课时作业17 People of Achievement-(课时作业)【红对勾讲与练】2025年高考英语大一轮复习全新方案(人教版2019)

选择性必修第一册　 3 　 选择性必修第一册 课时作业 17　 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT Ⅰ. 阅读理解 " (2023·河北石家庄高中 毕业年级教学质量检测) The Nobel Prize has been awarded to women about 60 times. These women have made outstanding contributions to the worlds of medicine, science, literature and so on. Here are four of them. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Award: Nobel Prize in Chemistry Year: 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was a British chemist whose interest in research began when, as a child, she received a chemistry book containing experiments with crystals. She studied at Oxford University and developed protein crystallography, which advanced the development of X-rays. This earned her the Nobel Prize. Gertrude B. Elion Award: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Year: 1988 Gertrude B. Elion won the Nobel Prize for her discoveries of important principles for drug treatment. Elion had watched her grandfather die of cancer, so she decided to fight the disease throughout her life. Elion, together with George H. Hitchings, with whom she shared the award, created a system for drug production that relies heavily on biochemistry. Toni Morrison Award: Nobel Prize in Literature Year: 1993 Toni Morrison, whose book Beloved earned her the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award, was the first Black woman to ever receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Ohio, Morrison was a writer whose works are mostly about life in the Black community. She taught writing and served as an honorary professor at Princeton University. Esther Duflo Award: Nobel Prize in Economics Year: 2019 Esther Duflo shared her prize with her research colleagues Michael Kremer and Abhijit Banerjee, who is her husband. Duflo has spent much of her career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she earned her doctorate degree in 1999. Duflo and her partners were awarded the Nobel Prize for their approach to fighting poverty around the world. 1. What won Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin the Nobel Prize? A. Her book about crystals. B. Her contribution to X-ray development. C. Her research on medicine. D. Her discovery of a new protein crystal. 2. What do Toni Morrison􀆳s books mainly focus on? A. Educational issues. B. Community service. C. Writing techniques. D. Black American􀆳s life. 3. What do Gertrude B. Elion and Esther Duflo have in common? A. They won the Nobel Prize in the same year. B. They devoted themselves to fighting diseases. C. They shared the Nobel Prize together with others. D. Their life experiences committed them to their fields. 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 -537- hh
3+ # (2023·安徽江淮名校高三联考) Born in 1940 in Nyeri, Kenya, Wangari Muta Maathai spent her childhood in the Kenyan countryside and her young adult life in the United States. She studied biology at Mount St. Scholastica College in Kansas, then obtained a master􀆳s degree from the University of Pittsburgh. After returning to Kenya and pursuing her PhD at the University of Nairobi, Wangari became the first woman in East Africa to receive a doctor􀆳s degree. In the 1970s Wangari was an active member of the National Council of Women of Kenya. Women came to the council in part to search for solutions to the environmental problems— deforestation and desertification had caused many of the resources women relied on for food and clean water to decrease. Fuelled by her knowledge of biology and her passion for helping others, Wangari decided to take action. Wangari had two goals in mind: to help restore environmental resources and give women the ability to support their families in a self- sufficient, sustainable way. To achieve her goals, she came up with a practical but impactful idea: to plant trees. The trees would reduce the effects of deforestation, in addition to providing food and firewood for local families. Wangari􀆳s plan inspired the formation of the Green Belt Movement in 1977, an organisation dedicated to environmental conservation and poverty reduction in Kenya. As the Green Belt Movement grew, Wangari began to focus on several different but interconnected causes: environmental conservation and human rights. In the late 1980s, she called on her community to oppose the construction of a skyscraper (摩天大楼) in Uhuru Park, Nairobi􀆳s central public space. In 1999 she led a protest against the privatisation of Karura Forest in Nairobi, during which Green Belt Movement members were beaten by private guards. Despite facing ongoing opposition and even danger, Wangari􀆳s belief in her work was never shaken. Wangari served on the boards of countless environmental organisations, and spoke to members of the United Nations. Due to her tireless work Wangari received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. 4. What do we know about Wangari Muta Maathai? A. She had a hard childhood in Kenya. B. She acquired an excellent education. C. She was the first woman to get a degree. D. She came back to Kenya due to her colour. 5. What contributed to the foundation of the Green Belt Movement? A. Wangari􀆳s family􀆳s support. B. Wangari􀆳s achievements in biology. C. Wangari􀆳s tree-planting idea. D. Wangari􀆳s desire to fight world poverty. 6. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. Wangari􀆳s efforts to expand her influence. B. Wangari􀆳s ways to fight for human rights. C. Wangari􀆳s strategies to establish a reputation. D. Wangari􀆳s plans to handle growing opposition. 7. Which of the following best describes Wangari Muta Maathai? A. Honest and hard-working. B. Patient and unselfish. C. Considerate and generous. D. Determined and inspiring. Ⅱ. 阅读七选五 (2023·石家庄高中毕业年级教学质量检测) Just breathe. Sound familiar? Whether trying to decrease stress, anxiety, and muscle tension or increase our focus, we are frequently encouraged to breathe. There is a good reason for this, particularly when it comes to muscle tension and pain. 　 1　 When we are stressed, our muscles tense, and this 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 -538- 选择性必修第一册　 3 tension can increase pain. Pain can also cause stress, increasing muscle tension and creating more pain. Also, it is common to hold our breath when we are stressed or in pain. 　 2　 So, one helpful way to manage stress and pain is to practice relaxing our muscles and nervous system via breathing exercises. While engaging in longer relaxation exercises is beneficial, practicing brief exercises is practical. Breathe Slowly and Rhythmically 　 3　 Imagine your breath is a wave in the ocean that is slowly coming into shore and then slowly going back into the ocean. See if you can practice breathing slowly and steadily for about two to five minutes. Lengthen the Exhalation ( 呼) Portion of Your Breath The exhalation is like a brake for our nervous system, helping it slow down. Practice making the exhalation portion of the breath longer than the inhalation: For example, if you naturally inhale to a count of three, practice slowly exhaling to a count of five. Breathe from Your Belly (腹部) Belly breathing tends to be the most relaxing type of breath. When you breathe using your belly, you stimulate the vagus nerve which activates the relaxation response. 　 4　 Therefore, you feel at ease and comfortable. It is important not to wait until tension and pain increase to practice these exercises. 　 5　 So just slow down and breathe on. A. Practice breathing in and out at a slow speed. B. Unfortunately, doing so increases pain and stress. C. The exhale part of the breath is the most relaxing. D. Breathing from your nose only helps you calm down. E. Physical pain and emotional stress often go hand in hand. F. They will be most effective when you are not in much pain. G. This will reduce your heart rate and blood pressure and lower stress. Ⅲ. 语法填空 (2023·四川泸州模拟) Five outstanding researchers received this year􀆳s L􀆳Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award at a ceremony in Paris, France 　 1　 Friday evening for their pioneering research in the life sciences. One of the 　 2　 ( receive) was Chinese ancient vertebrate ( 脊椎动物) scientist Zhang Miman. 82-year-old Zhang, also 　 3　 ( know) as Meemann Chang, is a palaeontologist (古生物学 家) at the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology ( IVPP) . Many species, such as the extinct fish Meemannia, have been named in honor of her. In 2016, Zhang 　 4　 ( give) the Romer-Simpson Lifetime Achievement Award, 　 5　 is the highest prize in vertebrate palaeontology. “She was appointed for her pioneering work on fossil (化石) records 　 6　 ( lead) to a clear understanding of how oceanic vertebrates adapted to life on land,” UNESCO said in a statement. Zhang is the 　 7　 ( five) Chinese female scientist to win the award. The other four winners 　 8　 (be) from South Africa, the UK, Argentina and Canada. As 　 9　 result of a partnership between French company L􀆳Oreal and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the L􀆳Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science foundation was founded in 1998 　 10　 (encourage) equality in science. Each winner will be awarded ＄100,000 as part of their prize. 1. 　 　 　 　 2. 　 　 　 　 3. 　 　 　 　 4. 　 　 　 　 5. 　 　 　 　 6. 　 　 　 　 7. 　 　 　 　 8. 　 　 　 　 9. 　 　 　 　 10. 　 　 　 　 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 -539- 参 考 答 案　 Chinese characters “ qie􀆳erbushe” as a souvenir, which form a Chinese idiom. The idiom expresses the great spirit of persistence. “Qie” means “the act of carving” and “bu she” means “non-stop” . This idiom comes from an old saying, which means if we keep carving, we will eventually turn a piece of metal or a stone into an artwork, however hard it is. This idiom highlights the moral that if we don􀆳t quit, we will achieve our goal someday. At last, I would like to extend my best wishes to you. Wish you a bright future. Yours, Li Hua Ⅱ. 读后续写 One day, I arrived at work and I noticed one familiar car. The registration number and color were somehow known to me. I was certain I had seen this car before. Anyway, I went inside the building and opened my laptop. At this moment, I heard someone saying “Hi, how is it going?” That lady I had helped in university was in front of my eyes. I said “Hi, wow, do you also work here?” She replied “Yes, I work here. ” I was in shock. She told me that she really understood me at that time. Because she had been in a similar situation when she was young and I had helped her so much, she tried to convince her manager to give me a chance. When I asked her why she didn􀆳t tell me, she said: “ I actually said ‘ see you’, didn􀆳t you realize it?” That moment, I realized that my attitude was right and I should keep it, as the lady said. We should always help other people in need. 选择性必修第一册 课时作业 17　 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT Ⅰ. 阅读理解 A 【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。 文章主 要介绍了四名获得诺贝尔奖的女性。 1. B 　 细 节 理 解 题。 根 据 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 部 分 中 “ She studied at Oxford University and developed protein crystallography, which advanced the development of X-rays. This earned her the Nobel Prize. ”可知,对 X 射线发 展的贡献让 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 获得 了诺贝尔奖。 故选 B 项。 2. D　 细节理解题。 根据 Toni Morrison 部分 中 “ Toni Morrison, whose book Beloved earned her the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award, was the first Black woman to ever receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Ohio, Morrison was a writer whose works are mostly about life in the Black community. ”可知,Toni Morrison 的书主要关 注美国黑人的生活。 故选 D 项。 3. C　 细节理解题。 根据 Gertrude B. Elion 部 分 中 “ Elion, together with George H. Hitchings, with whom she shared the award, created a system for drug production that relies heavily on biochemistry. ”以及 Esther Duflo 部分中“Duflo and her partners were awarded the Nobel Prize for their approach to fighting poverty around the world. ”可知,Gertrude B. Elion 和 Esther Duflo 的共同之处是她们与 其他人一起分享了诺贝尔奖。 故选 C 项。 B 【语篇解读】本文是一篇人物传记。 文章 讲述了肯尼亚的社会活动家、“绿带运动”的发 起人旺加里·马塔伊的人生经历。 4. B 　 细节理解题。 根据第一段中的 “ She studied biology at Mount St. Scholastica College in Kansas, then obtained a master􀆳s degree from the University of Pittsburgh. After returning to Kenya and pursuing her PhD at the University of Nairobi, Wangari became the first woman in East Africa to receive a doctor􀆳s degree. ”可知,旺加里·马塔伊在堪萨斯州 圣斯考拉斯蒂卡学院学习生物学,然后在匹 兹堡大学获得硕士学位。 回到肯尼亚并在 内罗毕大学攻读博士学位后,成为东非第一 位获得博士学位的女性。 由此可知,旺加 里·马塔伊有着良好的教育背景。 故选 B 项。 5. C 　 细节理解题。 根据第三段中的 “ To achieve her goals, she came up with a practical but impactful idea: to plant trees. ”和 “Wangari􀆳s plan inspired the formation of the Green Belt Movement in 1977”可知,为了实 现她的目标,她提出了一个实用但有影响力 的想法:种树。 旺加里的计划激发了 1977 年“绿带运动”的形成。 由此可知,是旺加里 种树的想法促成了“绿带运动”的创立。 故 选 C 项。 6. A 　 段落大意题。 根据第四段首句“As the Green Belt Movement grew, Wangari began to focus on several different but interconnected causes: environmental conservation and human rights. ”并综合全段信息可知,第四段 主要是讲旺加里为了扩大自己的影响力而 做出的努力。 故选 A 项。 7. D　 推理判断题。 根据第四段中的“Despite facing ongoing opposition and even danger, Wangari􀆳s belief in her work was never shaken. ”可知,尽管面临不断的反对甚至危 险,旺加里对自己工作的信念从未动摇。 据 此判断,旺加里是个意志坚定的人;综合她 的各种人生经历可知,她还是个能鼓舞人心 的人。 故选 D 项。 Ⅱ. 阅读七选五 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主 要介绍了通过练习呼吸来缓解压力和疼痛的 方法。 1. E 　 根据下文 “When we are stressed, our muscles tense, and this tension can increase pain. ”可知,压力和身体上的疼痛总是相伴 而行。 E 项 “ Physical pain and emotional stress often go hand in hand. ”符合题意。 故 选 E。 2. B　 根据上文“Also, it is common to hold our breath when we are stressed or in pain. ”并结 合下文介绍通过练习呼吸来缓解压力和疼 痛推知,感到有压力或疼痛时屏住呼吸这种 做法是错误的。 B 项“Unfortunately, doing so increases pain and stress. ” 符 合 题 意, doing so 指代上文提到的“屏住呼吸”。 故 选 B。 3. A 　 根 据 主 题 句 “ Breathe Slowly and Rhythmically”可知,空处内容应与缓慢而有 节奏地呼吸有关。 A 项“ Practice breathing in and out at a slow speed. ”符合本段主旨。 故选 A。 4. G　 根据上文“When you breathe using your belly, you stimulate the vagus nerve which activates the relaxation response. ” 和 下 文 “ Therefore, you feel at ease and comfortable. ”推知,空处应陈述用腹部呼吸 会出现什么现象,从而导致人们最终放松下 来。 G 项“This will reduce your heart rate and blood pressure and lower stress. ”符合题意, This 指代上文 “用腹部呼吸” 这件事。 故 选 G。 5. F　 根据上文“ It is important not to wait until tension and pain increase to practice these exercises. ”推知,在不太紧张和不太疼痛时 就应该进行这样的练习,这样效果最好。 F 项“They will be most effective when you are not in much pain. ”符合题意,选项中的 They 指代上文 these exercises。 故选 F。 Ⅲ. 语法填空 【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。 文章 主要介绍了获得今年欧莱雅联合国教科文组 织“世界杰出女科学家成就奖”的获奖者,重点 介绍了来自中国的获奖者张弥曼。 1. on 　 考查介词。 句意:周五晚上,五位杰出 的研究人员在法国巴黎举行的颁奖典礼上 获得了今年的欧莱雅联合国教科文组织“世 界杰出女科学家成就奖”,以表彰她们在生 命科学领域的开创性研究。 表示在具体某 天晚上应用介词 on。 故填 on。 2. receivers　 考查名词。 句意:其中一位接受 者是中国古代脊椎动物科学家张弥曼。 one of 后 接 可 数 名 词 的 复 数 形 式。 故 填 receivers。 3. known　 考查非谓语动词。 句意:82 岁的张 弥曼,也被称为 Meemann Chang,是中国科 学院古脊椎动物和古人类研究所的古生物 学家。 be known as“被称为”是固定短语,此 处省略 be 用过去分词作定语。 故填 known。 4. was given 　 考查时态和语态。 句意:2016 年,张弥曼获得了罗美尔-辛普森终身成就 奖,这是脊椎动物古生物学的最高奖项。 空 处为主句谓语动词,根据时间状语 In 2016 可知用一般过去时,且主语 Zhang 和 give 之 间为被动关系,因此用一般过去时的被动语 态。 故填 was given。 5. which　 考查定语从句。 句意同上。 空处引 导非限制性定语从句,先行词是 Romer- Simpson Lifetime Achievement Award,从句 缺少主语,应用关系代词 which 引导。 故填 which。 6. leading　 考查非谓语动词。 句意:联合国教 科文组织在一份声明中表示:“她被任命是 因为她在化石记录方面的开创性工作使人 们清楚地了解了海洋脊椎动物是如何适应 陆地 生 活 的。” 句 中 已 有 谓 语 动 词 was appointed,且无连词,故空处应填非谓语动 词,逻辑主语 pioneering work 和 lead to 之间 为主动关系,应用现在分词。 故填 leading。 7. fifth　 考查序数词。 句意:张弥曼是第五位 获得该奖项的中国女科学家。 结合句意表 示“第五”且空前有定冠词 the,故空处填序 数词 fifth。 故填 fifth。 8. are　 考查时态和主谓一致。 句意:其他四名 获奖者分别来自南非、英国、阿根廷和加拿 大。 句子陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时, 主语 winners 是 复 数, be 动 词 用 are。 故 填 are。 9. a 　 考查冠词。 句意:由于法国欧莱雅公司 与联合国教科文组织的合作,欧莱雅-教科 文组织妇女科学基金会成立于 1998 年,旨 在鼓励科学领域的平等。 结合句意表达“由 于”用 as a result of。 故填 a。 10. to encourage 　 考查非谓语动词。 句意同 上。 此处应用不定式作目的状语。 故填 to encourage。 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 -649-