专题08 阅读理解说明文精选15篇【考题猜想】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中考点大串讲（上海）

2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考点大串讲（上海） 专题07 阅读理解说明文精选15篇 （解析版） 一、阅读理解 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题 The term culture now is more used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture includes all identifying aspects of a racial group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions, its social rules and economic structure, and its religious beliefs and arts. The central beliefs and customs of a group are handed down from one generation to another. It is for this reason that most people regard culture as learned rather than innate. People acquire a culture because they are not born with one. The process by which a person develops a taste for regional foods, accented speech, or an outlook on the world over time, therefore, is known as enculturation (文化适应). Cultures are often identified by their symbols — images that are familiar and coated with meaning. Totem poles (图腾柱) carved with animals and creative figures suggest aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more literally represent specific tribes (部落). In Asia and India, the color of yellow is connected with temples while in ancient China it was a color only the emperor’s family was allowed to wear. Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite differently. For example, to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals; to others, however, it can mean danger or oppression. To individuals unfamiliar with cultures outside their own, the beliefs, behaviors, and artistic expression of other groups can seem strange and even threatening. A society that ranks all other cultures against its own standards is considered to be ethnocentric (from the Greek ethnos, meaning “people,” and kentros, meaning “center”). A strongly ethnocentric society assumes also that what is different from its own culture is likely to be inferior and, possibly, wrong or evil. All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and some aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, contribute to a well-functioning society. An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not prevent acceptance and respect for another culture. History documents the long-term vigour and success of multicultural groups in which people from numerous and various cultural backgrounds live and work together. Extreme ethnocentrism, in contrast, can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and racial origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others. 1．The underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 2 most probably means ________. A．avoidable B．developed C．instinctive D．managed 2．According to the passage, the statement which is TRUE is ________. A．Culture consists of some positive features of a racial group, nation or empire B．Different interpretations of a symbol help to distinguish one culture from another C．An ethnocentric country opens welcoming arms to cultures different from its own D．People from various cultural backgrounds often reach an agreement on some image 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．All aspects of ethnocentrism can produce negative effects on a society. B．Respect and acceptance of different cultures are a proper cultural attitude. C．Racism is unlikely to bring about serious conflicts among different cultures. D．Countries with a strong sense of national pride play a superior role in the world. 4．The most proper title of the passage might be ________. A．Culture, a Faithful Mirror of History B．Culture, the Origin of Racial Superiority C．Culture, the Vigor of World Development D．Culture, a Distinctive Identity of a Nation 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了文化的定义、特点和一些错误的文化观念。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“It is for this reason that most people regard culture as learned(正是由于这个原因，大多数人认为文化是后天习得的)”以及后文“People acquire a culture because they are not born with one.(人们习得一种文化，因为他们并非生来就具有这种文化)”可知，人们习得一种文化，因为他们并非生来就具有这种文化，即大多数人认为文化是后天习得的，而不是天生的。故划线词意思是“天生的”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Cultures are often identified by their symbols — images that are familiar and coated with meaning. Totem poles (图腾柱) carved with animals and creative figures suggest aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more literally represent specific tribes (部落).(文化通常是通过其符号来识别的，这些符号是人们熟悉的、有意义的图像。刻有动物和创意人物的图腾柱暗示了太平洋西北地区美洲原住民的各个方面，但更确切地说代表了特定的部落)”以及“In Asia and India, the color of yellow is connected with temples while in ancient China it was a color only the emperor’s family was allowed to wear. Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite differently. (在亚洲和印度，黄色与寺庙有关，而在古代中国，黄色是只有皇帝的家人才能穿的颜色。因此，不同的文化对一个符号的反应可能完全不同。)”可知，不同的文化对一个符号的反应可能完全不同，故B选项：Different interpretations of a symbol help to distinguish one culture from another(对一个符号的不同解释有助于区分一种文化和另一种文化)正确。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not prevent acceptance and respect for another culture. (然而，欣赏自己的文化并不妨碍对另一种文化的接受和尊重)”可推知，尊重和接受不同的文化是一种正确的文化态度。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The term culture now is more used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture includes all identifying aspects of a racial group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions, its social rules and economic structure, and its religious beliefs and arts.(“文化”这个词现在更多地用来描述从美术到商业团体或运动队的前景的一切。然而，在其最初的意义上，文化包括一个种族群体、国家或帝国的所有识别方面；它的自然环境、历史和传统、社会规则和经济结构、宗教信仰和艺术)”可知，D选项：Culture, a Distinctive Identity of a Nation(文化，一个民族的独特身份)最符合文章标题。故选D。 二、阅读理解 【来源】上海市行知中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中英语试题 Being connected to the Internet has become a necessary part of modern life. Some people actually need it as they cannot do their jobs without it, and others simply feel they need it as they cannot imagine life without it. To think that something that did not even exist 50 years ago has come to play a crucial role in our lives like this in just about 15 years makes one wonder–just what will the future bring? In 2004, a survey was conducted in the US asking a group of technology experts their opinions on the Internet in the next ten years. 57% of them agreed that virtual classes will be more widely adopted in schools, allowing students to learn with those at the same level and with interests in the same subjects. It’s quite possible that, by the year 2030, every child in every school will do all their schoolwork on their own laptop with all their textbooks available (现成可使用的) on the Internet. No more heavy books to carry around and no more pens and paper! At work, we already use email to deal with people both inside and outside our offices and video conferencing (电话会议) is occurring more frequently. This means that meetings can be held between offices in different countries without the trouble caused by business travel. Business travel will stop to exist in the future, and so will offices as people all start to work from home. It has also become a trend for people to use pocket computers such as Blackberries. With this helpful equipment, people can send and receive emails, surf the Web, and read multimedia files from absolutely anywhere even if we are on a beach holiday. The Internet will have a revolutionary (突破性的) effect on entertainment in the future. Already we can buy and download music and movies from the Internet but it is still possible for us to buy a CD or go to the DVD stores to rent the latest movies. However, it’s quite possible that in the future, CD shops and DVD rental stores will close and cinemas will no longer exist. Entertainment will become completely virtual although hopefully people will still want to get outside to play sports and entertain themselves in more healthy ways. With the Internet we need only relax in the rocking chair. The Internet, however, has problems to be solved. 5．The expression “play a crucial role in” can be understood as “______”. A．change a dull role into B．play an interesting part in C．have an important effect on D．act a cruel character in 6．According to the passage, people are satisfied with all the following changes EXCEPT that ______. A．people won’t have to make business travel any more thanks to the video conference B．virtual classes can make students’ dream of getting rid of their schoolbags come true C．people can be kept informed anytime and anywhere with the help of convenient equipment D．CD shops and cinemas will shut down as a result of the adoption of virtual entertainment 7．What will the writer probably discuss after the last paragraph? A．Bad effects the Internet can have on us. B．The possible school life in the future. C．More excitements the Internet will bring us. D．The likely ways to solve the problems. 8．What is probably the best title for the passage? A．Virtual reality, our best friend! B．What will future life be like with the Internet? C．Goodbye, textbooks and offices! D．How can human beings deal with the Internet? 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了互联网将对人们未来的生活带来的便利影响。当然，它依然存在许多问题有待解决。 5．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Being connected to the Internet has become a necessary part of modern life. Some people actually need it as they cannot do their jobs without it, and others simply feel they need it as they cannot imagine life without it.(连接到互联网已经成为现代生活中必不可少的一部分。有些人确实需要它，因为他们的工作离不开它，而另一些人只是觉得他们需要它，因为他们无法想象没有它的生活。)”可知，互联网在人们生活中扮演了重要的角色。所以play a crucial role in为“扮演至关重要的角色”之意，与C项“ 对……有重要影响”意思一样。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“However, it’s quite possible that in the future, CD shops and DVD rental stores will close and cinemas will no longer exist. Entertainment will become completely virtual although hopefully people will still want to get outside to play sports and entertain themselves in more healthy ways.(然而，很有可能在未来，CD店和DVD出租店将关闭，电影院将不复存在。娱乐将变得完全虚拟，尽管人们仍希望到户外运动，以更健康的方式娱乐自己。)”可知，人们不希望CD店，DVD店和电影院等娱乐场所的关闭。故选D。 7．推理判断题。通读文章可知，主要讲述互联网给人们生活带来的便利影响。根据最后一段“The Internet, however, has problems to be solved. (然而，互联网也有一些问题需要解决。)”可推断，下文可能会讲到互联网的不足之处。故选A。 8．主旨大意题。根据第二段“To think that something that did not even exist 50 years ago has come to play a crucial role in our lives like this in just about 15 years makes one wonder–just what will the future bring? (想想50年前还不存在的东西，在短短15年里就在我们的生活中扮演了至关重要的角色，这不禁让人想知道——未来会带来什么？)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了互联网将对人们未来的生活带来的便利影响，B项“有了互联网，未来的生活会是什么样子？”适合做文章标题。故选B。 三、阅读理解 【来源】上海市延安中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 As a volunteer, John Apollos is losing weight - the old-fashioned way - by eating less. Apollos has lowered his daily caloric intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away. But that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three-quarters of what they used to. The researchers are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the ageing process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing.” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet decades of calorie-restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that. Last July a long-term study led by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, found that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys (恒河猴) as well. The hungry monkeys suffered from diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed fellows did. Scientists have suspected that calorie restriction could extend the life span of animals since at least1935, when researchers at Cornell University noticed that severely food-restricted lab rats lived twice as long as normal ones and were healthier. Other investigators began exploring the idea and learned that the secret is not merely a matter of body weight. One theory is that a state of slight hunger acts as a mild but constant stressor that makes an organism stronger and more resistant to the ills of ageing. Taking in fewer calories also slows metabolism (新陈代谢), and some data indicate that humans with a slower metabolism live longer. But even if these theories are correct, simply defining the mechanism is not the same as identifying the molecular pathways behind it. If researchers could determine those pathways, they might be able to pharmacologically mimic (模仿) the effect of calorie restriction. That could be the ultimate benefit of the CALORIE study. “Calorie restriction is pretty much the only thing out there that we know will not just prevent disease but also extend maximal lifespan,” says Dr. Marc Hellerstein, a nutritionist at the University of California. 9．The purpose of keeping diet for John Apollos and other participants is to ________. A．lose weight in order to keep slim B．prove how long people can survive if they lack food C．prove if eating less food can extend life span and keep young D．just keep a good mood and live a healthier life 10．What’s the meaning of “counterintuitive” (Line 1, Para. 2)? A．Unconventional. B．Incorrect. C．Comprehensible. D．Meaningless. 11．From Dr. Marc Hellerstein’s words at the end of the passage, we can infer that ________. A．people who are thin can survive longer than those who aren’t B．effective calorie restriction makes us healthier and live longer C．keeping diet cannot help people keep fit or live longer D．a state of hunger is beneficial for our health 12．What is the main idea of this passage? A．People should be slim in order to live longer. B．Keeping calorie restriction effectively makes one live longer. C．Eating too much is really harmful to our health. D．People should form a good diet habit in daily life. 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．B 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些研究已经表明有效地控制卡路里摄入会使人活得更长。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段的“But that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three-quarters of what they used to. The researchers are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the ageing process and extend our life span. (但这并不是阿波罗和其他参与者只吃了以前四分之三食物的真正原因。研究人员正试图确定限制食物摄入是否能减缓衰老过程并延长我们的寿命)”可知，阿波罗和其他参与者少吃东西是为了证明少吃食物是否能延长寿命并保持年轻。故选C。 10．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? (如果我们为了生存而吃饭，那么挨饿怎么能延长我们的寿命呢?)”可知，根据常识吃饭是为了活着，挨饿是不能延长寿命的。因此第一提到的“少摄入食物有助于减缓衰老并延长寿命”这种说法是不符合常识的，即非常规的。由此猜测，划线部分意为“非常规的”，与unconventional同义。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Calorie restriction is pretty much the only thing out there that we know will not just prevent disease but also extend maximal lifespan(卡路里限制几乎是我们所知道的唯一一件事，它不仅能预防疾病，还能延长最大寿命)”可知，Dr. Marc Hellerstein认为限制能量的摄入能预防疾病以及延长最大寿命。由此推知，有效的卡路里限制能让我更健康活得更久。故选B。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段的“But that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three-quarters of what they used to. The researchers are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the ageing process and extend our life span. (但这并不是阿波罗和其他参与者只吃了以前四分之三食物的真正原因。研究人员正试图确定限制食物摄入是否能减缓衰老过程并延长我们的寿命)”，以及最后一段的“One theory is that a state of slight hunger acts as a mild but constant stressor that makes an organism stronger and more resistant to the ills of ageing. Taking in fewer calories also slows metabolism (新陈代谢), and some data indicate that humans with a slower metabolism live longer. (有一种理论认为，轻微的饥饿状态是一种温和但持续的压力源，使生物体更强壮，更能抵抗衰老带来的疾病。摄入更少的卡路里也会减缓新陈代谢，一些数据表明，新陈代谢较慢的人寿命更长)”可知，文章主要介绍了一些研究已经表明有效地控制卡路里摄入会使人活得更长。故选B。 四、阅读理解 【来源】上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题 Why Is Canadian English Unique? Is there such a thing as Canadian English? If so, what is it? The standard stereotype (刻板印象) among Americans is that Canadians are like Americans, except that they say “eh” a lot and pronounce “out and about” as “oot and aboot.” Many Canadians, on the other hand, will tell you that Canadian English is more like British English, and proof holds that the spellings “colour” and “centre” and the name “zed” for the letter Z. Canadian does exist as a separate variety of English, with subtly (细微地) distinctive features of pronunciation and vocabulary. It has its own dictionaries; the Canadian Press has its own style guide. However, the core of Canadian English is ambivalence (矛盾). Canadian history helps to explain this. In the beginning, there were the indigenous peoples (原住民), with far more linguistic (语言的) and cultural variety than Europe. Starting in the 1600s, the French colonized the St. Lawrence River region and the Atlantic coast south of it. In the mid-1700s, England got into a war with France, concluding with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ceded (割让) “New France” to England. The English allowed any French to stay who were willing to become subjects (臣民) of the English King. At the time of the Treaty of Paris, however, there were very few English speakers in Canada. The American Revolution(革命) changed that. The founding English-speaking people of Canada were United Empire Loyalists — people who fled (逃离) American independence and were rewarded with land in Canada. As a result, Canadian English was, from its very beginning, both American — because its speakers had come from the American colonies — and not American, because they rejected the newly independent nation. Just as the Americans sought to have a truly distinct, independent American version of English, the loyalists sought to remain more like England. These were people whose variety of English was already different from the British and vice versa. When the residents of London began to drop their r’s and change some of their vowels (元音), people in certain parts of the United States adopted some of these changes, but Canadians did not. There did end up being more British influx (大量涌入) and influence in Canada. After the War of 1812, Mother England encouraged emigration to Canada to ensure the loyalty to England. The accent did not become British, though British schoolteachers and authorities did leave their marks on the nation’s spelling and grammar. Today, one-fifth of Canadians have a mother tongue other than English or French — nearly as many as have French as their mother tongue. And yet the basic character of Canadian English still appears like a household of Anglophile (亲英派) Americans, with bits from other cultures mainly in the kitchen, a few traces of the indigenous cultures who used to be the only residents, and some influence from the French roommate. 13．What do many Canadians consider Canadian English? A．It is more like American English. B．It is more like British English. C．It is pronounced like American English. D．It is spelled like American English. 14．Why do Canadian exist as a separate variety of English? A．It has its own dictionaries. B．It has no feature. C．It has a separate vocabulary. D．The Canadian has a long history. 15．Which is NOT one of the influences on Canadian English? A．The colonization of France. B．The independence of America. C．A variety of indigenous cultures. D．The Canadian civil war. 16．Which is NOT one of the core of unique Canadian English? A．Canadian English was, from its very beginning, both American and not American. B．Its speakers had come from the American colonies and they rejected the newly independent nation. C．The French once colonized Canada, thus influencing the language. D．The loyalists sought to remain more like England, but Canadian English became a combination of independent American and Mother British. 【答案】13．B 14．A 15．D 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从历史、地理、政治和文化背景等方面分析了加拿大英语的独特之处。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Many Canadians, on the other hand, will tell you that Canadian English is more like British English, and proof holds that the spellings “colour” and “centre” and the name “zed” for the letter Z.(另一方面，许多加拿大人会告诉你，加拿大英语更像英国英语，证据有，“colour”和“centre”的拼写，以及字母Z的名字“zed”。)”可知，加拿大人认为加拿大英语更像英式英语。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Canadian does exist as a separate variety of English, with subtly (细微地) distinctive features of pronunciation and vocabulary. It has its own dictionaries; the Canadian Press has its own style guide.(加拿大语确实作为英语的一个独立变种而存在，它在发音和词汇上有着微妙的独特特征。它有自己的字典；加拿大出版社有自己的文体指南。)”可知，之所以认为加拿大语作为一个独立的英语变体存在是因为它拥有自己的字典。故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In the beginning, there were the indigenous peoples (原住民), with far more linguistic (语言的) and cultural variety than Europe. Starting in the 1600s, the French colonized the St. Lawrence River region and the Atlantic coast south of it. In the mid-1700s, England got into a war with France, concluding with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ceded (割让) “New France” to England. The English allowed any French to stay who were willing to become subjects (臣民) of the English King.(一开始，有土著人民，他们的语言和文化比欧洲多得多。从17世纪开始，法国殖民了圣劳伦斯河地区及其以南的大西洋沿岸。18世纪中期，英国与法国开战，1763年签订《巴黎条约》，将“新法兰西”割让给英国。英国允许任何愿意成为英国国王臣民的法国人留下来。)”以及第五段“The American Revolution(革命) changed that. The founding English-speaking people of Canada were United Empire Loyalists — people who fled (逃离) American independence and were rewarded with land in Canada. As a result, Canadian English was, from its very beginning, both American — because its speakers had come from the American colonies — and not American, because they rejected the newly independent nation.(美国革命改变了这一点。加拿大讲英语的人是联合帝国保皇派(United Empire Loyalists)，他们逃离美国独立，得到加拿大土地作为奖赏。因此，加拿大英语从一开始就是美国的，因为说这种英语的人来自美国殖民地，而不是美国的，因为他们拒绝这个新独立的国家。)”可知，加拿大本土的文化、美国的独立以及法国的殖民都对加拿大英语有影响。而选项D“The Canadian civil war.(加拿大内战。)”并未提及。故选D。 16．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“Just as the Americans sought to have a truly distinct, independent American version of English, the loyalists sought to remain more like England. These were people whose variety of English was already different from the British and vice versa. When the residents of London began to drop their r’s and change some of their vowels (元音), people in certain parts of the United States adopted some of these changes, but Canadians did not.(正如美国人寻求一种真正独特、独立的美式英语一样，保皇派寻求更像英国的英语。这些人的英语已经不同于英国人。当伦敦的居民开始省略r并改变一些元音时，美国某些地区的人就采用了这些变化，但加拿大人没有。)”以及文章最后一段“And yet the basic character of Canadian English still appears like a household of Anglophile (亲英派) Americans, with bits from other cultures mainly in the kitchen, a few traces of the indigenous cultures who used to be the only residents, and some influence from the French roommate.(然而，加拿大英语的基本特征看起来仍然像一个亲英的美国人的家庭，厨房里主要有其他文化的东西，一些曾经是唯一居民的本土文化的痕迹，以及一些来自法国室友的影响。)”可知，选项D“The loyalists sought to remain more like England, but Canadian English became a combination of independent American and Mother British. (保皇派试图保持更像英国的样子，但加拿大英语变成了独立的美国英语和母亲英国英语的结合。)”的表述并不正确。故选D。 五、阅读理解 【来源】上海市位育中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题 People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem that the sea had eaten into the soft cliffs where residents live. In 2020, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea. Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has gone farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting in ten years their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea. Angry owners have asked the Government to build sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would only make the waves go further along the coast, shifting (转移) the problem from one area to another. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home. 17．What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face? A．The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens. B．The experts’ lack of knowledge. C．The rising of the sea level. D．The washing-away of cliffs. 18．According to the second paragraph, the erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England __________. A．will soon become a problem for people living in France B．has now become a threat C．is quickly changing the map of England D．can be stopped if proper measures are taken 19．It is not possible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because ___________. A．it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas B．the government is too slow in taking action C．they will be easily knocked down by waves D．house agents along the coast do not support the idea 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章讲述英国南海岸一带居民面临的问题，由于白色悬崖被侵蚀，他们的家园将被海水吞噬，继而引发了居民和政府对待这一问题的解决办法和不同态度。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中“the sea had eaten into the soft cliffs (悬崖) where residents live. In 2020, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight.(海水已经侵蚀了居民居住的软悬崖。2020年，一家大型酒店和几座房子的主人惊恐地发现，他们的花园一夜之间消失了)”可知，海水侵蚀了软悬崖，造成的结果是悬崖倒塌，房屋消失，故房屋消失问题是由于悬崖被冲走，故选D。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years.(英国南部海岸白色悬崖的侵蚀一直是一个问题，但近年来变得更加严重)”和“forecasting in ten years their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea(预测十年后他们的家园将被饥饿的大海吞没)”可知，英国南部的白崖侵蚀已经成为了一个威胁，故选B。 19．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would only make the waves go further along the coast, shifting (转移) the problem from one area to another.(新的海堤将耗资数亿英镑，而且只会使海浪沿着海岸走得更远，将问题从一个地区转移到另一个地区)”可知，修建海堤来防止侵蚀是不可能的，因为它耗资巨大且会威胁到相邻地区，故选A。 六、阅读理解 【来源】上海市五校2023-2024学年高一上学期11月期中联考英语试题 Fishy Weather Conditions Laj amanu, Australia, is a dry little town, sitting right on the edge of the Tanami desert. Can you imagine how surprised people were when live fish rained down on them from a dark gray cloud. It happens that there are similar cases in England and Honduras. How do clouds make fishy? The simple answer is that they don’t. There is a particular weather phenomenon (现象) called a waterspout. A waterspout is just like a tornado (龙卷风), only it forms above oceans, lakes, or rivers. Like a tornado, a waterspout moves in a circle at high speeds. When it moves above the water, it tends to carry the fish with it, as well as frogs or other small plants or animals. Scientists couldn’t work it out at first. To make matters stranger still, the fish in Honduras were very much alive when they rained down to the ground, but they were all blind. In England and Australia, it rained fish and snakes, and none were blind. It was difficult to puzzle out, but the blind fish gave them a place to start. Scientists knew that some fish that lived in deep, underground caves with no light sources often lost their eyesight. So when blind fish rained down on Honduras, scientists began to connect some clues (线索，提示). Clearly, these particular fish were pulled from an underground water source by force. It has rained fish on every continent, and each time, people have tried in various ways to explain this strange phenomenon. Historically, villagers thought the “fishes from the heavens” might be answers to prayers (祈祷) for food. Others suggested that floods overran river banks and oceans, leaving the fish on the city streets. No scientist had actually seen the rain as it occurred, only the fish left on the ground. But in 1990, a National Geographic team happened to be in Honduras when the Rain of Fishes began. They recorded what was happening and made history by finally proving that the fish really did fall from the sky. This huge breakthrough wasn’t just a spot of good luck. It changed thousands of years of myths (虚构的事；谬论) and legends into true stories and provided scientific explanations for how fish came to live in deep caves. It explained ancient cave paintings and cast (投射光线) new light on how species have spread over time. It turned out to be a lot more than just a little fishy weather. 20．According to the passage, a waterspout ________. A．can make animals blind B．is difficult to catch on film C．can carry items (物品) with it D．is a dangerous sea creature 21．The blind fish made the scientists start to think that ________. A．raining fish was a warning of natural disasters B．animals changed to match their environments C．the weather system differed from place to place D．the waterspout theory seemed more possible 22．The first sentence in the last paragraph probably suggests that ________. A．waterspouts came to be a center of scientific research B．the scientists were fortunate to have made their discoveries C．hard work went into determining the cause for the raining fish D．the scientists relied heavily on unusual events to drive their studies 23．The author writes the passage to ________. A．explain what caused the fishy weather B．describe the magic phenomenon C．persuade people to protect the environment D．encourage people to do scientific research 【答案】20．C 21．D 22．C 23．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章解释了雨中下活鱼的天气的原因。 20．细节理解题。根据第二段“When it moves above the water, it tends to carry the fish with it, as well as frogs or other small plants or animals. (当它在水面上移动时，往往会带着鱼、青蛙或其他小植物或动物)”可知，水龙卷会携带水里的一些东西。故选C。 21．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“It was difficult to puzzle out, but the blind fish gave them a place to start.(这很难琢磨出来，但盲鱼给了他们一个开始的地方)”可知，盲鱼给了科学家一个研究的着手点，结合第四段“Scientists knew that some fish that lived in deep, underground caves with no light sources often lost their eyesight. So when blind fish rained down on Honduras, scientists began to connect some clues (线索，提示). Clearly, these particular fish were pulled from an underground water source by force. (科学家们知道，一些生活在没有光源的地下洞穴深处的鱼经常会失明。因此，当盲鱼如雨点般降落在洪都拉斯时，科学家们开始将一些线索联系起来。很明显，这些特殊的鱼是被强行从地下水源中拽出来的)”可知，盲鱼让科学家们认为水龙卷理论是可能的。故选D。 22．句意猜测题。根据倒数第二段“But in 1990, a National Geographic team happened to be in Honduras when the Rain of Fishes began. They recorded what was happening and made history by finally proving that the fish really did fall from the sky. (但是在1990年，当“鱼雨”开始的时候，一个国家地理小组碰巧在洪都拉斯。他们记录下了发生的一切，最终证明了鱼确实是从天上掉下来的，从而创造了历史)”可知，经过科学小组的努力，终于用事实证明鱼确实是从天上掉下来的。最后一段“It changed thousands of years of myths (虚构的事；谬论) and legends into true stories and provided scientific explanations for how fish came to live in deep caves. It explained ancient cave paintings and cast (投射光线) new light on how species have spread over time. (它将数千年的神话和传说变成了真实的故事，并为鱼类如何生活在深洞中提供了科学的解释。它解释了古代洞穴壁画，并为物种如何随着时间的推移而传播提供了新的视角)”强调了这次巨大的突破的重要性，提供了科学解释。由此可知，划线句子表明取得成果靠的不仅是运气，还有人们的努力。故选C。 23．推理判断题。根据文章的标题“Raining Fish Weather Conditions (雨中下活鱼的现象)”及文章内容可推知，这篇文章的目的就是为了解释为什么会出现雨中下活鱼的现象。故选A。 七、阅读理解 【来源】上海市徐汇中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 Many of the world’s most famous landmarks now offer virtual tours, meaning people can visit museums, world heritage sites and other attractions from the comfort of the sofa. Such virtual travel experiences, as some experts have considered as an eco-friendly solution to the problem of overtourism, are seeing an increase in popularity. For overcrowded destinations, virtual reality experiences can help divert (使改道) some tourists, easing the burden on the location’s infrastructure (基础设施). However, there’s a big gap between using virtual reality to “try before you buy” and treating virtual reality like the destination itself. To start with, the technology isn’t ready yet. 360-degree virtual reality videos are usually experienced through a headset or an app. The headsets are expensive and heavy, and aren’t comfortable to wear for more than 30 minutes. The apps have none of these problems, but simply aren’t as impressive. Limited physical feelings are another problem. The videos focus on sounds and sights but can’t do much with smell, touch, or taste, and VR experiences tend to only be a few minutes long—hardly equal to a two-week vacation in Spain. Some researchers are creating a full-body suit with enhanced sensory experiences, but it still doesn’t satisfy the deeper needs that make people travel. What’s more, tourists on virtual tours see a world only to the extent that someone was able to film and construct it. In a virtual experience, visitors can’t choose to wander down a side street and discover a charming café—unless those options have already been programmed. It can definitely disappoint those who tend to be less directed in their explorations and more focused on new experiences and discoveries. Virtual reality may never replace traditional travel, but it still offers possibilities. If the technology becomes advanced enough, those who are more environmentally conscious among us—especially those aiming to reduce our carbon footprint—might prefer this form of escape. Also, VR travel does bring parts of the world to people who are physically unable to visit certain landmarks. 24．The followings are the benefits brought by virtual travel experiences EXCEPT that _______. A．people can tour some dreamed sites without dealing with lines and crowds B．the impact of tourism on the environment can be minimized C．people are able to explore the world without leaving home D．the travelers’ financial burden can be relieved to some extent 25．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．The full-body suit meets the deeper needs of the tourists. B．An expensive headset is a must for experiencing virtual tours. C．People can only see what is constructed and programmed on virtual tours. D．Virtual tours satisfy those who are fond of adventuring at will. 26．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of virtual tours? A．Indifferent. B．Pessimistic. C．Critical. D．Optimistic. 【答案】24．D 25．C 26．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了虚拟旅游的优点与缺点。虚拟旅游可以改善“过度旅游”的问题，可以不用排队和拥挤等；但是虚拟旅游也存在着一些二不足，例如虚拟旅游关注的是声音和视觉，但对嗅觉、触觉或味觉的影响不大。 24．细节理解题。根据文章第一段 “Many of the world’s most famous landmarks now offer virtual tours, meaning people can visit museums, world heritage sites and other attractions from the comfort of the sofa. (世界上许多最著名的地标现在都提供虚拟旅游，这意味着人们可以舒适地躺在沙发上参观博物馆、世界遗产和其他景点。)”可知，虚拟旅游可以足不出户就能参观景点，可知选项C正确。根据文章第一段 “Such virtual travel experiences, as some experts have considered as an eco-friendly solution to the problem of overtourism, are seeing an increase in popularity. (一些专家认为，这种虚拟旅行体验是解决过度旅游问题的一种环保方法，正越来越受欢迎。)”可知，虚拟旅行体验可以改善过度旅游的问题，因此人们可以游览一些梦想中的景点，而不必排队和拥挤，故A项正确。根据文章第一段 “For overcrowded destinations, virtual reality experiences can help divert (使改道) some tourists, easing the burden on the location’s infrastructure (基础设施). (对于拥挤的目的地，虚拟现实体验可以帮助转移一些游客，减轻当地基础设施的负担。)”可知，虚拟现实体验可减轻基础设施的负担；可以改善环境问题，所以B项正确。故选D。 25．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段 “What’s more, tourists on virtual tours see a world only to the extent that someone was able to film and construct it. (更重要的是，虚拟旅游的游客看到的世界只有在有人能够拍摄和构建的范围内。)”可知，人们只能在虚拟旅游中看到构建和编程的东西。故选C。 26．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “Virtual reality may never replace traditional travel, but it still offers possibilities. If the technology becomes advanced enough, those who are more environmentally conscious among us—especially those aiming to reduce our carbon footprint—might prefer this form of escape. (虚拟现实可能永远不会取代传统的旅行，但它仍然提供了可能性。如果技术变得足够先进，我们当中那些更有环保意识的人——尤其是那些旨在减少碳足迹的人——可能会更喜欢这种逃避方式。)”可知，作者认为这种虚拟旅游仍然充满可能性；因此作者对虚拟旅游持乐观的态度。故选D。 八、阅读理解 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 In many countries of the world, people can confidently tell you the meaning of their town or city, but most people who live in Manchester, Oxford or Birmingham would not be able to explain what the name of their city means. The name of every British town and city, however, has a long history. Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called “castra”. This is why there are so many place names in England which end in “-chester” or “-caster”— Manchester, for example. The Romans never reached Wales or Scotland, and many place names there are Celtic. For example, Welsh place names that begin with “Llan” come from the Celtic word for church. After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by tribes called the Anglo-Saxons, who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland. Without the Roman army, it was impossible to protect the country from these people. The names of their villages often ended in “-ham” or “-ton”. Some got their name from the leader of the village, so Birmingham, for example, means “Beormund’s village”. The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and the landscape was very important to them, so we have villages called Upton (“village on a hill”— a good place to build a village) and Moreton (“village by lake”, where floods could make life tough). Place names that end in “-ford” (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-Saxon villages. Twelve hundred years ago, the Vikings came to England from Scandinavia. They traded with the Anglo-Saxons but lived in their own villages. These often ended in “-by” or “-thorpe”. The name “Kirkby” means “a village with a church” and Scunthorpe was the village of a man called Skuma. Finally, in 1066, England became Norman — the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means farm. And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. However, like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time. 27．According to the passage, Stratford-upon-Avon is most likely a town _______. A．on a hill B．near a castle C．built beside a river D．with a church 28．Which of the following shows the correct order of the arrival of inhabitants in Britain? A．The Celts—The Romans—The Vikings—The Normans—The Anglo Saxons. B．The Romans—The Celts—The Vikings—The Anglo Saxons—The Normans. C．The Celts—The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Vikings—The Normans. D．The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Celts—The Normans—The Vikings. 29．According to the passage, where did the name for London come from? A．It is puzzling and hard to confirm for sure. B．It comes from the term for a fast-flowing river. C．The name is short for Londinium. D．The name is from the castle of a King. 【答案】27．C 28．C 29．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国城镇的名字的由来。 27．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Place names that end in “-ford” (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-Saxon villages.(以“ford”结尾的地名(你可以过河的地方)也描述了盎格鲁-撒克逊村庄的位置)”可知，以ford结尾的地名和河流相关。由此推知，Stratford-upon-Avon极有可能是一座建在河边的小镇。故选C。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called “castra”. (两千年前，大多数居住在英国的人都是凯尔特人。甚至“不列颠”这个词也是凯尔特语。后来，罗马人来到这里，建造了营地，这些营地后来成为了被称为“卡斯特拉”的城市)”可知，最先住在英国的人是凯尔特人，然后是罗马人；再根据文章第四段“After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by tribes called the Anglo-Saxons, who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland.(罗马人离开不列颠后，它遭到了盎格鲁-撒克逊部落的袭击，这些部落来自现在的欧洲地区，即德国和荷兰)”可知，罗马人之后是盎格鲁撒克逊人；根据文章第六段“Twelve hundred years ago, the Vikings came to England from Scandinavia.(1200年前，维京人从斯堪的纳维亚来到英格兰)”可知，盎格鲁撒克逊人之后是维京人；最后根据文章第七段“Finally, in 1066, England became Norman—the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means farm.(最后，在1066年，英格兰变成了诺曼，诺曼人给我们起了一个地名“grange”，意思是农场)”可知，最后到的是诺曼人。故选C。 29．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. However, like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time.(伦敦怎么样？专家们对此并不认同。罗马人称这座城市为Londinium，但他们并不是第一批居民。人们曾经认为，英国首都的名字来自一个名叫路德的国王的城堡，但这是非常不可能的。我们今天猜测这个名字来自凯尔特语，意思是湍急的河流。然而，就像许多英国地名一样，它的历史在时间中消失了)”可推知，伦敦这一名字的由来很难定论。故选A。 九、阅读理解 【来源】上海市格致中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学). That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them. Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy. Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life. He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation. The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of. 30．Who opened the door to philosophy for the author? A．Foucault. B．Eric Weiner. C．Jostein Gaarder. D．A college teacher. 31．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4? A．To compare Weiner with them. B．To give examples of great works. C．To praise their writing skills. D．To help readers understand Weiner’s book. 32．What does the author like about The Socrates Express? A．Its views on history are well-presented. B．Its ideas can be applied to daily life. C．It includes comments from readers. D．It leaves an open ending. 33．What does the author think of Weiner’s book? A．Objective and plain. B．Daring and ambitious. C．Serious and hard to follow. D．Humorous and straightforward. 【答案】30．C 31．D 32．B 33．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Socrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。 30．细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。 32．细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B。 33．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。 十、阅读理解 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第一附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 If you plan to live another 10 years, you should expect to live in a world with machines doing things you don’t like doing today. Shooting for another 20? Even more will be done without your lifting the finger. It’s not only simple tasks such as cleaning, laundry and dishes. High-end services previously not accessible to you will now be in your economic grasp. Your personal robot will know you better than you know yourself. This almost unimaginable lifestyle could become routine for the masses, because of the achievements of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics to date and the fact that 5G is on track to provide. The reasons to be fearful of AI and robotics are well-founded. AI can compete with our brains and robots can compete with our bodies, and in many cases, can beat us handily already. And the more time that passes, the better these emerging technologies will become, while our own capabilities are expected to remain more or less the same. There has been a love-hate relationship between individuals and big companies long before the present era of big tech, but when big tech, AI and robots work together, it gets even scarier. Tomorrow’s big tech companies will make use of intelligence (via AI) and control (via robots) associated with the lives of their users. In such a world, third-party entities may know more about us than we know about ourselves. Decisions will be made on our behalf and increasingly without our awareness, and those decisions won’t necessarily be in our best interests. These issues are foreseeable, and the stakes(风险)are enormous. So, what can be done? In order to achieve the highest possible public trust in the benefits of AI and robotics in our lives, there are three imperatives for action. First, the industry’s AI and robotics leaders must start to integrate consumers’ interests in safety and privacy into their technology offerings - something we haven’t seen before in the development of the internet and mobile markets. Second, big tech companies and their smaller start-up siblings, should support common agreements, voluntary best practices, principles, protocols, standards and other policies - and yes, even regulation as the very last resort. The more policy structure there is in place that protects consumer interests, the more trust AI and robots deserve. Finally, a trusted entity should design and implement a reliable and verifiable means of creating and protecting the new AI and robotics policy structure from inappropriate influence. Fortunately, although the gap between tech advances and the lagging policy structure is widening, there is still time to catch up - if we take the initiative now. The combination of AI, robots and big tech companies is potentially dangerous, but by taking the appropriate steps now we can avoid these dangers and enjoy the huge potential benefits that they have to offer. 34．According to the passage, people are afraid of AI and robotics because ________. A．AI, robotics and 5G work together B．human’s abilities don’t develop C．AI and robotics can do everything for us D．the new lifestyles cannot be imagined 35．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．The third party entity will make decision to represent us and benefit us a lot. B．There’s not always harmonious relationship between humans and big companies. C．Big tech companies will control people’s life completely. D．The benefits brought by AI and robotics cannot be enjoyed. 36．According to the passage, how can trusted AI and robotics be built? A．By considering consumers’ interest in safety and privacy. B．By making more policies that protect AI and robotics. C．By properly influencing AI and robotics’ improper behavior. D．By slowing down the technological advances of AI and robotics. 37．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Can we achieve trusted AI and robotics by implementing policies? B．Can AI, robotics and 5G work together to benefit human beings? C．Can we avoid the potential dangers of AI, robotics and big tech companies? D．Can AI and robotics create a new lifestyle for human beings in the near future? 【答案】34．B 35．B 36．A 37．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的结合是潜在的危险，我们应该采取措施避免这些危险，才能享受它们提供的巨大潜在好处。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段“The reasons to be fearful of AI and robotics are well-founded. AI can compete with our brains and robots can compete with our bodies, and in many cases, can beat us handily already. And the more time that passes, the better these emerging technologies will become, while our own capabilities are expected to remain more or less the same. (对人工智能和机器人的恐惧是有充分理由的。人工智能可以与我们的大脑竞争，机器人可以与我们的身体竞争，在很多情况下，已经可以轻松击败我们。时间过得越久，这些新兴技术就会变得越好，而我们自己的能力预计会或多或少保持不变。)”可知人们害怕人工智能和机器人是因为人类的能力没有发展，故选B。 35．推理判断题。根据第三段“There has been a love-hate relationship between individuals and big companies long before the present era of big tech, but when big tech, AI and robots work together, it gets even scarier. (早在现在的大型科技时代到来之前，个人和大公司之间就存在着爱恨交加的关系，但当大型科技、人工智能和机器人一起工作时，这种关系就变得更加可怕了。)”可推断，人与大公司之间的关系并不总是和谐的。故选B。 36．细节理解题。根据第五段“These issues are foreseeable, and the stakes(风险)are enormous. So, what can be done? In order to achieve the highest possible public trust in the benefits of AI and robotics in our lives, there are three imperatives for action. (这些问题都是可以预见的，利害关系是巨大的。那么，我们能做些什么呢?为了让公众尽可能信任人工智能和机器人在我们生活中的好处，有三个必要的行动。)”和第六段“First, the industry’s AI and robotics leaders must start to integrate consumers’ interests in safety and privacy into their technology offerings - something we haven’t seen before in the development of the internet and mobile markets.( 首先，该行业的人工智能和机器人领导者必须开始将消费者对安全和隐私的兴趣融入到他们的技术产品中——这是我们在互联网和移动市场的发展中从未见过的。) ”可知可信的人工智能和机器人要考虑到消费者对安全和隐私的兴趣。故选A。 37．主旨大意题。根据整篇文章尤其最后一段“The combination of AI, robots and big tech companies is potentially dangerous, but by taking the appropriate steps now we can avoid these dangers and enjoy the huge potential benefits that they have to offer.( 人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的结合是潜在的危险，但通过现在采取适当的步骤，我们可以避免这些危险，并享受它们提供的巨大潜在好处。)”可知文章主要讲述人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的结合是潜在的危险，我们应该采取措施避免这些危险，才能享受它们提供的巨大潜在好处。C选项“我们能避免人工智能、机器人和大型科技公司的潜在危险吗?”符合文章主旨，适合做标题，故选C。 十一、阅读理解 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第一附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 The broad definition of migration, “permanent change of residence”, usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond international movements in volume. Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficult in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine. Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow. Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening(干预) obstacles”. Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country. 38．Suppose Thomas is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations, what may contribute to his final decision? A．Good land to farm. B．The people he knows. C．Severe living condition D．Better job opportunities. 39．Why does the author compare an unmarried young man with an older man with a family? A．Because they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs. B．Because different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions about migration. C．Because their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different. D．Because the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society. 40．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．Push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors. B．Pull factors may include one’s difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine. C．New immigrants probably need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment. D．The same push-pull factors may exert similar effect on people with different personalities. 41．The purpose of the passage is to discuss ________. A．the motives of international migrants B．the problems of international migrants C．the migrantion problems inside the country D．the adjustment problem among migrants 【答案】38．B 39．B 40．C 41．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了影响人们移民的因素。 38．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.(当在几个有吸引力的潜在目的地之间进行选择时，决定因素可能是一个非经济的考虑因素，如是否有亲戚、朋友，或至少是已经在新地方定居的、愿意帮助新移民定居的同胞的存在)”可知，如果Thomas正在考虑移居到一个新的地方，但他面临着几个目的地的选择，影响他的决定性因素是他所认识的人的存在。故选B。 39．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities.(同样的推拉因素和障碍在不同的人身上起着不同的作用，有时是因为他们处于人生的不同阶段，或者只是因为他们的能力和性格不同)”可知，处在不同的人生阶段会影响人们对移民做出不同的决定，接着下文“The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids.(收拾好所有的东西，搬到一个新的，也许是非常陌生的环境中，对一个未婚的年轻人来说可能是有趣和具有挑战性的，而对一个有妻子和孩子的略年长的男人来说则是相当困难的)”指出，收拾行李去一个陌生的地方对于未婚的年轻人来说可能是有趣和富有挑战的，但对于已经有家室的年长男子来说是相当困难的，作者将两者进行比较正是为了说明上文提到的“处于不同人生阶段”这一因素对移民决定的影响。故选B。 40．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.(新来的移民通常得到的是最低工资的工作，而且会遭到当地人的憎恨，因为当地人可能不得不与他们竞争这些工作。通常需要几十年的时间，每个群体才能被东道国的社会主流所接受)”可知，新的移民要经历各种各样的问题，且总是要忍受巨大的困难才能适应新环境。故选C。 41．推理判断题。根据第二段首句“Students of human migration speak of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. (研究人类迁移的学生谈到‘推’和‘拉’因素，它们影响个人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方的决)”和第四段首句“Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call ‘intervening(干预) obstacles’.(除了推和拉的因素，还有社会学家所说的‘干预障碍’)”以及第五段首句“The decision to move is also influenced by ‘personal factors’ of the potential migrant.(迁移的决定还受到潜在移徙者的‘个人因素’的影响)”可知，文章主要分析了促进移民的因素有哪些。故选A。 十二、阅读理解 【来源】上海市交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 At least since the appearance of Napster (一个文件共享平台), in 1999, the Internet’s potential effect on music listeners has often been portrayed as dramatic. Music bloggers, the iPod’s massive storage capabilities, and most recently, the virtually unlimited browsing potential afforded by streaming — put together, they would surely pave the way for a generation to whom eclecticism (折衷主义) was normal. Human curiosity could finally win, and the super-listener would rise. Little in the modern music landscape suggests that this has come to pass. Quite the contrary, which is an important assumption of the New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff’s Every Song Ever: 20 Ways to Listen in an Age of Musical Plenty. In the past decade or so, traditional radio stations have cut down the number of songs they played and increased the frequency of repetition, because listeners are less likely to switch away from tunes they recognize. Successful online playlist makers such as Pandora continually fine-tune algorithms (算法) to figure out what individual users want to hear based on what they’ve liked before. And music journalists working online have come to understand that defending little-known artists commands far less traffic — and therefore less job security — than does promotion of the latest Taylor Swift video or Beatles anniversary. Ratliff wisely diagnoses the psychology underlying this state of affairs. “In many cases, having rapidly acquired a new kind of listening brain — a brain with unlimited access — we dig very deeply and very narrowly, creating bottomless comfort zones in what we have decided we like and trust,” he writes. “Or we shut down, threatened by the endless choice. The riches remain dumb unless we have an engaged relationship with them.” An “engaged relationship”— what’s that? Well, you know: Active listening. Open listening. The kind of listening that happened more often when switching from an unfamiliar song back to an old favorite wasn’t so frictionless — when the unfamiliar song had cost you $16.99 and a trip to Tower Records to acquire, and the old CD was gathering dust somewhere under your bed. Ratliff has 20 suggestions, mostly good ones, for how to achieve this level of engagement in a world overflowing with new and strange, and instantaneously available, sounds. He reminds us, as he proceeds, of how urgently we need adventurous critics like him at a time when the idea of musical discovery has been appropriated by tech companies and sidelines in the chase for clicks. 42．What effect is the Internet supposed to have on listeners? A．They would have a better taste for music. B．They would prefer more powerful players. C．They would be willing to try different types of music. D．They would be more curious about the quality of music. 43．According to Ben Ratliff, which statement best describes the modern music landscape? A．Online playlist makers don’t take individual users’ preference into account. B．People don’t have as much chance to listen to unfamiliar music as expected. C．Music journalists are ready to help those unknown artists promote their music D．Algorithms are upgraded frequently to satisfy music lovers’ needs for new music. 44．The word “frictionless” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to “________”. A．sudden B．expensive C．obvious D．easy 45．It can be inferred from the passage that music critics should take the responsibility of ________. A．reducing the impact of technology on us B．engaging us in more chase for clicks C．helping us find our comfort zones D．brining old classics back to life 【答案】42．C 43．D 44．D 45．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在这个网络时代，我们接触着各种新的歌曲，却仍然偏爱着老歌的原因，以及乐评家给我们的建议。 42．推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“Music bloggers, the iPod’s massive storage capabilities, and most recently, the virtually unlimited browsing potential afforded by streaming — put together, they would surely pave the way for a generation to whom eclecticism was normal.(音乐博主、iPod巨大的存储能力，以及最近流媒体提供的几乎无限的浏览潜力——合在一起，肯定会为一代人铺平道路，对于这代人来说，折衷主义是正常的)”和第三句“Human curiosity could finally win, and the super-listener would rise. (人类的好奇心终于可以赢了，超级倾听者就会站起来)”可知，在这个充满无限信息的网络时代，人们的好奇心可以得到满足，听各种各样的新的不同风格和类型的歌曲。故选C项。 43．推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Successful online playlist makers such as Pandora continually fine-tune algorithms to figure out what individual users want to hear based on what they’ve liked before.(Pandora等成功的在线播放列表制作者不断调整算法，根据个人用户之前喜欢的音乐找出他们想听的音乐)”可知，算法经常升级，以满足音乐爱好者对新音乐的需求。故选D项。 44．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“The kind of listening that happened more often when switching from an unfamiliar song back to an old favorite wasn’t so frictionless — when the unfamiliar song had cost you $16.99 and a trip to Tower Records to acquire, and the old CD was gathering dust somewhere under your bed. (当你从一首不熟悉的歌曲切换到一首旧的最爱歌曲时，这种听起来更为频繁，但这种听起来并不是那么frictionless——当这首陌生的歌曲花了你16.99美元，还花了一次去Tower Records的旅行，而这张旧CD在你床下的某个地方积满了灰尘)”可推知，新唱片切换到旧唱片没那么容易。由此可知，frictionless与easy意思接近。故选D项。 45．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“He reminds us, as he proceeds, of how urgently we need adventurous critics like him at a time when the idea of musical discovery has been appropriated by tech companies and sidelines in the chase for clicks.(他在继续讲述的过程中提醒我们，在这个音乐发现的理念被科技公司和旁观者在追逐点击率的过程中所利用的时代，我们是多么迫切地需要像他这样敢于冒险的评论家)”可知，乐评人能够帮助正确的听音乐的人，减少利用点击率的科技公司对他们的影响。故选A项。 十三、阅读理解 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 It is the great tragedy of shoelaces. From the moment they are tied, they are sure to become untied. That is the conclusion of scientists who have studied the shoelace knot (结) and found that it seems almost uniquely ill-suited to survive long walk. Instead, it will always come undone eventually, usually suddenly and unexpectedly. Or, as they put it, “the failure of the knot happens in a matter of seconds, often without warning, and is disastrous.” Especially so if you trip up afterwards. Oliver O’Reilly, from the University of California, Berkeley, said that the research was inspired by personal experience. “My shoelaces have always come untied,” he said. So when he was teaching his daughter how to tie hers he sought expert advice. “I found wonderful videos showing why they became untied, which struck me as unusual.” He decided to correct this. He got his PhD student Christine Gregg to run on a treadmill (跑步机) until her laces came undone, while filming with a slow-motion camera. “Christine started running and we were really surprised. For a long time nothing happened, then everything happened really quickly—in a few steps.” He found there was a gradual, hidden, loosening which came before a total collapse of the knot. To try to establish what was causing this, Christine tried leg-swinging while sitting on a table, and heavy steps. Neither resulted in the shoelaces coming undone. It required both together, even with a loosely tied knot. Next, for his research in Proceedings of the Royal Society A, Professor O’Reilly attached instruments to the laces to see why this might be. “We put an accelerometer on a knot, and we were surprised the g-forces were so large.” With each heavy step, the knot experienced 7g, more than that found on any rollercoaster. “The hypothesis(假设) is the knot opens up as you run, from the amount of forces.” That was a necessary, but not sufficient condition though. The swing was also needed, as well as the heavy step. “The shoe laces move back and forth, putting a force on the bows and ends.” As the knot opens “you get slippage and at the end with the higher force this will get larger”. Once slippage starts, this rapidly pulls the laces undone. Predicting when though, said Professor O’Reilly, was difficult. “The tipping point was really difficult for us to spot,” he said. “That in itself explains our experience. You are walking along and everything is fine and suddenly, ‘Boom!’ they’re gone—and you realise you are about to trip over your shoelaces.” His conclusion is that we should just accept retying shoelaces to be one of the minor misfortunes of the human condition. 46．The word “so” (in paragraph 3) refers to ________. A．falling down B．happening without warning C．being disastrous D．appearing in a few seconds 47．What did Professor O’Reilly find in his experiment with his PhD student? A．Shoelaces got untied without any obvious sign. B．The collapse of the shoelace knot could be avoided. C．Nothing happened to shoelaces if a runner took right steps. D．Walking on a treadmill would prevent shoelace knots getting loose. 48．It can be inferred from the passage that a loosely tied knot ________. A．will come undone unless you walk slowly B．won’t come undone even if you walk fast C．will come undone as long as you swing your leg D．won’t come undone if you just stamp your foot 49．What is O’Reilly’s conclusion about the failure of shoelace knots? A．It is totally inevitable. B．It will be corrected soon. C．It will be easy to predict. D．It is related to shoe type. 【答案】46．C 47．A 48．D 49．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是鞋带断裂的原因，研究发现鞋带的断裂必须具备两个条件，即甩腿和用力跺脚，而且鞋带什么时候断裂是不可预测的，所以我们唯有接受系鞋带这个不可避免的事实。 46．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“Instead, it will always come undone eventually, usually suddenly and unexpectedly.(相反，它总是最终会断开，通常是突然和意想不到的。)以及第三段“Or, as they put it, “the failure of the knot happens in a matter of seconds, often without warning, and is disastrous.” Especially so if you trip up afterwards.(或者，就像他们说的，“鞋带的断裂在几秒钟内发生，通常没有任何预兆，是灾难性的。”尤其是如果你在事后摔倒了。)”可知鞋带的断裂通常是难以预料的，所以一旦断裂其结果是灾难性的，而如果你在鞋带断裂后摔倒其后果会更严重。所以此处的so指代的应该是结果是灾难性的这个事实。故选C项。 47．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“He decided to correct this. He got his PhD student Christine Gregg to run on a treadmill (跑步机) until her laces came undone, while filming with a slow-motion camera.“Christine started running and we were really surprised. For a long time nothing happened, then everything happened really quickly—in a few steps.” He found there was a gradual, hidden, loosening which came before a total collapse of the knot.(他决定纠正这个错误。他让自己的博士生Christine Gregg在跑步机上跑步，直到鞋带松开，同时用慢镜头拍摄。“Christine开始跑，我们真的很惊讶。很长一段时间什么都没发生，然后一切都发生得很快——只需要几步。”他发现鞋带在完全断裂之前，有一个逐渐的、隐蔽的松动过程。)”可知Oliver教授和他的博士生在实验中发现在鞋带完全断裂之前，有一个逐渐的、隐蔽的松动过程，所以说鞋带断开时没有任何明显的迹象。故选A项。 48．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段“To try to establish what was causing this, Christine tried leg-swinging while sitting on a table, and heavy steps. Neither resulted in the shoelaces coming undone. It required both together, even with a loosely tied knot.(为了确定是什么原因导致鞋带断裂，Christine尝试了坐在桌子上甩腿和用力跺脚。这两件事都没有导致鞋带松开。它需要两者结合，即使是松散的结。)”以及倒数第二段“That was a necessary, but not sufficient condition though. The swing was also needed, as well as the heavy step. “The shoe laces move back and forth, putting a force on the bows and ends.” As the knot opens “you get slippage and at the end with the higher force this will get larger”. Once slippage starts, this rapidly pulls the laces undone.(这是一个必要条件，但不是充分条件。甩腿和用力跺脚都是必需的。“鞋带会前后移动，对鞋带的前端和末端产生作用力。”当绳结打开时，“你会打滑，最后随着外力的增大，绳结会变大”。一旦开始滑落，鞋带就会迅速松开。)”可知鞋带断开需要两个条件，即甩腿和用力跺脚，所以即使是比较松的鞋带如果你只跺脚它也不会松开。故选D项。 49．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Predicting when though, said Professor O’Reilly, was difficult. “The tipping point was really difficult for us to spot,” he said.(不过，Professor O’Reilly说，很难预测具体时间。“我们真的很难发现临界点，”他说。)”以及“His conclusion is that we should just accept retying shoelaces to be one of the minor misfortunes of the human condition.(他的结论是，我们应该接受系鞋带是人类处境中的一种小不幸。)”可知在O’Reilly看来我们很难预测鞋带在什么时候会断开，所以唯有接受系鞋带这个事实，所以可以推测在O’Reilly看来鞋带断裂是不可避免的。故选A项。 十四、阅读理解 【来源】上海奉贤区致远高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中教学评估英语试题 Why can’t we stop longing for the good old days? People in many countries are longing for the good old days. But when exactly were the good old days? Podcaster Jason Feifer devoted an episode of his program to this question. The most popular answer seemed to be the 1950s, so Mr. Feifer asked historians whether Americans in that decade thought it was particularly pleasant. Definitely not. In the 1950s, American sociologists worried that rampant individualism was tearing the family apart. There were serious racial and class tensions, and everyone lived under the nuclear threat. In fact, many in the 1950s thought that the good old days were to be found a generation earlier, in the 1920s. But in the 1920s, child psychologist John Watson warned that because of increasing divorce races, the American family would soon cease to exist. Many people at the time idealized the Victor inn era, when families are strong and children respected their elders. Why are human beings always so nostalgia for past eras that seemed difficult and dangerous to those who lived through them? One possibility is that we know we survived past dangers, so they seem smaller now. But we can never be certain we will solve the problems we are facing today. Radio didn’t ruin the younger generation, but maybe the smart phone will. Another reason is that historical nostalgia is often colored by personal nostalgia. When were the good old days? Was it, by chance, the incredibly short period when you happened to be young? A U.S. Poll found that people born in the 1930s and 1940s thought the 1950s was America’s best decade, while those born in the 1960s and 1970s preferred the 1980s. This kind of nostalgia has neurological roots. Researchers have found that we encode more memories during adolescence and early adult hood than any other period of our lives, and when we think about the past, this is the period we most often return to. Moreover, as we grow more distant from past events, we tend to remember them more positively. Obviously, some things readily were better in the past. But our instinctive nostalgia for the good old days can easily deceive us, with dangerous consequences. Longing for the past and fear of the future inhibit the experiments and innovations that drive progress. Vaccination, steam engines, railroads and electricity all met with strong resistance when they were first introduced. The point isn’t to show how silly previous generations were. The same kinds of anxieties have been expressed in our own time about innovations like the internet, video games and stem-cell research. And not all fears about the future are unbounded. New technologies do result in accidents, they disturb traditional cultures and habits, and they destroy old jobs while creating new ones. But the only way to learn how to make the best use of new technologies and reduce risks is by trial and error. The future won’t be perfect, but neither were the good old days. 50．The word “rampant” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________. A．limited B．reasonable C．uncontrolled D．traditional 51．According to the passage, the 1950s was a period of time ________. A．when American families still remained strong and children respected their elders B．that saw a sharp increase in individualism and divorce rate in American society C．that was believed by Americans born in the 1930s and the 1940s to be the best decade D．when radical and class tensions became more serious but people no longer lived under the nuclear threat 52．What can be inferred from the last three paragraphs? A．The current generation is not as silly as the previous generations. B．It is unwise to be simply opposed to any new inventions and technologies. C．People are constantly deceived by their instinctive nostalgia for the good old days. D．The internet, video games and stem-cell research pose great threats to humanity. 【答案】50．C 51．C 52．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要以人们喜欢怀念过去的美好时光为主题，分析了其背后的原因以及对我们的启示。 50．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“individualism was tearing the family apart(个人主义会使家庭破裂)”可知，当时的个人主义不受控制，导致家庭破裂，令科学家担心。由此可知，划线词 rampant和uncontrolled“不受控制的”意思相近。故选C。 51．细节理解题。根据第四段中“A U.S. Poll found that people born in the 1930s and 1940s thought the 1950s was America’s best decade, while those born in the 1960s and 1970s preferred the 1980s.(一项美国民意调查发现，出生在30年代和40年代的人认为50年代是美国最好的十年，而出生在60年代和70年代的人更喜欢80年代)”可知，出生在30年代和40年代的美国人认为20世纪50年代是最好的十年。故选C。 52．推理判断题。根据最后一段“And not all fears about the future are unbounded. New technologies do result in accidents, they disturb traditional cultures and habits, and they destroy old jobs while creating new ones. But the only way to learn how to make the best use of new technologies and reduce risks is by trial and error. The future won’t be perfect, but neither were the good old days.(并不是所有对未来的恐惧都是无限的。新技术确实会导致事故，它们扰乱了传统文化和习惯，它们在创造新工作的同时摧毁了旧工作。但是，学习如何最好地利用新技术和减少风险的唯一方法是尝试和错误。未来不会是完美的，但过去的美好时光也不会)”可推知，简单地反对任何新发明和新技术是不明智的。故选B。 十五、阅读理解 【来源】上海市建平中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 We usually think of archaeology as involving brave explorers and lots of painstaking digging. But today, long-hidden cities are being revealed from the air, where modern archaeologists use laser beams to spot evidence of ancient life buried beneath thick vegetation. Lidar, short for “light detection and ranging” (and a cousin of radio-based radar), involves directing a rapid succession of laser pulses at the ground from an airplane or a drone. Software captures the time and wavelength of the pulses reflected from the surface and combines it with GPS and other data to produce a precise three-dimensional map of the landscape below. These high-tech explorations have revealed long-buried Mayan cities. In recent years, lidar has exposed a sprawling ancient city in western Mexico called Angamuco, The discovery of this long-lost Mexican large city is especially significant. Built by the Pur pecha, Angamuco was a major civilization in the early 16th century, before Europeans arrived. The city extended over ten square miles before it was covered by a lava flow. That is a huge area with a lot of people. There are about 40, 000 building foundations there, which is about the same number of building foundations that are on the island of Manhattan. The Pur pecha’s main buildings were loosely sited in eight zones around the edges rather than being located in one large center. “To think that this massive city existed in the heartland of Mexico for all this time and nobody knew it was there is amazing,” says Chris Fisher, an archaeologist who led the expedition. The revelation of Angamuco is a prime example of the power and promise of lidar. Archaeologists discovered signs of the buried city in 2007 and initially attempted to explore it using a traditional “boots on the ground” approach. But the team soon realized that with the rugged terrain, it would take at least a decade to outline the entire massive city. In 2011, they began using lidar to map nearly 14 square miles, revealing many astonishing features, from pyramids and temples to road systems, garden areas, and even ball courts. This gave them the “map” they needed to know where to explore further. So far, Fisher and his team have verified more than 7,000 architectural features over a 1.5-square-mile area. The earliest artifacts include ceramic fragments and other remains dating as far back as AD 900. All told, researchers now believe that more than 100, 000 people lived in Angamuco from about AD 1000 to AD 1350. That makes it the biggest city in western Mexico at the time-or at least the biggest city we know about so far. “Everywhere you point the lidar instrument, you find new stuff,” says Fisher. “Right now, every textbook has to be rewritten, and two years from now, they’re going to have to be rewritten again.” 53．__________may be necessary aids when lidar is used. A．GPS, software and laser pulses B．A drone, radar and a map C．An aeroplane, software and GPS D．A drone, an aeroplane and a map 54．The underlined word “sprawling” in Para. 3 means the ancient city was __________. A．planned in a detailed way B．spreading in an untidy way C．massive but well-designed D．long-buried but well-preserved 55．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the city of Angamuco? A．Angamuco was the first ancient city discovered with radar. B．The area of the city was as big as that of the island of Manhattan. C．Angamuco was probably the biggest city in westen Mexico at that time. D．The rugged terrain in Angamuco prevented the explorers from using radar. 56．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Lidar has been widely accepted by the archaeologists in western Mexico. B．The current knowledge about the city of Angamuco might be out of date. C．But for lidar it would be impossible to know what the city of Angamuco looked like. D．The archaeologists spent almost ten years exploring Angamuco using traditional tools. 【答案】53．C 54．B 55．C 56．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家通过激光雷达发现了位于墨西哥西部的一座名为安加穆科的庞大古城。这座遗失已久的墨西哥大城市的发现意义非凡。文章介绍了这项技术的工作原理以及这座古城的相关情况。 53．细节理解题。根据第二段“Lidar, short for “light detection and ranging” (and a cousin of radio-based radar), involves directing a rapid succession of laser pulses at the ground from an airplane or a drone. Software captures the time and wavelength of the pulses reflected from the surface and combines it with GPS and other data to produce a precise three-dimensional map of the landscape below. These high-tech explorations have revealed long-buried Mayan cities.(激光雷达是“光探测和测距”的缩写（也是无线电雷达的近亲），涉及从飞机或无人机向地面定向快速连续的激光脉冲。软件捕捉从地表反射的脉冲的时间和波长，并将其与GPS和其他数据结合起来，生成下面景观的精确三维地图。这些高科技的探索揭示了埋藏已久的玛雅城市)”可知，一架飞机、软件和GPS可能是使用激光雷达时必要的辅助。故选C。 54．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Built by the Pur pecha, Angamuco was a major civilization in the early 16th century, before Europeans arrived.(由普尔佩查人建造的安加穆科是16世纪早期欧洲人到来之前的主要文明)”以及第三段中“The Pur pecha’s main buildings were loosely sited in eight zones around the edges rather than being located in one large center.(普尔佩查人的主要建筑松散地分布在周边的八个区域，而不是位于一个大的中心)”可知，激光雷达发现了位于墨西哥西部的一座名为安加穆科的庞大古城，而安加穆科是由普尔佩查人修建的，普尔佩查人修建的建筑松散地分布在周边的八个区域，故这座古城是以不规整的方式扩展的。故sprawl表示这座古城是以不规整的方式扩展的。故选B。 55．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“That makes it the biggest city in western Mexico at the time-or at least the biggest city we know about so far.(这使它成为当时墨西哥西部最大的城市，或者至少是我们目前所知道的最大的城市)”可知，C项“安加穆科可能是当时墨西哥西部最大的城市”正确。故选C。 56．推理判断题。根据第四段““To think that this massive city existed in the heartland of Mexico for all this time and nobody knew it was there is amazing,” says Chris Fisher, an archaeologist who led the expedition.(带领探险队的考古学家克里斯·费舍尔说：“想想这个巨大的城市一直存在于墨西哥的中心地带，却没有人知道它的存在，这真是令人惊讶。”)”可推知，如果没有激光雷达，就不可能知道安加穆科城是什么样子。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考点大串讲（上海） 专题07 阅读理解说明文精选15篇 （原题版） 一、阅读理解 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题 The term culture now is more used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture includes all identifying aspects of a racial group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions, its social rules and economic structure, and its religious beliefs and arts. The central beliefs and customs of a group are handed down from one generation to another. It is for this reason that most people regard culture as learned rather than innate. People acquire a culture because they are not born with one. The process by which a person develops a taste for regional foods, accented speech, or an outlook on the world over time, therefore, is known as enculturation (文化适应). Cultures are often identified by their symbols — images that are familiar and coated with meaning. Totem poles (图腾柱) carved with animals and creative figures suggest aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more literally represent specific tribes (部落). In Asia and India, the color of yellow is connected with temples while in ancient China it was a color only the emperor’s family was allowed to wear. Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite differently. For example, to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals; to others, however, it can mean danger or oppression. To individuals unfamiliar with cultures outside their own, the beliefs, behaviors, and artistic expression of other groups can seem strange and even threatening. A society that ranks all other cultures against its own standards is considered to be ethnocentric (from the Greek ethnos, meaning “people,” and kentros, meaning “center”). A strongly ethnocentric society assumes also that what is different from its own culture is likely to be inferior and, possibly, wrong or evil. All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and some aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, contribute to a well-functioning society. An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not prevent acceptance and respect for another culture. History documents the long-term vigour and success of multicultural groups in which people from numerous and various cultural backgrounds live and work together. Extreme ethnocentrism, in contrast, can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and racial origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others. 1．The underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 2 most probably means ________. A．avoidable B．developed C．instinctive D．managed 2．According to the passage, the statement which is TRUE is ________. A．Culture consists of some positive features of a racial group, nation or empire B．Different interpretations of a symbol help to distinguish one culture from another C．An ethnocentric country opens welcoming arms to cultures different from its own D．People from various cultural backgrounds often reach an agreement on some image 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．All aspects of ethnocentrism can produce negative effects on a society. B．Respect and acceptance of different cultures are a proper cultural attitude. C．Racism is unlikely to bring about serious conflicts among different cultures. D．Countries with a strong sense of national pride play a superior role in the world. 4．The most proper title of the passage might be ________. A．Culture, a Faithful Mirror of History B．Culture, the Origin of Racial Superiority C．Culture, the Vigor of World Development D．Culture, a Distinctive Identity of a Nation 二、阅读理解 【来源】上海市行知中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中英语试题 Being connected to the Internet has become a necessary part of modern life. Some people actually need it as they cannot do their jobs without it, and others simply feel they need it as they cannot imagine life without it. To think that something that did not even exist 50 years ago has come to play a crucial role in our lives like this in just about 15 years makes one wonder–just what will the future bring? In 2004, a survey was conducted in the US asking a group of technology experts their opinions on the Internet in the next ten years. 57% of them agreed that virtual classes will be more widely adopted in schools, allowing students to learn with those at the same level and with interests in the same subjects. It’s quite possible that, by the year 2030, every child in every school will do all their schoolwork on their own laptop with all their textbooks available (现成可使用的) on the Internet. No more heavy books to carry around and no more pens and paper! At work, we already use email to deal with people both inside and outside our offices and video conferencing (电话会议) is occurring more frequently. This means that meetings can be held between offices in different countries without the trouble caused by business travel. Business travel will stop to exist in the future, and so will offices as people all start to work from home. It has also become a trend for people to use pocket computers such as Blackberries. With this helpful equipment, people can send and receive emails, surf the Web, and read multimedia files from absolutely anywhere even if we are on a beach holiday. The Internet will have a revolutionary (突破性的) effect on entertainment in the future. Already we can buy and download music and movies from the Internet but it is still possible for us to buy a CD or go to the DVD stores to rent the latest movies. However, it’s quite possible that in the future, CD shops and DVD rental stores will close and cinemas will no longer exist. Entertainment will become completely virtual although hopefully people will still want to get outside to play sports and entertain themselves in more healthy ways. With the Internet we need only relax in the rocking chair. The Internet, however, has problems to be solved. 5．The expression “play a crucial role in” can be understood as “______”. A．change a dull role into B．play an interesting part in C．have an important effect on D．act a cruel character in 6．According to the passage, people are satisfied with all the following changes EXCEPT that ______. A．people won’t have to make business travel any more thanks to the video conference B．virtual classes can make students’ dream of getting rid of their schoolbags come true C．people can be kept informed anytime and anywhere with the help of convenient equipment D．CD shops and cinemas will shut down as a result of the adoption of virtual entertainment 7．What will the writer probably discuss after the last paragraph? A．Bad effects the Internet can have on us. B．The possible school life in the future. C．More excitements the Internet will bring us. D．The likely ways to solve the problems. 8．What is probably the best title for the passage? A．Virtual reality, our best friend! B．What will future life be like with the Internet? C．Goodbye, textbooks and offices! D．How can human beings deal with the Internet? 三、阅读理解 【来源】上海市延安中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 As a volunteer, John Apollos is losing weight - the old-fashioned way - by eating less. Apollos has lowered his daily caloric intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away. But that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three-quarters of what they used to. The researchers are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the ageing process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing.” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet decades of calorie-restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that. Last July a long-term study led by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, found that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys (恒河猴) as well. The hungry monkeys suffered from diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed fellows did. Scientists have suspected that calorie restriction could extend the life span of animals since at least1935, when researchers at Cornell University noticed that severely food-restricted lab rats lived twice as long as normal ones and were healthier. Other investigators began exploring the idea and learned that the secret is not merely a matter of body weight. One theory is that a state of slight hunger acts as a mild but constant stressor that makes an organism stronger and more resistant to the ills of ageing. Taking in fewer calories also slows metabolism (新陈代谢), and some data indicate that humans with a slower metabolism live longer. But even if these theories are correct, simply defining the mechanism is not the same as identifying the molecular pathways behind it. If researchers could determine those pathways, they might be able to pharmacologically mimic (模仿) the effect of calorie restriction. That could be the ultimate benefit of the CALORIE study. “Calorie restriction is pretty much the only thing out there that we know will not just prevent disease but also extend maximal lifespan,” says Dr. Marc Hellerstein, a nutritionist at the University of California. 9．The purpose of keeping diet for John Apollos and other participants is to ________. A．lose weight in order to keep slim B．prove how long people can survive if they lack food C．prove if eating less food can extend life span and keep young D．just keep a good mood and live a healthier life 10．What’s the meaning of “counterintuitive” (Line 1, Para. 2)? A．Unconventional. B．Incorrect. C．Comprehensible. D．Meaningless. 11．From Dr. Marc Hellerstein’s words at the end of the passage, we can infer that ________. A．people who are thin can survive longer than those who aren’t B．effective calorie restriction makes us healthier and live longer C．keeping diet cannot help people keep fit or live longer D．a state of hunger is beneficial for our health 12．What is the main idea of this passage? A．People should be slim in order to live longer. B．Keeping calorie restriction effectively makes one live longer. C．Eating too much is really harmful to our health. D．People should form a good diet habit in daily life. 四、阅读理解 【来源】上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题 Why Is Canadian English Unique? Is there such a thing as Canadian English? If so, what is it? The standard stereotype (刻板印象) among Americans is that Canadians are like Americans, except that they say “eh” a lot and pronounce “out and about” as “oot and aboot.” Many Canadians, on the other hand, will tell you that Canadian English is more like British English, and proof holds that the spellings “colour” and “centre” and the name “zed” for the letter Z. Canadian does exist as a separate variety of English, with subtly (细微地) distinctive features of pronunciation and vocabulary. It has its own dictionaries; the Canadian Press has its own style guide. However, the core of Canadian English is ambivalence (矛盾). Canadian history helps to explain this. In the beginning, there were the indigenous peoples (原住民), with far more linguistic (语言的) and cultural variety than Europe. Starting in the 1600s, the French colonized the St. Lawrence River region and the Atlantic coast south of it. In the mid-1700s, England got into a war with France, concluding with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ceded (割让) “New France” to England. The English allowed any French to stay who were willing to become subjects (臣民) of the English King. At the time of the Treaty of Paris, however, there were very few English speakers in Canada. The American Revolution(革命) changed that. The founding English-speaking people of Canada were United Empire Loyalists — people who fled (逃离) American independence and were rewarded with land in Canada. As a result, Canadian English was, from its very beginning, both American — because its speakers had come from the American colonies — and not American, because they rejected the newly independent nation. Just as the Americans sought to have a truly distinct, independent American version of English, the loyalists sought to remain more like England. These were people whose variety of English was already different from the British and vice versa. When the residents of London began to drop their r’s and change some of their vowels (元音), people in certain parts of the United States adopted some of these changes, but Canadians did not. There did end up being more British influx (大量涌入) and influence in Canada. After the War of 1812, Mother England encouraged emigration to Canada to ensure the loyalty to England. The accent did not become British, though British schoolteachers and authorities did leave their marks on the nation’s spelling and grammar. Today, one-fifth of Canadians have a mother tongue other than English or French — nearly as many as have French as their mother tongue. And yet the basic character of Canadian English still appears like a household of Anglophile (亲英派) Americans, with bits from other cultures mainly in the kitchen, a few traces of the indigenous cultures who used to be the only residents, and some influence from the French roommate. 13．What do many Canadians consider Canadian English? A．It is more like American English. B．It is more like British English. C．It is pronounced like American English. D．It is spelled like American English. 14．Why do Canadian exist as a separate variety of English? A．It has its own dictionaries. B．It has no feature. C．It has a separate vocabulary. D．The Canadian has a long history. 15．Which is NOT one of the influences on Canadian English? A．The colonization of France. B．The independence of America. C．A variety of indigenous cultures. D．The Canadian civil war. 16．Which is NOT one of the core of unique Canadian English? A．Canadian English was, from its very beginning, both American and not American. B．Its speakers had come from the American colonies and they rejected the newly independent nation. C．The French once colonized Canada, thus influencing the language. D．The loyalists sought to remain more like England, but Canadian English became a combination of independent American and Mother British. 五、阅读理解 【来源】上海市位育中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题 People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem that the sea had eaten into the soft cliffs where residents live. In 2020, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea. Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has gone farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting in ten years their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea. Angry owners have asked the Government to build sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would only make the waves go further along the coast, shifting (转移) the problem from one area to another. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home. 17．What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face? A．The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens. B．The experts’ lack of knowledge. C．The rising of the sea level. D．The washing-away of cliffs. 18．According to the second paragraph, the erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England __________. A．will soon become a problem for people living in France B．has now become a threat C．is quickly changing the map of England D．can be stopped if proper measures are taken 19．It is not possible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because ___________. A．it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas B．the government is too slow in taking action C．they will be easily knocked down by waves D．house agents along the coast do not support the idea 六、阅读理解 【来源】上海市五校2023-2024学年高一上学期11月期中联考英语试题 Fishy Weather Conditions Laj amanu, Australia, is a dry little town, sitting right on the edge of the Tanami desert. Can you imagine how surprised people were when live fish rained down on them from a dark gray cloud. It happens that there are similar cases in England and Honduras. How do clouds make fishy? The simple answer is that they don’t. There is a particular weather phenomenon (现象) called a waterspout. A waterspout is just like a tornado (龙卷风), only it forms above oceans, lakes, or rivers. Like a tornado, a waterspout moves in a circle at high speeds. When it moves above the water, it tends to carry the fish with it, as well as frogs or other small plants or animals. Scientists couldn’t work it out at first. To make matters stranger still, the fish in Honduras were very much alive when they rained down to the ground, but they were all blind. In England and Australia, it rained fish and snakes, and none were blind. It was difficult to puzzle out, but the blind fish gave them a place to start. Scientists knew that some fish that lived in deep, underground caves with no light sources often lost their eyesight. So when blind fish rained down on Honduras, scientists began to connect some clues (线索，提示). Clearly, these particular fish were pulled from an underground water source by force. It has rained fish on every continent, and each time, people have tried in various ways to explain this strange phenomenon. Historically, villagers thought the “fishes from the heavens” might be answers to prayers (祈祷) for food. Others suggested that floods overran river banks and oceans, leaving the fish on the city streets. No scientist had actually seen the rain as it occurred, only the fish left on the ground. But in 1990, a National Geographic team happened to be in Honduras when the Rain of Fishes began. They recorded what was happening and made history by finally proving that the fish really did fall from the sky. This huge breakthrough wasn’t just a spot of good luck. It changed thousands of years of myths (虚构的事；谬论) and legends into true stories and provided scientific explanations for how fish came to live in deep caves. It explained ancient cave paintings and cast (投射光线) new light on how species have spread over time. It turned out to be a lot more than just a little fishy weather. 20．According to the passage, a waterspout ________. A．can make animals blind B．is difficult to catch on film C．can carry items (物品) with it D．is a dangerous sea creature 21．The blind fish made the scientists start to think that ________. A．raining fish was a warning of natural disasters B．animals changed to match their environments C．the weather system differed from place to place D．the waterspout theory seemed more possible 22．The first sentence in the last paragraph probably suggests that ________. A．waterspouts came to be a center of scientific research B．the scientists were fortunate to have made their discoveries C．hard work went into determining the cause for the raining fish D．the scientists relied heavily on unusual events to drive their studies 23．The author writes the passage to ________. A．explain what caused the fishy weather B．describe the magic phenomenon C．persuade people to protect the environment D．encourage people to do scientific research 七、阅读理解 【来源】上海市徐汇中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 Many of the world’s most famous landmarks now offer virtual tours, meaning people can visit museums, world heritage sites and other attractions from the comfort of the sofa. Such virtual travel experiences, as some experts have considered as an eco-friendly solution to the problem of overtourism, are seeing an increase in popularity. For overcrowded destinations, virtual reality experiences can help divert (使改道) some tourists, easing the burden on the location’s infrastructure (基础设施). However, there’s a big gap between using virtual reality to “try before you buy” and treating virtual reality like the destination itself. To start with, the technology isn’t ready yet. 360-degree virtual reality videos are usually experienced through a headset or an app. The headsets are expensive and heavy, and aren’t comfortable to wear for more than 30 minutes. The apps have none of these problems, but simply aren’t as impressive. Limited physical feelings are another problem. The videos focus on sounds and sights but can’t do much with smell, touch, or taste, and VR experiences tend to only be a few minutes long—hardly equal to a two-week vacation in Spain. Some researchers are creating a full-body suit with enhanced sensory experiences, but it still doesn’t satisfy the deeper needs that make people travel. What’s more, tourists on virtual tours see a world only to the extent that someone was able to film and construct it. In a virtual experience, visitors can’t choose to wander down a side street and discover a charming café—unless those options have already been programmed. It can definitely disappoint those who tend to be less directed in their explorations and more focused on new experiences and discoveries. Virtual reality may never replace traditional travel, but it still offers possibilities. If the technology becomes advanced enough, those who are more environmentally conscious among us—especially those aiming to reduce our carbon footprint—might prefer this form of escape. Also, VR travel does bring parts of the world to people who are physically unable to visit certain landmarks. 24．The followings are the benefits brought by virtual travel experiences EXCEPT that _______. A．people can tour some dreamed sites without dealing with lines and crowds B．the impact of tourism on the environment can be minimized C．people are able to explore the world without leaving home D．the travelers’ financial burden can be relieved to some extent 25．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．The full-body suit meets the deeper needs of the tourists. B．An expensive headset is a must for experiencing virtual tours. C．People can only see what is constructed and programmed on virtual tours. D．Virtual tours satisfy those who are fond of adventuring at will. 26．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of virtual tours? A．Indifferent. B．Pessimistic. C．Critical. D．Optimistic. 八、阅读理解 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 In many countries of the world, people can confidently tell you the meaning of their town or city, but most people who live in Manchester, Oxford or Birmingham would not be able to explain what the name of their city means. The name of every British town and city, however, has a long history. Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called “castra”. This is why there are so many place names in England which end in “-chester” or “-caster”— Manchester, for example. The Romans never reached Wales or Scotland, and many place names there are Celtic. For example, Welsh place names that begin with “Llan” come from the Celtic word for church. After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by tribes called the Anglo-Saxons, who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland. Without the Roman army, it was impossible to protect the country from these people. The names of their villages often ended in “-ham” or “-ton”. Some got their name from the leader of the village, so Birmingham, for example, means “Beormund’s village”. The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and the landscape was very important to them, so we have villages called Upton (“village on a hill”— a good place to build a village) and Moreton (“village by lake”, where floods could make life tough). Place names that end in “-ford” (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-Saxon villages. Twelve hundred years ago, the Vikings came to England from Scandinavia. They traded with the Anglo-Saxons but lived in their own villages. These often ended in “-by” or “-thorpe”. The name “Kirkby” means “a village with a church” and Scunthorpe was the village of a man called Skuma. Finally, in 1066, England became Norman — the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means farm. And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. However, like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time. 27．According to the passage, Stratford-upon-Avon is most likely a town _______. A．on a hill B．near a castle C．built beside a river D．with a church 28．Which of the following shows the correct order of the arrival of inhabitants in Britain? A．The Celts—The Romans—The Vikings—The Normans—The Anglo Saxons. B．The Romans—The Celts—The Vikings—The Anglo Saxons—The Normans. C．The Celts—The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Vikings—The Normans. D．The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Celts—The Normans—The Vikings. 29．According to the passage, where did the name for London come from? A．It is puzzling and hard to confirm for sure. B．It comes from the term for a fast-flowing river. C．The name is short for Londinium. D．The name is from the castle of a King. 九、阅读理解 【来源】上海市格致中学2022-2023学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学). That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them. Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy. Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life. He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation. The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of. 30．Who opened the door to philosophy for the author? A．Foucault. B．Eric Weiner. C．Jostein Gaarder. D．A college teacher. 31．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4? A．To compare Weiner with them. B．To give examples of great works. C．To praise their writing skills. D．To help readers understand Weiner’s book. 32．What does the author like about The Socrates Express? A．Its views on history are well-presented. B．Its ideas can be applied to daily life. C．It includes comments from readers. D．It leaves an open ending. 33．What does the author think of Weiner’s book? A．Objective and plain. B．Daring and ambitious. C．Serious and hard to follow. D．Humorous and straightforward. 十、阅读理解 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第一附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 If you plan to live another 10 years, you should expect to live in a world with machines doing things you don’t like doing today. Shooting for another 20? Even more will be done without your lifting the finger. It’s not only simple tasks such as cleaning, laundry and dishes. High-end services previously not accessible to you will now be in your economic grasp. Your personal robot will know you better than you know yourself. This almost unimaginable lifestyle could become routine for the masses, because of the achievements of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics to date and the fact that 5G is on track to provide. The reasons to be fearful of AI and robotics are well-founded. AI can compete with our brains and robots can compete with our bodies, and in many cases, can beat us handily already. And the more time that passes, the better these emerging technologies will become, while our own capabilities are expected to remain more or less the same. There has been a love-hate relationship between individuals and big companies long before the present era of big tech, but when big tech, AI and robots work together, it gets even scarier. Tomorrow’s big tech companies will make use of intelligence (via AI) and control (via robots) associated with the lives of their users. In such a world, third-party entities may know more about us than we know about ourselves. Decisions will be made on our behalf and increasingly without our awareness, and those decisions won’t necessarily be in our best interests. These issues are foreseeable, and the stakes(风险)are enormous. So, what can be done? In order to achieve the highest possible public trust in the benefits of AI and robotics in our lives, there are three imperatives for action. First, the industry’s AI and robotics leaders must start to integrate consumers’ interests in safety and privacy into their technology offerings - something we haven’t seen before in the development of the internet and mobile markets. Second, big tech companies and their smaller start-up siblings, should support common agreements, voluntary best practices, principles, protocols, standards and other policies - and yes, even regulation as the very last resort. The more policy structure there is in place that protects consumer interests, the more trust AI and robots deserve. Finally, a trusted entity should design and implement a reliable and verifiable means of creating and protecting the new AI and robotics policy structure from inappropriate influence. Fortunately, although the gap between tech advances and the lagging policy structure is widening, there is still time to catch up - if we take the initiative now. The combination of AI, robots and big tech companies is potentially dangerous, but by taking the appropriate steps now we can avoid these dangers and enjoy the huge potential benefits that they have to offer. 34．According to the passage, people are afraid of AI and robotics because ________. A．AI, robotics and 5G work together B．human’s abilities don’t develop C．AI and robotics can do everything for us D．the new lifestyles cannot be imagined 35．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．The third party entity will make decision to represent us and benefit us a lot. B．There’s not always harmonious relationship between humans and big companies. C．Big tech companies will control people’s life completely. D．The benefits brought by AI and robotics cannot be enjoyed. 36．According to the passage, how can trusted AI and robotics be built? A．By considering consumers’ interest in safety and privacy. B．By making more policies that protect AI and robotics. C．By properly influencing AI and robotics’ improper behavior. D．By slowing down the technological advances of AI and robotics. 37．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Can we achieve trusted AI and robotics by implementing policies? B．Can AI, robotics and 5G work together to benefit human beings? C．Can we avoid the potential dangers of AI, robotics and big tech companies? D．Can AI and robotics create a new lifestyle for human beings in the near future? 十一、阅读理解 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第一附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 The broad definition of migration, “permanent change of residence”, usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond international movements in volume. Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficult in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine. Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow. Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening(干预) obstacles”. Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country. 38．Suppose Thomas is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations, what may contribute to his final decision? A．Good land to farm. B．The people he knows. C．Severe living condition D．Better job opportunities. 39．Why does the author compare an unmarried young man with an older man with a family? A．Because they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs. B．Because different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions about migration. C．Because their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different. D．Because the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society. 40．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．Push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors. B．Pull factors may include one’s difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine. C．New immigrants probably need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment. D．The same push-pull factors may exert similar effect on people with different personalities. 41．The purpose of the passage is to discuss ________. A．the motives of international migrants B．the problems of international migrants C．the migrantion problems inside the country D．the adjustment problem among migrants 十二、阅读理解 【来源】上海市交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 At least since the appearance of Napster (一个文件共享平台), in 1999, the Internet’s potential effect on music listeners has often been portrayed as dramatic. Music bloggers, the iPod’s massive storage capabilities, and most recently, the virtually unlimited browsing potential afforded by streaming — put together, they would surely pave the way for a generation to whom eclecticism (折衷主义) was normal. Human curiosity could finally win, and the super-listener would rise. Little in the modern music landscape suggests that this has come to pass. Quite the contrary, which is an important assumption of the New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff’s Every Song Ever: 20 Ways to Listen in an Age of Musical Plenty. In the past decade or so, traditional radio stations have cut down the number of songs they played and increased the frequency of repetition, because listeners are less likely to switch away from tunes they recognize. Successful online playlist makers such as Pandora continually fine-tune algorithms (算法) to figure out what individual users want to hear based on what they’ve liked before. And music journalists working online have come to understand that defending little-known artists commands far less traffic — and therefore less job security — than does promotion of the latest Taylor Swift video or Beatles anniversary. Ratliff wisely diagnoses the psychology underlying this state of affairs. “In many cases, having rapidly acquired a new kind of listening brain — a brain with unlimited access — we dig very deeply and very narrowly, creating bottomless comfort zones in what we have decided we like and trust,” he writes. “Or we shut down, threatened by the endless choice. The riches remain dumb unless we have an engaged relationship with them.” An “engaged relationship”— what’s that? Well, you know: Active listening. Open listening. The kind of listening that happened more often when switching from an unfamiliar song back to an old favorite wasn’t so frictionless — when the unfamiliar song had cost you $16.99 and a trip to Tower Records to acquire, and the old CD was gathering dust somewhere under your bed. Ratliff has 20 suggestions, mostly good ones, for how to achieve this level of engagement in a world overflowing with new and strange, and instantaneously available, sounds. He reminds us, as he proceeds, of how urgently we need adventurous critics like him at a time when the idea of musical discovery has been appropriated by tech companies and sidelines in the chase for clicks. 42．What effect is the Internet supposed to have on listeners? A．They would have a better taste for music. B．They would prefer more powerful players. C．They would be willing to try different types of music. D．They would be more curious about the quality of music. 43．According to Ben Ratliff, which statement best describes the modern music landscape? A．Online playlist makers don’t take individual users’ preference into account. B．People don’t have as much chance to listen to unfamiliar music as expected. C．Music journalists are ready to help those unknown artists promote their music D．Algorithms are upgraded frequently to satisfy music lovers’ needs for new music. 44．The word “frictionless” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to “________”. A．sudden B．expensive C．obvious D．easy 45．It can be inferred from the passage that music critics should take the responsibility of ________. A．reducing the impact of technology on us B．engaging us in more chase for clicks C．helping us find our comfort zones D．brining old classics back to life 十三、阅读理解 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 It is the great tragedy of shoelaces. From the moment they are tied, they are sure to become untied. That is the conclusion of scientists who have studied the shoelace knot (结) and found that it seems almost uniquely ill-suited to survive long walk. Instead, it will always come undone eventually, usually suddenly and unexpectedly. Or, as they put it, “the failure of the knot happens in a matter of seconds, often without warning, and is disastrous.” Especially so if you trip up afterwards. Oliver O’Reilly, from the University of California, Berkeley, said that the research was inspired by personal experience. “My shoelaces have always come untied,” he said. So when he was teaching his daughter how to tie hers he sought expert advice. “I found wonderful videos showing why they became untied, which struck me as unusual.” He decided to correct this. He got his PhD student Christine Gregg to run on a treadmill (跑步机) until her laces came undone, while filming with a slow-motion camera. “Christine started running and we were really surprised. For a long time nothing happened, then everything happened really quickly—in a few steps.” He found there was a gradual, hidden, loosening which came before a total collapse of the knot. To try to establish what was causing this, Christine tried leg-swinging while sitting on a table, and heavy steps. Neither resulted in the shoelaces coming undone. It required both together, even with a loosely tied knot. Next, for his research in Proceedings of the Royal Society A, Professor O’Reilly attached instruments to the laces to see why this might be. “We put an accelerometer on a knot, and we were surprised the g-forces were so large.” With each heavy step, the knot experienced 7g, more than that found on any rollercoaster. “The hypothesis(假设) is the knot opens up as you run, from the amount of forces.” That was a necessary, but not sufficient condition though. The swing was also needed, as well as the heavy step. “The shoe laces move back and forth, putting a force on the bows and ends.” As the knot opens “you get slippage and at the end with the higher force this will get larger”. Once slippage starts, this rapidly pulls the laces undone. Predicting when though, said Professor O’Reilly, was difficult. “The tipping point was really difficult for us to spot,” he said. “That in itself explains our experience. You are walking along and everything is fine and suddenly, ‘Boom!’ they’re gone—and you realise you are about to trip over your shoelaces.” His conclusion is that we should just accept retying shoelaces to be one of the minor misfortunes of the human condition. 46．The word “so” (in paragraph 3) refers to ________. A．falling down B．happening without warning C．being disastrous D．appearing in a few seconds 47．What did Professor O’Reilly find in his experiment with his PhD student? A．Shoelaces got untied without any obvious sign. B．The collapse of the shoelace knot could be avoided. C．Nothing happened to shoelaces if a runner took right steps. D．Walking on a treadmill would prevent shoelace knots getting loose. 48．It can be inferred from the passage that a loosely tied knot ________. A．will come undone unless you walk slowly B．won’t come undone even if you walk fast C．will come undone as long as you swing your leg D．won’t come undone if you just stamp your foot 49．What is O’Reilly’s conclusion about the failure of shoelace knots? A．It is totally inevitable. B．It will be corrected soon. C．It will be easy to predict. D．It is related to shoe type. 十四、阅读理解 【来源】上海奉贤区致远高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中教学评估英语试题 Why can’t we stop longing for the good old days? People in many countries are longing for the good old days. But when exactly were the good old days? Podcaster Jason Feifer devoted an episode of his program to this question. The most popular answer seemed to be the 1950s, so Mr. Feifer asked historians whether Americans in that decade thought it was particularly pleasant. Definitely not. In the 1950s, American sociologists worried that rampant individualism was tearing the family apart. There were serious racial and class tensions, and everyone lived under the nuclear threat. In fact, many in the 1950s thought that the good old days were to be found a generation earlier, in the 1920s. But in the 1920s, child psychologist John Watson warned that because of increasing divorce races, the American family would soon cease to exist. Many people at the time idealized the Victor inn era, when families are strong and children respected their elders. Why are human beings always so nostalgia for past eras that seemed difficult and dangerous to those who lived through them? One possibility is that we know we survived past dangers, so they seem smaller now. But we can never be certain we will solve the problems we are facing today. Radio didn’t ruin the younger generation, but maybe the smart phone will. Another reason is that historical nostalgia is often colored by personal nostalgia. When were the good old days? Was it, by chance, the incredibly short period when you happened to be young? A U.S. Poll found that people born in the 1930s and 1940s thought the 1950s was America’s best decade, while those born in the 1960s and 1970s preferred the 1980s. This kind of nostalgia has neurological roots. Researchers have found that we encode more memories during adolescence and early adult hood than any other period of our lives, and when we think about the past, this is the period we most often return to. Moreover, as we grow more distant from past events, we tend to remember them more positively. Obviously, some things readily were better in the past. But our instinctive nostalgia for the good old days can easily deceive us, with dangerous consequences. Longing for the past and fear of the future inhibit the experiments and innovations that drive progress. Vaccination, steam engines, railroads and electricity all met with strong resistance when they were first introduced. The point isn’t to show how silly previous generations were. The same kinds of anxieties have been expressed in our own time about innovations like the internet, video games and stem-cell research. And not all fears about the future are unbounded. New technologies do result in accidents, they disturb traditional cultures and habits, and they destroy old jobs while creating new ones. But the only way to learn how to make the best use of new technologies and reduce risks is by trial and error. The future won’t be perfect, but neither were the good old days. 50．The word “rampant” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________. A．limited B．reasonable C．uncontrolled D．traditional 51．According to the passage, the 1950s was a period of time ________. A．when American families still remained strong and children respected their elders B．that saw a sharp increase in individualism and divorce rate in American society C．that was believed by Americans born in the 1930s and the 1940s to be the best decade D．when radical and class tensions became more serious but people no longer lived under the nuclear threat 52．What can be inferred from the last three paragraphs? A．The current generation is not as silly as the previous generations. B．It is unwise to be simply opposed to any new inventions and technologies. C．People are constantly deceived by their instinctive nostalgia for the good old days. D．The internet, video games and stem-cell research pose great threats to humanity. 十五、阅读理解 【来源】上海市建平中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 We usually think of archaeology as involving brave explorers and lots of painstaking digging. But today, long-hidden cities are being revealed from the air, where modern archaeologists use laser beams to spot evidence of ancient life buried beneath thick vegetation. Lidar, short for “light detection and ranging” (and a cousin of radio-based radar), involves directing a rapid succession of laser pulses at the ground from an airplane or a drone. Software captures the time and wavelength of the pulses reflected from the surface and combines it with GPS and other data to produce a precise three-dimensional map of the landscape below. These high-tech explorations have revealed long-buried Mayan cities. In recent years, lidar has exposed a sprawling ancient city in western Mexico called Angamuco, The discovery of this long-lost Mexican large city is especially significant. Built by the Pur pecha, Angamuco was a major civilization in the early 16th century, before Europeans arrived. The city extended over ten square miles before it was covered by a lava flow. That is a huge area with a lot of people. There are about 40, 000 building foundations there, which is about the same number of building foundations that are on the island of Manhattan. The Pur pecha’s main buildings were loosely sited in eight zones around the edges rather than being located in one large center. “To think that this massive city existed in the heartland of Mexico for all this time and nobody knew it was there is amazing,” says Chris Fisher, an archaeologist who led the expedition. The revelation of Angamuco is a prime example of the power and promise of lidar. Archaeologists discovered signs of the buried city in 2007 and initially attempted to explore it using a traditional “boots on the ground” approach. But the team soon realized that with the rugged terrain, it would take at least a decade to outline the entire massive city. In 2011, they began using lidar to map nearly 14 square miles, revealing many astonishing features, from pyramids and temples to road systems, garden areas, and even ball courts. This gave them the “map” they needed to know where to explore further. So far, Fisher and his team have verified more than 7,000 architectural features over a 1.5-square-mile area. The earliest artifacts include ceramic fragments and other remains dating as far back as AD 900. All told, researchers now believe that more than 100, 000 people lived in Angamuco from about AD 1000 to AD 1350. That makes it the biggest city in western Mexico at the time-or at least the biggest city we know about so far. “Everywhere you point the lidar instrument, you find new stuff,” says Fisher. “Right now, every textbook has to be rewritten, and two years from now, they’re going to have to be rewritten again.” 53．__________may be necessary aids when lidar is used. A．GPS, software and laser pulses B．A drone, radar and a map C．An aeroplane, software and GPS D．A drone, an aeroplane and a map 54．The underlined word “sprawling” in Para. 3 means the ancient city was __________. A．planned in a detailed way B．spreading in an untidy way C．massive but well-designed D．long-buried but well-preserved 55．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the city of Angamuco? A．Angamuco was the first ancient city discovered with radar. B．The area of the city was as big as that of the island of Manhattan. C．Angamuco was probably the biggest city in westen Mexico at that time. D．The rugged terrain in Angamuco prevented the explorers from using radar. 56．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Lidar has been widely accepted by the archaeologists in western Mexico. B．The current knowledge about the city of Angamuco might be out of date. C．But for lidar it would be impossible to know what the city of Angamuco looked like. D．The archaeologists spent almost ten years exploring Angamuco using traditional tools. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$