袋，这时一个陌生人走到她面前…… 1． 语法精讲 限制性定语从句(1) 一、概述 1. 定语从句的概念 用法归纳 (1)定语从句是在句中修饰、限制或补充说明一个名词(或代词)的从句。被定语从句修饰的名词(或代词)叫①　先行词  。 (2)引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系②　代   词(that、which、who、whom、whose等)和关系③　副   词(when、where、why等)。 【经典练】 It's a question Professor Crystal would ask her students. Crystal教授会问她的学生这个问题。 This experience makes me realize there are so many people in this world who need our help. 这次经历让我意识到这个世界上有很多人需要我们的帮助。 She's an artist work I really admire. 她是一位艺术家，她的作品令我赞赏不已。 There was a time I had some difficulties in my life. 有一段时间我生活中遇到了一些困难。 2. 定语从句的种类 用法归纳 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 (1)限制性定语从句 它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时通常不可用④　逗号  分开。 (2)非限制性定语从句 它只是对先行词作附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句通常不用that引导。 【经典练】 His son is a doctor is my best friend. (限制性定语从句)他当医生的那个儿子是我最好的朋友。 His son， is a doctor，is my best friend. (非限制性定语从句)他的儿子是一个医生，他是我最好的朋友。 二、定语从句的关系代词的用法 用法归纳 定语从句的关系代词有三大作用： (1)引导作用：引导定语从句。 (2)替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。注意关系代词whose在替代先行词的同时还带个“的”，它相当于名词所有格，所以它在定语从句中作定语。 (3)成分作用：因为关系代词替代了先行词，所以它通常会在定语从句中充当一个主要成分，具体见下表： 关系代词 先行词 在定语从句中可作的成分 that 人、物 ⑤　主语  、⑥　宾语     、表语 which 物 主语、宾语 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人、物 ⑦　定语     特别提醒 关系代词作宾语时通常可以省略，但关系代词前面是介词时，关系代词不可以省略，且只能使用which(指物)、whom(指人)。 【经典练】 Li Fei is the girl I usually go to school with. 李菲就是通常和我一起去上学的那个女孩。(指人，作宾语) Li Fei is the girl with I usually go to school. 李菲就是通常和我一起去上学的那个女孩。(指人，作宾语) The number of the people come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人的数量达到一百万。(指人，作主语) This may be the suitcase contains important materials. 这也许是那个装有重要资料的手提箱。(指物，作主语) The farm we visited last week is very big. 我们上周参观的那个农场很大。(指物，作宾语) I met a girl there hair came down to her waist. 我在那儿遇见一个长发及腰的女孩。(指人，作定语) We'll rebuild the house roof was damaged in the earthquake. 我们将重建那个屋顶在地震中受损的房子。(指物，作定语) 三、用that不用which的情况 用法归纳 (1)先行词既有人又有物时用that。 (2)先行词为 everything、something、nothing、anything、all、none、little、few、much等不定代词时或被few、little、much、the only、the very、all、every、any等修饰时，常用关系代词that来引导定语从句。 (3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，用关系代词that不用which。 (4)主句是特殊疑问句且疑问词是which时，句中定语从句的关系代词用that。 【经典练】 All glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的东西未必都是金子。 There is little I can do. 几乎没有什么我能做的。 This is the most interesting story I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的故事. The first thing we should do is work out a plan. 我们应该做的第一件事是制订一个计划。 Which is the bike you lost?哪一辆是你丢的自行车? I'll never forget the people and the events impressed me. 我永远不会忘记那些给我留下深刻印象的人和事。 四、用which/who不用that的情况 1. 用which不用that的情况 That which does not defeat us makes us stronger. 打不倒我们的东西会让我们更强大。 用法归纳 当先行词本身就是that时关系代词用which。 2. 用who不用that的情况 I must help those who are in need badly. 我必须帮助那些急需帮助的人。 One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. 无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 We welcome anyone who has an interest in painting. 我们欢迎任何对绘画感兴趣的人。 用法归纳 先行词是指人的those、one，不定代词anyone，人称代词he等时，定语从句的关系代词常用who不用that。 五、定语从句中的主谓一致 用法归纳 (1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与前面的先行词保持一致。 (2)当“the only one of+复数名词”结构后跟定语从句时，先行词是the only one，而不是of后的复数名词，所以谓语动词用⑧　单  数。 (3)当“one of+复数名词”结构后跟定语从句时，先行词是复数名词，谓语动词用⑨　复    数。 【经典练】 The boy was reading a novel in his own room didn't know the accident. 那个在自己房间看小说的男孩不知道这起事故。 Tommy is the only one of the pupils has failed the exam. 汤米是那些学生中唯一考试没及格的人。 She is one of the students sing well. 她是唱歌唱得好的学生之一。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1.They say good things come to those 　 wait. 2.It is hard to name a comedy star 　      hasn't been on the stage here. 3.The hardest part for me is that I got an injury，an injury 　  may take me out for years. 4.In ancient China lived an artist 　 paintings were almost lifelike. 5. Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things 　 upset us. 6. The first problem 　 we need to solve is the shortage of money. 7. The FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 final is one of the most exciting football games 　 I have ever seen. 8. Jim was the only one of the boys who 　 (be) late for class. 二．写作精讲 概要写作 写作题目 　　阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A 7.1⁃magnitude quake toppled(使倒塌) houses and cut off power and first⁃aid materials' supply in Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday. Rescuers have set up more than 40 tents for survivors in Gyegu Town, near the epicenter(震中)in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern Qinghai. But the effort seems far less than enough for the area populated by some 100,000 people. Many people sought temporary shelters in buildings that remained unaffected by the tremor(轻微地震). In the yard of Yushu's Sports Committee, nearly 1,000 people were sitting or lying on the ground in total darkness. Some wrapped themselves up in quilts(被子) taken out of the debris. Some brought their own tents and others turned on the lights of motorcycles. The National Meteorological Centre of CMA forecast on Wednesday that temperatures might hit minus 3 degrees Celsius at night and 15 degrees Celsius in the daytime in the coming days. The town will see strong winds and sunny weather in the coming days, providing favorable conditions for rescue operations. The town is located in a remote area in Qinghai and the quake and ensuing(随后的)landslides have damaged roads, causing great difficulties for rescuers and, especially, machines to enter the region. In addition, rescuers may easily get exhausted(筋疲力尽的) working at a place with an altitude(海拔) of above 4,000 meters. Thousands of rescuers and medical staff are rushing to Yushu from many regions of China, bringing machines, disaster⁃relief materials and medicines to the quake⁃hit town. The government, organizations, enterprises and individuals are offering donations of money and materials to the region. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 文本分析 1.语篇解读 主题语境:自然灾害与救助 语篇类型:新闻报道 文章大意:介绍了青海玉树地震发生后的灾民状况、天气条件以及救灾情况。 2.段落主题 本篇文章为“总—分”结构,第一段概括陈述发生的事件,下面四段分别从几个方面详细阐述该事件。各段的主旨大意如下: 第一段:A 7.1⁃magnitude quake occurred in Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday. 第二段:The survivors relied on the tents. But because there were not enough tents, many people sought temporary shelters or even sat or lay on the ground in darkness. 第三段:The weather will provide favorable conditions for rescue operations. 第四段:The damaged roads cause great difficulties for rescuers and machines to enter the region. The high altitude makes rescuers easily get exhausted. 第五段:A lot of rescuers, medical staff and disaster⁃relief materials are being sent to Yushu. 筛选、整合信息,转换表达 1.第一段的主旨大意可以概括为要点1。其中的occurred in可以转换表达为　　　　,表示“袭击”。  2.第二段的主旨大意可以概括为要点2。结合第二段的主旨大意来看,the survivors有三种状态,即　　　　　　、　　　　　　和sat or lay on the ground in darkness,其中sat or lay on the ground in darkness即待在外面,用英文表述为　　　　　　。because there were not enough tents是一个because引导的原因状语从句,可以转换表达为because of短语,not enough可以转换表达为　　　　,表示“有限的”。  3.第三段和第四段的主旨大意可以概括为要点3。第三段描述的是救援的有利因素,第四段描述的是救援的不利因素,重点是突出不利因素,所以有利因素可以用“介词despite+宾语”来表示,不利因素有两个方面,即　　　　　　和　　　　　　,这两个方面的不利因素对救援造成了很大的困难。  4.第五段的主旨大意可以概括为要点4。要点4是在陈述外界的帮助,所以可以用　　　　与要点3衔接。  连句成篇 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 写作积累 新闻概要的要点一般包括时间、地点、事件、起因、结果和可能的后续活动等。概要的内容只需包括文本中的重要信息或事例,原报道中的大量数字、被采访者的话语等均可省略,力求语言简明扼要,要点齐全。 概要写作可以分为三个步骤:要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。 1.要点获取 通过筛选主题句和寻找关键词找出要点。 (1)筛选主题句 主题句是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句。通常情况下段落是由主题句和细节句组成的,段落可以是“总—分”或“分—总”的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾。 另外,我们也可以特别关注像so、therefore、thus这样的标志词,这些词后往往是作者对前文的一个总结,很可能就是主题句。 (2)寻找关键词 在实际写作中,我们会发现某些段落并不能直接找出主题句,那么,可以通过找出段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。 2.要点转述 可以从下面四个方向进行转述: (1)同义替换 同义替换指的是用相同意义的单词、短语、或者句子代替从原文中找出的要点。 例　在“Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.”中用sent、made、created等代替built,用explore Mars代替travel around Mars and get information。如此,我们得到要点Scientists from NASA sent the Mars Climate Orbiter to explore Mars. (2)语态转换 语态转换就是把句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。 例　本单元课文THE NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN'T SLEEP中的第一段“Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei...were asleep as usual that night.” 原要点:Strange things were happening, but people thought little of these events. 语态转换后的要点:Strange things were happening, but they were ignored. (3)词性改变 在进行要点转述的过程中,由于词汇量或其他原因,可能会遇到某些词很难找到同义词。这时,可以尝试用不同的词性表达相同的意思,如把动词改成名词短语或者把形容词改成名词短语等。 例　Most students experience a lot of stress while preparing for exams, as both their parents and teachers expect them to get high scores. 前半句可以同义转换成Many students are stressed during the exam period,后半句可以将expect改成expectation,这样得到了转换后的要点:Because of the high expectations from their parents and teachers, many students are stressed during the exam period. (4)句子重构 只有掌握了多种句式,如定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词作状语等,并对不同的句式进行灵活转换,才能写出层次清晰、语言简练的内容概要。概要写作在语言表达上也要求“以简为贵”。 例　原要点:The city hosted the event. It has witnessed many important ceremonies in history. 改写后的要点:The city which has witnessed many important ceremonies in history hosted the event. 3.要点衔接 注意要点之间的衔接,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,要 用适当的关联词语贯穿全文,优先考虑使用较短的衔接词(如but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however等)。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Natural Disasters【速记清单】 话题 自然灾难 词汇 flood, rescue, damage, shelter, ruin, shock, trap, effort ,supply ,strike, aid, death, crack, length, context, wisdom, emergency, summary,flood, rescue, damage, affect,shelter,ruin,shock,trap, bury,breathe,suffer,supply,survey,strike, aid, deliver, erupt,calm, sweep 短语 on hand, in ruins, in summary, have an effect on , come to an end , set up, fall down, in shock , in the open air, on hand , sweep away 句型 as if ,leave+宾语+宾语补足语, be doing …when…,make it +形容词/名词+to do/doing/从句, as …as…..和….一样 语法 限制性定语从句(1) 写作 概要写作 考点1. flood n. 洪水；大量 vi. 淹没；大量涌入 vt. 使灌满水；淹没 用法归纳 名①　a     flood of大批的，大量的 动②flood 　in   大量涌入 ③flood into. . . /out of. . . 大量涌入……/从……蜂拥而出 ④be 　flooded    with. . . 充满…… 词汇拓展 flooding n. 水灾；洪水泛滥 【经典练】 A flood of poems appeared in the Tang Dynasty. 唐朝出现了大量的诗。 Supplies began to flood in from all over the country. 物资开始从全国各地大量涌入。 Hearing the sad news，her eyes were flooded with tears and her mouth moved lightly. 听到这个不幸的消息时，她的眼里充满了泪水，嘴轻轻地动了动。 考点2. ruin n. 废墟；破坏；毁坏 vt. 破坏；毁坏；毁灭；使破产 In less than one minute，a large city lay in ruins. 不到一分钟，一座大城市就成了废墟。 用法归纳 ①fall 　into    ruin衰落；破败；被毁灭 ②be/lie 　in   ruins破败不堪；倒塌；崩溃；垮掉 易混辨析 damage 多指轻度损坏，一般是可修复的；也可以指对健康、感情、名誉等的伤害 ruin 多指自然因素对建筑物、动植物、城镇等带来严重破坏，后果往往是使物体丧失价值；也可指毁掉假期、希望、梦想、前程等美好的事物或严重危害健康 destroy 指彻底毁坏某事物，使事物丧失功能或不复存在；也可指使希望、计划等落空或摧毁人的信心等 【经典练】 Their marriage was in ruins. 他们的婚姻破裂了。 Many ancient buildings fell into ruin/lay in ruins after the earthquake. 地震过后，许多古建筑都被毁了。 考点3. shelter n. 避难处；居所；庇护vt. 保护；掩蔽vi. 躲避(风雨或危险) Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 工人们为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。 用法归纳 名①take shelter 　from    . . . 躲避…… 动②shelter. . . 　 from   . . . 保护……免受…… ③shelter from. . . 　躲避……     We took shelter from the rain in an old house. 我们在一座老房子里面避雨。 Trees shelter the house from the wind. 树给房子挡住了风。 My father invited them to our home to shelter from the rain. 我的父亲邀请他们到我们家来避雨。 考点4. shock n. 震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt. 使震惊 People were in shock. . . 人们都很震惊……  用法归纳 ①　in   shock 震惊；休克 ②be a shock　to   . . . 让……感到震惊 ③come　as   a shock 让人震惊 ④suffer from shock休克 词汇拓展 ①shocked adj. 震惊的；惊讶的 be shocked by/at. . . 对……吃惊 be shocked to see/hear/find. . . 因看到/听到/发现……而吃惊 a shocked look/expression/voice震惊的表情/说话声 •Rescue workers were shocked by/at what they saw. 救援人员对眼前的景象感到震惊。 ②shocking adj. 令人震惊的(常用来形容物) •What strikes me most is that their gifts for art are extremely shocking. 让我印象最深刻的是他们令人极其震惊的艺术天赋。 【经典练】 I stared at him in shock，unsure what to do next. 我惊愕地盯着他看，不知道接下来做什么。 The failure of the Germany national football team in the 2022 World Cup was a shock to fans. 德国国家男子足球队在2022年世界杯中的失利令球迷震惊。 The news that the great scientist had passed away came as a shock. 那位伟大的科学家去世的消息让人震惊。 考点5. trap vt. (trapped，trapped)使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n. 险境；陷阱 Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，去将受困群众从废墟中挖出来，并掩埋死者。 用法归纳 动①trap sb. 　into  (doing) sth. 诱骗某人(做)某事 ②be trapped 　in    . . . 被困在……中；陷入……中 名③lay/set a trap 　for    . . . 为……设下圈套 ④walk/fall into a trap 　落入圈套   【经典练】 The building caught fire and many people were trapped in it. 大楼着火了，许多人被困在里面。 Some advertisements like to trap old people into buying some useless things. 有些广告喜欢诱骗老年人买一些无用的东西。 The cheater set a trap for him and he walked straight into it. 骗子给他设下了圈套，他就径直钻了进去。 考点6. breathe vi. & vt. 呼吸 Slowly，the city began to breathe again. 慢慢地，这座城市又开始恢复生机 用法归纳 ①breathe 　in   吸气 ②breathe 　out   呼气 ③breathe a sigh of relief 　松一口气    ④breathe deeply深呼吸 词汇拓展 ①breath n. 呼吸的空气；一次吸入的空气 take a deep breath深深吸一口气 hold one's breath屏住呼吸；憋气 catch one's breath喘口气，恢复正常呼吸 take one's breath away令某人惊叹 be out of breath喘不过气来 be short of breath(因生病、年迈等)呼吸困难 •He smiled，took a deep breath and got ready for the run. 他微笑着，深深吸一口气，准备好跑步。(读后续写—动作描写) ④breathe deeply深呼吸 词汇拓展 ①breath n. 呼吸的空气；一次吸入的空气 take a deep breath深深吸一口气 hold one's breath屏住呼吸；憋气 catch one's breath喘口气，恢复正常呼吸 take one's breath away令某人惊叹 be out of breath喘不过气来 be short of breath(因生病、年迈等)呼吸困难 ②breathless adj. 上气不接下气的 【经典练】 He smiled，took a deep breath and got ready for the run. 他微笑着，深深吸一口气，准备好跑步。 When we paused to catch our breath，Steve got down on one knee. 当我们停下来喘口气时，史蒂夫单膝跪下了。 Nearly out of breath，he walked to me and then gave me a hug. 他几乎喘不过气来了，走向我，然后给了我一个拥抱。 The doctor asked me to breathe in，and then to breathe out fully. 医生让我吸气，然后全部呼出。 We all breathed a sigh of relief when the news came that no one was injured in the accident. 当事故中没有人受伤的消息传来时，我们都松了一口气。 考点7. effort n. 努力；艰难的尝试；尽力 With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people，a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins. 在政府的大力支持和全市人民的不懈努力下，一个新的唐山在地震的废墟上被建起来了。 用法归纳 ①make an effort to do sth. =make 　 efforts    to do sth. 努力做某事 ②spare 　no   effort to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事 ③make every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力做某事 ④　in     an effort 　to do   sth. 为了做某事 ⑤with/　 without   effort费力地/毫不费力地 ⑥put effort 　into  (doing) sth. 努力做某事 【经典练】 As a senior high school student，you must make efforts to improve your communication and problem-solving skills. 作为一名高中生，你必须努力提高沟通和解决问题的能力。 In an effort to protect the environment，people should cut down carbon footprints. 为了保护环境，人们应该减少碳足迹。 We should spare no effort to carry forward excellent traditional Chinese culture. 我们应该不遗余力地弘扬中国优秀传统文化。 The boy always put effort into studying，so he passed the exam without effort. 这个男孩总是努力学习，所以他轻松地通过了考试。 考点8. suffer vt. 遭受；蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 What kind of help do you think people who have suffered an earthquake need?你认为遭受地震的人需要什么类型的帮助?  用法归纳 ①suffer pain　遭受痛苦    ②suffer　from   . . . 患……病；因……受苦 特别提醒 suffer用作及物动词时意为“遭受；蒙受”，后常接pain、loss、injury、defeat、damage、 punishment等；用作不及物动词时意为“(因……)受苦”，构成suffer from，后常接表示疾病的名词或表示造成苦难、痛苦的事物的名词，如ill health、a shortage of. . . 、 a lack of. . . 等。 词汇拓展 ①suffering n. 痛苦；疼痛 ②sufferer n. 受苦者；受难者 【经典练】 The athlete's leg was broken and he suffered great pain. 那个运动员的腿断了，他遭受了巨大的痛苦。 He suffered from all kinds of diseases in those years. 那些年，他患有各种各样的疾病。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 考点9. supply n. 供应(量)；补给；[pl. ]补给品 vt. 供应；供给 The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country. 向灾区提供的补给品是从全国各地收集来的。 用法归纳 名①　in    short supply 供应短缺 ②supply chain供应链 动③supply sb. 　with   sth. =supply sth. 　to   sb. 给某人提供某物 特别提醒 表示“补给品”常用复数形式supplies。 易混辨析 supply 尤指大量或定期地提供所缺之物 provide 提供事先准备好的必需品或提供建议或指导， 常用搭配：provide sb. with sth. /provide sth. for/to sb. offer 强调主动提供，常用搭配：offer sb. sth. /offer sth. to sb. 【经典练】 Some cold medicine was in short supply. 有些感冒药供应短缺了。 The government supplied the people in the disaster-hit area with enough supplies. =The government supplied enough supplies to the people in the disaster-hit area. 政府为受灾地区的人们提供了足够的补给品。 考点10. survive vi. 生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过 She's feeding the baby who survived the earthquake. 她正在喂这个在地震中幸存的婴儿。 用法归纳 ①survive sth. 在某事中幸存；渡过难关 ②A survive B 　by   +一段时间 A比B多活一段时间 ③survive 　on   . . . 依靠……生存 词汇拓展 ①survivor n. 幸存者 ②survival n. [U]幸存，存活；[C]残存物 •The survival rate of the trees is 85% now. . . 树的成活率现在是85%…… 【经典练】 Love of family helps us survive great hardships. 家人的爱帮助我们度过艰辛岁月。 John survived his wife by five years，during which time he was very lonely. 约翰比他妻子多活了五年，在此期间他很孤独。 In Germany，beer is the drink everyone is enjoying but you can't survive on just beer. 在德国，啤酒是每个人都喜欢的饮料，但是你不能只靠啤酒生存。 考点11. calm adj. 镇静的；沉着的 vt. 使平静；使镇静 Stay calm. 保持镇静。 用法归纳 形①keep/stay calm保持镇静 动②calm (sb. /sth. )　down  (使……)镇静/平静下来 词汇拓展 ①calmly adv. 镇静地 ②calmness n. 镇静 【经典练】 Thankfully，Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly. 万幸的是，杰夫保持冷静，迅速关掉了煤气。 The mother tapped the baby gently to calm him down. 妈妈温柔地拍着婴儿，使他安静下来。 I slowly calmed down and hugged him，telling him that I would help him overcome his difficulty. 我慢慢平静下来，拥抱了他，告诉他我愿意帮助他克服困难。 考点12. aid n. 援助；帮助；救援物资 vi. & vt. 帮助；援助 first aid kit急救箱  用法归纳 名①first aid急救 ②　in    aid of. . . 为了帮助…… ③　with    the aid of在……的帮助下 ④come to one's aid 　来帮助某人   动⑤aid sb. 　in/with    (doing)sth. 帮助某人做某事 【经典练】 A concert that is designed to collect money was given in aid of the flooded areas. 为了帮助洪涝灾区，(人们)举行了一场旨在筹集资金的音乐会。 With the aid of the Internet，people quickly find all the information they need. 有了网络的帮忙，人们很快就找到所需要的全部资料。 People from other parts of the country came to their aid when the disaster struck. 当灾难到来时，全国各地的人都来帮助他们。 He tried his best to aid a doctor in/with rescuing an injured man. 他尽最大努力帮助一位医生抢救一名受伤的男子。 考点13. strike v. 侵袭；突击；击打；罢工；使突然想到；划(火柴)；敲；鸣；让(某人)觉得 n. 罢工；罢课；袭击 The undersea quake struck around 7：00 a. m. ，Sunday off the west coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island. 印度尼西亚的苏门答腊岛的西海岸附近的海域于周日早上7点左右发生了海底地震 用法归纳 动①　sth    strikes 　sb.     某人突然想到某事物 ②be struck　by    . . . 被……打动 ③It strikes sb. that. . . 　某人突然想到   ④strike one/two/three. . . (时钟)敲响一点/两点/三点…… ⑤strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁 名⑥　go on   strike/be on strike举行罢工/在罢工 词汇拓展 striking adj. 引人注目的；显著的 【经典练】 The clock has just struck three. 时钟刚刚敲过三点。 Visitors at home and abroad are struck by the beauty of the Yellow Crane Tower. 国内外的游客都被黄鹤楼的美打动了。 A solution struck me immediately，which made me very excited. 我立刻想到了一个解决办法，这使我非常兴奋。 It suddenly struck him that it was also his duty to do the washing himself. 他突然意识到自己洗衣服也是他的职责。 Workers in London went on strike last week. 伦敦的工人上周举行了罢工。 考点14. effect n. 影响；结果；效果 用法归纳 ①have an effect 　on   . . . 对……产生影响 ②be brought/put 　into    effect被实施，生效(主动语态为bring/put. . . 　into   effect) ③　in   effect实际上(=in fact)；在实施中 ④come 　into    effect生效；开始实施 ⑤　take     effect见效，开始起作用 词汇拓展 ①effective adj. 有效的 ②effectively adv. 有效地 ③affect vt. 影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动 be affected by. . . 被……深深打动/影响 【经典练】 In effect，that would kill two birds with one stone. 事实上，那样会有一石二鸟的效果。 The steps that Ford took have begun to take effect. 福特公司采取的措施已经开始见效了。 To improve the population structure，the three-child policy has come into effect. 为了优化人口结构，三孩政策已经生效了。 The new traffic rules have been brought/put into effect since March. 新交通规则自三月份起就生效了。 Best of all，humor raises your energy，and that can have an effect on everything you do at school，at work，or in your personal life. 最好的是，幽默能让你精力充沛，那会影响你在学校、工作或个人生活中所做的一切。 考点15. It seems/seemed as if. . . 仿佛/似乎…… It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!仿佛世界末日即将来临!  用法归纳 ①It seems/seemed as if. . . 句型是“主系表”结构。其中It是代词，并无实义，指的是某种情况，seems/seemed为系动词，as if 引导　表语从句    。 ②在It seems/seemed as if. . . 句型中，若从句表示的是很可能实现的事情，则从句要用陈述语气；若从句表示的是与事实相反的假设或实现的可能性很小的事情，则从句要用　虚拟语气   。 特别提醒 as if引导从句使用虚拟语气时有以下三种情况： 从句内容 从句谓语的形式 与现在事实相反 一般过去时(be动词一般用were) 与过去事实相反 过去完成时(had done) 与将来事实相反 could/might/would do 【经典练】 It seems as if they had never seen each other before. 仿佛他们以前从未见过面。 It seemed as if he has learned by heart a speech written by someone else. 他好像是背了一篇由别人写的演讲稿。 考点16. was/were doing sth. when. . . 正在做某事，这时…… I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 我和我的三个孩子正在吃早餐，这时水开始涌进我的家里。 用法归纳 was/were doing sth. when. . . 中的when为并列连词，意为“这时；那时”，相当于and at this/that time，连接两个并列分句，前面的分句用过去进行时，后面的分句用　一般过去时    。 结构拓展 when用作并列连词还常用于下列句型中： ①was/were on the point of doing. . . when. . . 刚要做……，这时…… •He was on the point of sleeping when there was a knock at the door. 他正要睡觉，这时有敲门声。 ②was/were about to do. . . when. . . 正要做……，这时…… I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 我正要出去，这时电话铃响了。 ③had just done. . . when. . . 刚做完……，这时…… 【经典练】 I had just walked out of the kitchen when someone knocked at the door. 我刚从厨房出来，这时有人敲门。 We were having a meeting when someone broke in. 我们正在开会，这时有人闯了进来。 My mother was putting her groceries into shopping bags when a stranger came up to her. . . 我妈妈正在把食品杂货装进购物袋，这时一个陌生人走到她面前…… 1． 语法精讲 限制性定语从句(1) 一、概述 1. 定语从句的概念 用法归纳 (1)定语从句是在句中修饰、限制或补充说明一个名词(或代词)的从句。被定语从句修饰的名词(或代词)叫①　先行词  。 (2)引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系②　代   词(that、which、who、whom、whose等)和关系③　副   词(when、where、why等)。 【经典练】 It's a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. Crystal教授会问她的学生这个问题。 This experience makes me realize that there are so many people in this world who need our help. 这次经历让我意识到这个世界上有很多人需要我们的帮助。 She's an artist whose work I really admire. 她是一位艺术家，她的作品令我赞赏不已。 There was a time when I had some difficulties in my life. 有一段时间我生活中遇到了一些困难。 2. 定语从句的种类 用法归纳 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 (1)限制性定语从句 它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时通常不可用④　逗号  分开。 (2)非限制性定语从句 它只是对先行词作附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句通常不用that引导。 【经典练】 His son who/that is a doctor is my best friend. (限制性定语从句)他当医生的那个儿子是我最好的朋友。 His son，who is a doctor，is my best friend. (非限制性定语从句)他的儿子是一个医生，他是我最好的朋友。 二、定语从句的关系代词的用法 用法归纳 定语从句的关系代词有三大作用： (1)引导作用：引导定语从句。 (2)替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。注意关系代词whose在替代先行词的同时还带个“的”，它相当于名词所有格，所以它在定语从句中作定语。 (3)成分作用：因为关系代词替代了先行词，所以它通常会在定语从句中充当一个主要成分，具体见下表： 关系代词 先行词 在定语从句中可作的成分 that 人、物 ⑤　主语  、⑥　宾语     、表语 which 物 主语、宾语 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人、物 ⑦　定语     特别提醒 关系代词作宾语时通常可以省略，但关系代词前面是介词时，关系代词不可以省略，且只能使用which(指物)、whom(指人)。 【经典练】 Li Fei is the girl (that/who/whom) I usually go to school with. 李菲就是通常和我一起去上学的那个女孩。(指人，作宾语) Li Fei is the girl with whom I usually go to school. 李菲就是通常和我一起去上学的那个女孩。(指人，作宾语) The number of the people who/that come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人的数量达到一百万。(指人，作主语) This may be the suitcase that/which contains important materials. 这也许是那个装有重要资料的手提箱。(指物，作主语) The farm (that/which) we visited last week is very big. 我们上周参观的那个农场很大。(指物，作宾语) I met a girl there whose hair came down to her waist. 我在那儿遇见一个长发及腰的女孩。(指人，作定语) We'll rebuild the house whose roof was damaged in the earthquake. 我们将重建那个屋顶在地震中受损的房子。(指物，作定语) 三、用that不用which的情况 用法归纳 (1)先行词既有人又有物时用that。 (2)先行词为 everything、something、nothing、anything、all、none、little、few、much等不定代词时或被few、little、much、the only、the very、all、every、any等修饰时，常用关系代词that来引导定语从句。 (3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，用关系代词that不用which。 (4)主句是特殊疑问句且疑问词是which时，句中定语从句的关系代词用that。 【经典练】 All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的东西未必都是金子。 There is little that I can do. 几乎没有什么我能做的。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的故事. The first thing (that) we should do is work out a plan. 我们应该做的第一件事是制订一个计划。 Which is the bike that you lost?哪一辆是你丢的自行车? I'll never forget the people and the events that impressed me. 我永远不会忘记那些给我留下深刻印象的人和事。 四、用which/who不用that的情况 1. 用which不用that的情况 That which does not defeat us makes us stronger. 打不倒我们的东西会让我们更强大。 用法归纳 当先行词本身就是that时关系代词用which。 2. 用who不用that的情况 I must help those who are in need badly. 我必须帮助那些急需帮助的人。 One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. 无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 We welcome anyone who has an interest in painting. 我们欢迎任何对绘画感兴趣的人。 用法归纳 先行词是指人的those、one，不定代词anyone，人称代词he等时，定语从句的关系代词常用who不用that。 五、定语从句中的主谓一致 用法归纳 (1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与前面的先行词保持一致。 (2)当“the only one of+复数名词”结构后跟定语从句时，先行词是the only one，而不是of后的复数名词，所以谓语动词用⑧　单  数。 (3)当“one of+复数名词”结构后跟定语从句时，先行词是复数名词，谓语动词用⑨　复    数。 【经典练】 The boy who was reading a novel in his own room didn't know the accident. 那个在自己房间看小说的男孩不知道这起事故。 Tommy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam. 汤米是那些学生中唯一考试没及格的人。 She is one of the students who sing well. 她是唱歌唱得好的学生之一。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1.They say good things come to those 　who   wait. 2.It is hard to name a comedy star 　who/that     hasn't been on the stage here. 3.The hardest part for me is that I got an injury，an injury 　which/that   may take me out for years. 4.In ancient China lived an artist 　whose    paintings were almost lifelike. 5. Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things 　that    upset us. 6. The first problem 　 that    we need to solve is the shortage of money. 7. The FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 final is one of the most exciting football games 　 that    I have ever seen. 8. Jim was the only one of the boys who 　was    (be) late for class. 二．写作精讲 概要写作 写作题目 　　阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A 7.1⁃magnitude quake toppled(使倒塌) houses and cut off power and first⁃aid materials' supply in Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday. Rescuers have set up more than 40 tents for survivors in Gyegu Town, near the epicenter(震中)in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern Qinghai. But the effort seems far less than enough for the area populated by some 100,000 people. Many people sought temporary shelters in buildings that remained unaffected by the tremor(轻微地震). In the yard of Yushu's Sports Committee, nearly 1,000 people were sitting or lying on the ground in total darkness. Some wrapped themselves up in quilts(被子) taken out of the debris. Some brought their own tents and others turned on the lights of motorcycles. The National Meteorological Centre of CMA forecast on Wednesday that temperatures might hit minus 3 degrees Celsius at night and 15 degrees Celsius in the daytime in the coming days. The town will see strong winds and sunny weather in the coming days, providing favorable conditions for rescue operations. The town is located in a remote area in Qinghai and the quake and ensuing(随后的)landslides have damaged roads, causing great difficulties for rescuers and, especially, machines to enter the region. In addition, rescuers may easily get exhausted(筋疲力尽的) working at a place with an altitude(海拔) of above 4,000 meters. Thousands of rescuers and medical staff are rushing to Yushu from many regions of China, bringing machines, disaster⁃relief materials and medicines to the quake⁃hit town. The government, organizations, enterprises and individuals are offering donations of money and materials to the region. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 文本分析 1.语篇解读 主题语境:自然灾害与救助 语篇类型:新闻报道 文章大意:介绍了青海玉树地震发生后的灾民状况、天气条件以及救灾情况。 2.段落主题 本篇文章为“总—分”结构,第一段概括陈述发生的事件,下面四段分别从几个方面详细阐述该事件。各段的主旨大意如下: 第一段:A 7.1⁃magnitude quake occurred in Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday. 第二段:The survivors relied on the tents. But because there were not enough tents, many people sought temporary shelters or even sat or lay on the ground in darkness. 第三段:The weather will provide favorable conditions for rescue operations. 第四段:The damaged roads cause great difficulties for rescuers and machines to enter the region. The high altitude makes rescuers easily get exhausted. 第五段:A lot of rescuers, medical staff and disaster⁃relief materials are being sent to Yushu. 筛选、整合信息,转换表达 1.第一段的主旨大意可以概括为要点1。其中的occurred in可以转换表达为　　　　,表示“袭击”。  2.第二段的主旨大意可以概括为要点2。结合第二段的主旨大意来看,the survivors有三种状态,即　　　　　　、　　　　　　和sat or lay on the ground in darkness,其中sat or lay on the ground in darkness即待在外面,用英文表述为　　　　　　。because there were not enough tents是一个because引导的原因状语从句,可以转换表达为because of短语,not enough可以转换表达为　　　　,表示“有限的”。  3.第三段和第四段的主旨大意可以概括为要点3。第三段描述的是救援的有利因素,第四段描述的是救援的不利因素,重点是突出不利因素,所以有利因素可以用“介词despite+宾语”来表示,不利因素有两个方面,即　　　　　　和　　　　　　,这两个方面的不利因素对救援造成了很大的困难。  4.第五段的主旨大意可以概括为要点4。要点4是在陈述外界的帮助,所以可以用　　　　与要点3衔接。  答案　1.hit　2.relied on the tents;sought temporary shelters;stayed outdoors;limited　3.the damaged roads;the high altitude　4.Luckily 连句成篇 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 参考范文 A 7.1⁃magnitude quake hit Yushu, Qinghai Province on Wednesday.(要点1)The survivors relied on the tents, and because of the limited tents, many people sought temporary shelters or stayed outdoors.(要点2) Despite the favorable weather conditions, the damaged roads and the high altitude cause great difficulties for the rescue work.(要点3) Luckily, a lot of rescuers, medical staff and disaster⁃relief materials are being sent to Yushu.(要点4) 写作积累 新闻概要的要点一般包括时间、地点、事件、起因、结果和可能的后续活动等。概要的内容只需包括文本中的重要信息或事例,原报道中的大量数字、被采访者的话语等均可省略,力求语言简明扼要,要点齐全。 概要写作可以分为三个步骤:要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。 1.要点获取 通过筛选主题句和寻找关键词找出要点。 (1)筛选主题句 主题句是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句。通常情况下段落是由主题句和细节句组成的,段落可以是“总—分”或“分—总”的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾。 另外,我们也可以特别关注像so、therefore、thus这样的标志词,这些词后往往是作者对前文的一个总结,很可能就是主题句。 (2)寻找关键词 在实际写作中,我们会发现某些段落并不能直接找出主题句,那么,可以通过找出段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。 2.要点转述 可以从下面四个方向进行转述: (1)同义替换 同义替换指的是用相同意义的单词、短语、或者句子代替从原文中找出的要点。 例　在“Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.”中用sent、made、created等代替built,用explore Mars代替travel around Mars and get information。如此,我们得到要点Scientists from NASA sent the Mars Climate Orbiter to explore Mars. (2)语态转换 语态转换就是把句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。 例　本单元课文THE NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN'T SLEEP中的第一段“Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei...were asleep as usual that night.” 原要点:Strange things were happening, but people thought little of these events. 语态转换后的要点:Strange things were happening, but they were ignored. (3)词性改变 在进行要点转述的过程中,由于词汇量或其他原因,可能会遇到某些词很难找到同义词。这时,可以尝试用不同的词性表达相同的意思,如把动词改成名词短语或者把形容词改成名词短语等。 例　Most students experience a lot of stress while preparing for exams, as both their parents and teachers expect them to get high scores. 前半句可以同义转换成Many students are stressed during the exam period,后半句可以将expect改成expectation,这样得到了转换后的要点:Because of the high expectations from their parents and teachers, many students are stressed during the exam period. (4)句子重构 只有掌握了多种句式,如定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词作状语等,并对不同的句式进行灵活转换,才能写出层次清晰、语言简练的内容概要。概要写作在语言表达上也要求“以简为贵”。 例　原要点:The city hosted the event. It has witnessed many important ceremonies in history. 改写后的要点:The city which has witnessed many important ceremonies in history hosted the event. 3.要点衔接 注意要点之间的衔接,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,要 用适当的关联词语贯穿全文,优先考虑使用较短的衔接词(如but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however等)。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$