专题06 阅读理解之说明文15篇（江苏名校期中真题）-2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期中复习查缺补漏冲刺满分（译林版2020）

阅读理解之说明文15篇 (江苏期中真题) （23-24高二上·江苏南京·期中）Solar panels — also known as “photovoltaic” panels — are used to turn sunlight into electricity. Most solar panels are placed on land in large collections called solar farms. But recently people have begun to explore putting floating solar panels on water. Because these panels float, some people call them “floatovoltaics”. The idea isn’t as unusual as it might seem. After all, any solar panel has to be waterproof, since it will be out in the rain. There are already several large floatovoltaic farms in Asia. On land, so panels are held up by special frames (框架). On the water, floatovoltaics are placed on a floating platform attached to the bottom of a lake or reservoir (水库). Floating solar panels cost about 25% more than those placed on land. The researchers behind the new study looked at 145,555 reservoirs worldwide. They used computer programs to figure out how much electricity could be produced yearly by covering 30% of these reservoirs with floating solar panels. The answer was surprisingly large — more than twice the amount of energy the United States generates in a year and 10 times as much energy as all the solar power currently being generated in the world. Floatovoltaics can also help save water by limiting evaporation (蒸发) from reservoirs. The scientists say that solar panels covering just 30% of the reservoirs’ surfaces could save as much water as 300 million people would use in a year. There are several other reasons that make floatovoltaics a good idea. Photovoltaic panels work better when they’re not extremely hot. The water helps cool the panels so that they create more energy. Floatovoltaics aren’t perfect. Covering too much of a reservoir with panels could affect the plants and animals in the water. The scientists say it will be important to study how floating panels will affect water in each reservoir. Focusing first on man-made reservoirs will avoid some of those problems. 1．What is the purpose of paragraph 2? A．To list solar panels’ unusual functions. B．To introduce the workability of floating solar panels. C．To show disadvantages of solar panels on land. D．To make a comparison between different solar panels. 2．How did researchers carry out the new study? A．By looking at reservoirs worldwide. B．By building floatovoltaic farms in the US. C．By making computer-aided estimates. D．By processing data given by specialists. 3．What do we know about floating solar panels? A．They may cause potential harm to water ecosystem. B．They will eventually replace photovoltaic panels. C．They function well in extreme hot weather. D．They are perfect except for the high cost. 4．What is the suitable title for the text? A．Floating Solar Panels — Our Final Choice B．Floating Solar Panels — Taking Us Back to Water C．Floating Solar Panels — A New Way to Cool the Planet D．Floating Solar Panels — Making Energy, Saving Water （23-24高二上·江苏宿迁·期中）With the DJ shouting in a strong local accent and viewers seating themselves wherever they could find a spot to view the game, two teams of basketball players who were no other than the local villagers played under professional-class format and the game became tense in the last seconds at the fourth quarter. The rescheduled final game of Guizhou country basketball league, known as “Village Basketball Association“, was played in Taipan Village, a remote rural area with a population of only 1,200,in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province on Monday after a local storm hit on Sunday night. Team Qiandongnan beat Team Zunyi by a score of 68 to 65. There were more viewers for this game, although it was a weekday, compared with the 30,000-strong crowd seen during the past weekend when the third-place game went viral. The festival-turned-competition is a gathering which is attractive to local villagers and visitors looking for a special local experience. How can a grass-roots competition become more attractive than professional games to people like me? I think it’s because sport essentially originates from the grass roots and everybody can find the most available social connections by being part of it. The Village BA reminded me of my tour in Yangshuo of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where I was getting tired of the landscape scenery until I ran into a local basketball game on my way back to the hotel. I decided to take a rest and sat on the bare ground by the court rubbing shoulders with locals and visitors and letting out whatever I wanted to give out. Like the players of the Village BA in Guizhou,the winning team in Yangshuo was awarded with nothing more than local products such as live ducks and cooked meat. The sudden popularity of the Village BA could be due to the universal social media and the users’ tendency to explore something different from their surroundings. But what may remain lasting and grow even bigger is people’s pursuit of spiritual nutrition and the grass-roots sport is one of the top destinations that are easy to reach. 1．What do we know about the Village BA? A．Its players are amateurs. B．It is divided into two quarters. C．Its audience are local villagers. D．It is tenser than professional games. 2．What does the author think of the grass-roots competition? A．It is available to everyone. B．It trains professional players. C．It is played without strict rules. D．It helps people find social connections. 3．Why does the author mention his travel in Yangshuo? A．To show the popularity of the Village BA． B．To praise the place for its beautiful landscape. C．To reflect the financial problems of the Village BA． D．To prove the players of the Village BA are famous. 4．What is most important for the popularity of the Village BA? A．People’s fame concer. B．People’s spiritual needs. C．People’s desire for wealth. D．People’s passion for exploration. （23-24高二上·江苏盐城·期中）With enough money, it’s possible to do something unbelievable in Dubai and now you can add another to the list — walking on the moon. Recently, Canadian architectural company Moon World Resorts announced plans to construct a $5 billion resort (度假村) that looks like the moon in Dubai. The project, named Moon Dubai, is meant to help visitors experience space tourism, which allows guests to find out what it is like to walk on the moon. The resort will be very luxurious and contemporary, with a lot of components inside that one would already know — for example, a wellness area, residential properties, restaurants, a convention center, and a spa, each with a lunar twist. It will also include a training platform for space agencies and astronauts. Space tourism currently comes with a big price tag, and it’s a barrier to entry for most travelers. However, the moon resort experience will be significantly cheaper. A walk on the lunar surface of the moon resort is much more affordable at $500. “Moon Dubai will significantly impact every aspect of the UAE’s economy, including tourism, transportation, commercial and residential real estate, infrastructure, financial services, aviation and space, energy, agriculture, technology and of course education,” says Michael R. Henderson, co-founder of Moon World Resorts. “It will be the largest and most successful modern-day tourism project in the MENA region, doubling annual tourism visitations to Dubai based on its global appeal, brand awareness and unique multiple integrated offerings.” Whether the project will eventually take off is currently unknown. If the design can be successful, it will require a 12-month pre-development planning program and a 48-month building process. But the company’s plan is viable (可行的). Moreover, Henderson estimated that the moon resort could open in 2027. 1．What do we know about the moon resort from paragraph 2? A．It is designed to help visitors experience space tourism. B．It is a cheaper option for space tourism. C．It serves as a platform for scientists to explore space. D．It provides visitors with space classes taught by astronauts. 2．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The features of the moon resort. B．The key role of tourism in Dubai. C．The economic value of Moon Dubai. D．The purpose of carrying out Moon Dubai. 3．What stage is the moon resort at? A．Test. B．Design. C．Operation. D．Construction. 4．What is the main purpose of this text? A．To introduce a tourism project in Dubai. B．To encourage people to visit the moon resort. C．To show the development of Dubai’s space industry. D．To present the commercial success of Moon World Resorts. （23-24高二上·江苏宿迁·期中）We are constantly reminded to eat well to achieve heart health, lose weight or ward off diseases like cancer. But we often ignore the brain — our most complex organ — when making choices about what to put in our mouths. Just like the rest of the body, the brain is impacted by what we consume and it’s important we feed it well. While scientists don’t yet fully understand the complex relationship between nutrition and the brain, studies have shown that heart-healthy eating habits may help reduce risk of cognitive (认知的) decline. “Although the idea that a heart-healthy diet may help protect against cognitive decline is not new, it is extremely important,” says Christy Tangney, a medical professor. “Research continues to demonstrate that healthy dietary choices in midlife are associated with a low risk of dementia (痴呆).” There is growing evidence around several diets indicating they may be able to positively impact cognition. Ongoing research studies are currently evaluating these diets. A．MEDITERRANEAN DIET What it is the combination of different aspects of healthy eating that are typically found in the areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea. What to eat *fruit, vegetables, nuts and grains; *replace butter with healthy fats like olive oil; *limit red meat; *use herbs to flavor food rather than salt; *eat fish and poultry at least twice a week. What we know Published studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet in the long run is associated with slower cognitive decline and lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. B．________ What it is A hybrid (混合体) of the Mediterranean and DASH diets. What to eat *berries and green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, nuts, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil and wine; *avoid red meats, butter, stick margarine, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried and fast food. What we know A 2015 study found that participants who strictly followed the MIND diet experienced a 53% reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Another study currently being conducted with more than 600 older adults in Chicago and Boston will test the MIND diet’s impact on cognitive decline. 1．What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A．It is easy to avoid heart attacks by eating healthily. B．What we eat actually has great effects on our brain health. C．People are always reminded to attach importance to brain health. D．Scientists have fully known the relationship between nutrition and brain. 2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Healthy dietary choices. B．Heart-healthy eating habits. C．Different diet behaviors. D．The results of dietary studies. 3．What may be the best subtitle in the blank B? A．BRAIN DIET. B．DASH DIET. C．HEALTHY DIET. D．MIND DIET. 4．What will be followed according to another study? A．Addressing the problem with the risk of dementia. B．Further exploring the benefits of the Mediterranean diet. C．Devoting more time to studying how to improve healthy diet. D．Assessing the effects the MIND diet has on cognitive decline. （23-24高二上·江苏徐州·期中）For many years, school children in the US have been taken on “field trips” to cultural institutions such as museums of art. Educators arrange them in the belief that schools exist not only to teach economically useful skills, but also to produce civilized young people who appreciate the art and culture. While there are parents who will take their children to cultural places in their free time, there are plenty of other children who will never have this kind of opportunity unless schools offer it. So you could say that taking school students on field trips is a means of giving everyone equal access to their cultural heritage. However, the attitude towards field trips in recent years is changing, with the number of tours organized for school groups falling significantly in museums all around the country. The most obvious reason is the issue of finance. Because there are increasing demands on their funds, after all, computers and sports facilities aren’t cheap, schools are forced to make a difficult choice about how to spend the limited money they have. Faced with this dilemma, field trips are an obvious thing to cut since they are seen by many as a luxury. Additionally, the nature of these field days is also changing. Schools increasingly use trips to amusement parks or sporting events as a treat for students rather than an opportunity for cultural learning. This shift could have a basis in general differences between teachers’ reasons for organizing days out of school. A recent survey conducted among 500 Arkansas teachers showed that older teachers were significantly more likely to take the primary purpose of a field trip as a learning experience than younger teachers, who view it as fun. Some evidence shows the trend of fewer trips may have a negative effect on children’s development. A research led by Jay Green e at Arkansas University found that students who received a tour of an art museum greatly improved their knowledge of and the ability to think critically about art. They also display stronger historical interest and were more likely to visit cultural places in the future. The researchers warn that if schools cut field trips or switch to less educational destinations, valuable opportunities to broaden and enrich children’s learning experiences are lost. 1．What is the initial purpose of field trips to cultural institutions? A．To teach students useful skills in economics. B．To educate students to preserve cultural heritage. C．To encourage parents to take their children there. D．To make every student exposed to art and culture. 2．Which factor most probably leads to the trend of fewer field trips? A．The drop in school funds. B．Students’ demand for fun. C．Teachers’ generational differences. D．The dilemma of school finance. 3．What does the underlined phrase “This shift” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The switch from old generations to young generations. B．The change from an opportunity to learn to a treat to entertain. C．The switch from sporting events to cultural experiences. D．The change from educational destinations to luxurious attractions. 4．What can be inferred about field trips from the research by Jay Greene? A．Students are rewarded with more cultural awareness. B．Cutting field trips is critical to the future of the museum. C．Field trips guarantee better future academic performance. D．Amusement parks enrich children’s learning experiences. （23-24高二上·江苏徐州·期中）In recent years, wooden buildings have reached new heights, with soaring(高耸的)wooden skyscrapers completed or underway in countries like Norway, Switzerland and AustraliA．Sweden, likewise, has come up with a plan—building the world’s biggest wooden city. As the world’s largest urban construction project in wood, Stockholm Wood City will be built in Sweden’s capital, Stockholm in 2025. “By using wood, the project is expected to reduce carbon footprint by up to 40%,compared with building in concrete and steel,” says Annica Anäs, CEO of Atrium Ljungberg, a Swedish urban development company. Some people may have concerns over fire risks posed by wooden buildings, but experts say engineered timber(木材)can resist fire as well. As with other modern construction projects using wood, Wood City will still use some concrete and steel in places like the foundations, but the overall amounts will be greatly reduced. “The construction will not be as noisy as it is built from concrete and bricks,” adds Ms Anäs. This makes wooden buildings particularly suitable for urban redevelopment in general, since putting them up is less likely to annoy the neighbours. It should also be profitable. Ms Anäs is looking for a return on investment of 20% or better. The world’s largest wooden city is supposed to make commute (通勤) easier and shorter, decreasing emissions from transportation. The website for the project describes Stockholm Wood City as a “five minute city”. As Anäs concluded, “We want to create an environment where our customers, who will live and work here, can participate in the development and design of the city district of the future. ” 1．The project mentioned in the passage is about__________. A．making a modern city B．creating wooden skyscrapers C．building the highest wooden building D．constructing the largest wooden city 2．What advantage do wooden buildings have over concrete and steel buildings? A．Resisting fires. B．Lasting long. C．Being environmentally friendly. D．Being comfortable. 3．Wooden buildings are suitable for urban redevelopment mainly because__________. A．they are profitable for investors B．they cause less noise when built C．they have a short construction period D．they are less costly to maintain and repair 4．What is Anäs’ attitude to the future of wood construction? A．Optimistic. B．Critical. C．Concerned. D．doubtful. （22-23高二上·江苏宿迁·期中）Want to reduce your risk for dementia (痴呆)? Turn on a step counter and start counting your steps — you’ll need between 3,800 and 9,800 each day to reduce your risk of mental decline, according to a new study. People between the ages of 40 and 79 who took 9,826 steps per day were 50% less likely to develop dementia within seven years, the study found. Furthermore, people who walked with “purpose” — at a pace over 40 steps a minute — were able to cut their risk of dementia by 57% with just 6,315 steps a day. Even people who walked approximately 3,800 steps a day at any speed cut their risk of dementia by 25%, the study also showed. “That would be enough, at first, for sedentary (久坐不动的) individuals,” said study coauthor Borja del Pozo Cruz, a senior researcher in health sciences for the University of Cadiz. in Spain, in an email. “In fact, it is a message that doctors could use to motivate very sedentary older adults — 4,000 steps is very achievable by many, even those that are less fit or do not feel very motivated.” he added. “Perhaps, more active and fitter individuals should aim for 10,000 steps, where we see maximum effects.” But there was a even more interesting result buried in the study, according to an editorial (社论) entitled “Is 112 the New 10,000?” published Tuesday in JAMA Neurology. The largest reduction in dementia risk — 62% — was achieved by people who walked at a very brisk pace of 112 steps per minute for 30 minutes a day, the study found. Prior research has labeled 100 steps a minute (2.7 miles per hour) as a “quick and energetic” or moderate level of intensity. The editorial argued that individuals looking to reduce their risk of dementia focus on their walking pace over their walked distance. “We do agree this is a very interesting finding,” said del Pozo Cruz via email. “Our take is that intensity of stepping matters! Over and above volume. Technology could be used to track not only number of steps but also pace and so these types of metrics can also be included in commercial watches. More research is needed on this.” 1．Why are the statistics listed in the passage? A．To indicate researchers hardworking. B．To make the research goal achievable. C．To show the research process complex. D．To prove the research finding accurate. 2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Taking steps of 9,826 each day. B．Reducing the risk of dementia by 57%. C．Walking at a pace over 40 steps a minute. D．Walking about 3,800 steps a day at any speed. 3．What does the sentence “More research is needed on this.” in the last paragraph mean? A．The technology of tracking pace in commercial watches will be further explored. B．The factors that reduce the risk of dementia will be researched in the new field. C．The reasons why walking is effective in reducing dementia risk will be studied. D．Various commercial watches will be widely used to reduce the risk of dementia. 4．What might be the best title of the text? A．Walking can prevent dementia. B．Walked distance cures dementia! C．Walking pace cuts dementia risk? D．Walking makes people more energetic. （23-24高二上·江苏·期中）Engineers in Upstate New York have invented a folded paper device that looks like a decorated ant project. But don’t be fooled. This is actually a paper-based battery. No, it doesn’t look like any of those metal batteries running flashlights or smartphones. In these systems, the battery can be printed on a page. The battery’s power consists of living bacteria. Paper electronics are simple to make and inexpensive, notes study leader Seokheun Choi, an engineer at Binghamton University. They need no electrical outlet to recharge. They just need more bacteria, which can be found everywhere- including dirty water. “Most batteries use chemicals to generate electricity. Substituting bacteria can be an advantage,” Choi says. “They are cheap and self-repairing.” What paper—based batteries won’t do is generate much power. They do, however, create enough to run small devices in faraway or dangerous places—such as a battlefield. They might also find use in medicine. For instance, they might power tiny sensors, such as the types used to measure blood sugar. This invention is based on an observation made more than a century ago—that microbes (微生物) produce electricity as they digest food. Scientists refer to the bio-batteries based on this principle as microbial fuel cells. A fuel cell generates electricity like a regular battery. But a regular battery stops producing electricity when its inner chemical reactions stop. A fuel cell uses fuel that can be refilled. In this case, bacteria serve as the fuel. By refilling more microbes, as needed, scientists can keep these fuel cells running. Lab tests have shown that the new battery can produce a current. Now, Choi and his team are looking at ways to increase the power. They’re studying different shapes and materials for the anode and cathode (正负极). They’re also looking for the best ways to combine batteries for more power. The beauty of the paper devices is that you can simply fold them to connect them. And they surely will be a trend in the near future. 1．What makes the paper-based batteries different from other batteries? A．They are mainly used to run smartphones. B．They use bacteria to generate electricity. C．They are used to decorate small devices. D．They take a much shorter time to recharge. 2．What can the paper-based batteries do? A．Power tiny devices. B．Lower blood sugar levels. C．Produce much electricity. D．Change chemicals in the paper. 3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．The application of the new battery. B．The characteristics of the paper batteries. C．The intention to invent the device. D．The working principle of the invention. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of the paper-based batteries? A．Defensive. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Pessimistic. （23-24高二上·江苏南京·期中）New DNA Repair-kit Successfully Fixes Hereditary (遗传性的) Disease in Cells Genetic mutations (突变) which cause a weakening hereditary kidney disease affecting children and young adults have been fixed in kidney cells from a patient using a potentially game-changing DNA repair-kit. The advance, developed by the team led by Dr Francesco Aulicino and Professor Imre Berger from Bristol’s School of Biochemistry, is published in Nucleic Acids Research. Podocin is a protein normally located on the surface of specialized kidney cells and essential for kidney function. Faulty podocin, however, remains stuck inside the cell and never makes it to the surface, damaging the podocytes (肾小球足细胞) and leading to hereditary Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS), which cannot be cured with medications. Gene therapy (疗法) which repairs the genetic mutations causing the faulty podocin offers hope for patients. By applying new biology techniques, the team re-engineered baculovirus, a for humans harmless insect virus to create a DNA repair vehicle. This re-engineered baculovirus is considered safe, as it could only multiply in the insect, but not in human cells. It can enter human cells very efficiently. What sets apart baculovirus from current ones Like LV, AV, and AAV is that the shell of baculovirus resembles a hollow stick — it simply becomes longer when the load increases. This means a lot more advanced tool-kit and much larger DNA pieces to repair a genetic error can be delivered, making it much more multifunctional than commonly-used systems. The team used patient-derived podocytes carrying the disease-causing error in the genome to demonstrate the potentials of their technology. Dr Aulicino said: “There are many avenues to apply our system. In addition to podocin repair, we could show that we can correct many errors in very different places in the genome efficiently, by using our single baculovirus delivery system and the most recent editing techniques available.” Professor Gavin Welsh said: “These results are very encouraging. It is a long road ahead to carry out a new system for clinical applications, but we believe the advantages offered make this a very worthwhile undertaking.” 1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The theory of a therapy. B．The cause of a disease. C．A special protein. D．An important cell. 2．Why did the team choose baculovirus? A．Its shell is extensible. B．Its risk is controllable. C．It can enter human cells. D．It can reproduce quickly. 3．Why did the team experimented on faulty podocytes? A．To follow a common practice in the field. B．To make their experiment easier to perform. C．To show the greatness of their achievements. D．To employ the most recent editing techniques. 4．What’s Gavin Welsh’s attitude toward the study? A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. （23-24高二上·江苏常州·期中）When Jennifer first heard that her friend George passed an exam, her heart sank. She’d failed the same test weeks earlier. But then, instead of feeling upset and envious, she congratulated him. Jennifer was surprised when she could share her friend’s happiness, she experienced her own, in turn. Finding pleasure in another person’s good fortune is what social scientists call freudenfreude, a term which describes the happiness we feel when someone else succeeds, even if it doesn’t directly involve us. Freudenfreude is like social glue, making relationships closer and more enjoyable. A study in 2021 found that in daily life freudenfreude boosted kind acts, such as helping others. Sharing in someone else’s joy can also improve life satisfaction and help people cooperate during a conflict. While the benefits of freudenfreude are plentiful, it doesn’t always come easily. In some cases, it might really hurt you when you see another person’s winning as your loss, making freudenfreude feel out of reach. If you were raised in a family that paired winning with self-worth, you might misread someone else’s victory as your own weak point. Factors such as mental health and overall well-being can also affect your ability to share someone else’s joy. To better understand freudenfreude, it can be helpful to illustrate its better-known counterpart, schadenfreude: the pleasure we feel when witnessing someone’s misfortune. In a 2022 study, experts examined instances of freudenfreude and schadenfreude among college students, some of whom were experiencing mild depression. Freudenfreude scores were higher, and schadenfreude scores were lower among those who were not depressed. The mildly depressed students, however, had a harder time developing a joy-sharing mindset. When you’re feeling down, it’s natural to view positive news with negativity. However, no one gets to the top alone, and when we raise others up, we’re often carried up with them. When we feel happy for others, their joy becomes our joy. Celebrating our friends’ successes — big and small — helps us all win. 1．Why is the story of Jennifer mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To introduce a topic. B．To report an issue. C．To present a definition. D．To provide a background. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 3 to 4 of the text? A．Freudenfreude comes naturally as an inborn ability. B．People experiencing freudenfreude are more likely to help others. C．Freudenfreude is accessible if we view others’ success as our loss. D．People whose family highlights winning tend to enjoy freudenfreude. 3．What is the purpose of the 2022 study in paragraph 5? A．To figure out the benefits of freudenfreude. B．To compare freudenfreude with schadenfreude. C．To explore the cause of college students’ depression. D．To reveal the effect of mental health on freudenfreude. 4．What does the author intend to tell us in the text? A．Others’ victories may result in our envy. B．Celebrating others’ victories can bring a win-win. C．Delight in others’ misfortune boosts our happiness. D．Freudenfreude is closely linked to our physical health. （23-24高二上·江苏常州·期中）Climate breakdown is already changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned. The quantity and quality of hops (啤酒花), a key ingredient in most beers, is being affected by global heating, according to a study. As a result, beer may become more expensive and producers will have to adapt their methods. Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4 — 18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather, while the content of aloha acids in the hops, which gives beers their unique taste and smell, will fall by 20 — 31%. “Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change, either in the price tag or the quality,” said Miroslav Trnka, a scientist at the Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and co-author of the study, published in the journal Nature Communications. “That seems to be inevitable from our data.” Beer, the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea, is made by fermenting (发酵) malted grains like barley with yeast. It is usually flavored with sweet-smelling hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes (纬度) that are sensitive to changes in light, heat and water. In recent years, demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors. But releases of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk, the study found. The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971 — 1994 and 1995 —2018 and found “a significant production decrease” of 0.13 — 0.27 tons per hectare. Celje, in Slovenia, had the greatest fall in average annual hop yield, at 19.4%. In Germany, the second biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt, 13.7% in Hallertau, and 9.5% in Tettnang, the study found. Andreas AUernhammer, a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany, said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”. 1．Due to climate change, beer lovers may find beer _________. A．more affordable B．less tasty C．more adaptable D．less sensitive 2．What does the underlined word “inevitable” in paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．unimaginable B．unbearable C．unavoidable D．unusual 3．What can we infer from Andreas’s words? A．Rainfall has little to do with beer making. B．There is little production decrease in his area. C．More rain is needed to improve the situation. D．Rainfall pattern affects hop production. 4．How did the researchers mainly carry out the research? A．Analyzing data. B．Conducting a survey. C．Doing experiments. D．Using logic thinking. （23-24高二上·江苏泰州·期中）An open letter, winning the likes of Tesla CEO Musk and Apple CEO Steve, was released early last week. It advocates a 6-month pause to give Artificial Intelligence (AI) companies and regulators time to make safeguards to protect society from potential risks of the technology. AI has progressed at a fast speed since the invention of ChatGPT, which reportedly reached over 100 million users by January, 2023. Many technology companies are racing to build AI into their products, which have caught many off guard. “Many people aren’t well prepared for the pace and scale of these AI models. They are ideal for spreading misinformation, cheating people out of their money and convincing employees to click on dangerous links online,” says Michael, a researcher of AI company, who signed the letter. “I feel that a 6-month pause would give regulators enough time to catch up with the rapid pace of progress.” Privacy is another growing concern, as critics worry that systems could exactly reproduce personal information from their training sets. Italy’s data protection authority prohibited ChatGPT on 31 March over concerns that personal data are being used to train Open AI’s models. Some experts warn of deeper security threats. ChatGPT-based digital assistants that can read and write emails could offer new opportunities for hackers. Unfortunately, many problems of today’s AI models don’t have easy solutions. One complex issue is how to make AI-generated content easy to detect. Some researchers are working on “watermarking”—creating a digital mark in the AI’s output. However, a recent research finds that tools, which slightly change AI-produced text, can easily defeat this approach. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates says that the proposed pause won’t “solve the challenges” ahead. He believes the people behind the letter are heavily involved in the technology world, which he thinks gives them a narrow perspective on the potential risks. 1．What’s the purpose of the open letter? A．To draw the attention of AI companies. B．To present the risks of AI technology. C．To call for a pause on the AI development. D．To turn down the application of AI programs. 2．What can we infer about AI from the text? A．AI models threaten human survival. B．AI users have expanded out of control. C．AI development brings potential dangers. D．AI technology will replace human beings. 3．What does the author aim to show by mentioning “watermarking” in Paragraph 5? A．It is hard to sign digitally. B．It is easy to detect AI’s output. C．It is wise to leave a water mark. D．It is tough to settle AI problems. 4．What’s Bill Gates’ attitude towards the 6-month pause? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Indifferent. D．Tolerant. （23-24高二上·江苏常州·期中）Last April over 21,000 fans were at Wembley Arena in London, shouting and cheering. Thousands more were watching online. But this wasn’t a football, basketball or tennis match. It was esports, or competitive computer gaming. The prize money for the winners: 3 million. Millions of people in the UK play esports for fun. Some of them have made it their full-time job. It’s not easy being a professional gamer, though. They sit in front of a computer for anywhere from 10-15 hours straight, doing the same thing over and over again, trying to improve on that craft like typing fast. In order to stay fit enough to compete, teams often maintain a consistent gym routine. As well as playing esports, many people in the UK like watching them too. Esports can be exciting to watch: just like traditional sports, there are close games, last-minute victories and amazing performances. Sometimes online viewers can interact with games. Despite the word “esports” having “sports” right in the name, there’s still a frequently asked question: are esports really sports? Some say no. While they have a lot of similarities to traditional sports like football, soccer, and basketball, it’s appearing to miss one thing: movement. Physical activity. Esports players don’t need to run, jump, throw or do big physical action. At the moment, the UK government regards esports as kinds of games, not as sports. But others say yes: esports are sports. Players do need some physical skills, especially hand-eye cooperation, reflexes, accuracy and timing. If darts (飞镖), snooker and shooting are seen as sports, then perhaps esports should be too. In fact, China and South Korea do see esports as sports. And esport is already an official medal sports in the Asian Games since 2022. For many esports fans and players, though, the most important thing is that esports are growing in popularity and importance. If esports are not as important as sports now, they definitely will be in the near future. 1．What can we learn about esports from the text? A．Esports are gaining popularity in the UK. B．Esports fans just watch games quietly online. C．People prefer to watch rather than play esports. D．Esports are more interactive than traditional sports. 2．Which of the following is true about professional esports players? A．They win big prizes quite easily. B．They need no physical actions or skills. C．They have to go through severe training. D．They pay little attention to physical conditions. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the future of esports? A．Negative. B．Unclear. C．Cautious. D．Optimistic. 4．which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Next step: the Olympics! B．Esports: Games or Sports? C．The Sports Without Movement. D．What Makes A Professional Gamer? （23-24高二上·江苏南京·期中）In Australia, as the world locked down to slow the tide of the Covid-19 outbreak, Dr. Daniel Reardon, an astrophysicist living in Melbourne, was admitted to hospital after getting four magnets (磁铁) stuck up his nose in an attempt to invent a device that stops people touching their faces during the coronavirus outbreak. Originally, Reardon, who despite his qualifications has by his own account really no experience or expertise in building circuits or things, planned to use his time creating a device that — worn as a necklace, with a powerful neodymium magnet worn on the wrist — would set off an alarm if you brought your hand too close to your face. However, it turned out that Reardon’s facility did the opposite. The necklace screams continuously unless you move your hand close to your face. After this initial failure, it seems, lockdown boredom really set in. Reardon started playing with the magnets, clipping (夹住) them to his face and then to his nostril. Things went downhill pretty quickly when he clipped them to his other nostril. He placed two magnets inside his nostrils, and two on the outside. When he removed the magnets from the outside of his nose, the two inside stuck together. He decided to Google the problem and found the solution was more magnets on the outside to offset the pull from the ones inside. As he was pulling downwards to try and remove the magnets, they clipped on to each other and he lost his grip. And those two magnets ended up in his left nostril while the other one was in his right. At that point he ran out of magnets. Ultimately, after some further struggles involving some pliers which became magnetized, Reardon was hospitalized — with his partner, who works at a hospital, taking him in because she wanted all her colleagues to laugh at him. After the magnets were successfully removed, Reardon received some medical notes which contained the phrase: “Denies difficulty breathing. Denies further magnets.” 1．Why did Reardon start his invention? A．To amuse himself. B．To remind wearers. C．To stop covid-19. D．To kill time. 2．What resulted in Reardon’s unsuccessful attempt? A．He lacked qualifications. B．He was inexperienced. C．He had no spare parts. D．He was fully occupied. 3．What can we learn from paragraphs 3 & 4? A．Each of Reardon’s nostrils had two magnets in. B．It’s dangerous to play with neodymium magnets. C．People tend to surf the Internet for their problems. D．Reardon could have saved face with enough magnets. 4．What does Reardon’s partner think of magnets getting stuck in his nose? A．Funny. B．Awkward. C．Boring. D．Creative. （23-24高二上·江苏连云港·期中）These cold and dark winter days make me want to curl up with a book, perhaps while eating vacation cookies. One could describe my behavior in this way: sit too long and have a sweet snack. A regular practice of these things may well lead to weight gain. Is winter weight gain a thing? “Yes,” says Larry Cheskin, who chairs the nutrition department at George Mason University. “There is good evidence that it is a thing.” Research shows that people gain one to two pounds over the winter months. There is also evidence that American adults gain one to two pounds each year. Winter weight gain may be a major culprit (罪魁祸首), so perhaps we should view the season as a particularly risky time for adding excess padding (赘肉). Some researchers have narrowed the time window to look at weight gain over the weeks spanning Thanksgiving through New Year’s. In a study of 195 people at the National Institutes of Health(NIH), people gained 0.8 pounds, on average, during that period. “The vacations are not insignificant,” Cheskin says. There are more social events，an increase in the variety of foods and more drinking. Alcohol adds calories and undermines self-control, which may do harm to people’s health. But it’s not just overeating at vacation parties that’s to blame. When it’s cold and snowy-or slushy or icy-outside, people spend more time indoors, which in turn can mean getting less physical activity. That’s a vacation gift that no one wants. So if wintertime in general，and the vacations in particular，are a precarious(危险的)time for gaining weight, then what can be done? Be aware that winter weight gain can happen especially in this season. Pay attention to your diet and try to keep your activity level up. 1．Why does the author mention that he likes to eat cookies while reading in winter in the first paragraph? A．To share what he usually does in winter. B．To take himself as an example to prove his ideas. C．To suggest that people usually eat more cookies in winter. D．To show that the winter days are always dark and cold. 2．Why does the author mention the NIH’s study? A．To prove that people gain weight especially during vacations. B．To learn about people’s vacation meals. C．To confirm the incompleteness of existing theories. D．To explore why people gain weight in vacations. 3．What does the underlined word “undermines” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Increases. B．Blows C．Challenges D．Destroys. 4．That is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce people’s eating habits in winter. B．To present a new social finding on eating habits. C．To appeal to people to lose weight in vacations. D．To remind people to eat less and exercise more in winter. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 阅读理解之说明文15篇 (江苏期中真题) （23-24高二上·江苏南京·期中）Solar panels — also known as “photovoltaic” panels — are used to turn sunlight into electricity. Most solar panels are placed on land in large collections called solar farms. But recently people have begun to explore putting floating solar panels on water. Because these panels float, some people call them “floatovoltaics”. The idea isn’t as unusual as it might seem. After all, any solar panel has to be waterproof, since it will be out in the rain. There are already several large floatovoltaic farms in Asia. On land, so panels are held up by special frames (框架). On the water, floatovoltaics are placed on a floating platform attached to the bottom of a lake or reservoir (水库). Floating solar panels cost about 25% more than those placed on land. The researchers behind the new study looked at 145,555 reservoirs worldwide. They used computer programs to figure out how much electricity could be produced yearly by covering 30% of these reservoirs with floating solar panels. The answer was surprisingly large — more than twice the amount of energy the United States generates in a year and 10 times as much energy as all the solar power currently being generated in the world. Floatovoltaics can also help save water by limiting evaporation (蒸发) from reservoirs. The scientists say that solar panels covering just 30% of the reservoirs’ surfaces could save as much water as 300 million people would use in a year. There are several other reasons that make floatovoltaics a good idea. Photovoltaic panels work better when they’re not extremely hot. The water helps cool the panels so that they create more energy. Floatovoltaics aren’t perfect. Covering too much of a reservoir with panels could affect the plants and animals in the water. The scientists say it will be important to study how floating panels will affect water in each reservoir. Focusing first on man-made reservoirs will avoid some of those problems. 1．What is the purpose of paragraph 2? A．To list solar panels’ unusual functions. B．To introduce the workability of floating solar panels. C．To show disadvantages of solar panels on land. D．To make a comparison between different solar panels. 2．How did researchers carry out the new study? A．By looking at reservoirs worldwide. B．By building floatovoltaic farms in the US. C．By making computer-aided estimates. D．By processing data given by specialists. 3．What do we know about floating solar panels? A．They may cause potential harm to water ecosystem. B．They will eventually replace photovoltaic panels. C．They function well in extreme hot weather. D．They are perfect except for the high cost. 4．What is the suitable title for the text? A．Floating Solar Panels — Our Final Choice B．Floating Solar Panels — Taking Us Back to Water C．Floating Solar Panels — A New Way to Cool the Planet D．Floating Solar Panels — Making Energy, Saving Water 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了浮动太阳能电池板的优势——既能发电又能节约水。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The idea isn’t as unusual as it might seem. After all, any solar panel has to be waterproof, since it will be out in the rain. There are already several large floatovoltaic farms in Asia. On land, so panels are held up by special frames (框架). On the water, floatovoltaics are placed on a floating platform attached to the bottom of a lake or reservoir(水库). Floating solar panels cost about 25% more than those placed on land.(这个想法并不像看起来那么不寻常。毕竟，任何太阳能电池板都必须是防水的，因为它会在雨中使用。亚洲已经有几个大型的浮动光伏电站。在陆地上，太阳能板由特殊框架支撑。在水面上，浮动光伏被放置在附着在湖底或水库底部的浮动平台上。浮动太阳能电池板的成本比放置在陆地上的太阳能电池板高出25%左右。)”可知，第2段的目的是介绍浮动太阳能电池板的可操作性。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“They used computer programs to figure out how much electricity could be produced yearly by covering 30% of these reservoirs with floating solar panels.(他们使用计算机程序计算出，如果在30%的水库上安装浮动太阳能电池板，每年可以产生多少电力。)”可知，研究人员是通过计算机辅助估算来进行这项新研究的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Covering too much of a reservoir with panels could affect the plants and animals in the water.(用面板覆盖太多的水库可能会影响水中的植物和动物。)”可知，浮动太阳能电池板可能对水生态系统造成潜在危害。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第三段“The answer was surprisingly large—more than twice the amount of energy the United States generates in a year and 10 times as much energy as all the solar power currently being generated in the world.(答案惊人地大——是美国一年发电量的两倍多，是目前世界上所有太阳能发电量的10倍。)”和倒数第二段“Floatovoltaics can also help save water by limiting evaporation (蒸发) from reservoirs.(浮动光伏还可以通过限制水库的蒸发来帮助节约用水。)”可知，本文主要介绍了浮动太阳能电池板的优势——既能发电又能节约水，因此最好的题目是D选项“浮动太阳能电池板——发电，节水”。故选D。 （23-24高二上·江苏宿迁·期中）With the DJ shouting in a strong local accent and viewers seating themselves wherever they could find a spot to view the game, two teams of basketball players who were no other than the local villagers played under professional-class format and the game became tense in the last seconds at the fourth quarter. The rescheduled final game of Guizhou country basketball league, known as “Village Basketball Association“, was played in Taipan Village, a remote rural area with a population of only 1,200,in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province on Monday after a local storm hit on Sunday night. Team Qiandongnan beat Team Zunyi by a score of 68 to 65. There were more viewers for this game, although it was a weekday, compared with the 30,000-strong crowd seen during the past weekend when the third-place game went viral. The festival-turned-competition is a gathering which is attractive to local villagers and visitors looking for a special local experience. How can a grass-roots competition become more attractive than professional games to people like me? I think it’s because sport essentially originates from the grass roots and everybody can find the most available social connections by being part of it. The Village BA reminded me of my tour in Yangshuo of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where I was getting tired of the landscape scenery until I ran into a local basketball game on my way back to the hotel. I decided to take a rest and sat on the bare ground by the court rubbing shoulders with locals and visitors and letting out whatever I wanted to give out. Like the players of the Village BA in Guizhou,the winning team in Yangshuo was awarded with nothing more than local products such as live ducks and cooked meat. The sudden popularity of the Village BA could be due to the universal social media and the users’ tendency to explore something different from their surroundings. But what may remain lasting and grow even bigger is people’s pursuit of spiritual nutrition and the grass-roots sport is one of the top destinations that are easy to reach. 1．What do we know about the Village BA? A．Its players are amateurs. B．It is divided into two quarters. C．Its audience are local villagers. D．It is tenser than professional games. 2．What does the author think of the grass-roots competition? A．It is available to everyone. B．It trains professional players. C．It is played without strict rules. D．It helps people find social connections. 3．Why does the author mention his travel in Yangshuo? A．To show the popularity of the Village BA． B．To praise the place for its beautiful landscape. C．To reflect the financial problems of the Village BA． D．To prove the players of the Village BA are famous. 4．What is most important for the popularity of the Village BA? A．People’s fame concer. B．People’s spiritual needs. C．People’s desire for wealth. D．People’s passion for exploration. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在贵州省一个仅拥有1200人的偏远村庄举行的“村 BA”冠军争夺战，超3万人现场观战，最终黔东南队以68比65战胜遵义队，获得“村 BA ”总决赛冠军。文章还分析了人们喜欢“村 BA”的原因等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“With the DJ shouting in a strong local accent and viewers seating themselves wherever they could find a spot to view the game, two teams of basketball players who were no other than the local villagers played under professional-class format and the game became tense in the last seconds at the fourth quarter.”（随着DJ用浓重的当地口音大声喊着，观众们随便找个地方坐下观看比赛，两支由当地村民组成的篮球队以专业级别的形式进行比赛，比赛在第四节最后几秒变得紧张起来。）可知，参加比赛的都是当地村民，说明选手都是业余爱好者。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“I think it’s because sport essentially originates from the grass roots and everybody can find the most available social connections by being part of it.”（我认为这是因为体育运动本质上起源于基层，每个人都可以通过参与体育运动来找到最有效的社会联系。）可知，作者认为这种草根比赛能够帮助人们找到社会联系。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“The Village BA reminded me of my tour in Yangshuo of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where I was getting tired of the landscape scenery until I ran into a local basketball game on my way back to the hotel. I decided to take a rest and sat on the bare ground by the court rubbing shoulders with locals and visitors and letting out whatever I wanted to give out.  Like the players of the Village BA in Guizhou,the winning team in Yangshuo was awarded with nothing more than local products such as live ducks and cooked meat.”（BA村让我想起了我在广西壮族自治区阳朔的旅行，我对那里的风景感到厌倦，直到我在回酒店的路上遇到了一场当地的篮球赛。我决定休息一下，坐在球场旁的光秃秃的地上，与当地人和游客擦肩而过，想说什么就说什么。和贵州BA村的队员一样，阳朔获胜的球队得到的奖励也不过是活鸭和熟肉等当地产品。）可推知，作者提到他在阳朔的旅行是为了显示乡村BA的欢迎程度。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But what may remain lasting and grow even bigger is people’s pursuit of spiritual nutrition and the grass-roots sport is one of the top destinations that are easy to reach.”（但是，人们对精神营养的追求可能会持续下去，甚至变得更大，而草根体育是最容易到达的目的地之一。）可知，人们的精神需求是村BA流行的主要原因。故选B项。 （23-24高二上·江苏盐城·期中）With enough money, it’s possible to do something unbelievable in Dubai and now you can add another to the list — walking on the moon. Recently, Canadian architectural company Moon World Resorts announced plans to construct a $5 billion resort (度假村) that looks like the moon in Dubai. The project, named Moon Dubai, is meant to help visitors experience space tourism, which allows guests to find out what it is like to walk on the moon. The resort will be very luxurious and contemporary, with a lot of components inside that one would already know — for example, a wellness area, residential properties, restaurants, a convention center, and a spa, each with a lunar twist. It will also include a training platform for space agencies and astronauts. Space tourism currently comes with a big price tag, and it’s a barrier to entry for most travelers. However, the moon resort experience will be significantly cheaper. A walk on the lunar surface of the moon resort is much more affordable at $500. “Moon Dubai will significantly impact every aspect of the UAE’s economy, including tourism, transportation, commercial and residential real estate, infrastructure, financial services, aviation and space, energy, agriculture, technology and of course education,” says Michael R. Henderson, co-founder of Moon World Resorts. “It will be the largest and most successful modern-day tourism project in the MENA region, doubling annual tourism visitations to Dubai based on its global appeal, brand awareness and unique multiple integrated offerings.” Whether the project will eventually take off is currently unknown. If the design can be successful, it will require a 12-month pre-development planning program and a 48-month building process. But the company’s plan is viable (可行的). Moreover, Henderson estimated that the moon resort could open in 2027. 1．What do we know about the moon resort from paragraph 2? A．It is designed to help visitors experience space tourism. B．It is a cheaper option for space tourism. C．It serves as a platform for scientists to explore space. D．It provides visitors with space classes taught by astronauts. 2．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The features of the moon resort. B．The key role of tourism in Dubai. C．The economic value of Moon Dubai. D．The purpose of carrying out Moon Dubai. 3．What stage is the moon resort at? A．Test. B．Design. C．Operation. D．Construction. 4．What is the main purpose of this text? A．To introduce a tourism project in Dubai. B．To encourage people to visit the moon resort. C．To show the development of Dubai’s space industry. D．To present the commercial success of Moon World Resorts. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近，加拿大建筑公司月亮世界度假村宣布，计划投资50亿美元在迪拜建造一个看起来像月亮的度假村。文章介绍了这个度假村的一些设施以及特点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The project, named Moon Dubai, is meant to help visitors experience space tourism, which allows guests to find out what it is like to walk on the moon. The resort will be very luxurious and contemporary, with a lot of components inside that one would already know — for example, a wellness area, residential properties, restaurants, a convention center, and a spa, each with a lunar twist. It will also include a training platform for space agencies and astronauts. (这个名为“月亮迪拜”的项目旨在帮助游客体验太空旅游，让游客了解在月球上行走是什么感觉。度假村将是非常豪华和现代的，里面有很多人们已经知道的组件-例如，一个健康区，住宅物业，餐厅，会议中心和水疗中心，每个都有月球的转折。它还将包括一个空间机构和宇航员的培训平台)”可知，“月亮迪拜”旨在帮助游客体验太空旅游。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段中““Moon Dubai will significantly impact every aspect of the UAE’s economy, including tourism, transportation, commercial and residential real estate, infrastructure, financial services, aviation and space, energy, agriculture, technology and of course education,” says Michael R. Henderson, co-founder of Moon World Resorts. (“月亮迪拜将对阿联酋经济的各个方面产生重大影响，包括旅游、交通、商业和住宅房地产、基础设施、金融服务、航空航天、能源、农业、技术，当然还有教育，”月亮世界度假村的联合创始人Michael R. Henderson说)”可知，第4段主要讲了月亮迪拜的潜在经济价值。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Whether the project will eventually take off is currently unknown. If the design can be successful, it will require a 12-month pre-development planning program and a 48-month building process. (目前还不知道该项目最终能否成功。如果设计能够成功，它将需要12个月的开发前规划程序和48个月的建设过程)”可知，月球度假村处于设计阶段。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Recently, Canadian architectural company Moon World Resorts announced plans to construct a ＄5 billion resort (度假村) that looks like the moon in Dubai. (最近，加拿大建筑公司月亮世界度假村宣布，计划投资50亿美元在迪拜建造一个看起来像月亮的度假村)”可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是介绍迪拜的一个旅游项目。故选A。 （23-24高二上·江苏宿迁·期中）We are constantly reminded to eat well to achieve heart health, lose weight or ward off diseases like cancer. But we often ignore the brain — our most complex organ — when making choices about what to put in our mouths. Just like the rest of the body, the brain is impacted by what we consume and it’s important we feed it well. While scientists don’t yet fully understand the complex relationship between nutrition and the brain, studies have shown that heart-healthy eating habits may help reduce risk of cognitive (认知的) decline. “Although the idea that a heart-healthy diet may help protect against cognitive decline is not new, it is extremely important,” says Christy Tangney, a medical professor. “Research continues to demonstrate that healthy dietary choices in midlife are associated with a low risk of dementia (痴呆).” There is growing evidence around several diets indicating they may be able to positively impact cognition. Ongoing research studies are currently evaluating these diets. A．MEDITERRANEAN DIET What it is the combination of different aspects of healthy eating that are typically found in the areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea. What to eat *fruit, vegetables, nuts and grains; *replace butter with healthy fats like olive oil; *limit red meat; *use herbs to flavor food rather than salt; *eat fish and poultry at least twice a week. What we know Published studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet in the long run is associated with slower cognitive decline and lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. B．________ What it is A hybrid (混合体) of the Mediterranean and DASH diets. What to eat *berries and green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, nuts, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil and wine; *avoid red meats, butter, stick margarine, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried and fast food. What we know A 2015 study found that participants who strictly followed the MIND diet experienced a 53% reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Another study currently being conducted with more than 600 older adults in Chicago and Boston will test the MIND diet’s impact on cognitive decline. 1．What can we know from the first two paragraphs? A．It is easy to avoid heart attacks by eating healthily. B．What we eat actually has great effects on our brain health. C．People are always reminded to attach importance to brain health. D．Scientists have fully known the relationship between nutrition and brain. 2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Healthy dietary choices. B．Heart-healthy eating habits. C．Different diet behaviors. D．The results of dietary studies. 3．What may be the best subtitle in the blank B? A．BRAIN DIET. B．DASH DIET. C．HEALTHY DIET. D．MIND DIET. 4．What will be followed according to another study? A．Addressing the problem with the risk of dementia. B．Further exploring the benefits of the Mediterranean diet. C．Devoting more time to studying how to improve healthy diet. D．Assessing the effects the MIND diet has on cognitive decline. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了饮食实际上对我们的大脑健康有很大的影响，研究发现健康的饮食选择可以对人的认知产生积极的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But we often ignore the brain — our most complex organ — when making choices about what to put in our mouths. Just like the rest of the body, the brain is impacted by what we consume and it’s important we feed it well. (但是当我们在选择吃什么东西的时候，我们常常忽略了大脑——我们最复杂的器官。就像身体的其他部位一样，大脑也会受到我们所摄入的食物的影响，所以我们要让大脑吃得好)”可知，我们吃的东西实际上对大脑健康有很大的影响。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Research continues to demonstrate that healthy dietary choices in midlife are associated with a low risk of dementia (痴呆). (研究继续表明，中年时期健康的饮食选择与痴呆症的低风险相关)”和下文“may be able to positively impact cognition. Ongoing research studies are currently evaluating these diets. (可能会对认知产生积极影响。目前正在进行的研究正在评估这些饮食)”，以及下文两个表格探究的是地中海饮食和健脑饮食可推知，此处对认知产生积极影响的应该是上文提到的健康的饮食选择，即they指代healthy dietary choices。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据表格中What it is的“A hybrid (混合体) of the Mediterranean and DASH diets. (地中海饮食和得舒饮食的混合体)”和What we know的“A 203 study found that participants who strictly followed the MIND diet experienced a 53% reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s. (203年的一项研究发现，严格遵循健脑饮食的参与者患阿尔茨海默病的风险降低了53%)”可知，该表格介绍的是混合了地中海饮食和得舒饮食的健脑饮食的信息，因此MIND DIET“健脑饮食”适合作为其标题。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Another study currently being conducted with more than 600 older adults in Chicago and Boston will test the MIND diet’s impact on cognitive decline. (目前在芝加哥和波士顿进行的另一项研究将测试健脑饮食对认知能力下降的影响，研究对象是600多名老年人)”可知，另一项研究将评估健脑饮食对认知能力下降的影响。故选D项。 （23-24高二上·江苏徐州·期中）For many years, school children in the US have been taken on “field trips” to cultural institutions such as museums of art. Educators arrange them in the belief that schools exist not only to teach economically useful skills, but also to produce civilized young people who appreciate the art and culture. While there are parents who will take their children to cultural places in their free time, there are plenty of other children who will never have this kind of opportunity unless schools offer it. So you could say that taking school students on field trips is a means of giving everyone equal access to their cultural heritage. However, the attitude towards field trips in recent years is changing, with the number of tours organized for school groups falling significantly in museums all around the country. The most obvious reason is the issue of finance. Because there are increasing demands on their funds, after all, computers and sports facilities aren’t cheap, schools are forced to make a difficult choice about how to spend the limited money they have. Faced with this dilemma, field trips are an obvious thing to cut since they are seen by many as a luxury. Additionally, the nature of these field days is also changing. Schools increasingly use trips to amusement parks or sporting events as a treat for students rather than an opportunity for cultural learning. This shift could have a basis in general differences between teachers’ reasons for organizing days out of school. A recent survey conducted among 500 Arkansas teachers showed that older teachers were significantly more likely to take the primary purpose of a field trip as a learning experience than younger teachers, who view it as fun. Some evidence shows the trend of fewer trips may have a negative effect on children’s development. A research led by Jay Green e at Arkansas University found that students who received a tour of an art museum greatly improved their knowledge of and the ability to think critically about art. They also display stronger historical interest and were more likely to visit cultural places in the future. The researchers warn that if schools cut field trips or switch to less educational destinations, valuable opportunities to broaden and enrich children’s learning experiences are lost. 1．What is the initial purpose of field trips to cultural institutions? A．To teach students useful skills in economics. B．To educate students to preserve cultural heritage. C．To encourage parents to take their children there. D．To make every student exposed to art and culture. 2．Which factor most probably leads to the trend of fewer field trips? A．The drop in school funds. B．Students’ demand for fun. C．Teachers’ generational differences. D．The dilemma of school finance. 3．What does the underlined phrase “This shift” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The switch from old generations to young generations. B．The change from an opportunity to learn to a treat to entertain. C．The switch from sporting events to cultural experiences. D．The change from educational destinations to luxurious attractions. 4．What can be inferred about field trips from the research by Jay Greene? A．Students are rewarded with more cultural awareness. B．Cutting field trips is critical to the future of the museum. C．Field trips guarantee better future academic performance. D．Amusement parks enrich children’s learning experiences. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了多年来，美国的学龄儿童一直被带到艺术博物馆等文化机构进行“实地考察”，让每个学生都能接触到艺术文化，然而，近年来对实地考察的态度正在发生变化，为学校团体组织的参观全国各地博物馆的次数明显减少。文章解释了造成这种现象的原因。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“So you could say that taking school students on field trips is a means of giving everyone equal access to their cultural heritage. (所以你可以说，带学生去实地考察是一种让每个人都能平等地接触自己的文化遗产的方式。)”可知，参观文化机构的初衷是让每个学生都能接触到艺术文化。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Because there are increasing demands on their funds, after all, computers and sports facilities aren’t cheap, schools are forced to make a difficult choice about how to spend the limited money they have. Faced with this dilemma, field trips are an obvious thing to cut since they are seen by many as a luxury. (因为对他们资金的需求越来越大，毕竟，电脑和体育设施并不便宜，学校被迫做出一个艰难的选择，关于如何花他们有限的钱。面对这种困境，实地考察显然是要削减的，因为许多人认为实地考察太贵了。)”可知，学校财政的困境是最有可能导致实地考察活动减少的趋势的因素。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据上文“Additionally, the nature of these field days is also changing. Schools increasingly use trips to amusement parks or sporting events as a treat for students rather than an opportunity for cultural learning. (此外，这些野外活动的性质也在发生变化。学校越来越多地把去游乐园或参加体育赛事作为对学生的款待，而不是学习文化的机会。)”可知，这种转变可能基于教师组织校外活动的原因之间的普遍差异。由此可推知，this shift指的是“从一个学习的机会变成一种娱乐”，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“A research led by Jay Greene at Arkansas University found that students who received a tour of an art museum greatly improved their knowledge of and the ability to think critically about art. They also display stronger historical interest and were more likely to visit cultural places in the future. (阿肯色大学杰伊·格林领导的一项研究发现，参观艺术博物馆的学生大大提高了他们对艺术的知识和批判性思考能力。他们也表现出更强烈的历史兴趣，未来更有可能参观文化场所。)”可知，从杰伊·格林的研究中可以推断出学生获得了更多的文化意识。故选A。 （23-24高二上·江苏徐州·期中）In recent years, wooden buildings have reached new heights, with soaring(高耸的)wooden skyscrapers completed or underway in countries like Norway, Switzerland and AustraliA．Sweden, likewise, has come up with a plan—building the world’s biggest wooden city. As the world’s largest urban construction project in wood, Stockholm Wood City will be built in Sweden’s capital, Stockholm in 2025. “By using wood, the project is expected to reduce carbon footprint by up to 40%,compared with building in concrete and steel,” says Annica Anäs, CEO of Atrium Ljungberg, a Swedish urban development company. Some people may have concerns over fire risks posed by wooden buildings, but experts say engineered timber(木材)can resist fire as well. As with other modern construction projects using wood, Wood City will still use some concrete and steel in places like the foundations, but the overall amounts will be greatly reduced. “The construction will not be as noisy as it is built from concrete and bricks,” adds Ms Anäs. This makes wooden buildings particularly suitable for urban redevelopment in general, since putting them up is less likely to annoy the neighbours. It should also be profitable. Ms Anäs is looking for a return on investment of 20% or better. The world’s largest wooden city is supposed to make commute (通勤) easier and shorter, decreasing emissions from transportation. The website for the project describes Stockholm Wood City as a “five minute city”. As Anäs concluded, “We want to create an environment where our customers, who will live and work here, can participate in the development and design of the city district of the future. ” 1．The project mentioned in the passage is about__________. A．making a modern city B．creating wooden skyscrapers C．building the highest wooden building D．constructing the largest wooden city 2．What advantage do wooden buildings have over concrete and steel buildings? A．Resisting fires. B．Lasting long. C．Being environmentally friendly. D．Being comfortable. 3．Wooden buildings are suitable for urban redevelopment mainly because__________. A．they are profitable for investors B．they cause less noise when built C．they have a short construction period D．they are less costly to maintain and repair 4．What is Anäs’ attitude to the future of wood construction? A．Optimistic. B．Critical. C．Concerned. D．doubtful. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯德哥尔摩木材城将于2025年在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩建成。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Sweden, likewise, has come up with a plan—building the world’s biggest wooden city. As the world’s largest urban construction project in wood, Stockholm Wood City will be built in Sweden’s capital, Stockholm in 2025. (同样，瑞典也提出了一项计划——建造世界上最大的木制城市。作为世界上最大的木材城市建设项目，斯德哥尔摩木材城将于2025年在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩建成。)”可知，文章中提到的项目是关于建造最大的木制城市。故选D。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“By using wood, the project is expected to reduce carbon footprint by up to 40%,compared with building in concrete and steel (与混凝土和钢铁建筑相比，通过使用木材，该项目预计将减少高达40%的碳足迹。)”可知，木制建筑比混凝土和钢结构建筑有优势是环保。故选C。 3．细节理解题。由文章第三段中““The construction will not be as noisy as it is built from concrete and bricks,” adds Ms Anäs. This makes wooden buildings particularly suitable for urban redevelopment in general, since putting them up is less likely to annoy the neighbours. (Anäs女士补充道:“建筑不会像混凝土和砖块那样嘈杂。”这使得木质建筑特别适合城市重建，因为建造它们不太可能惹恼邻居。)”可知，木制建筑适合城市重建，主要是因为建造时噪音较小。故选B。 4．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Ms Anäs is looking for a return on investment of 20% or better. (Anäs女士希望获得20%或更高的投资回报率。)”以及最后一段中“The world’s largest wooden city is supposed to make commute (通勤) easier and shorter, decreasing emissions from transportation. The website for the project describes Stockholm Wood City as a “five minute city”. As Anäs concluded, “We want to create an environment where our customers, who will live and work here, can participate in the development and design of the city district of the future. ” (这座世界上最大的木制城市有望使通勤更方便、时间更短，减少交通排放。该项目的网站将斯德哥尔摩森林城描述为“五分钟城市”。正如Anäs总结的那样，“我们希望创造一个环境，让我们的客户在这里生活和工作，可以参与未来城市地区的开发和设计。”)”可知，Anäs对木材建筑的未来是乐观的。故选A。 （22-23高二上·江苏宿迁·期中）Want to reduce your risk for dementia (痴呆)? Turn on a step counter and start counting your steps — you’ll need between 3,800 and 9,800 each day to reduce your risk of mental decline, according to a new study. People between the ages of 40 and 79 who took 9,826 steps per day were 50% less likely to develop dementia within seven years, the study found. Furthermore, people who walked with “purpose” — at a pace over 40 steps a minute — were able to cut their risk of dementia by 57% with just 6,315 steps a day. Even people who walked approximately 3,800 steps a day at any speed cut their risk of dementia by 25%, the study also showed. “That would be enough, at first, for sedentary (久坐不动的) individuals,” said study coauthor Borja del Pozo Cruz, a senior researcher in health sciences for the University of Cadiz. in Spain, in an email. “In fact, it is a message that doctors could use to motivate very sedentary older adults — 4,000 steps is very achievable by many, even those that are less fit or do not feel very motivated.” he added. “Perhaps, more active and fitter individuals should aim for 10,000 steps, where we see maximum effects.” But there was a even more interesting result buried in the study, according to an editorial (社论) entitled “Is 112 the New 10,000?” published Tuesday in JAMA Neurology. The largest reduction in dementia risk — 62% — was achieved by people who walked at a very brisk pace of 112 steps per minute for 30 minutes a day, the study found. Prior research has labeled 100 steps a minute (2.7 miles per hour) as a “quick and energetic” or moderate level of intensity. The editorial argued that individuals looking to reduce their risk of dementia focus on their walking pace over their walked distance. “We do agree this is a very interesting finding,” said del Pozo Cruz via email. “Our take is that intensity of stepping matters! Over and above volume. Technology could be used to track not only number of steps but also pace and so these types of metrics can also be included in commercial watches. More research is needed on this.” 1．Why are the statistics listed in the passage? A．To indicate researchers hardworking. B．To make the research goal achievable. C．To show the research process complex. D．To prove the research finding accurate. 2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Taking steps of 9,826 each day. B．Reducing the risk of dementia by 57%. C．Walking at a pace over 40 steps a minute. D．Walking about 3,800 steps a day at any speed. 3．What does the sentence “More research is needed on this.” in the last paragraph mean? A．The technology of tracking pace in commercial watches will be further explored. B．The factors that reduce the risk of dementia will be researched in the new field. C．The reasons why walking is effective in reducing dementia risk will be studied. D．Various commercial watches will be widely used to reduce the risk of dementia. 4．What might be the best title of the text? A．Walking can prevent dementia. B．Walked distance cures dementia! C．Walking pace cuts dementia risk? D．Walking makes people more energetic. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讨论了走路对降低痴呆风险的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“People between the ages of 40 and 79 who took 9,826 steps per day were 50% less likely to develop dementia within seven years, the study found. Furthermore, people who walked with “purpose” — at a pace over 40 steps a minute — were able to cut their risk of dementia by 57% with just 6,315 steps a day.”（研究发现，年龄在40到79岁之间、每天走9826步的人在7年内患痴呆症的可能性降低了50%。此外，有“目标”走路的人——每分钟走40步以上——每天只需走6315步，患痴呆症的风险就能降低57%。）可推知，文中列出了这些统计数字是为了证明研究发现的准确性。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Even people who walked approximately 3,800 steps a day at any speed cut their risk of dementia by 25%, the study also showed.”（研究还显示，即使是每天以任何速度步行约3800步的人，患痴呆症的风险也会降低25%。）以及第四段中““That would be enough, at first, for sedentary (久坐不动的) individuals”（首先，对于久坐不动的人来说，这已经足够了）由此可知，划线单词that指的是“以任何速度每天走约3800步”。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中““We do agree this is a very interesting finding,” said del Pozo Cruz via email. “Our take is that intensity of stepping matters! Over and above volume. Technology could be used to track not only number of steps but also pace and so these types of metrics can also be included in commercial watches.”（德尔·波佐·克鲁兹在电子邮件中说：“我们同意这是一个非常有趣的发现。”“我们的看法是，步伐的强度很重要!在步伐数量之上。技术不仅可以用于跟踪步数，还可以用于跟踪速度，因此这些类型的指标也可以包含在商业手表中。）由此可推知，划线句子More research is needed on this.的意思是“商用手表的步速跟踪技术将进一步探索。”故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Want to reduce your risk for dementia (痴呆)? Turn on a step counter and start counting your steps — you’ll need between 3,800 and 9,800 each day to reduce your risk of mental decline, according to a new study.”（想要降低患痴呆症的风险吗?打开计步器，开始计算你的步数——根据一项新的研究，你每天需要走3800到9800步才能降低智力下降的风险。）可知，本文主要讨论了走路对降低痴呆风险的影响。故文章最好的标题是“散步能降低患痴呆的风险？”。故选C项。 （23-24高二上·江苏·期中）Engineers in Upstate New York have invented a folded paper device that looks like a decorated ant project. But don’t be fooled. This is actually a paper-based battery. No, it doesn’t look like any of those metal batteries running flashlights or smartphones. In these systems, the battery can be printed on a page. The battery’s power consists of living bacteria. Paper electronics are simple to make and inexpensive, notes study leader Seokheun Choi, an engineer at Binghamton University. They need no electrical outlet to recharge. They just need more bacteria, which can be found everywhere- including dirty water. “Most batteries use chemicals to generate electricity. Substituting bacteria can be an advantage,” Choi says. “They are cheap and self-repairing.” What paper—based batteries won’t do is generate much power. They do, however, create enough to run small devices in faraway or dangerous places—such as a battlefield. They might also find use in medicine. For instance, they might power tiny sensors, such as the types used to measure blood sugar. This invention is based on an observation made more than a century ago—that microbes (微生物) produce electricity as they digest food. Scientists refer to the bio-batteries based on this principle as microbial fuel cells. A fuel cell generates electricity like a regular battery. But a regular battery stops producing electricity when its inner chemical reactions stop. A fuel cell uses fuel that can be refilled. In this case, bacteria serve as the fuel. By refilling more microbes, as needed, scientists can keep these fuel cells running. Lab tests have shown that the new battery can produce a current. Now, Choi and his team are looking at ways to increase the power. They’re studying different shapes and materials for the anode and cathode (正负极). They’re also looking for the best ways to combine batteries for more power. The beauty of the paper devices is that you can simply fold them to connect them. And they surely will be a trend in the near future. 1．What makes the paper-based batteries different from other batteries? A．They are mainly used to run smartphones. B．They use bacteria to generate electricity. C．They are used to decorate small devices. D．They take a much shorter time to recharge. 2．What can the paper-based batteries do? A．Power tiny devices. B．Lower blood sugar levels. C．Produce much electricity. D．Change chemicals in the paper. 3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．The application of the new battery. B．The characteristics of the paper batteries. C．The intention to invent the device. D．The working principle of the invention. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of the paper-based batteries? A．Defensive. B．Optimistic. C．Doubtful. D．Pessimistic. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了工程师发明了一种纸质电池，介绍了其工作原理以及优势。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“They need no electrical outlet to recharge. They just need more bacteria, which can be found everywhere- including dirty water.(它们不需要电源插座充电。它们只需要更多的细菌，而细菌无处不在——包括脏水)”可知，纸质电池与其他电池的不同在于它们利用细菌发电。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“What paper—based batteries won’t do is generate much power. They do, however, create enough to run small devices in faraway or dangerous places—such as a battlefield.(纸质电池不能产生太多的能量。然而，它们确实能制造出足够的能量来在遥远或危险的地方运行小型设备，比如战场)”可知，纸质电池能为微型设备供电。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“This invention is based on an observation made more than a century ago—that microbes (微生物) produce electricity as they digest food. Scientists refer to the bio-batteries based on this principle as microbial fuel cells. A fuel cell generates electricity like a regular battery. But a regular battery stops producing electricity when its inner chemical reactions stop. A fuel cell uses fuel that can be refilled. In this case, bacteria serve as the fuel. By refilling more microbes, as needed, scientists can keep these fuel cells running.(这项发明是基于一个多世纪以前的观察——微生物在消化食物时产生电。科学家们将基于这一原理的生物电池称为微生物燃料电池。燃料电池像普通电池一样发电。但是当内部化学反应停止时，普通电池就会停止发电。燃料电池使用的燃料是可以再填充的。在这种情况下，细菌充当燃料。根据需要，科学家们可以通过补充更多的微生物来保持这些燃料电池的运转)”可知，第四段介绍了生物电池的工作原理。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The beauty of the paper devices is that you can simply fold them to connect them. And they surely will be a trend in the near future.(纸质设备的美妙之处在于你可以简单地将它们折叠起来连接起来。在不久的将来，它们肯定会成为一种趋势)”可推知，作者对于该设备持一种积极的态度。故选B。 （23-24高二上·江苏南京·期中）New DNA Repair-kit Successfully Fixes Hereditary (遗传性的) Disease in Cells Genetic mutations (突变) which cause a weakening hereditary kidney disease affecting children and young adults have been fixed in kidney cells from a patient using a potentially game-changing DNA repair-kit. The advance, developed by the team led by Dr Francesco Aulicino and Professor Imre Berger from Bristol’s School of Biochemistry, is published in Nucleic Acids Research. Podocin is a protein normally located on the surface of specialized kidney cells and essential for kidney function. Faulty podocin, however, remains stuck inside the cell and never makes it to the surface, damaging the podocytes (肾小球足细胞) and leading to hereditary Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS), which cannot be cured with medications. Gene therapy (疗法) which repairs the genetic mutations causing the faulty podocin offers hope for patients. By applying new biology techniques, the team re-engineered baculovirus, a for humans harmless insect virus to create a DNA repair vehicle. This re-engineered baculovirus is considered safe, as it could only multiply in the insect, but not in human cells. It can enter human cells very efficiently. What sets apart baculovirus from current ones Like LV, AV, and AAV is that the shell of baculovirus resembles a hollow stick — it simply becomes longer when the load increases. This means a lot more advanced tool-kit and much larger DNA pieces to repair a genetic error can be delivered, making it much more multifunctional than commonly-used systems. The team used patient-derived podocytes carrying the disease-causing error in the genome to demonstrate the potentials of their technology. Dr Aulicino said: “There are many avenues to apply our system. In addition to podocin repair, we could show that we can correct many errors in very different places in the genome efficiently, by using our single baculovirus delivery system and the most recent editing techniques available.” Professor Gavin Welsh said: “These results are very encouraging. It is a long road ahead to carry out a new system for clinical applications, but we believe the advantages offered make this a very worthwhile undertaking.” 1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The theory of a therapy. B．The cause of a disease. C．A special protein. D．An important cell. 2．Why did the team choose baculovirus? A．Its shell is extensible. B．Its risk is controllable. C．It can enter human cells. D．It can reproduce quickly. 3．Why did the team experimented on faulty podocytes? A．To follow a common practice in the field. B．To make their experiment easier to perform. C．To show the greatness of their achievements. D．To employ the most recent editing techniques. 4．What’s Gavin Welsh’s attitude toward the study? A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【原文】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新的DNA修复试剂盒成功修复细胞中的遗传性疾病这一新技术。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Podocin is a protein normally located on the surface of specialized kidney cells and essential for kidney function. Faulty podocin, however, remains stuck inside the cell and never makes it to the surface, damaging the podocytes (肾小球足细胞) and leading to hereditary Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS), which cannot be cured with medications.”（足素是一种通常位于特化肾细胞表面的蛋白质，对肾脏功能至关重要。然而，有缺陷的足蛋白会滞留在细胞内，永远无法到达细胞表面，从而破坏足细胞，导致遗传性类固醇抗性肾病综合征(SRNS)，这种疾病无法用药物治愈）可知，该段内容介绍了遗传性类固醇抗性肾病综合征这一疾病的原因：由于足蛋白的缺失，所以才导致了这一遗传性疾病。故选B。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段种“By applying new biology techniques, the team re-engineered baculovirus, a for humans harmless insect virus to create a DNA repair vehicle. ”（通过应用新的生物学技术，该团队重新设计了杆状病毒，一种对人类无害的昆虫病毒，以创造DNA修复载体。）以及第四段中“What sets apart baculovirus from current ones Like LV, AV, and AAV is that the shell of baculovirus resembles a hollow stick — it simply becomes longer when the load increases. This means a lot more advanced tool-kit and much larger DNA pieces to repair a genetic error can be delivered, making it much more multifunctional than commonly-used systems.”（杆状病毒与当前的病毒(如LV、AV和AAV)的区别在于，杆状病毒的外壳类似于一根中空的棍子——当负载增加时，它就会变长。这意味着可以提供更先进的工具包和更大的DNA片段来修复遗传错误，使其比常用系统更具多功能。）由此判断，杆状病毒的外壳是可以扩展的，从而提供更大的DNA片段来修复遗传上的错误，因此才会被选择来进行DNA修复。故选A。 1．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“The team used patient-derived podocytes carrying the disease-causing error in the genome to demonstrate the potentials of their technology.”（研究小组利用患者衍生的足细胞，在基因组中携带致病错误，来证明他们的技术的潜力。）以及最后一段第一句“These results are very encouraging.”（这个结果非常令人鼓舞。）推知，研究人员选择在出错误的足细胞上做实验是为了证明这项伟大的成就。故选C。 1．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Professor Gavin Welsh said: “These results are very encouraging. It is a long road ahead to carry out a new system for clinical applications, but we believe the advantages offered make this a very worthwhile undertaking.””（加文·威尔士教授说:“这些结果非常令人鼓舞。将新系统用于临床应用还有很长的路要走，但我们相信它所提供的优势使它成为一项非常值得的事业。”）可知，威尔士教授认为这项应用非常的有潜力，虽然有很长一段路要走，但是非常值得继续坚持下去。由此推知，他对这项研究持支持态度。A. Cautious.谨慎的；B. Dismissive.不屑一顾的；C. Doubtful.怀疑的；D. Approving.支持的。故选D。 （23-24高二上·江苏常州·期中）When Jennifer first heard that her friend George passed an exam, her heart sank. She’d failed the same test weeks earlier. But then, instead of feeling upset and envious, she congratulated him. Jennifer was surprised when she could share her friend’s happiness, she experienced her own, in turn. Finding pleasure in another person’s good fortune is what social scientists call freudenfreude, a term which describes the happiness we feel when someone else succeeds, even if it doesn’t directly involve us. Freudenfreude is like social glue, making relationships closer and more enjoyable. A study in 2021 found that in daily life freudenfreude boosted kind acts, such as helping others. Sharing in someone else’s joy can also improve life satisfaction and help people cooperate during a conflict. While the benefits of freudenfreude are plentiful, it doesn’t always come easily. In some cases, it might really hurt you when you see another person’s winning as your loss, making freudenfreude feel out of reach. If you were raised in a family that paired winning with self-worth, you might misread someone else’s victory as your own weak point. Factors such as mental health and overall well-being can also affect your ability to share someone else’s joy. To better understand freudenfreude, it can be helpful to illustrate its better-known counterpart, schadenfreude: the pleasure we feel when witnessing someone’s misfortune. In a 2022 study, experts examined instances of freudenfreude and schadenfreude among college students, some of whom were experiencing mild depression. Freudenfreude scores were higher, and schadenfreude scores were lower among those who were not depressed. The mildly depressed students, however, had a harder time developing a joy-sharing mindset. When you’re feeling down, it’s natural to view positive news with negativity. However, no one gets to the top alone, and when we raise others up, we’re often carried up with them. When we feel happy for others, their joy becomes our joy. Celebrating our friends’ successes — big and small — helps us all win. 1．Why is the story of Jennifer mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To introduce a topic. B．To report an issue. C．To present a definition. D．To provide a background. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 3 to 4 of the text? A．Freudenfreude comes naturally as an inborn ability. B．People experiencing freudenfreude are more likely to help others. C．Freudenfreude is accessible if we view others’ success as our loss. D．People whose family highlights winning tend to enjoy freudenfreude. 3．What is the purpose of the 2022 study in paragraph 5? A．To figure out the benefits of freudenfreude. B．To compare freudenfreude with schadenfreude. C．To explore the cause of college students’ depression. D．To reveal the effect of mental health on freudenfreude. 4．What does the author intend to tell us in the text? A．Others’ victories may result in our envy. B．Celebrating others’ victories can bring a win-win. C．Delight in others’ misfortune boosts our happiness. D．Freudenfreude is closely linked to our physical health. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述庆祝别人的胜利会给自己带来好处，这种行为也被称为“freudenfreude”。文章解释了freudenfreude的好处以及影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“When Jennifer first heard that her friend George passed an exam, her heart sank. She’d failed the same test weeks earlier. But then, instead of feeling upset and envious, she congratulated him. Jennifer was surprised when she could share her friend’s happiness, she experienced her own, in turn.(当詹妮弗第一次听说她的朋友乔治通过了考试时，她的心一沉。几周前，她也没能通过同样的测试。但随后，她没有感到沮丧和嫉妒，而是祝贺他。珍妮弗很惊讶，当她能分享她朋友的快乐时，她也体验了自己的快乐)”以及第二段“Finding pleasure in another person’s good fortune is what social scientists call freudenfreude, a term which describes the happiness we feel when someone else succeeds, even if it doesn’t directly involve us.(从别人的好运中找到快乐就是社会科学家所说的“freudenfreude”，这个术语描述的是当别人成功时我们所感受到的快乐，即使这并不直接涉及到我们自己)”可推知，第一段提到了Jennifer的故事是为了引出一个话题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“A study in 2021 found that in daily life freudenfreude boosted kind acts, such as helping others. Sharing in someone else’s joy can also improve life satisfaction and help people cooperate during a conflict.(2021年的一项研究发现，在日常生活中，freudenfreude会促进善意行为，比如帮助他人)”可知，经历了freudenfreude的人更有可能帮助别人。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“To better understand freudenfreude, it can be helpful to illustrate its better-known counterpart, schadenfreude: the pleasure we feel when witnessing someone’s misfortune. In a 2022 study, experts examined instances of freudenfreude and schadenfreude among college students, some of whom were experiencing mild depression. Freudenfreude scores were higher, and schadenfreude scores were lower among those who were not depressed. The mildly depressed students, however, had a harder time developing a joy-sharing mindset. When you’re feeling down, it’s natural to view positive news with negativity.(为了更好地理解“freudenfreude”，我们可以举例说明“freudenfreude”，即我们在目睹他人不幸时所感受到的快乐。在2022年的一项研究中，专家们调查了大学生中freudenfreude和schadenfreude的情况，其中一些人患有轻度抑郁症。那些没有抑郁的人的freudenfreude得分更高，schadenfreude得分更低。然而，轻度抑郁的学生很难形成一种分享快乐的心态。当你情绪低落时，很自然地会用消极的眼光看待积极的消息)”可推知，第5段2022年研究的目的是揭示freudenfreude对心理健康的影响。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, no one gets to the top alone, and when we raise others up, we’re often carried up with them. When we feel happy for others, their joy becomes our joy. Celebrating our friends’ successes — big and small — helps us all win.(然而，没有人能独自到达顶峰，当我们提升别人的时候，我们经常会被他们所带动。当我们为别人感到高兴时，他们的快乐就变成了我们的快乐。庆祝朋友们的成功——无论大小——有助于我们所有人的胜利)”可推知，庆祝别人的胜利可以带来双赢。故选B。 （23-24高二上·江苏常州·期中）Climate breakdown is already changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned. The quantity and quality of hops (啤酒花), a key ingredient in most beers, is being affected by global heating, according to a study. As a result, beer may become more expensive and producers will have to adapt their methods. Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4 — 18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather, while the content of aloha acids in the hops, which gives beers their unique taste and smell, will fall by 20 — 31%. “Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change, either in the price tag or the quality,” said Miroslav Trnka, a scientist at the Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and co-author of the study, published in the journal Nature Communications. “That seems to be inevitable from our data.” Beer, the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea, is made by fermenting (发酵) malted grains like barley with yeast. It is usually flavored with sweet-smelling hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes (纬度) that are sensitive to changes in light, heat and water. In recent years, demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors. But releases of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk, the study found. The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971 — 1994 and 1995 —2018 and found “a significant production decrease” of 0.13 — 0.27 tons per hectare. Celje, in Slovenia, had the greatest fall in average annual hop yield, at 19.4%. In Germany, the second biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt, 13.7% in Hallertau, and 9.5% in Tettnang, the study found. Andreas AUernhammer, a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany, said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”. 1．Due to climate change, beer lovers may find beer _________. A．more affordable B．less tasty C．more adaptable D．less sensitive 2．What does the underlined word “inevitable” in paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．unimaginable B．unbearable C．unavoidable D．unusual 3．What can we infer from Andreas’s words? A．Rainfall has little to do with beer making. B．There is little production decrease in his area. C．More rain is needed to improve the situation. D．Rainfall pattern affects hop production. 4．How did the researchers mainly carry out the research? A．Analyzing data. B．Conducting a survey. C．Doing experiments. D．Using logic thinking. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现由于气候变化，啤酒爱好者可能会觉得啤酒不那么美味了。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及影响啤酒花调味的因素。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Climate breakdown is already changing the taste and quality of beer, scientists have warned.(科学家警告说，气候变化已经改变了啤酒的味道和质量)”以及第二段“Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4 — 18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather, while the content of aloha acids in the hops, which gives beers their unique taste and smell, will fall by 20 — 31%.(研究人员预测，如果农民不适应炎热干燥的天气，到2050年，欧洲种植区的啤酒花产量将下降4%到18%，而啤酒花中阿罗哈酸的含量将下降20%到31%，阿罗哈酸赋予啤酒独特的味道和气味)”可知，由于气候变化，啤酒爱好者可能会觉得啤酒不那么美味了。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change, either in the price tag or the quality(啤酒饮用者肯定会看到气候变化，无论是在价格标签上还是在质量上)”可知，啤酒饮用者肯定会看到气候变化，无论是在价格标签上还是在质量上，说明啤酒口味的变化是不可避免的了。故划线词意思是“不可避免的”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Andreas AUernhammer, a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany, said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”. (安德里亚斯·奥恩哈默是德国南部斯帕特的一名啤酒花农场主，他说他田地里的总降雨量几乎没有变化，但现在“雨来的不是时候”)”可推知，降雨模式影响啤酒花产量。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971 — 1994 and 1995 —2018 and found “a significant production decrease” of 0.13 — 0.27 tons per hectare. Celje, in Slovenia, had the greatest fall in average annual hop yield, at 19.4%. In Germany, the second biggest hop producer in the world, average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt, 13.7% in Hallertau, and 9.5% in Tettnang, the study found.(研究人员比较了1971 - 1994年和1995 - 2018年期间香气啤酒花的平均年产量，发现“产量显著下降”，每公顷0.13到0.27吨。斯洛文尼亚的Celje啤酒花年平均产量下降幅度最大，为19.4%。研究发现，在世界第二大啤酒花生产国德国，Spalt的啤酒花平均产量下降了19.1%，Hallertau下降了13.7%，Tettnang下降了9.5%)”可知，研究人员主要通过分析数据进行研究。故选A。 （23-24高二上·江苏泰州·期中）An open letter, winning the likes of Tesla CEO Musk and Apple CEO Steve, was released early last week. It advocates a 6-month pause to give Artificial Intelligence (AI) companies and regulators time to make safeguards to protect society from potential risks of the technology. AI has progressed at a fast speed since the invention of ChatGPT, which reportedly reached over 100 million users by January, 2023. Many technology companies are racing to build AI into their products, which have caught many off guard. “Many people aren’t well prepared for the pace and scale of these AI models. They are ideal for spreading misinformation, cheating people out of their money and convincing employees to click on dangerous links online,” says Michael, a researcher of AI company, who signed the letter. “I feel that a 6-month pause would give regulators enough time to catch up with the rapid pace of progress.” Privacy is another growing concern, as critics worry that systems could exactly reproduce personal information from their training sets. Italy’s data protection authority prohibited ChatGPT on 31 March over concerns that personal data are being used to train Open AI’s models. Some experts warn of deeper security threats. ChatGPT-based digital assistants that can read and write emails could offer new opportunities for hackers. Unfortunately, many problems of today’s AI models don’t have easy solutions. One complex issue is how to make AI-generated content easy to detect. Some researchers are working on “watermarking”—creating a digital mark in the AI’s output. However, a recent research finds that tools, which slightly change AI-produced text, can easily defeat this approach. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates says that the proposed pause won’t “solve the challenges” ahead. He believes the people behind the letter are heavily involved in the technology world, which he thinks gives them a narrow perspective on the potential risks. 1．What’s the purpose of the open letter? A．To draw the attention of AI companies. B．To present the risks of AI technology. C．To call for a pause on the AI development. D．To turn down the application of AI programs. 2．What can we infer about AI from the text? A．AI models threaten human survival. B．AI users have expanded out of control. C．AI development brings potential dangers. D．AI technology will replace human beings. 3．What does the author aim to show by mentioning “watermarking” in Paragraph 5? A．It is hard to sign digitally. B．It is easy to detect AI’s output. C．It is wise to leave a water mark. D．It is tough to settle AI problems. 4．What’s Bill Gates’ attitude towards the 6-month pause? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Indifferent. D．Tolerant. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了处于对人工智能机器人存在问题的担忧，一些科技巨头公司签署了一封公开信，主张暂停6个月，让人工智能公司和监管机构有时间制定保护措施，保护社会免受该技术的潜在风险。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It advocates a 6-month pause to give Artificial Intelligence (AI) companies and regulators time to make safeguards to protect society from potential risks of the technology.”（它主张暂停6个月，让人工智能(AI)公司和监管机构有时间制定保障措施，保护社会免受该技术的潜在风险。）可知，这封公开信是为了呼吁让人工智能发展暂停一段时间。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“They are ideal for spreading misinformation, cheating people out of their money and convincing employees to click on dangerous links online,”（它们是传播错误信息、骗取人们钱财和说服员工点击网上危险链接的理想工具，）及第四段第一句“Privacy is another growing concern, as critics worry that systems could exactly reproduce personal information from their training sets.”（隐私是另一个新出现的问题，因为批评者担心系统可以准确地从他们的训练集合中复制个人信息。）可知，人工智能的发展会带来一些弊端，存在潜在的危险。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第五段“Unfortunately, many problems of today’s AI models don’t have easy solutions. ”（不幸的是，当今人工智能模型的许多问题都没有简单的解决方案）和“One complex issue is how to make AI-generated content easy to detect.”（一个棘手的问题是如何让人工智能生成的内容易于检测）可知，当今人工智能模型的许多问题都没有简单的解决方案，其中一个棘手的问题是如何让人工智能生成的内容易于检测，一些研究者们一直致力于该问题，因此作者提到“watermarking”是为了表明人工智能问题是很难解决的。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Microsoft CEO Bill Gates says that the proposed pause won’t “solve the challenges” ahead. ”（微软联合创始人比尔·盖茨对路透社表示，拟议中的暂停不会“解决”未来的挑战。）以及“He believes the people behind the letter are heavily involved in the technology world, which he thinks gives them a narrow perspective on the potential risks. (他认为，这封信背后的人与科技世界有着密切的联系，他认为这让他们对潜在风险的看法很狭隘。)”可知，比尔·盖茨认为6个月的暂停计划无法解决未来的挑战，他认为这封公开信会导致人们对潜在风险的看法变得很狭隘。因此对该计划持否定的态度。故选B。 （23-24高二上·江苏常州·期中）Last April over 21,000 fans were at Wembley Arena in London, shouting and cheering. Thousands more were watching online. But this wasn’t a football, basketball or tennis match. It was esports, or competitive computer gaming. The prize money for the winners: 3 million. Millions of people in the UK play esports for fun. Some of them have made it their full-time job. It’s not easy being a professional gamer, though. They sit in front of a computer for anywhere from 10-15 hours straight, doing the same thing over and over again, trying to improve on that craft like typing fast. In order to stay fit enough to compete, teams often maintain a consistent gym routine. As well as playing esports, many people in the UK like watching them too. Esports can be exciting to watch: just like traditional sports, there are close games, last-minute victories and amazing performances. Sometimes online viewers can interact with games. Despite the word “esports” having “sports” right in the name, there’s still a frequently asked question: are esports really sports? Some say no. While they have a lot of similarities to traditional sports like football, soccer, and basketball, it’s appearing to miss one thing: movement. Physical activity. Esports players don’t need to run, jump, throw or do big physical action. At the moment, the UK government regards esports as kinds of games, not as sports. But others say yes: esports are sports. Players do need some physical skills, especially hand-eye cooperation, reflexes, accuracy and timing. If darts (飞镖), snooker and shooting are seen as sports, then perhaps esports should be too. In fact, China and South Korea do see esports as sports. And esport is already an official medal sports in the Asian Games since 2022. For many esports fans and players, though, the most important thing is that esports are growing in popularity and importance. If esports are not as important as sports now, they definitely will be in the near future. 1．What can we learn about esports from the text? A．Esports are gaining popularity in the UK. B．Esports fans just watch games quietly online. C．People prefer to watch rather than play esports. D．Esports are more interactive than traditional sports. 2．Which of the following is true about professional esports players? A．They win big prizes quite easily. B．They need no physical actions or skills. C．They have to go through severe training. D．They pay little attention to physical conditions. 3．What is the author’s attitude to the future of esports? A．Negative. B．Unclear. C．Cautious. D．Optimistic. 4．which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Next step: the Olympics! B．Esports: Games or Sports? C．The Sports Without Movement. D．What Makes A Professional Gamer? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了电子竞技如今流行的情况以及关于电子竞技是否属于运动的不同看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Last April over 21,000 fans were at Wembley Arena in London, shouting and cheering. Thousands more were watching online. But this wasn’t a football, basketball or tennis match.(去年4月，超过2.1万名球迷聚集在伦敦温布利体育馆，大声欢呼。还有数千人在网上观看。但这不是一场足球、篮球或网球比赛)”和第二段“Millions of people in the UK play esports for fun. Some of them have made it their full-time job. (在英国，数以百万计的人玩电子竞技是为了娱乐。他们中的一些人把它当成了全职工作。)”和第三段“As well as playing esports, many people in the UK like watching them too.(除了玩电子竞技，许多英国人也喜欢看电子竞技。)”可知，电子竞技在英国越来越受欢迎。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s not easy being a professional gamer, though. They sit in front of a computer for anywhere from 10-15 hours straight, doing the same thing over and over again, trying to improve on that craft like typing fast. In order to stay fit enough to compete, teams often maintain a consistent gym routine.(然而，成为一名职业玩家并不容易。他们在电脑前连续坐10到15个小时，一遍又一遍地做同样的事情，试图提高打字速度。为了保持足够的健康来参加比赛，球队经常保持一致的健身计划)”可知，职业电竞选手必须经过严格的训练。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For many esports fans and players, though, the most important thing is that esports are growing in popularity and importance. If esports are not as important as sports now, they definitely will be in the near future.(然而，对于许多电竞爱好者和玩家来说，最重要的是电竞越来越受欢迎，越来越重要。如果电子竞技现在还没有体育运动那么重要，那么在不久的将来肯定会如此)”可推知，作者对电子竞技的未来是乐观态度。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Despite the word “esports” having “sports” right in the name, there’s still a frequently asked question: are esports really sports? Some say no.(尽管“电子竞技”这个词的名字里有“体育”，但仍然有一个经常被问到的问题:电子竞技真的是体育运动吗？有些人说不)”以及倒数第二段“But others say yes: esports are sports.(但其他人的回答是肯定的：电子竞技是体育运动)”结合文章主要介绍了电子竞技如今流行的情况以及关于电子竞技是否属于运动的不同看法。可知，B选项“电子竞技：游戏还是运动？”最符合文章标题。故选B。 （23-24高二上·江苏南京·期中）In Australia, as the world locked down to slow the tide of the Covid-19 outbreak, Dr. Daniel Reardon, an astrophysicist living in Melbourne, was admitted to hospital after getting four magnets (磁铁) stuck up his nose in an attempt to invent a device that stops people touching their faces during the coronavirus outbreak. Originally, Reardon, who despite his qualifications has by his own account really no experience or expertise in building circuits or things, planned to use his time creating a device that — worn as a necklace, with a powerful neodymium magnet worn on the wrist — would set off an alarm if you brought your hand too close to your face. However, it turned out that Reardon’s facility did the opposite. The necklace screams continuously unless you move your hand close to your face. After this initial failure, it seems, lockdown boredom really set in. Reardon started playing with the magnets, clipping (夹住) them to his face and then to his nostril. Things went downhill pretty quickly when he clipped them to his other nostril. He placed two magnets inside his nostrils, and two on the outside. When he removed the magnets from the outside of his nose, the two inside stuck together. He decided to Google the problem and found the solution was more magnets on the outside to offset the pull from the ones inside. As he was pulling downwards to try and remove the magnets, they clipped on to each other and he lost his grip. And those two magnets ended up in his left nostril while the other one was in his right. At that point he ran out of magnets. Ultimately, after some further struggles involving some pliers which became magnetized, Reardon was hospitalized — with his partner, who works at a hospital, taking him in because she wanted all her colleagues to laugh at him. After the magnets were successfully removed, Reardon received some medical notes which contained the phrase: “Denies difficulty breathing. Denies further magnets.” 1．Why did Reardon start his invention? A．To amuse himself. B．To remind wearers. C．To stop covid-19. D．To kill time. 2．What resulted in Reardon’s unsuccessful attempt? A．He lacked qualifications. B．He was inexperienced. C．He had no spare parts. D．He was fully occupied. 3．What can we learn from paragraphs 3 & 4? A．Each of Reardon’s nostrils had two magnets in. B．It’s dangerous to play with neodymium magnets. C．People tend to surf the Internet for their problems. D．Reardon could have saved face with enough magnets. 4．What does Reardon’s partner think of magnets getting stuck in his nose? A．Funny. B．Awkward. C．Boring. D．Creative. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了居住在墨尔本的天体物理学家丹尼尔·里尔登博士在发明的过程中出现意外，导致磁铁被卡在了鼻子里，最后被送往医院。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In Australia, as the world locked down to slow the tide of the Covid-19 outbreak, Dr. Daniel Reardon, an astrophysicist living in Melbourne, was admitted to hospital after getting four magnets (磁铁) stuck up his nose in an attempt to invent a device that stops people touching their faces during the coronavirus outbreak.(在澳大利亚，全世界都在封锁以减缓新冠肺炎疫情的蔓延，居住在墨尔本的天体物理学家丹尼尔·里尔登博士被人往鼻子里塞了四个磁铁，试图发明一种装置，在冠状病毒爆发期间阻止人们触摸自己的脸，结果被送进了医院)”可知，里尔登开始他的发明是为了提醒佩戴者。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段“Originally, Reardon, who despite his qualifications has by his own account really no experience or expertise in building circuits or things, planned to use his time creating a device that — worn as a necklace, with a powerful neodymium magnet worn on the wrist — would set off an alarm if you brought your hand too close to your face.(里尔登虽然有资格，但据他自己说，他在制造电路或其他东西方面没有任何经验或专业知识，他最初计划利用他的时间创造一种设备——作为项链佩戴，手腕上戴着一块强大的钕磁铁——如果你的手太靠近你的脸，它就会发出警报)”可知，他没有经验导致里尔登的尝试失败。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“He decided to Google the problem and found the solution was more magnets on the outside to offset the pull from the ones inside.(他决定用谷歌来解决这个问题，并发现解决办法是在外面放更多的磁铁来抵消里面的吸引力)”可知，人们倾向于上网解决问题。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, after some further struggles involving some pliers which became magnetized, Reardon was hospitalized — with his partner, who works at a hospital, taking him in because she wanted all her colleagues to laugh at him.(最终，在一些被磁化的钳子的进一步斗争之后，里尔登被送进了医院——他在医院工作的伴侣收留了他，因为她想让所有的同事都嘲笑他)”可推知，里尔登的搭档认为磁铁卡在他鼻子里很搞笑。故选A。 （23-24高二上·江苏连云港·期中）These cold and dark winter days make me want to curl up with a book, perhaps while eating vacation cookies. One could describe my behavior in this way: sit too long and have a sweet snack. A regular practice of these things may well lead to weight gain. Is winter weight gain a thing? “Yes,” says Larry Cheskin, who chairs the nutrition department at George Mason University. “There is good evidence that it is a thing.” Research shows that people gain one to two pounds over the winter months. There is also evidence that American adults gain one to two pounds each year. Winter weight gain may be a major culprit (罪魁祸首), so perhaps we should view the season as a particularly risky time for adding excess padding (赘肉). Some researchers have narrowed the time window to look at weight gain over the weeks spanning Thanksgiving through New Year’s. In a study of 195 people at the National Institutes of Health(NIH), people gained 0.8 pounds, on average, during that period. “The vacations are not insignificant,” Cheskin says. There are more social events，an increase in the variety of foods and more drinking. Alcohol adds calories and undermines self-control, which may do harm to people’s health. But it’s not just overeating at vacation parties that’s to blame. When it’s cold and snowy-or slushy or icy-outside, people spend more time indoors, which in turn can mean getting less physical activity. That’s a vacation gift that no one wants. So if wintertime in general，and the vacations in particular，are a precarious(危险的)time for gaining weight, then what can be done? Be aware that winter weight gain can happen especially in this season. Pay attention to your diet and try to keep your activity level up. 1．Why does the author mention that he likes to eat cookies while reading in winter in the first paragraph? A．To share what he usually does in winter. B．To take himself as an example to prove his ideas. C．To suggest that people usually eat more cookies in winter. D．To show that the winter days are always dark and cold. 2．Why does the author mention the NIH’s study? A．To prove that people gain weight especially during vacations. B．To learn about people’s vacation meals. C．To confirm the incompleteness of existing theories. D．To explore why people gain weight in vacations. 3．What does the underlined word “undermines” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Increases. B．Blows C．Challenges D．Destroys. 4．That is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce people’s eating habits in winter. B．To present a new social finding on eating habits. C．To appeal to people to lose weight in vacations. D．To remind people to eat less and exercise more in winter. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了冬季体重增加的问题和应对措施。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“These cold and dark winter days make me want to curl up with a book, perhaps while eating vacation cookies. One could describe my behavior in this way: sit too long and have a sweet snack. A regular practice of these things may well lead to weight gain.(这些寒冷和黑暗的冬日让我想蜷缩着看书，也许一边吃着度假饼干。人们可以这样描述我的行为:坐得太久，吃了一顿甜食。经常做这些事情很可能会导致体重增加)”可知，作者以自己为例，说经常这样做会导致体重增加。而第二段首句“Is winter weight gain a thing? “Yes,” says Larry Cheskin, who chairs the nutrition department at George Mason University.(冬天会变胖吗？“是的，”乔治梅森大学营养系主任拉里·切斯金说)”可知，文章从第二段开始讲述冬天确实会增重。由此推知，作者在第一段以自己为例是为了证明自己的观点。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“There is also evidence that American adults gain one to two pounds each year. Winter weight gain may be a major culprit (罪魁祸首), so perhaps we should view the season as a particularly risky time for adding excess padding (赘肉). Some researchers have narrowed the time window to look at weight gain over the weeks spanning Thanksgiving through New Year’s. In a study of 195 people at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), people gained 0.8 pounds，on average，during that period.(还有证据表明，美国成年人每年增重一到两磅。冬季体重增加可能是罪魁祸首，所以也许我们应该把这个季节视为添加赘肉特别危险的时期。一些研究人员缩小了从感恩节到新年这几周的时间窗口，来观察体重增加的情况。在美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)对195人进行的一项研究中，人们在此期间平均体重增加了0.8磅)”可推知，作者提到美国国立卫生研究院的研究结果是为了证明之前提出的观点。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“Alcohol adds calories(酒精会增加卡路里)”以及下一句“which may do harm to people’s health.(这可能对人们的健康有害)”及常识可知，酒精会增加卡路里，并破坏一个人的自我控制。由此推知，划线词的意思和“破坏”相似。选项A“Increases(增加)”；选项B“Blows(吹)”；选项C“Challenges(挑战)”；选项D“Destroys(毁坏)”。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“That’s a vacation gift that no one wants. So if wintertime in general，and the vacations in particular，are a precarious(危险的)time for gaining weight，then what can be done? Be aware that winter weight gain can happen especially in this season. Pay attention to your diet and try to keep your activity level up.(这是没人想要的假期礼物。所以，如果冬季，尤其是假期，是一个不稳定的增重时间，那么我们能做些什么呢？要知道，冬季尤其在这个季节体重会增加。注意你的饮食，尽量保持你的活动水平)”以及全文内容可推知，这篇文章主要目的是告诉我们冬季体重会增加，因此要注意饮食多运动。故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$