2024届高三英语二轮复习阅读理解议论文课件

议论文 以观点为中心的文章 议论文3要素 1. 论点(opinion/conclusion) 2. 论据(facts/evidence) 3. 论证(argument) 能力训练1：区分观点和事实 能力训练2：掌握论点和论据的关系 能力训练3：关注论证方式 常见的论证方式：(1) 举例论证(by giving examples) (2) 对比论证(by comparison; by comparing A with B) (3) 道理论证(by quoting; by quoting sb's comments) (4) 比喻论证(by using metaphor) 【2019▪全国III卷】 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. "It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows. Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences. "China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China; some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil. For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways." 24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York? A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors. C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models. 25. What does Hill say about Chinese women? A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns. C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world. 26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean? A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends 这是一篇议论文。符合新课标的话题——人与社会——文学、艺术与体育（影视、音乐等领域的概况及其发展），通过Amanda Hill的评论，文章论述了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚界的影响。文章体现了文化自信，彰显了高中英语课程总目标——培养中国情怀、国际视野和跨文化沟通能力。 24.为“事实细节题”。以 the exhibition in New York为定位词，通过选项定位的方法，进行排除辨析。可以找到对应句第三段中The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣），这与选项B对应。故选B。 25.本题为“事实细节题”。题目在考查Hill对中国女性的评论。根据第四段中Hill所说的话“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.”(中国模特是向世界各地的女性推销梦想的美丽和时尚运动的面孔，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心)，这与选项A（Hill说中国女性正在引领新时尚）相对应，故选A。 26.为“猜测词义题”。词不离句，根据下文and beating them hands down in design and sales（在设计和销售上击败他们)，故选D。 拓展：hands down这个习语来自赛马运动。当一名骑手觉得胜利在望，自己可以不费劲就能取胜的时候，往往会垂下双手、放松缰绳，让马匹向前冲，而不必继续提紧缰绳、快马加鞭。 27.为“主旨大意题”。做题时，要站在全文的角度。主旨题的正确答案具有概括性。通读全文可知，本文通过Amanda Hill的评论，论述了中国文化、中国艺术、中国设计师等等在国际时尚中发挥着非常重要的作用。对选项进行选择时，一定要选取最佳答案，同时最能概括文章大意。选项D“中国文化刺激着国际时尚的发展和潮流”最符合题意，故选择D。 【2019▪天津卷】 Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A. loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B. age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D. disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. End one’s struggle for liberty. B. Waste one’s energy taking risks. C. Miss the opportunity to succeed. D. Lose the interest to continue learning. 53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A. A tough man can tolerate suffering. B. A wise man can live without self-pity. C. A man should try to satisfy people around him. D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 55. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 1.【答案】B 【解析】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。 推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此。 2.【答案】D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段 I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because th ey have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. i 故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知 run out of steam 可知，停止学习。 3.【答案】C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 we lose the sense of wo nder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportuniti es are everywhere. 可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些有好奇心的人。 4.【答案】D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 we learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, s ome people are never going to love us-an idea tha t troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. JEl, 我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活。 5.【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活。 【2018▪北京卷】 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs 48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. 49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed. B. Replaced. C. Shared. D. Reduced. 50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. 1． A． 细节理解题．根据第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars（and rightfully so）， policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams， cut emissions（排放） and offer more convenient， affordable mobility options．（尽管迄今为止的大部分辩论都集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全性上，但政策制定者也应该讨论自动驾驶汽车如何帮助减少交通堵塞、减少排放，并提供更方便、更实惠的出行选择） 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题．故选A． 2． D． 推理判断题．根据文章第一段But however long it takes， the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities， for better or for worse， depending on how the transformation is regulated．可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming． We just have to plan for it．可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D． 3． A． 词义猜测题．根据第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services， considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues（责任与维护问题）．可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用．故划线词是"被应用"的意思．A． Employed被应用；B． Replaced被取代；C． Shared被分享；D． Reduced被减少．故选A． 4． B． 观点态度题．根据文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people， and more affordably． The car of the future is coming． We just have to plan for it．（即将到来的技术进步为城市和州提供了一个发展交通系统的机会，该系统旨在以更经济的方式运送更多的人．未来的汽车来了．我们只需要为此做好计划） 中的 advancement，move more people， and more affordably．以及plan for it可推知，作者是积极的态度．故选B． 【2017▪天津卷】 I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of “waits”. The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen. Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody. We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy. 51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________. A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded C. grow anxious D. stay focused 52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait? A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control. B. The Forced Wait makes people passive. C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions. D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain. 53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait? A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait. B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result. C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait. D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope. 54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting? A. Take it seriously. B. Don’t rely on others. C. Do something else. D. Don’t lose heart. 55. The author supports his view by ____________. A. exploring various causes of “waits” B. describing detailed processes of “waits” C. analyzing different categories of “waits” D. revealing frustrating consequences of “waits” 本文属于议论文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了等待分为三种，我们不应该在等待时失去信心．考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断． 51．B．细节理解题．根据第二段There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full．During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks可知当我们盯着罐子看的时候，我们倾向于心不在焉；故选B． 52．A．细节理解题．根据第三段After all，Forced Waiting requires patience可知强迫等待与被监视的等待的区别是强迫等待需要一些自制力；故选A． 53．B．细节理解题．根据文章Unlike the Forced Wait，which is also voluntary，waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen可知幸运的等待并不总是带来预期的结果；故选B． 54．D．推理判断题．根据最后一段The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky，don't be desperate可知作者建议我们下次等待时不要失去信心；故选D． 55．C．推理判断题．根据文章To understand the issue，let's take a look at three types of"waits可知作者证明自己的观点通过分析不同类别的"等待；故选C． 【2017▪北京卷】 Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: ＂If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.＂ A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just ＂switch them off＂ as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, ＂Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.＂ However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ____________. A. run out of human control B. satisfy human’s real desires C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician 68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ____________. A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches 69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ____________. A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots’ affecting the world 70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A. It will disappear with the development of AI. B. It will get worse with human interference. C. It will be solved but with difficulty. D. It will stay for a decade. 本文为科技类议论文，来自于2016年6月的《科学美国人》（英文原名：Scientific American），主要讲的是人工智能 artificial intelligence （AI） 随着科技的发展可能超出人类的控制以及人类应如何应对此类安全问题。 1.从文章第一段第二句话The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.“人工智能可能会变得非常擅长完成目标，而这些可能不是人们真正想要的”可知与A选项run out of human control对应，因此选择A。 2.原文第二段第一句话A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.根据“a wish to preserve its own existence”同义转化为 prevent themselves from being destroyed，因此选择A。 3.原文第三段第二句话Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. '根据“but never allowing them to affect the real word”同义转化为avoid robots' affecting the world，因此选择D。 4.原文第四段第一句话Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. ；根据“seems to be possible but not easy”推断出It will be solved but with difficulty因此选择C。 【2020▪北京卷】 Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms(算法)carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today's AI pioneers want to move on from today's world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence(AGI). In some respects, today's powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we're successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an "ultra- intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever." Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra -intelligent machine "could be “the last invention that man need ever make." Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction—Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today's excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever: 42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 43. What could A GI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 44. As for Irving Good's opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 45. What can be inferred about A GI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 【42题详解】词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 【43题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 【44题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 【45题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 【2021▪新高考I卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. (1)D 解析：细节理解题。根据题干信息 misunderstanding 定位到第一段：Many people now misunderstand…as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup… 分析可知，大多数人认为情商就是构成人性格中几乎所有可取的部分，而后跟的句子 such as character, motivation, confidence… 则是作者在列举一些情商中具体的优良品质。选项D：它指的是一个人的优良品质，是该句的同义替换。故选D。 (2)B 解析：推理判断题。根据题干信息的 paragraph 2，定位到第二段 We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as…；分析可知，我们更喜欢把情商称作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。而后作者便分别列举了 doctor 和 cheater 用于解释说明“好目的”和“坏目的”。由此我们可以推测，作者提及 doctor 和 cheater 是为了阐明前句所提到的关于情商的概念。故选B。 (3)A 解析：推理判断题。根据题干信息 popularization of emotional intelligence 定位到第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding…the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的观点，但是宣传的总体效果（对于情商的发展研究）是利大于弊的。而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（the most positive aspect of this popularization…）。可知，作者对此态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。 (4)B 解析：主旨大意题。根据题干信息 last paragraph 定位到最后一段 It is our hope that…advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence…may serve to point us in the right direction. 分析可知，我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供一个新的视角。而情商也许会给我们指明一个正确的方向。因此可以得知，最后一段作者是在提出对于未来研究的期待和方向。B项中的 Expectations for future studies. 符合题意。故选B。 【2021▪全国甲卷】 Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not. Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.” 9. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club? A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict. 10. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science? A. They think themselves smart. B. They look up to great thinkers. C. They see gender differences earlier than boys. D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs 11. Why are more geniuses known to the public? A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women. C. Acceptance of victors' concepts. D. Changes in people's social positions. 12. What is the best title for the text? A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck 本文是议论文。文章探讨了什么是天才，天才的评价标准，分析了天才的评价标准不公平以及对女孩们的影响，呼吁世界需要“能改变世界的天才来自那些拥有“智慧、创造力和毅力”和带有一点点好运的人。” 12.推理判断题。题意为：作者如何看待胜利者加入天才俱乐部的标准？根据题干可以定位到第三段。第三段表明了天才的设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。 13.推理判断题。题意为：我们可以从《科学》杂志的研究中推断出女孩的哪些方面？从选项的宏观分析可知，此题是对女孩的细节认识。相关信息在第四段呈现。选项A观点与原文相反。选项B和C则是无中生有。选项D对应文句“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。 14.细节理解题。题意为：为什么更多的天才被公众所认识？根据最后一段的第一句可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。 15.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容和脉络结构可知，文章探讨了什么是天才，天才的评价标准，分析了天才的评价标准不公平以及对女孩们的影响，呼吁世界需要“能改变世界的天才来自那些拥有“智慧、创造力和毅力”和带有一点点好运的人。”文章的核心词为天才的评价标准，这与选项B相符。故选B. 【2021▪天津卷】 There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 51. To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A. narrow his range of knowledge B. avoid responsibilities at work C. know more about the society D. broaden his perspective on life 52. The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A. treasure their freedom B. travel around the world C. spend most time working D. enjoy meeting funny people 53. According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A. is fully aware of his talent and ability B. is a pure specialist in medicine C. should love poetry and philosophy D. brings knowledge of other fields to work 54. What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A. Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B. In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C. Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D. Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 55. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B. Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C. Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D. Ways to Become a Generalist 语篇类型:议论文 主题语境:人与社会一社会生活一做一个多面手让人的生活丰富多彩 文章大意:专家和多面手各有利弊,多面手更有利于人们的生活和发展。 51.A 【命题意图】考查理解具体信息的能力。【答案分析】根据第二段中的"The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less"可知,做专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识了解得越来越多,即缩小知识面。故A项正确。【干扰项分析】B项在工作中避免责任感,与原文意思相反。C项偷换概念,原文只是指出是社会促使我们变成专家,而不是更多地了解社会才能成为专家。D项则是成为generalist需要具备的技能。 52.C 【命题意图】考查理解具体信息的能力。【答案分析】根据第三段中的"These specialists could work at the office until ten each night"可知,这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点,所以专家往往会"花费大部分时间工作",故C项正确。 53.D 【命题意图】考查理解具体信息的能力。【答案分析】根据第四段中的"The doctor... who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills"可知,这位优秀的医生既是诗人又是哲学家,能够给病人更多的东西,而不仅仅是良好的医学技术。即优秀的医生能把其他领域的知识带到工作中,故D项正确。 54.D【命题意图】考查理解目的的能力。【答案分析】根据第五段第三句"你的一些兴趣似乎没有联系,但一旦你探索了它们的深度,你就会发现它们是联系在一起的"可知,作者使用Toni 的例子是为了说明"似乎没有关联的兴趣以一种方式联系着"。故D项正确。 55.A 【命题意图】考查理解文章主旨要义的能力。【答案分析】文章首段第二句点明成为多面手的好处,二、三、四、五段分别介绍了专家和多面手的特点,最后一段表明我们应该拓展广博的知识和经验,即应该成为多面手,故A项正确。 【核心词汇】Para.1: generalist n.通才,多面手specialist n.专家 Para.2:specialize v.专攻 drawbackn.缺点 Para.3 :specialty n.专业,专长 【2022▪北京卷】 Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 【32题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 【33题详解】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 【2022▪天津卷】 Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in the world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。 【51题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。 【52题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。 【53题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。 【54题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。 【55题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。 【2023▪全国乙卷】 If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. 35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 32. A 主旨大意题 第一段内容讲述的是，客观公平地讲述全球历史仅仅通 过文字资料是不可行的，因为世界上大多数地区在很长一段时间内都没有文 字。文字是后来才出现的，而且即使有文字的地区也会用实物来记录重要的 事情。因此，除文字外，我们还需要结合实物来讲述历史，所以 A 项正确。 33. D 推理判断题 第二段引用库克船长和澳大利亚原住民之间的第一次冲 突作为有文字记录和无文字记录的历史的例子。英国一方有库克船长对那个 糟糕的日子的记录；而澳大利亚方面只有一个木盾，这表明仅用文字记录的历史可能是片面的，所以 D 项正确。 34. B 词义猜测题 第三段开头提到，有些胜利是偶然或故意被歪曲了的， 尤其是当只有获胜一方有文字记载能力的时候，而失败一方的人只能通过实 物讲述他们的故事。在这种情况下，文字记载只是其中一方对历史的讲述。 这犹如一场双方的对话，现在我们只能看到其中一方所讲述的内容，如果我 们想找到 另一半对话的内容 ，就需要找到相关的 实物 ，所以 作者用conversation 指代“历史 ”。 35. C 推理判断题 文章的主旨是讲述历史不能仅仅通过文字，还要结合实 物来讲述，这样才会客观、不偏颇。文章第二段第一句也提到“理想情况下， 一部历史著作应该将文字和实物结合起来，而本书的一些章节确实做到了这一点 ”，所以 C 项正确。 议论文结构 议论文的应试指南 1. 题型：细节/主旨/推理/猜词皆可能考 2. 策略：找中心(即论点/观点)，读关键细节 3. 禁忌：死磕文章，不会概括，偏离中心 $$