专题03【5年真题1年模拟】阅读理解说明文5年真题20题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）-2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递（北京专用）

《2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递》（北京专用） 专题03 【5年真题1年模拟】阅读理解说明文5年真题21题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）原卷版 技能专区：练真题，明方向，补漏洞，提能力 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语） （介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. . Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. . Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 真题演练02（2023·北京·高考真题）What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 真题演练03（2023·北京·高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 5．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 6．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 7．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 真题演练04（2022·北京·高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 8．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending 9．What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B．The relationships among players have been clarified. C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 10．As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A．It may be used to justify power imbalance. B．It can be applied to tackle challenges. C．It helps to prove why hunger exists. D．It goes beyond human imagination. 真题演练05（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 11．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Scientific. B．Credible. C．Original. D．Relevant. 12．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 13．What can we learn from this passage? A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B．The author agrees with the message of the poem. C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D．The global collapse is well underway. 真题演练06（2020·北京·高考真题）Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 14．With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________. A．take pollutant readings B．record pollutant levels C．process collected data D．reduce air pollution 15．What can we learn from the Baggy data? A．High places are free of air pollution. B．Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C．Conventional monitors are more reliable. D．Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 16．What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A．To warn of a health risk. B．To find out pollution sources. C．To test his new monitor. D．To prove Baggy's abilities. 17．According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A．Modest. B．Generous. C．Creative. D．Outgoing. 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！ （23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct, would they have dominated Earth today? There has been a debate about this possibility for decades. Recently two analyses have put the surprising cognitive (认知) abilities of dinosaurs — and their potential limitations — in a new light. In one study, Suzana Herculano-Houzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number of neurons (神经细胞) in dinosaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Research suggests that it is the number of neurons in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cognitive potential. For example, despite having a very small head, birds have more densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and so can possess roughly as many neurons as monkeys. The result is that some birds show great cognitive abilities, comparable to the smartest non-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the only surviving lineage (宗系) of dinosaurs, that are Herculano-Houzel’s foundation. By comparing the relationship between brain size, number of neurons and body size in numerous existing birds and available fossils of dinosaurs, Herculano-Houzel concludes that a large dinosaur such as T. rex could have housed two billion to three billion neurons in its pallium. If so, dinosaurs could have had the capacity for tool use and planning for the future. But neurons’ number may not be enough. For intelligence, brain architecture also matters. And this could be the weakness of dinosaurs, argues Anton Reiner from the University of Tennessee. Over 350 million years of separate evolution, mammals and dinosaurs found two rather different ways to organize cognitive functions. The mammalian neurons are organized in a relatively thin layer formed by compact columns. In each column, different parts can communicate with one another over short distances. In contrast, in the dinosaurs that survive today, namely birds, the organization is less compact. According to Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beyond a certain point could make the structure far more complex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size would correspond to a greater distance between different parts of the brain, slowing down their communication. The issue remains open to debate. Herculano-Houzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejections to the other’s argument. Meanwhile, other scientists have entered the fight. For example, neurobiologist Giorgio Vallortigara assumes that speed in transmitting information between networks of neurons is probably one of dinosaurs’ strengths. Whatever the truth is, understanding how and if brain architecture imposes limits on the development of cognition could reveal much about the evolution of abilities and behaviors of various animals. Also, this debate may tell us more about our own species than about dinosaurs. 1．Why do Herculano-Houzel and Reiner study birds? A．Because birds are more intelligent than dinosaurs. B．Because birds’ brain structures are the same as dinosaurs’. C．Because birds are the only survivors of the dinosaur family. D．Because birds have the same cognitive abilities as dinosaurs. 2．What does the word “compact” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Tight. B．Light. C．Large. D．Wide. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Dinosaurs’ ability for tool use owes to bigger brains. B．The number of neurons has little to do with brain architecture. C．Greater inter-brain distance causes higher cognitive efficiency. D．The factors behind dinosaur intelligence remain to be identified. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Are Dinosaurs Comparable to Humans in Intelligence? B．Are Dinosaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses? C．How Smart Were Dinosaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate D．Can Dinosaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light （23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rotting — the practice of spending long periods of time just staying under the covers with snacks, screens and other creature comforts — is gaining popularity on social media. Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern? Dr. Ryan Sultan, a professor at Columbia University in New York, who treats many young people, called the bed rotting trend attractive. “In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added. For the downside, however, he said a long-term need or desire for bed rotting could do harm to one’s physical health. Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned for sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix. It could also lead to blood pressure problems and obesity (肥胖). Long-term need or desire for bed rotting could also be a warning sign of depression, according to a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, agreed that while some downtime can be useful in terms of de-stressing and rejuvenation (更新), too much bed rotting is a bad health practice. In addition to increasing the risk of depression, it contributes to decreased motivation (动力) as well. Instead of bed rotting, Siegel recommends regular exercise as a better form of de-stressing. While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test for depression. Those who lack the motivation to get out of bed could also try calling or texting a family member for support, socializing with close friends, finding a small task to complete, or reaching out to a medical professional for help. 5．According to Dr. Ryan Sultan, why do young people like bed rotting? A．They are fond of what is popular on social media. B．They are unwilling to socialize with friends. C．Bed rotting is away to escape stress. D．Bed rotting helps fix sleep schedules. 6．What does the word “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Quickly-activated. B．Well-trained. C．Badly-needed. D．Ill-equipped. 7．What can we learn from the passage? A．Being lazy from time to time can be good for individuals. B．Sleeping in light can increase the risk of depression. C．Bed rotting can allow people to avoid expectations. D．Feeling down leads to decreased motivation. 8．What is the passage mainly talking about? A．Different opinions on how to become motivated. B．Main causes of the long-term need for bed rotting. C．Practical suggestions for young people to deal with stress. D．Possible problems from lying in bed for extended periods of time. （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology”. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset resonates (产生共鸣) with the Silicon Valley dictate — usually credited to Mark Zuckerberg — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? The WEF meeting took place just a fortnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped down after complaints were made about her scholarship. Gay’s troubles came on the heels of the resignation of Stanford University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems”. In response. Gay requested corrections to several of her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retraction (撤回) of three of his. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right? The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. Due to the fact that the existing system has created a counterincentive to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity. Good science takes time. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance and the elucidation of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologist and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship (papers, but it also suggests that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researched may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 9．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned from Sandford after Gay stepped down. B．Gay gave back her scholarships due to students’ complaints. C．Faster scientific development has led to climate change. D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken. 10．Why is the example of Frances H. Arnold mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To question the works of Nobel Prize winners. B．To show the practice of paper retraction is common. C．To indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush. D．To highlight scientists’ quality of honesty in academia. 11．The underlined word “counterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers to a (n) ______ factor. A．unfair B．indecisive C．discouraging D．irrational 12．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Danger of Fast Science B．The Battle between Quality and Quantity C．The Crisis among Top Scientists D．The Principle behind Research Assessments （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Food packaging from around the world contains at least 68 “forever chemicals” that can seep into what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 of them are not even supposed to be used in such products. “It’s not clear why the latter chemicals, which are not on lists of those authorized for use in food containers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s author Birgit Geueke. The study focused on a class of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoronlkyl substances (PFASs), which are sometimes called “forever chemicals” because they don’t break down readily in the environment or in the body. That’s because their characteristic carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature. For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease. Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it’s unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it’s possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs. PFASs have been found in human blood and breast milk, drinking water, soil and other startling places around the world. Exposure to some of the most studied PFASs has been associated with cancer. reproductive problems and lessened responses to vaccines. “There’s an incredible body of scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals to health harm,” says Andrews. Many countries are evaluating restrictions of PFASs in food packaging. Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that “all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.” Andrews and Geueke both say the presence of unknown PFASs in food packaging is good reason to regulate these chemicals as a single class—a position shared with many other scientific experts and environmental protection groups. There are more than 12,000 known PFASs, and scientists don’t know much about most of them. “Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,” Geueke says, and “there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.” 13．What can we learn about PFASs from the passage? A．They are able to resist water and grease. B．They last long and never break down. C．They contain the longest chemical bond. D．They are mainly used for food packaging. 14．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ______. A．the potential usage of the unknown impurities B．the authorization of food packaging chemicals C．the likely transforming process from PFASs into new chemicals D．the possible explanation for the presence of unauthorized PFASs 15．The words on the webpage in Paragraph 5 may show that ACC ______. A．has worked out ways to use PFASs safely in different products B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs C．has got the authoritative power in dealing with PFASs D．supports testing more unknown PFASs for toxicity 16．Which would Geueke probably agree with? A．Laws should be made to ban the use of PFASs. B．Food packaging alternatives should be explored. C．The chemicals in food packaging should be listed. D．Scientists should continue discovering new PFASs. （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末） The violence of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the quake is traveling. But a boomerang quake may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone. The new study, published today in the journal Nature Geoscience, is a major step toward clearing up the complex physics behind boomerang quakes and understanding their potential damage. The latest boomerang was recorded near the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the position of the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study, identified what seemed to be two steps of the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This second leg of the quake moved remarkably quickly, at so-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hour—fast enough to dart from New York to London in 18. 5 minutes, so fast that it caused the geologic version of a sonic boom. How often does this happen?A boomerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team observed in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence of boomerang quakes is mounting. These back-tracking events have been studied in computer models as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The theory says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult to see that [in the real world], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamoto also seems to have ruptured (破裂) in a similar process. For that event, the initial shake triggered two other quakes, one of which raced backward to partially overlap the initial break. Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults (断层) near populated areas, ”says Hicks. These boomerangs maybe obscured by conventional approaches used to analyze quakes, which are based on an assumption that a quake rushes in one direction. “Naturally we’re not looking for it, we don’t expect it to exist,” Hicks says. Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception. As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.” 17．A boomerang earthquake differs from other quakes because ________. A．it moves at a super-fast speed B．it triggers several small quakes C．it releases immeasurable energy D．it shakes in two opposite directions 18．From the passage, we can learn that _________. A．the coming of the next boomerang can be predicted B．boomerangs are too complex to be fully understood C．boomerang events are commonplace in the real world D．common methods are reliable in analyzing boomerangs 19．What does the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．putting off B．coping with C．bringing about D．fighting against （23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “No painting is worth more than my six-month-old nephew’s life,” said a protester, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet — the censure rose. “Absolutely absurd,” said the culture minister of France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement from the International Council of Museums. The protesters are targeting works that are protected behind glass — at least for now — so actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the threatened destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. But as the attacks wear on, and their impact decreases, they risk changing into a joke. What’s especially misguided about the protests is their binary nature. “What is worth more, art or life?” a protester asked. Why choose? “It’s possible to blame both environmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair of the Boston Art Commission, said. Art is not the problem here. In fact, contemporary artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park, is only one example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenarios (设想), and, in doing so, give people a way to see and hope for a different future,” Lin said. The climate activists are surely correct that the pace of reform is far too slow, as the planet burns and deadly storms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere efforts of millions of people working on the issue. It would be easier to respect the young protesters at Just Stop Oil, Last Generation, and the rest of the splash groups if they were to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work around climate change: legislation, regulation, and winning hearts and minds. Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre. 20．What does the underlined word “censure” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Approval. B．Criticism. C．Stress. D．Spirits. 21．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ action? A．The end justifies the means. B．Art speaks where words fail. C．The freedom of protest should be protected. D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis. 22．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The solution to climate crisis lies in communication. B．Galleries should strengthen regulations like theatres. C．Climate activists should diversify their strategies. D．Art attacks are mainly about seeking attention. 23．The author writes the passage to ________. A．launch a campaignB．assess a debate C．propose a solution D．challenge a practice （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its hottest month on record, with many places on fire or flooded. The likelihood of extreme weather keeps increasing—and people are noticing. However, not everyone notices or feels this threat to the same extent. Based on a representative sample of 1,071 survey respondents from across the UK, we found that people in rural areas showed higher degrees of place attachment than people living in cities, as we expected. However, we were surprised to see that the perceived threat of climate change in: most rural locations was lower. We had not expected that outcome, so we started to dig a little deeper for possible reasons. Rural people may be more resilient to change. Rural people may experience climate change like everyone else, but they may have better ways of coping with it than city residents because of their closer relationship with nature. This may have taught them to be more flexible in how they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lot and that could make them less worried about the major changes happening around them. People in rural areas may not be as aware of climate change as people in cities. Looking more closely, the effect is mostly down to education rather than whether people live in rural areas or not. Research shows that general levels of climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this does not necessarily correspond to readiness for action or behavioural change. It is well documented, though, that rural inhabitants tend to have more conservative views, which could affect the way climate change is interpreted. Conservative views are often associated with less concern about the climate. People in rural areas may not experience climate change in the same wav as people in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels of green space than urban areas. For example, you will feel the heat less when you are surrounded by trees. So, although we were surprised that the higher degree of place attachment in people living rurally did not necessarily lead to a higher perception of climate change threat, we can see there are good reasons for that. 24．What does the word “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Easy to adapt. B．Ready to illustrate. C．Difficult to notice. D．Willing to challenge. 25．What can we learn from the passage? A．Conservative views in rural areas lower the perception of climate change. B．Strong rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness. C．Well-educated people are more likely to take actions for climate change. D．Rural people pay more attention to climate change than city residents. 26．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Who are to blame for climate change? B．How do people perceive climate change? C．Why is climate change perceived differently? D．What can people do to cope with climate change? （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim found the prospect of learning a new language discouraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dozens or hours a year on lessons with only slow progress on a new skill as out of reach. This was undoubtedly now Kim felt about her decades’ long ambition to learn Spanish. That all changed, however, when a popular language-learning app presented a more attractive approach: complete one lesson—just six or seven minutes long—every day in order to eventually become bilingual (双语的). This adds up to about 40 hours of study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily goal. Actually, this can be applied to almost any ambitious target. But how effective is it? For our study, we partnered with CTL, a nonprofit organization that provides free crisis consultation. All CTL volunteers are asked to complete 200 hours of crisis consultation within a year. We were curious if breaking down this goal could make it more approachable and increase actual working hours. We randomly assigned more than 9,000 CTL volunteers to receive e-mails for three months. One group was encouraged to hit the 200-hour mark with no actual goal breakdown. Two other groups, however, were given clear subgoals: we encouraged one to volunteer for four hours every week and the other to volunteer for eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group spent volunteering during our study. Both groups who were encouraged to focus on a smaller subgoal volunteered 7 to 8 percent more than their peers who were merely encouraged to hit their big goal. We also found suggestive evidence that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” framing led to more lasting benefits over time. Although volunteering declined each week during the study across all participants, this decline was slower in the “eight hours every two weeks” condition. It suggests that making modest goals flexible might encourage long-term perseverance. If so, after one year, becoming bilingual is at last within reach for Kim. 27．The author mentions Kim in the first paragraph mainly to ________. A．make a prediction B．introduce a topic C．present an assumption D．evaluate an argument 28．Why did the author and his team cooperate with CLT? A．To calculate the profits of the organization. B．To increase the actual hours of voluntary work. C．To evaluate the effectiveness of a goal-setting strategy. D．To improve the working skills of volunteers in consultation. 29．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Analysis of the study. B．Process of the study. C．Findings of the study. D．Significance of the study. 30．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Making a fixed goal helps longer perseverance. B．Setting a bigger goal drives people to achieve more. C．Sticking to an ambitious goal contributes to success. D．Breaking down a bigger goal leads to better results. （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A movie about rural soccer players focuses on teenage girls and seeks to inspire audiences to follow dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a director from Sichuan Province, went into the poor villages of Yunnan Province in search of inspiration. During the journey, one idea attracted him as he watched children playing soccer in a village, which is located around 110 kilometers north of Lijiang. As a gentle wind swept-through the valley, Fei listened to the faraway sounds of horses and children and a clear image began to form in his mind — that a group of children playing soccer on the village roofs (屋顶). That image inspired the opening scene of Football on the Roof, and after taking home the special award in the films market project section of the 2023 China Golden Rooster and Hundred Fowers Film Festival, the film was on across the Chinese mainland on April 20. The film tells the journey of a teenage girl, Aime, who’s crazy about soccer. She has the hope that by advancing to the finals in a competition, her mother, who has left thefr rural hometown to work in a big city, might see her on television. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates to start a soccer team and asks a fruit seller who used to be a soccer star to coach them. Her determination pays off as she is finally selected to join the team and takes part in an important match. During Fei Yu’s search for inspiration, he met a girl, who was eager to invite the director to her home, showed him around, and used a long wooden stick to pick fresh lemons off a tree as a treat. The director was deeply moved when he realized that the grl, who had been left in the care of a grandfather who’s continually busy with rural difficult tasks, longed to feel more connected to her parents working in a faraway city. She became the source for the female main characters in the movie. Traveling to many areas, from the cities of Lijiang and Kaiyuan, to Chuxiong, Fei Yu and his team chose around 10, 000 students in 203 schools before selecting all main characters. “The shoot has ended, but the young girl’s love for soccer has not. She has found a new direction to shoot for in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hopes the audience will also find strength and courage to realize their dreams through the film. 31．Why did Fei Yu go into the village? A．To teach soccer. B．To help the poor girls. C．To achieve an award. D．To try to find inspiration. 32．According to the passage, what do we know about the film? A．Aime goes to the village near Lijiang. B．Aime isn’t chosen to join the soccer team finally. C．The film named Football on the Roof is successful. D．The film tells the journey of a boy’s passion about soccer. 33．Why did Aime hope to advance to the finals in a competition? A．To show her love for soccer. B．To leave the rural hometown. C．To be seen by her mother on TV. D．To be coached by a former soccer star. 34．When realizing the girl longed to feel more connected to her parents, Fei Yu felt________. A．touched B．interested C．inspired D．amazed 35．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．A Beneficial Stress B．A Heartwarming Goal C．A Wonderful Teamwork D．A Meaningful Competition （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）Teachers were shocked when ChatGPT appeared a year ago. This AI chat robot can write clear, well-researched essays in response to given questions, forcing educators around the world to rethink their evaluation (测评) methods. A few countries brought back pen-and-paper exams, and some schools asked students to do their homework at school, after learning about a subject at home. There are risks, but some educators think that ChatGPT and other large language models(LLMs)can be powerful learning tools. They could help students by providing a personalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible to more students than human teachers would be. Or they could help teachers and students by making information that only exists in the textbooks much easier to find and understand. There are still probkems to be solved. Questions remain about whether LLMscan be made correct and reliable enough to be trusted as learning helpers. It’s too soon to know what their final effect on education will be, but more institutions (研究机构) need to explore ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, or their students might miss aut on a valuable tool. Despite the risks, educators should not avoid using LLMs. Rather, they need to teach students the chat robot’s strengths and weaknesses and support institutions’ efforts to improve the models for educatton-specific purposes. This could mean building task-specific versions of LLMs that harness their strengths in dialogue and summarization and reduce the risks of a chat robot providing students with inaccurate (不准确的) information or enabling them to cheat. Arizona State University (ASU), for example, developed a platform that enables its members to use LLM-powered chat robots. These robots are instructed to seek answers to users’questions in specific data sets, such as scientific papers or lecture notes. This approach not only makes use of the chat robot’s conversational power, but alsozreduces the chance of errors. As understanding of the LLMs’power and limitations increases, more university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs without considering their disadvantages will gain the opposite effect. For many educational purposes, error-prone (容易出错 的) tools damage students’ability to learn and cannot help students. But some institutions are trying to reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming to turn those into strengths by, for example, using them to improve students’critical-thinking skills. Educators must be brave to avoid missing a huge opportunity and careful to ensure that institutions everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the world better, not worse. 36．What can we infer about ChatGPT from Paragraph 1? A．It is used in exams by some students. B．It is going to replace human teachers. C．It is especially popular among teachers. D．It improves educators’ evaluation methods. 37．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．LLMs’possible risks. B．LLMs’powerful tools. C．ILMs’leaning ability. D．LLMs’potential benefits. 38．What should students know when using LLMs? A．Their task-specific versions. B．Their strengths and weaknesses. C．Their problems and possible risks. D．Their models for education purposes. 39．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Improve. B．Discover. C．Use. D．Test. 40．As for the future of LLMs, the writer is _________ A．confused B．hopeful C．unconcerned D．doubtful （23-24高三上·北京西城·阶段练习）A Fluent Advantage When schools go through budget cuts, foreign language classes are often placed on the cutting block. School administrators often do not understand how important foreign language study is for their students’ success in the real world. Far from cutting language classes, schools should be demanding them for all students. Studying a foreign language should be required in middle schools. Language study strengthens students’ minds. Many studies have indicated that multilingual people—people who speak more than one language—are better at certain tasks. Specifically, multilingual people have better executive function than people who speak only one language. Executive function is the way the brain manages all the information it’s given, such as performing different tasks and deciding what to focus on. In brain scans, multilingual people show increased activity in the areas of the brain that control executive function. Researchers have guessed that this advantage exists because multilingual people must constantly decide which words from which language to use. As a result, multilingual people get lots of practice with executive function. Their brains can then apply those skills to other tasks, like paying attention or multitasking. This effect is especially strong for people who grow up speaking more than one language. The earlier students start language classes, the more benefits they may get from language study. Moreover, language study helps prepare students for their future careers. Today, language skills are in high demand on the job market and more and more businesses work in many countries across the world. As businesses become global, they need people who can communicate easily across national borders. To prepare for their careers, more students should be learning foreign languages. From 2010 to 2015, the demand in the United States for workers who speak a second language doubled. This trend included workers of all skill levels and backgrounds. Of course, in order to make better use of the advantages of foreign language study, middle school foreign language classes should not just make students memorize new words and sounds. They must also teach students about new cultures. Foreign language classes should be required to include lessons about history, literature, customs, and government along with the languages themselves. These subjects will help students become better global citizens and support their studies in other subjects. Requiring middle schoolers to study a foreign language offers them opportunities to sharpen their brains. It also gives them tools that will help them become productive members of today’s global society. 41．How does the author feel about foreign language study in middle schools? A．More foreign language classes should be offered in middle schools. B．Taking a foreign language class in middle schools should be a choice. C．Foreign language classes should be cut because of the limited funds. D．Studying a foreign language should be a middle school requirement. 42．The author believes ______. A．people who speak more than one language have better executive function B．being able to work in another country doubles people’s job opportunities C．people learn languages better as young people than when they are older D．people’s executive function improves after foreign language classes 43．What’s the author’s purpose of writing Paragraph 4? A．To sum up his argument. B．To put forward a solution. C．To emphasize his point of view. D．To introduce an additional suggestion. 44．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion A． B． C． D． （2024·北京朝阳·二模） It is perhaps easy to accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just some strange physics indicating that, as time goes on, galaxies (星系) get further away from each other just like two cars racing away from each other. I personally don’t like it and prefer the balloon analogy. In this situation, there are dots all over a balloon. When we blow it up in real life, the dots would increase in size. In this analogy, let’s assume they don’t. What we are interested in is how the distance between the dots on the surface of the balloon grows as we put more air into it. The balloon analogy relies somewhat on our geometric sensibilities which refer to our sense of shapes and how they change over time. At its core, what we are trying to develop a sense for is how we measure distances. This concept is also the fundamental goal of general relativity, Einstein’s theory of gravity. In general relativity, the most important piece of information is what we call the metric, an equation that describes how distances are measured, and therefore also tells us about the shape space-time is taking. The whole idea that space-time is expanding was first noticed as a mathematical consequence of general relativity by Georges Lemaitre in 1927, when he solved Einstein’s equation and found a solution for the metric showing that distances grow with time. His work provided a theoretical explanation：the standard for measuring cosmic (宇宙的) distance was itself changing with time. What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasonably say that universe’s expansion is a gravitational effect. I enjoy this because it is so deeply counterintuitive to our usual understanding of gravity, which teaches us that it is a force that always draws things together. But in this case where gravity is a geometric effect, we are offered a broader range of gravitational possibilities. It is worth noting that the geometric explanation of general relativity hasn’t been universally popular. The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrote that the geometric explanation of the theory of gravitation has been reduced to a mere analogy, but is otherwise not very useful. Another challenge with the balloon analogy and our reliance on geometric explanation is to explain why gravity seems to pull things together in many situations, while universe is expanding. This difference is resolved by acknowledging that local gravitational effects due to massive objects dominate over large-scale expansion effects, leading to the formation of structures like stars, galaxies and, eventually us. In fact, the analogy where universe is only expanding and this is the only gravitational effect at play is a very idealized situation where matter was initially spread out perfectly evenly across the universe. 45．The author presents the balloon analogy in Paragraph 2 mainly to . A．introduce a topic B．draw a comparison C．confirm a theory D．evaluate a statement 46．What does the underlined word “counterintuitive” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Unchallenging. B．Contradictory. C．Satisfying. D．Relevant. 47．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Universe’s expansion results in the creation of structures like galaxies. B．Lemaitre’s work suggests the standard for cosmic distance is consistent. C．A uniform distribution of matter can overcome the universe’s expansion. D．The metric is key to sensing the shape of space-time in general relativity. 48．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Studying Galaxies — Has the Balloon Analogy Been Outdated? B．Rethinking Gravity — Is it a Way to Make Sense of the Balloon Analogy? C．Arguing against the Car Analogy — Does the Balloon Analogy Win Over? D．Understanding Universe Expansion —  Is the Balloon Analogy Acceptable? （2024·北京海淀·二模）When I was named CEO of a global company in 2006, I was determined to run the company so that it would both deliver good short-term performance and thrive in the long term, years after I was gone. It was already in good shape, but I dreamed of creating a defining corporation of the 21st century, proud of its root, yet global and responsible in the shifting times. For months, I quietly read all I could about the big social trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined employees’ feedback. I also dug deep into the obligations of public corporations. From all of this emerged a vision for the company that guided us for the next dozen years or so. I called it “Performance with Purpose”. The goal was to deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additional clear objects: to nourish humanity and the communities, to protect our environment and to cherish our people. My motivation was wholly to “future proof”, or de-risk. And it worked. In my 12 years as CEO, total shareholder return was 149%, and net profit jumped 80%. We cut the salt, fat, and sugar in so da and chips, added more healthful brands and products, and lowered the amount of water needed. We kept innovation going and our design studios won many awards. Our talent academy was so brilliant that nine senior managers left to take CEO jobs elsewhere. I believe that leaders must think from the future back, even when things are going fine. And we now have a framework to help: the evolving templates (模板) for environmental, social, and governance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve to de-risk companies and markets. These criteria force discussion of hard truths for anyone with the ambition to stay relevant in the long term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is not contrary to investors’ interests. Importantly, de-risking the company actually creates shareholder value. “Performance with Purpose” presented tough moments for me, including when one investor questioned, “Who do you think you are? A philanthropist (慈善家)?” But skepticism faded when a collective mission took hold that included both the bottom line and much beyond. This was my hope from the start. 49．The author’s new vision for the company came from _________. A．its unique cultural root B．her thorough research C．customers’ fundamental needs D．shareholders’ strong requirements 50．According to “Performance with Purpose”, an ideal company should _________. A．shift its strategies properly B．value employees’ feedback C．shoulder social responsibility D．prioritize financial returns 51．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The risks a company may face. B．The author’s ambition to create value. C．The interests investors seek after. D．The author’s recipe for successful business. 52．As CEO, the author can be best described as _________. A．inspiring and warm-hearted B．determined and far-sighted C．ambitious and generous D．modest and strategic （2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability to imagine, a common theme in children’s literature, is contradicted by psychological research. While children are often portrayed as more imaginative, research indicates that adults not only keep this ability but sometimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. Children are frequently celebrated for boundless imagination. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games often center around realistic scenarios, such as cooking and cleaning, as demonstrated in a 2020 study published in Journal of Cognition and Development. Another study, lasting for four decades, also suggests that children are not naturally more imaginative than adults; their limitations result from a lack of knowledge and expertise to effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults. Imagination may have evolved for considering alternatives to reality, but we use it most naturally to explore close alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding on clouds. When we use imagination to envision far alternatives — to innovate or invent — we’re not digging into an inborn appreciation of the extraordinary; we’re using a tool designed to explore the ordinary. When considering alternatives to reality, we fix our attention on possibilities that are physically reasonable, statistically probable, socially conventional and morally permissible. When told about possibilities that violate such regularities, we usually deny they could happen. Generally speaking, our ideas about what could happen are firmly rooted in what we expect to happen. This mindset is also particularly apparent in young children. In a 2018 study I co-designed with psychologist Jonathan Phillips, 4-year-olds were asked to help a distressed girl who disliked going to school due to missing her mother. Among all the solutions given, they perceived the only possible solution was for her mother to do something special after school to ease her concerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas to school or lying about school being closed, were all regarded impossible. From this, we can conclude that children’s earliest intuitions (直觉力) about possibility confuse what could happen with what should happen. Historically, the improbable event of traveling faster than a horse was considered impossible, as was traveling by air or traveling into space. Before the arrival of trains and planes, there were good reasons to think that people could travel only so far and only so fast. But these reasons were empirical (经验主义的), not logical. Imagination, on its own, lumps the improbable with the impossible, but we can combine imagination with other abilities — namely, knowledge and reflection — to separate the two. While imagination in children often subjects to expectation, adults can control their imaginative capacity for innovation by integrating it with accumulated knowledge and reflective thinking. 53．According to the first two paragraphs, we know that _________. A．children develop imagination through games B．children face limitations in acquiring knowledge C．adults are as good as children in imaginative thinking D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely to stay constant with age 54．We can infer from the passage that _________. A．expectation results from imaginative capacity B．certain practical concerns can limit imagination C．breaking regularities may lead to close alternatives D．far alternatives are more important than close alternatives 55．The 2018 study shows that children _________. A．came up with a wide range of alternatives B．were quicker to figure out solutions C．took what should happen as possibilities D．used imagination in a reasonable way 56．The underlined word “lumps” in the last paragraph probably means _________. A．mix B．match C．compare D．replace （2024·北京大兴·模拟预测）Lying is something that most of us are expert at. We lie at ease, in ways big and small, to strangers, co-workers, friends, and loved ones. Our capacity for dishonesty is as fundamental to us as our need to trust others, which ironically makes us terrible at detecting lies. Being deceitful is woven into our very fabric, so much so that it would be truthful to say that to lie is human. The universality of lying was first documented systematically by Bella DePaulo, a social psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Two decades ago DePaulo and her colleagues asked 147 adults to write down for a week every instance they tried to mislead someone. The researchers found that the subjects lied on average one or two times a day. Most of these untruths were not offensive, intended to hide one’s inadequacies or to protect the feelings of others. Some lies were excuses—one subject blamed the failure to take out the garbage on not knowing where it needed to go. Yet other lies—such as a claim of being a diplomat’s son—were aimed at presenting a false image. While these were minor crimes, a later study by DePaulo and other colleagues involving a similar sample indicated that most people have, at some point, told one or more “serious lies”—making false claims on a college application, for example. That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language. The ability to control others without using physical force likely gave an advantage in the competition for resources and mates, similar to the evolution of deceptive strategies in the animal kingdom, such as camouflage (伪装).“Lying is so easy compared to other ways of gaining power,” notes Sissela Bok, an ethicist at Harvard University who’s one of the most prominent thinkers on the subject. “It’s much easier to lie in order to get somebody’s money or wealth than to hit them over the head or rob a bank.” As lying has come to be recognized as a deeply-rooted human trait, social science researchers and neuro-scientists have sought to explain the nature and roots of the behavior. Researchers are learning that we tend to believe some lies even when they’re obviously contradicted by clear evidence. These insights suggest that our tendency to deceive others and our weakness to be deceived, are especially consequential in the age of social media. Our ability to separate truth from lies is under unprecedented threat. 57．What can we learn about the study by Bella DePaulo and her colleagues? A．They made adults write the instances where they misled someone one or two times a day. B．The subjects tended to lie to hide their own feelings and present a different image. C．Lying was first documented systematically by Bella DePaulo and her colleagues. D．Bella DePaulo and her colleagues made more than one study to show most people lied. 58．In paragraph 2, the researchers thought that most lies the subjects told in the test were . A．meaningless B．useless C．harmless D．endless 59．It can be concluded from the passage that____.         . A．most human beings possess a talent for deceiving because of the emergence of language B．animals also use deceptive strategies in order to gain an advantage in the competition C．human beings universally have both talents for deceiving others and detecting lies D．social media will be able to help human beings to tell truth from lies in the future 60．What is the best possible title for the passage? A．A Surprising Discovery of Lies B．Lying: A Deeply-rooted Human Trait C．The Nature and Root of Deception D．On Human Weakness in Spotting Lies （2024·北京西城·二模）Can you imagine getting a major dental procedure without novocaine (一种麻醉药)? A scientist colleague of mine recently told me, rather than use it, he used a “focus in” meditation (冥想) technique to direct all of his attention to his mouth with as much calming equanimity as he could gather. Doing so transformed the pain for a few minutes. A stream of scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning toward discomfort or negative emotions with acceptance. In addition, all of us can gain from finding ways to cope with stress and suffering — particularly when larger circumstances are beyond our control. As a researcher who has studied meditation for more than 20 years, I believe that the cultivation of equanimity can help. It’s important to first define the idea of turning toward discomfort. I’m not advocating for people to put themselves in dangerous positions. But when we push ourselves into challenging or embarrassing situations, much like trainers who push athletes just past their comfort zone to make gains, learning often happens. My own research indicates that meditation provides an ideal way to practice turning toward discomfort — particularly when it trains up one’s equanimity. In my laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, we conducted several clinical trials on developing equanimity during mindfulness meditation training. This approach includes guided meditation exercises such as using a matter-of-fact voice to label uncomfortable feelings in the body or welcoming uncomfortable feelings by saying “yes” aloud each time a feeling is detected. We hired 153 stressed adults and offered them a mindfulness meditation training program with or without training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training group had significantly better outcomes on several measures. After just 14 days of training, for example, the participants who learned equanimity skills had significantly lower biological stress responses when asked to deliver a difficult speech and solve math problems in front of experts in white lab coats. This group also had significantly lower blood pressure and stress levels. In the days after training, people introduced to equanimity exercises also reported significantly higher positive emotions and well-being throughout the day and more meaningful social interactions than participants who received mindfulness training without the equanimity component. It was as though developing equanimity had transformed their emotional reactivity to stress, helping them better appreciate and enjoy daily life’s many little positive experiences and making them more curious and open to connecting with others. We are expanding on this work in several ways—including through the development of an app that offers equanimity training on demand and with trials involving participants with stress-related gastrointestinal (胃肠的) disorders. Meanwhile other scientists are further exploring equanimity’s power. We are convinced we can each build our resilience (恢复力) on a personal level by cultivating greater acceptance of our experience — good or bad, painful or pleasant — in the present moment. 61．What can be learned about equanimity? A．It is a state of mental calmness. B．It is a form of negative emotions. C．It is a replacement for novocaine. D．It is the result of mindfulness meditation. 62．Which of the following is a good example of equanimity training? A．Ignoring discomfort totally. B．Detecting unusual behavior. C．Keeping emotions to oneself. D．Seeing negative feelings objectively. 63．Paragraph 5 is written to show ______. A．the benefits of developing equanimity B．the procedure of mindfulness meditation C．the performances of two meditation training groups D．the relationship between equanimity and well-being 64．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Stress contributes to physical disorders. B．Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity. C．People are likely to have easy access to equanimity training. D．Resilience can help people gain more acceptance of hardship. （2024·北京昌平·二模）In 1992, Edward de Bono argued that “creativity is the most important human resource of all.” But might computers have the capacity to be creative? Could artificial intelligence outperform us in even the most human of phenomena? These questions have moved to the forefront of society with the launch of ChatGPT and DALL-E, two powerful deep learning models capable of creating art. Where human creativity comes from is a complex and heavily-debated topic. One theory supposes that creativity emerges from solving problems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rosewater explains that “if you use the same neural pathways, you get to the same answers, and with creativity, that’s not your goal.” But studies from the University of Virginia suggest humans most default (默认) to solving problems by building on known solutions, restricting originality. Some neuroscientists propose another theory regarding creativity. Research from the University of Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans don’t use the same brain regions associated with thought and problem-solving, implying that creativity is primarily an unconscious process. According to this theory, the brain solves problems best when not directly focusing on them using the frontal lobe (前额叶) , instead letting the other parts of the brain take over. A．I. cannot currently emulate (仿真) the full complexity of the human mind. Do these deep learning networks even have the required components that we use when we are creative? Douglas Hofstadter explains how “emergent phenomena,” such as creativity, correspond to connections between levels within mental systems. Similar connections could exist in artificial neural networks, even if the mechanics differ. For example, modern artificial intelligence employs attention circuits that may cause it to behave similarly to the frontal lobe where most of the brain’s focusing tendencies come from. The emergent nature of creativity opens the door for similar tendencies in machines, but they are tuned so carefully to copy existing ideas that it may not be enough for true originality. Mr. Rosewater’s theory on creativity suggests that for A．I. to be creative, it should be able to solve problems in new ways, which is difficult because A．I. is based so heavily on already existing ideas. Alternatively, if creativity is an unconscious process as the University of Calgary research suggests, then it occurs mostly outside the frontal lobe and may not exist in machine learning networks. Either way, current A．I. probably lacks the capacity for genuine creativity and originality, but it can combine existing ideas in interesting ways. The question of machine creativity has repercussions in many areas, such as developing copyright law regarding A．I. works, considering A．I. submissions in art contests, and determining the use of ChatGPT as a tool for school assignments. Creativity may be, at least for now, a unique human quality. Computers are not yet starting revolutionary artistic movements, but they are already combining what exists into something new, challenging us to look deeper into our own creativity. 65．About the source of human creativity, research from the University of Calgary discovers that ______. A．human creativity heavily relies on the existing ideas B．dealing with problems helps develop human creativity C．being creative is closely related to certain brain regions D．human creativity is a process that happens automatically 66．The author would probably agree that ______. A．efforts should be put into the study of human creativity B．creativity can be attained consciously on most occasions C．A．I. creates better than humans in some areas at present D．humans need machines to be more creative in various areas 67．What does the underlined word “repercussions” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Influences. B．Objections. C．Doubts. D．Causes. 68．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Computing Creativity: Is it a good thing? B．Computing Creativity: Can it be possible? C．Human Creativity: Why does human develop it? D．Human Creativity: How can A．I. help human create? （2024·北京西城·二模）When people hear “artificial intelligence,” many envision “big data.” There’s a reason for that: some of the most important AI breakthroughs in the past decade have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in “small data” approaches has grown extensively over the past decade—with so-called transfer learning as an especially promising example. Also known as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where you have little data on the task of interest but abundant data on a related problem. The way it works is that you first train a model using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller data set related to your specific problem. Research in transfer learning approaches has grown impressively over the past 10 years. In a new report for Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), we examined current and projected progress in scientific research across “small data” approaches. Our analysis found that transfer learning stands out as a category that has experienced the most consistent and highest research growth on average since 2010. This growth has even outpaced the larger and more established field of reinforcement learning, which in recent years has attracted widespread attention. Small data approaches such as transfer learning offer numerous advantages over more data-intensive methods. By enabling the use of AI with less data, they can bolster progress in areas where little or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely or in predicting the risk of disease for a population set that does not have digital health records. Another way of thinking about the value of transfer learning is in terms of generalization. A recurring challenge in the use of AI is that models need to “generalize” beyond their training data. Because transfer learning models work by transferring knowledge from one task to another, they are very helpful in improving generalization in the new task, even if only limited data were available. Moreover, by using pretrained models, transfer learning can speed up training time and could also reduce the amount of computational resources needed to train algorithms (算法). This efficiency is significant, considering that the process of training one large neural (神经系统的) network requires considerable energy. Despite the growth in research, transfer learning has received relatively little visibility. The existence of techniques such as transfer learning does not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policy makers and business leaders in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and adoption. By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resources to support their widespread use—we can help overcome some of the common misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and facilitate innovation in new directions. 69．What does the underlined word “bolster” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Promote. B．Seek. C．Track. D．Monitor. 70．In which of the following settings can transfer learning be best applied? A．Predicting the frequency of floods in Amazon rainforest. B．Designing a program that can read handwritten documents. C．Forecasting the number of people infected with an unknown illness. D．Predicting house prices based on basic features like area and location. 71．What is the writer’s attitude towards transfer learning? A．Doubtful. B．Optimistic. C．Critical. D．Unconcerned. 72．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Transfer Learning: Where Does It Best Fit? B．Small Data Are Also Crucial for Advancing AI C．Transfer Learning Powers Technological Advances D．Big Data vs. Small Data: Which Is the Future of AI? （2024·北京大兴·三模）We now live in an age of instant images and emoji, when 10,000 copies of a picture can be spread around the world in seconds by sliding a finger half an inch across a phone screen. This would have been unbelievable and unimaginable 20 years ago. But it is in the world of hand-copied manuscripts (手稿) 1,000 years old or more that the digital revolution has had some of its most profound and obvious beneficial effects. What may have taken three years to write out can today be printed out in three seconds. There are now tens of thousands of once unique documents which have been digitized and placed online for anyone to access all around the world, and this is a vast, democratizing wonder. Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which contains the scholarly works during the Reformation (宗教改革时期) and collected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a project with Stanford University, and in 2018 the site was opened to all comers to browse after 10 years behind scholarly paywalls. What is astonishing is not just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminations (插图) on some of the manuscripts show off the fertility and vividness of the medieval imagination. Digitized collections of these sorts cannot entirely substitute for real libraries. To touch with your own hand a parchment (羊皮纸) from a medieval monk is an experience no screen can offer, but it is one which must always be restricted to a lucky few. There are some things so old and fragile that even being looked at may damage them. The caves at Lascaux had to be closed to protect the paintings from the breath of tourists and replaced by a virtual display. Yet in some ways these copies are better than the originals. Reproductions of a high enough quality make obvious detail that’s invisible to the native eye. What’s more, digital collections can be gathered on one screen from across the globe. The International Dunhuang Project reunites on screen tens of thousands of Buddhist scrolls and artifacts in western China. What is possible with this one collection should fairly soon be possible with all the scholarly digitized manuscripts of the world. The hope is to bring them under one system of classification so that they can quickly be searched and sorted no matter where they came from and where they now are stored. The world may always prefer cat gifs to ancient manuscripts, but the translation from parchment to pixels (像素) reminds us of the humanistic optimism with which the web came into the world, and shows that much of it was not misplaced at all. 73．By mentioning the Parker Library, the author intends to _______. A．condemn the behavior of Matthew Parker as immoral B．demonstrate the worth and value of its distinctive documents C．describe the measures and effects of digitizing the manuscripts D．display the fertility and vividness of the medieval imagination 74．According to Paragraph 3, the purpose of closing the caves at Lascaux is to _______. A．prevent the paintings from being damaged B．carry on the restoration of the paintings C．show the wonder effect of virtual display D．reduce the number of tourists 75．Classifying the digitized manuscripts in one system is beneficial to _______. A．collecting much more valuable materials B．quickly finding and sorting documents C．consulting materials from all over the world D．saving time and energy of searching documents 76．Which would be the best title of the passage? A．The Impact of Digital Revolution Era B．The New Era of Traditional Manuscripts C．Accessibility of Old Manuscripts All Around the World D．Digital Revolution Brings Manuscripts To life （2024·北京朝阳·一模）The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth. A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer. Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems. But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate(模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall. Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.” Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.” But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.” 77．The author quotes Rotta Loria in Paragraph 2 mainly to _______. A．make a prediction B．highlight a finding C．draw a conclusion D．raise an assumption 78．What can we learn from this passage? A．“Urban heat islands” extend underground to spare ecosystems. B．Surface climate change contributes to the reuse of underground heat. C．Underground temperatures mirror the ground’s physical characteristics. D．Buildings may collapse as a potential consequence of underground heat. 79．What does the underlined word “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Show. B．Stay. C．Develop. D．Disappear. 80．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 试卷第4页，共28页 试卷第1页，共28页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 《2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递》（北京专用） 专题03 【5年真题1年模拟】阅读理解说明文5年真题21题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）解析版 技能专区：练真题，明方向，补漏洞，提能力 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语） （介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. . Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. . Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【答案】32. C33. B34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 32.推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 34.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 真题演练02（2023·北京·高考真题）What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。 真题演练03（2023·北京·高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 5．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 6．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 7．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 5．D 6．C 7．A 【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 5．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 真题演练04（2022·北京·高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 8．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending 9．What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B．The relationships among players have been clarified. C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 10．As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A．It may be used to justify power imbalance. B．It can be applied to tackle challenges. C．It helps to prove why hunger exists. D．It goes beyond human imagination. 8．C 9．A 10．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 8．推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 9．细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 10．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 真题演练05（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 11．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Scientific. B．Credible. C．Original. D．Relevant. 12．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 13．What can we learn from this passage? A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B．The author agrees with the message of the poem. C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D．The global collapse is well underway. 11．D 12．A 13．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 11．词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 12．推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 13．推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。 真题演练06（2020·北京·高考真题）Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 14．With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________. A．take pollutant readings B．record pollutant levels C．process collected data D．reduce air pollution 15．What can we learn from the Baggy data? A．High places are free of air pollution. B．Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C．Conventional monitors are more reliable. D．Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 16．What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A．To warn of a health risk. B．To find out pollution sources. C．To test his new monitor. D．To prove Baggy's abilities. 17．According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A．Modest. B．Generous. C．Creative. D．Outgoing. 14．B 15．D 16．A 17．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tom Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。 14．细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。 15．推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。 16．推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tom的意图是？根据文章第四段Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasize that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。 17．推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！ （23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct, would they have dominated Earth today? There has been a debate about this possibility for decades. Recently two analyses have put the surprising cognitive (认知) abilities of dinosaurs — and their potential limitations — in a new light. In one study, Suzana Herculano-Houzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number of neurons (神经细胞) in dinosaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Research suggests that it is the number of neurons in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cognitive potential. For example, despite having a very small head, birds have more densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and so can possess roughly as many neurons as monkeys. The result is that some birds show great cognitive abilities, comparable to the smartest non-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the only surviving lineage (宗系) of dinosaurs, that are Herculano-Houzel’s foundation. By comparing the relationship between brain size, number of neurons and body size in numerous existing birds and available fossils of dinosaurs, Herculano-Houzel concludes that a large dinosaur such as T. rex could have housed two billion to three billion neurons in its pallium. If so, dinosaurs could have had the capacity for tool use and planning for the future. But neurons’ number may not be enough. For intelligence, brain architecture also matters. And this could be the weakness of dinosaurs, argues Anton Reiner from the University of Tennessee. Over 350 million years of separate evolution, mammals and dinosaurs found two rather different ways to organize cognitive functions. The mammalian neurons are organized in a relatively thin layer formed by compact columns. In each column, different parts can communicate with one another over short distances. In contrast, in the dinosaurs that survive today, namely birds, the organization is less compact. According to Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beyond a certain point could make the structure far more complex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size would correspond to a greater distance between different parts of the brain, slowing down their communication. The issue remains open to debate. Herculano-Houzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejections to the other’s argument. Meanwhile, other scientists have entered the fight. For example, neurobiologist Giorgio Vallortigara assumes that speed in transmitting information between networks of neurons is probably one of dinosaurs’ strengths. Whatever the truth is, understanding how and if brain architecture imposes limits on the development of cognition could reveal much about the evolution of abilities and behaviors of various animals. Also, this debate may tell us more about our own species than about dinosaurs. 1．Why do Herculano-Houzel and Reiner study birds? A．Because birds are more intelligent than dinosaurs. B．Because birds’ brain structures are the same as dinosaurs’. C．Because birds are the only survivors of the dinosaur family. D．Because birds have the same cognitive abilities as dinosaurs. 2．What does the word “compact” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Tight. B．Light. C．Large. D．Wide. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Dinosaurs’ ability for tool use owes to bigger brains. B．The number of neurons has little to do with brain architecture. C．Greater inter-brain distance causes higher cognitive efficiency. D．The factors behind dinosaur intelligence remain to be identified. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Are Dinosaurs Comparable to Humans in Intelligence? B．Are Dinosaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses? C．How Smart Were Dinosaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate D．Can Dinosaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，新的研究加剧了争论。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“And it is precisely birds, being the only surviving lineage (宗系) of dinosaurs, that are Herculano-Houzel’s foundation.(正是鸟类，作为唯一幸存的恐龙宗系，是Herculano-Houzel的基础)”和第三段中“In contrast, in the dinosaurs that survive today, namely birds, the organization is less compact.(相比之下，在今天幸存下来的恐龙中，也就是鸟类，这个组织就没有那么紧凑了)”可知，Herculano-Houzel和Reiner研究鸟类是因为鸟类是恐龙宗系中唯一的幸存者，故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词下一句“In each column, different parts can communicate with one another over short distances.(在每一柱中，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信)”可知，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信，说明柱状结构应是很紧凑，由此推知划线词所在句意为“哺乳动物的神经元组织在一个由紧凑的柱状结构组成的相对较薄的层中”，compact意为“紧凑的”，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The issue remains open to debate. Herculano-Houzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejections to the other’s argument. Meanwhile, other scientists have entered the fight.(这个问题仍有待讨论。Herculano-Houzel和Reiner各自发表了一篇论文，反驳了对方的观点。与此同时，其他科学家也加入了这场斗争)”可知，科学家对于影响恐龙智力的因素观点不一，该问题仍有待讨论，故恐龙智力背后的因素仍有待确定。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“If the great dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct, would they have dominated Earth today? There has been a debate about this possibility for decades. Recently two analyses have put the surprising cognitive (认知) abilities of dinosaurs — and their potential limitations — in a new light.(如果大恐龙没有灭绝，它们今天会已经统治了地球吗？关于这种可能性的争论已经持续了几十年。最近有两项分析对恐龙惊人的认知能力及其潜在的局限性有了新的认识)”可知，对于恐龙智力的争论已经持续了几十年，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，C项“恐龙有多聪明？新的研究加剧了争论”为最佳标题，故选C。 （23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rotting — the practice of spending long periods of time just staying under the covers with snacks, screens and other creature comforts — is gaining popularity on social media. Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern? Dr. Ryan Sultan, a professor at Columbia University in New York, who treats many young people, called the bed rotting trend attractive. “In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added. For the downside, however, he said a long-term need or desire for bed rotting could do harm to one’s physical health. Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned for sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix. It could also lead to blood pressure problems and obesity (肥胖). Long-term need or desire for bed rotting could also be a warning sign of depression, according to a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, agreed that while some downtime can be useful in terms of de-stressing and rejuvenation (更新), too much bed rotting is a bad health practice. In addition to increasing the risk of depression, it contributes to decreased motivation (动力) as well. Instead of bed rotting, Siegel recommends regular exercise as a better form of de-stressing. While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test for depression. Those who lack the motivation to get out of bed could also try calling or texting a family member for support, socializing with close friends, finding a small task to complete, or reaching out to a medical professional for help. 5．According to Dr. Ryan Sultan, why do young people like bed rotting? A．They are fond of what is popular on social media. B．They are unwilling to socialize with friends. C．Bed rotting is away to escape stress. D．Bed rotting helps fix sleep schedules. 6．What does the word “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Quickly-activated. B．Well-trained. C．Badly-needed. D．Ill-equipped. 7．What can we learn from the passage? A．Being lazy from time to time can be good for individuals. B．Sleeping in light can increase the risk of depression. C．Bed rotting can allow people to avoid expectations. D．Feeling down leads to decreased motivation. 8．What is the passage mainly talking about? A．Different opinions on how to become motivated. B．Main causes of the long-term need for bed rotting. C．Practical suggestions for young people to deal with stress. D．Possible problems from lying in bed for extended periods of time. 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。 5．推断判断题。根据第二段““In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added.( Sultan说：“在我们今天的文化中，有太多的事情要做，太多的期望和太多的生产力，许多年轻人感到精疲力竭，往往睡眠不足。很容易看出为什么抽出时间来躺一躺是有吸引力的。”他补充道“在很多方面，这是有益的。这是一个机会，让你远离现实生活中的问题，在以更好的心态回归生活之前理清你的头脑”)”可知，根据瑞安·苏尔坦博士的说法，年轻人喜欢躺尸是因为这是逃避压力的一种方式。故选C。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. (白天在床上呆太长时间——不管醒不醒——都会破坏睡眠时间安排。)”和后文“Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix.(白天躺在床上半睡半醒会使睡眠时间安排变差——一旦出现这种情况，就很难解决了)”以及“for sleep in darkness and alertness in light”可推断，我们的大脑被训练为在黑暗中睡觉，在光明中保持警觉。故划线词意思是“训练有素的”。故选B。 7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect.(偶尔偷懒一天是有益的，但偷懒太多则会产生相反的效果)”可知，偶尔懒惰对个人是有好处的。故选A。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern?(一些Z世代的潮流追随者现在将其视为一种自我保健方式，但医生警告说，过度躺尸可能是“抑郁症的征兆”。这些延长的休息时间真的对一个人的心理健康有益吗？还是会引起人们的担忧？)”结合接下来的分析内容可知，文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是长时间躺在床上可能产生的问题。故选D。 （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology”. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset resonates (产生共鸣) with the Silicon Valley dictate — usually credited to Mark Zuckerberg — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? The WEF meeting took place just a fortnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped down after complaints were made about her scholarship. Gay’s troubles came on the heels of the resignation of Stanford University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems”. In response. Gay requested corrections to several of her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retraction (撤回) of three of his. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right? The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. Due to the fact that the existing system has created a counterincentive to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity. Good science takes time. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance and the elucidation of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologist and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship (papers, but it also suggests that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researched may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 9．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned from Sandford after Gay stepped down. B．Gay gave back her scholarships due to students’ complaints. C．Faster scientific development has led to climate change. D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken. 10．Why is the example of Frances H. Arnold mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To question the works of Nobel Prize winners. B．To show the practice of paper retraction is common. C．To indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush. D．To highlight scientists’ quality of honesty in academia. 11．The underlined word “counterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers to a (n) ______ factor. A．unfair B．indecisive C．discouraging D．irrational 12．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Danger of Fast Science B．The Battle between Quality and Quantity C．The Crisis among Top Scientists D．The Principle behind Research Assessments 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．C 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly.(虽然可能无法确定这些问题到底有多普遍，但很难想象，高调的学者纠正和撤回论文的场面没有对公众对科学的信任产生负面影响，甚至可能对专家产生广泛的影响)”可知，公众对科学的信任可能已经动摇了。故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段“In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well”. Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right?(近年来，我们看到一些由杰出科学家撰写并发表在知名期刊上的重要论文，因为数据或方法存在问题而被撤回。一个有趣的例子是，加州理工学院的Frances H. Arnold分享了2018年诺贝尔化学奖，当她的实验室无法复制她的结果时，她自愿撤回了一篇论文——但这篇论文已经发表了。在一次公开道歉中，她表示，提交论文时她“有点忙”，“没有做好我的工作”。Arnold的诚实令人钦佩，但这也提出了一个问题：在竞争激烈的大学里，学者们真的花时间做好自己的工作吗？)”可知，第四段提到了Frances H. Arnold的例子是为了表明即使是有影响力的科学家也很着急完成论文。故选C。 11．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity”可知，正在进行重质量、轻数量的改革，说明现行制度对科学进步的作用令人沮丧。故划线词意思是“令人沮丧的”。故选C。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology”. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster.(今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Food packaging from around the world contains at least 68 “forever chemicals” that can seep into what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 of them are not even supposed to be used in such products. “It’s not clear why the latter chemicals, which are not on lists of those authorized for use in food containers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s author Birgit Geueke. The study focused on a class of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoronlkyl substances (PFASs), which are sometimes called “forever chemicals” because they don’t break down readily in the environment or in the body. That’s because their characteristic carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature. For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease. Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it’s unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it’s possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs. PFASs have been found in human blood and breast milk, drinking water, soil and other startling places around the world. Exposure to some of the most studied PFASs has been associated with cancer. reproductive problems and lessened responses to vaccines. “There’s an incredible body of scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals to health harm,” says Andrews. Many countries are evaluating restrictions of PFASs in food packaging. Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that “all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.” Andrews and Geueke both say the presence of unknown PFASs in food packaging is good reason to regulate these chemicals as a single class—a position shared with many other scientific experts and environmental protection groups. There are more than 12,000 known PFASs, and scientists don’t know much about most of them. “Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,” Geueke says, and “there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.” 13．What can we learn about PFASs from the passage? A．They are able to resist water and grease. B．They last long and never break down. C．They contain the longest chemical bond. D．They are mainly used for food packaging. 14．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ______. A．the potential usage of the unknown impurities B．the authorization of food packaging chemicals C．the likely transforming process from PFASs into new chemicals D．the possible explanation for the presence of unauthorized PFASs 15．The words on the webpage in Paragraph 5 may show that ACC ______. A．has worked out ways to use PFASs safely in different products B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs C．has got the authoritative power in dealing with PFASs D．supports testing more unknown PFASs for toxicity 16．Which would Geueke probably agree with? A．Laws should be made to ban the use of PFASs. B．Food packaging alternatives should be explored. C．The chemicals in food packaging should be listed. D．Scientists should continue discovering new PFASs. 【答案】13．A 14．D 15．B 16．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种“永久化学物质”，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease.(几十年来，这些物质被广泛应用于各种消费品中，从炊具到杀虫剂再到化妆品，因为它们可以防水和防油脂)”可知，PFASs能抵抗水和油脂。故选A。 14．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it’s unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it’s possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs.( Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链)”可知，第3段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据第五段“Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that “all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.”(化学工业代表主张将全氟辛烷磺酸作为单独的化学品来处理。在发表这项新研究之前。《科学美国人》联系了美国化学理事会。一家化学工业行业协会对此表示关注，但该组织没有回复。在其专用的PFAS网页，行政协调会上指出，“并非所有PFASs都是相同的。每种化学物质都有其独特的性质和用途。”)”可知，网页上第5段的文字可能表明，行政协调会同意化学工业代表对全氟辛烷磺酸的看法。故选B。 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,” Geueke says, and “there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.”(Geueke说：“只有一些全氟辛烷磺酸被测试过毒性，可能还有其他生产食品包装的方法。”)”可知，Geueke认同应探索替代食品包装。故选B。 （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末） The violence of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the quake is traveling. But a boomerang quake may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone. The new study, published today in the journal Nature Geoscience, is a major step toward clearing up the complex physics behind boomerang quakes and understanding their potential damage. The latest boomerang was recorded near the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the position of the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study, identified what seemed to be two steps of the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This second leg of the quake moved remarkably quickly, at so-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hour—fast enough to dart from New York to London in 18. 5 minutes, so fast that it caused the geologic version of a sonic boom. How often does this happen?A boomerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team observed in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence of boomerang quakes is mounting. These back-tracking events have been studied in computer models as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The theory says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult to see that [in the real world], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamoto also seems to have ruptured (破裂) in a similar process. For that event, the initial shake triggered two other quakes, one of which raced backward to partially overlap the initial break. Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults (断层) near populated areas, ”says Hicks. These boomerangs maybe obscured by conventional approaches used to analyze quakes, which are based on an assumption that a quake rushes in one direction. “Naturally we’re not looking for it, we don’t expect it to exist,” Hicks says. Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception. As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.” 17．A boomerang earthquake differs from other quakes because ________. A．it moves at a super-fast speed B．it triggers several small quakes C．it releases immeasurable energy D．it shakes in two opposite directions 18．From the passage, we can learn that _________. A．the coming of the next boomerang can be predicted B．boomerangs are too complex to be fully understood C．boomerang events are commonplace in the real world D．common methods are reliable in analyzing boomerangs 19．What does the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．putting off B．coping with C．bringing about D．fighting against 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“回旋镖地震”的研究进展和潜在危害。这种地震的特点是在传播过程中会改变方向，产生更广泛的强烈震动。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The violence of shaking from an earthquake is usually focused in the direction the quake is traveling. But a boomerang quake may spread the intense shaking across a wider zone. (地震产生的强烈震动通常集中在地震传播的方向上。但回旋镖地震可能会将强烈的震动扩散到更大的区域。)”同时根据第二段中“By examining the position of the epicenter(震中)and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismologist at the Imperial College London and first author of the new study, identified what seemed to be two steps of the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. (伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial College London)的地震学家、这项新研究的第一作者斯蒂芬·希克斯(Stephen Hicks)通过研究震中的位置和每个震动阶段释放的能量，确定了地震的两个步骤：地震最初向东移动，但随后又向西转回。)”可知，一个回旋镖地震可能将强烈的震动传播到更广泛的区域，最新的回旋镖地震先向东移动，但随后又向西转回，因此回旋镖地震的震动方向会改变，先朝一个方向，然后转向相反的方向。因此，回旋镖地震与其他地震的主要区别在于它在两个相反的方向上震动。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yet for earthquakes, it seems, complexities might be the norm rather than the exception. As Hicks puts it: “The more and more we look at earthquakes in more detail, of course we see stranger things.”(然而，对于地震来说，复杂性似乎是常态，而不是例外。正如希克斯所说：“我们对地震的观察越细致，当然就会看到更奇怪的东西。”)”可知，这表明回旋镖地震非常复杂，难以完全理解。故选B。 19．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Understanding when and why these boomerang events happen is vital to…(了解这些“回旋镖地震”事件发生的时间和原因对于……)”以及划线词后面的内容“... risks earthquakes present.(……存在地震风险。)”以及后文中“Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults (断层) near populated areas(这样的研究帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系)”可知，研究回旋镖地震帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系即研究回旋镖地震能够有助于我们处理或者解决目前地震存在的危险。故划线词与B选项“coping with(处理，解决)”为同义词。故选B。 （23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “No painting is worth more than my six-month-old nephew’s life,” said a protester, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet — the censure rose. “Absolutely absurd,” said the culture minister of France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement from the International Council of Museums. The protesters are targeting works that are protected behind glass — at least for now — so actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the threatened destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. But as the attacks wear on, and their impact decreases, they risk changing into a joke. What’s especially misguided about the protests is their binary nature. “What is worth more, art or life?” a protester asked. Why choose? “It’s possible to blame both environmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair of the Boston Art Commission, said. Art is not the problem here. In fact, contemporary artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park, is only one example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenarios (设想), and, in doing so, give people a way to see and hope for a different future,” Lin said. The climate activists are surely correct that the pace of reform is far too slow, as the planet burns and deadly storms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere efforts of millions of people working on the issue. It would be easier to respect the young protesters at Just Stop Oil, Last Generation, and the rest of the splash groups if they were to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work around climate change: legislation, regulation, and winning hearts and minds. Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre. 20．What does the underlined word “censure” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Approval. B．Criticism. C．Stress. D．Spirits. 21．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ action? A．The end justifies the means. B．Art speaks where words fail. C．The freedom of protest should be protected. D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis. 22．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The solution to climate crisis lies in communication. B．Galleries should strengthen regulations like theatres. C．Climate activists should diversify their strategies. D．Art attacks are mainly about seeking attention. 23．The author writes the passage to ________. A．launch a campaign B．assess a debate C．propose a solution D．challenge a practice 【答案】20．B 21．A 22．D 23．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响。 20．词句猜测题。根据第一段“But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet — the censure rose(但当抗议者向梵高的《向日葵》扔番茄汤，向莫奈的《干草堆》扔土豆泥时，censure高涨)”可知，当抗议者向名画投掷食物时，引起了人们的强烈反应，这里“censure”指的是对这种行为的批评和指责，故选B项。 21．推理判断题。根据第三段“And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the threatened destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet.(也许人们对他们的行为感到愤怒，这证明了他们的观点：人们更关心画作受到威胁的破坏，而不是地球实际上的破坏)”可知，气候活动家的激进行为是为了证明他们的观点（即人们更关心艺术品的潜在破坏，而不是地球的实际破坏），这让普通群众对此感到愤怒，可得出气候活动家的行动表明了A项“为了正当目的可以不择手段”，故选A项。 22．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，作者认为气候活动家的艺术攻击行为更像是为了吸引注意力，而不是为了真正解决气候危机，故选D项。 23．推理判断题。根据第一段“When climate activists glued themselves to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “No painting is worth more than my six-month-old nephew’s life,” said a protester, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis.(当气候活动人士将自己粘在伦敦皇家艺术学院一幅《最后的晚餐》复制品的框架上时，他们得到了相当同情的回应。“没有任何画作比我六个月大的侄子的生命更重要，”一名抗议者在批评英国政府在紧迫的气候危机中支持化石燃料产业时说)”、第二段“We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment(我们被他们的危险行为深深震惊了)”、第五段“In fact, contemporary artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism.(其实当代艺术家们正在用艺术作为行动主义的方式，创作出关于气候危机的相当有效的作品)”以及最后一段“Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion or engage people to the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，本文讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响，并对这种行为提出了质疑，认为他们应该采取更有效的方式来应对气候危机。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是质疑和挑战这种实践，故选D项。 （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its hottest month on record, with many places on fire or flooded. The likelihood of extreme weather keeps increasing—and people are noticing. However, not everyone notices or feels this threat to the same extent. Based on a representative sample of 1,071 survey respondents from across the UK, we found that people in rural areas showed higher degrees of place attachment than people living in cities, as we expected. However, we were surprised to see that the perceived threat of climate change in: most rural locations was lower. We had not expected that outcome, so we started to dig a little deeper for possible reasons. Rural people may be more resilient to change. Rural people may experience climate change like everyone else, but they may have better ways of coping with it than city residents because of their closer relationship with nature. This may have taught them to be more flexible in how they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lot and that could make them less worried about the major changes happening around them. People in rural areas may not be as aware of climate change as people in cities. Looking more closely, the effect is mostly down to education rather than whether people live in rural areas or not. Research shows that general levels of climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this does not necessarily correspond to readiness for action or behavioural change. It is well documented, though, that rural inhabitants tend to have more conservative views, which could affect the way climate change is interpreted. Conservative views are often associated with less concern about the climate. People in rural areas may not experience climate change in the same wav as people in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels of green space than urban areas. For example, you will feel the heat less when you are surrounded by trees. So, although we were surprised that the higher degree of place attachment in people living rurally did not necessarily lead to a higher perception of climate change threat, we can see there are good reasons for that. 24．What does the word “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Easy to adapt. B．Ready to illustrate. C．Difficult to notice. D．Willing to challenge. 25．What can we learn from the passage? A．Conservative views in rural areas lower the perception of climate change. B．Strong rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness. C．Well-educated people are more likely to take actions for climate change. D．Rural people pay more attention to climate change than city residents. 26．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Who are to blame for climate change? B．How do people perceive climate change? C．Why is climate change perceived differently? D．What can people do to cope with climate change? 【答案】24．A 25．A 26．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因。 24．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Rural people may experience climate change like everyone else, but they may have better ways of coping with it than city residents because of their closer relationship with nature.(农村人可能会像其他人一样经历气候变化，但他们可能比城市居民有更好的应对方式，因为他们与自然的关系更密切。)”可知，农村人可能更能适应气候变化，所以推断划线词的意思是“容易适应”。故选A项。 25．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“It is well documented, though, that rural inhabitants tend to have more conservative views, which could affect the way climate change is interpreted. Conservative views are often associated with less concern about the climate.(然而，有充分的证据表明，农村居民往往有更保守的观点，这可能会影响对气候变化的解释。保守的观点往往与不太关心气候联系在一起。)”可推知，农村地区的保守观点降低了人们对气候变化的感知度。故选A项。 26．主旨大意题。分析全文内容，结合第二段中“However, we were surprised to see that the perceived threat of climate change in: most rural locations was lower.(然而，我们惊讶地发现，大多数农村地区对气候变化威胁的感知程度较低)”可知，文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因，所以C选项“为什么人们对气候变化的看法不同？”适合用作文章标题。故选C项。 （23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim found the prospect of learning a new language discouraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dozens or hours a year on lessons with only slow progress on a new skill as out of reach. This was undoubtedly now Kim felt about her decades’ long ambition to learn Spanish. That all changed, however, when a popular language-learning app presented a more attractive approach: complete one lesson—just six or seven minutes long—every day in order to eventually become bilingual (双语的). This adds up to about 40 hours of study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily goal. Actually, this can be applied to almost any ambitious target. But how effective is it? For our study, we partnered with CTL, a nonprofit organization that provides free crisis consultation. All CTL volunteers are asked to complete 200 hours of crisis consultation within a year. We were curious if breaking down this goal could make it more approachable and increase actual working hours. We randomly assigned more than 9,000 CTL volunteers to receive e-mails for three months. One group was encouraged to hit the 200-hour mark with no actual goal breakdown. Two other groups, however, were given clear subgoals: we encouraged one to volunteer for four hours every week and the other to volunteer for eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group spent volunteering during our study. Both groups who were encouraged to focus on a smaller subgoal volunteered 7 to 8 percent more than their peers who were merely encouraged to hit their big goal. We also found suggestive evidence that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” framing led to more lasting benefits over time. Although volunteering declined each week during the study across all participants, this decline was slower in the “eight hours every two weeks” condition. It suggests that making modest goals flexible might encourage long-term perseverance. If so, after one year, becoming bilingual is at last within reach for Kim. 27．The author mentions Kim in the first paragraph mainly to ________. A．make a prediction B．introduce a topic C．present an assumption D．evaluate an argument 28．Why did the author and his team cooperate with CLT? A．To calculate the profits of the organization. B．To increase the actual hours of voluntary work. C．To evaluate the effectiveness of a goal-setting strategy. D．To improve the working skills of volunteers in consultation. 29．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Analysis of the study. B．Process of the study. C．Findings of the study. D．Significance of the study. 30．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Making a fixed goal helps longer perseverance. B．Setting a bigger goal drives people to achieve more. C．Sticking to an ambitious goal contributes to success. D．Breaking down a bigger goal leads to better results. 【答案】27．B 28．C 29．B 30．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个流行的语言学习应用程序通过把学习目标分解成小目标，来完成最后的学习任务。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力。 27．推理判断题。根据第一段“Kim found the prospect of learning a new language discouraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dozens or hours a year on lessons with only slow progress on a new skill as out of reach. This was undoubtedly now Kim felt about her decades’ long ambition to learn Spanish. That all changed, however, when a popular language-learning app presented a more attractive approach: complete one lesson—just six or seven minutes long—every day in order to eventually become bilingual (双语的).( Kim发现学习一门新语言的前景令人沮丧，尤其是作为一个成年人。她认为，一年花几十个或几个小时上一门新技能的课，而在这门新技能上只有缓慢的进步是遥不可及的。这无疑是金现在对她几十年来学习西班牙语的夙愿的感受。然而，这一切都改变了，当一个流行的语言学习应用程序提出了一个更有吸引力的方法：为了最终成为双语，每天完成一节课——只要六到七分钟)”可知，作者在第一段提到Kim主要是为了引入话题。故选B。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“For our study, we partnered with CTL, a nonprofit organization that provides free crisis consultation. All CTL volunteers are asked to complete 200 hours of crisis consultation within a year. We were curious if breaking down this goal could make it more approachable and increase actual working hours.(在我们的研究中，我们与CTL合作，这是一个提供免费危机咨询的非营利组织。所有CTL志愿者都被要求在一年内完成200小时的危机咨询。我们很好奇，打破这个目标是否能让它更容易实现，并增加实际工作时间)”可知，作者和他的团队与CLT合作是为了评估目标设定策略的有效性。故选C。 29．主旨大意题。根据第三段“We randomly assigned more than 9,000 CTL volunteers to receive e-mails for three months. One group was encouraged to hit the 200-hour mark with no actual goal breakdown. Two other groups, however, were given clear subgoals: we encouraged one to volunteer for four hours every week and the other to volunteer for eight hours every two weeks. Then we tracked how much time each group spent volunteering during our study.(我们随机分配了9000多名CTL志愿者，在三个月内接收电子邮件。其中一组被鼓励在没有实际目标分解的情况下达到200小时的目标。然而，另外两组被赋予了明确的子目标：我们鼓励一组每周做4小时的志愿者，另一组每两周做8小时的志愿者。然后我们追踪了每一组在研究期间做志愿者的时间)”可知，第三段的主要内容是研究过程。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Both groups who were encouraged to focus on a smaller subgoal volunteered 7 to 8 percent more than their peers who were merely encouraged to hit their big goal. We also found suggestive evidence that the more flexible “eight hours every two weeks” framing led to more lasting benefits over time. Although volunteering declined each week during the study across all participants, this decline was slower in the “eight hours every two weeks” condition. It suggests that making modest goals flexible might encourage long-term perseverance.(两组被鼓励专注于小目标的志愿者比那些只被鼓励实现大目标的同龄人多出7%到8%。我们还发现，随着时间的推移，更灵活的“每两周八小时”框架能带来更持久的好处。尽管在研究期间，所有参与者的志愿活动每周都在减少，但在“每两周8小时”的情况下，这种下降速度较慢。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力)”可知，作者想告诉我们把更大的目标分解会带来更好的结果。故选D。 （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A movie about rural soccer players focuses on teenage girls and seeks to inspire audiences to follow dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a director from Sichuan Province, went into the poor villages of Yunnan Province in search of inspiration. During the journey, one idea attracted him as he watched children playing soccer in a village, which is located around 110 kilometers north of Lijiang. As a gentle wind swept-through the valley, Fei listened to the faraway sounds of horses and children and a clear image began to form in his mind — that a group of children playing soccer on the village roofs (屋顶). That image inspired the opening scene of Football on the Roof, and after taking home the special award in the films market project section of the 2023 China Golden Rooster and Hundred Fowers Film Festival, the film was on across the Chinese mainland on April 20. The film tells the journey of a teenage girl, Aime, who’s crazy about soccer. She has the hope that by advancing to the finals in a competition, her mother, who has left thefr rural hometown to work in a big city, might see her on television. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates to start a soccer team and asks a fruit seller who used to be a soccer star to coach them. Her determination pays off as she is finally selected to join the team and takes part in an important match. During Fei Yu’s search for inspiration, he met a girl, who was eager to invite the director to her home, showed him around, and used a long wooden stick to pick fresh lemons off a tree as a treat. The director was deeply moved when he realized that the grl, who had been left in the care of a grandfather who’s continually busy with rural difficult tasks, longed to feel more connected to her parents working in a faraway city. She became the source for the female main characters in the movie. Traveling to many areas, from the cities of Lijiang and Kaiyuan, to Chuxiong, Fei Yu and his team chose around 10, 000 students in 203 schools before selecting all main characters. “The shoot has ended, but the young girl’s love for soccer has not. She has found a new direction to shoot for in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hopes the audience will also find strength and courage to realize their dreams through the film. 31．Why did Fei Yu go into the village? A．To teach soccer. B．To help the poor girls. C．To achieve an award. D．To try to find inspiration. 32．According to the passage, what do we know about the film? A．Aime goes to the village near Lijiang. B．Aime isn’t chosen to join the soccer team finally. C．The film named Football on the Roof is successful. D．The film tells the journey of a boy’s passion about soccer. 33．Why did Aime hope to advance to the finals in a competition? A．To show her love for soccer. B．To leave the rural hometown. C．To be seen by her mother on TV. D．To be coached by a former soccer star. 34．When realizing the girl longed to feel more connected to her parents, Fei Yu felt________. A．touched B．interested C．inspired D．amazed 35．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．A Beneficial Stress B．A Heartwarming Goal C．A Wonderful Teamwork D．A Meaningful Competition 【答案】31．D 32．C 33．C 34．A 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影《屋顶足球》，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，旨在激励观众追求自己的梦想。 31．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In late 2018, Fei Yu, a director from Sichuan Province, went into the poor villages of Yunnan Province in search of inspiration.(2018年末，来自四川省的导演飞鱼走进云南省的贫困村庄，寻找灵感)”可知，飞鱼去村庄是为了寻找灵感。故选D项。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That image inspired the opening scene of Football on the Roof, and after taking home the special award in the films market project section of the 2023 China Golden Rooster and Hundred Fowers Film Festival, the film was on across the Chinese mainland on April 20.(这一画面启发了《屋顶足球》的开场，在获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖后，这部电影于4月20日在中国大陆上映)”可知，电影《屋顶足球》荣获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖，说明这部电影是成功的。故选C项。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She has the hope that by advancing to the finals in a competition, her mother, who has left the rural hometown to work in a big city, might see her on television.(她希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她那位离开农村家乡去大城市工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她了)”可知，Aime希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她母亲就可能在电视上看到她了。故选C项。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段“The director was deeply moved when he realized that the girl, who had been left in the care of a grandfather who’s continually busy with rural difficult tasks, longed to feel more connected to her parents working in a faraway city.(当导演意识到这个女孩被留在家乡，由一直忙于农村繁重工作的祖父照顾时，她渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系，他深受感动)”可知，当飞鱼意识到这个女孩渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系时，他深受感动。故选A项。 35．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A movie about rural soccer players focuses on teenage girls and seeks to inspire audiences to follow dreams. (这部关于农村足球运动员的电影聚焦于十几岁的女孩，旨在激励观众追随梦想)”和最后一段中““The shoot has ended, but the young girl’s love for soccer has not. She has found a new direction to shoot for in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hopes the audience will also find strength and courage to realize their dreams through the film.(“拍摄结束了，但小女孩对足球的热爱并没有结束。她找到了人生的新方向。这很有意义，”他补充说，他希望观众也能通过这部电影找到实现梦想的力量和勇气)”可知，文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，她的目标是能在比赛中进入决赛，这样在远方工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她。B项“一个温暖人心的目标”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 （23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）Teachers were shocked when ChatGPT appeared a year ago. This AI chat robot can write clear, well-researched essays in response to given questions, forcing educators around the world to rethink their evaluation (测评) methods. A few countries brought back pen-and-paper exams, and some schools asked students to do their homework at school, after learning about a subject at home. There are risks, but some educators think that ChatGPT and other large language models(LLMs)can be powerful learning tools. They could help students by providing a personalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible to more students than human teachers would be. Or they could help teachers and students by making information that only exists in the textbooks much easier to find and understand. There are still probkems to be solved. Questions remain about whether LLMscan be made correct and reliable enough to be trusted as learning helpers. It’s too soon to know what their final effect on education will be, but more institutions (研究机构) need to explore ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, or their students might miss aut on a valuable tool. Despite the risks, educators should not avoid using LLMs. Rather, they need to teach students the chat robot’s strengths and weaknesses and support institutions’ efforts to improve the models for educatton-specific purposes. This could mean building task-specific versions of LLMs that harness their strengths in dialogue and summarization and reduce the risks of a chat robot providing students with inaccurate (不准确的) information or enabling them to cheat. Arizona State University (ASU), for example, developed a platform that enables its members to use LLM-powered chat robots. These robots are instructed to seek answers to users’questions in specific data sets, such as scientific papers or lecture notes. This approach not only makes use of the chat robot’s conversational power, but alsozreduces the chance of errors. As understanding of the LLMs’power and limitations increases, more university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs without considering their disadvantages will gain the opposite effect. For many educational purposes, error-prone (容易出错 的) tools damage students’ability to learn and cannot help students. But some institutions are trying to reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming to turn those into strengths by, for example, using them to improve students’critical-thinking skills. Educators must be brave to avoid missing a huge opportunity and careful to ensure that institutions everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the world better, not worse. 36．What can we infer about ChatGPT from Paragraph 1? A．It is used in exams by some students. B．It is going to replace human teachers. C．It is especially popular among teachers. D．It improves educators’ evaluation methods. 37．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．LLMs’possible risks. B．LLMs’powerful tools. C．ILMs’leaning ability. D．LLMs’potential benefits. 38．What should students know when using LLMs? A．Their task-specific versions. B．Their strengths and weaknesses. C．Their problems and possible risks. D．Their models for education purposes. 39．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Improve. B．Discover. C．Use. D．Test. 40．As for the future of LLMs, the writer is _________ A．confused B．hopeful C．unconcerned D．doubtful 【答案】36．A 37．D 38．B 39．C 40．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的应用、潜在好处、存在的问题及如何利用好这些工具。 36．推理判断题。根据第一段的“This AI chat robot can write clear, well-researched essays in response to given questions, forcing educators around the world to rethink their evaluation (测评) methods. A few countries brought back pen-and-paper exams, and some schools asked students to do their homework at school, after learning about a subject at home.(这款人工智能聊天机器人可以针对给定的问题撰写清晰、经过充分研究的论文，迫使世界各地的教育工作者重新思考他们的评估方法。一些国家恢复了纸笔考试，一些学校要求学生在家学习一门学科后在学校做作业)”可知，一些国家恢复了笔试考试，一些学校要求学生在家里学习一门课程后在学校做作业，这表明一些学生可能在考试中使用ChatGPT。由此可推知，ChatGPT被一些学生用于考试。故选A。 37．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“There are risks, but some educators think that ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) can be powerful learning tools.(虽然存在风险，但一些教育工作者认为ChatGPT和其他大型语言模型可以成为强大的学习工具)”以及全段可知，第二段主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的潜在好处，它们可以为学生提供个性化的指导，帮助教师和学生更容易地查找和理解教材上的信息。故选D。 38．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Despite the risks, educators should not avoid using LLMs. Rather, they need to teach students the chat robot’s strengths and weaknesses and support institutions’ efforts to improve the models for educatton-specific purposes.(尽管存在风险，但教育工作者不应避免使用LLM。相反，他们需要教学生聊天机器人的优缺点，并支持机构努力改进用于特定教育目的的模型)”可知，教育者需要教学生了解聊天机器人的优点和缺点，因此学生应该了解LLMs的优点和缺点。故选B。 39．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句子的“summarization and reduce the risks of a chat robot providing students with inaccurate (不准确的) information or enabling them to cheat(总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险)”可知，改进针对教育目的的模型就意味着可以利用他们的优势并总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险。所以划线单词harness的意思为“利用，使用”。故选C。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Educators must be brave to avoid missing a huge opportunity and careful to ensure that institutions everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the world better, not worse.(教育工作者必须勇于把握这一巨大的机遇，同时也要谨慎行事，确保各地的机构以一种使世界变得更好而非更糟的方式使用大型语言模型（LLMs）)”可推知，尽管作者提到了风险和挑战，但教育者必须勇敢，不要错过巨大的机会。由此可推知，这表明作者对于LLMs的是抱有希望的。故选B。 （23-24高三上·北京西城·阶段练习）A Fluent Advantage When schools go through budget cuts, foreign language classes are often placed on the cutting block. School administrators often do not understand how important foreign language study is for their students’ success in the real world. Far from cutting language classes, schools should be demanding them for all students. Studying a foreign language should be required in middle schools. Language study strengthens students’ minds. Many studies have indicated that multilingual people—people who speak more than one language—are better at certain tasks. Specifically, multilingual people have better executive function than people who speak only one language. Executive function is the way the brain manages all the information it’s given, such as performing different tasks and deciding what to focus on. In brain scans, multilingual people show increased activity in the areas of the brain that control executive function. Researchers have guessed that this advantage exists because multilingual people must constantly decide which words from which language to use. As a result, multilingual people get lots of practice with executive function. Their brains can then apply those skills to other tasks, like paying attention or multitasking. This effect is especially strong for people who grow up speaking more than one language. The earlier students start language classes, the more benefits they may get from language study. Moreover, language study helps prepare students for their future careers. Today, language skills are in high demand on the job market and more and more businesses work in many countries across the world. As businesses become global, they need people who can communicate easily across national borders. To prepare for their careers, more students should be learning foreign languages. From 2010 to 2015, the demand in the United States for workers who speak a second language doubled. This trend included workers of all skill levels and backgrounds. Of course, in order to make better use of the advantages of foreign language study, middle school foreign language classes should not just make students memorize new words and sounds. They must also teach students about new cultures. Foreign language classes should be required to include lessons about history, literature, customs, and government along with the languages themselves. These subjects will help students become better global citizens and support their studies in other subjects. Requiring middle schoolers to study a foreign language offers them opportunities to sharpen their brains. It also gives them tools that will help them become productive members of today’s global society. 41．How does the author feel about foreign language study in middle schools? A．More foreign language classes should be offered in middle schools. B．Taking a foreign language class in middle schools should be a choice. C．Foreign language classes should be cut because of the limited funds. D．Studying a foreign language should be a middle school requirement. 42．The author believes ______. A．people who speak more than one language have better executive function B．being able to work in another country doubles people’s job opportunities C．people learn languages better as young people than when they are older D．people’s executive function improves after foreign language classes 43．What’s the author’s purpose of writing Paragraph 4? A．To sum up his argument. B．To put forward a solution. C．To emphasize his point of view. D．To introduce an additional suggestion. 44．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion A． B． C． D． 【答案】41．D 42．A 43．D 44．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了作者认为学校不应削减语言课，应要求学生学习一门外语，介绍了学习外语的好处，以及提出中学外语课堂不应该只是让学生记忆新单词和发音，还必须教学生新文化。要求中学生学习一门外语给他们提供了锻炼大脑的机会。它还为他们提供了帮助他们成为当今全球社会生产力成员的工具。 41．细节理解题。根据第一段中“School administrators often do not understand how important foreign language study is for their students’ success in the real world. Far from cutting language classes, schools should be demanding them for all students. Studying a foreign language should be required in middle schools.(学校管理者往往不明白外语学习对学生在现实世界中的成功有多么重要。学校应该要求所有学生都上语言课，而不是取消语言课。中学应该要求学生学习一门外语)”可知，作者认为学习一门外语应该是中学的要求。故选D。 42．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Many studies have indicated that multilingual people—people who speak more than one language—are better at certain tasks. Specifically, multilingual people have better executive function than people who speak only one language.(许多研究表明，会说多种语言的人——也就是会说一种以上语言的人——在某些任务上表现得更好。具体来说，多语者比只会一种语言的人有更好的执行功能)”可知，作者认为会说一种以上语言的人具有更好的执行功能。故选A。 43．推理判断题。根据第四段“Of course, in order to make better use of the advantages of foreign language study, middle school foreign language classes should not just make students memorize new words and sounds.(当然，为了更好地利用外语学习的优势，中学外语课堂不应该只是让学生记忆新单词和发音)”根据第五段“They must also teach students about new cultures.”他们还必须教学生新的文化。可推知，作者写第四段的目的是介绍另外一个建议。故选D。 44．推理判断题。阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文第一段引出中学应该要求学生学习一门外语的主题，第二段第三段为次要点，介绍语言学习的好处，第四段第五段为第二个要点，说明中学外语课不仅要让学生记住新的单词和发音，他们还必须教学生新文化；最后，第六段总结全文要求中学生学习外语为他们提供了锻炼大脑的机会，它还为他们提供了帮助他们成为当今全球社会生产力成员的工具。可推知，A图显示了文章中思想的发展。故选A。 （2024·北京朝阳·二模） It is perhaps easy to accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just some strange physics indicating that, as time goes on, galaxies (星系) get further away from each other just like two cars racing away from each other. I personally don’t like it and prefer the balloon analogy. In this situation, there are dots all over a balloon. When we blow it up in real life, the dots would increase in size. In this analogy, let’s assume they don’t. What we are interested in is how the distance between the dots on the surface of the balloon grows as we put more air into it. The balloon analogy relies somewhat on our geometric sensibilities which refer to our sense of shapes and how they change over time. At its core, what we are trying to develop a sense for is how we measure distances. This concept is also the fundamental goal of general relativity, Einstein’s theory of gravity. In general relativity, the most important piece of information is what we call the metric, an equation that describes how distances are measured, and therefore also tells us about the shape space-time is taking. The whole idea that space-time is expanding was first noticed as a mathematical consequence of general relativity by Georges Lemaitre in 1927, when he solved Einstein’s equation and found a solution for the metric showing that distances grow with time. His work provided a theoretical explanation：the standard for measuring cosmic (宇宙的) distance was itself changing with time. What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasonably say that universe’s expansion is a gravitational effect. I enjoy this because it is so deeply counterintuitive to our usual understanding of gravity, which teaches us that it is a force that always draws things together. But in this case where gravity is a geometric effect, we are offered a broader range of gravitational possibilities. It is worth noting that the geometric explanation of general relativity hasn’t been universally popular. The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrote that the geometric explanation of the theory of gravitation has been reduced to a mere analogy, but is otherwise not very useful. Another challenge with the balloon analogy and our reliance on geometric explanation is to explain why gravity seems to pull things together in many situations, while universe is expanding. This difference is resolved by acknowledging that local gravitational effects due to massive objects dominate over large-scale expansion effects, leading to the formation of structures like stars, galaxies and, eventually us. In fact, the analogy where universe is only expanding and this is the only gravitational effect at play is a very idealized situation where matter was initially spread out perfectly evenly across the universe. 45．The author presents the balloon analogy in Paragraph 2 mainly to . A．introduce a topic B．draw a comparison C．confirm a theory D．evaluate a statement 46．What does the underlined word “counterintuitive” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Unchallenging. B．Contradictory. C．Satisfying. D．Relevant. 47．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Universe’s expansion results in the creation of structures like galaxies. B．Lemaitre’s work suggests the standard for cosmic distance is consistent. C．A uniform distribution of matter can overcome the universe’s expansion. D．The metric is key to sensing the shape of space-time in general relativity. 48．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Studying Galaxies — Has the Balloon Analogy Been Outdated? B．Rethinking Gravity — Is it a Way to Make Sense of the Balloon Analogy? C．Arguing against the Car Analogy — Does the Balloon Analogy Win Over? D．Understanding Universe Expansion —  Is the Balloon Analogy Acceptable? 【答案】45．A 46．B 47．D 48．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要通过汽车远离的比喻和气球膨胀的类比来引入宇宙膨胀的概念，继而讨论了它如何通过广义相对论的几何解释来被理解，以及这种解释带来的有趣观点和挑战。 45．推理判断题。根据第二段“In this situation, there are dots all over a balloon. When we blow it up in real life, the dots would increase in size. In this analogy, let’s assume they don’t. What we are interested in is how the distance between the dots on the surface of the balloon grows as we put more air into it.(在这种情况下，气球上到处都是点。当我们在现实生活中把它放大时，这些点会变大。在这个类比中，让我们假设他们没有。我们感兴趣的是，当我们向气球中注入更多空气时，气球表面上点之间的距离是如何变大的。)”可知，作者在第二段中提出气球比喻主要是为了引入一个话题。故选A。 46．词句猜测题。根据第五段“What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasonably say that universe’s expansion is a gravitational effect(令人高兴的是，这意味着我们可以相当合理地说，宇宙的膨胀是一种引力效应)”和“our usual understanding of gravity, which teaches us that it is a force that always draws things together(我们通常对重力的理解，告诉我们它是一种总是把物体拉到一起的力)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“我喜欢这一点，因为它与我们通常对引力的理解截然相反，我们通常认为引力是一种总是把物体拉到一起的力量”，划线词counterintuitive的意思是“相反的”，和contradictory意思相近，故选B。 47．推理判断题。根据第三段“In general relativity, the most important piece of information is what we call the metric, an equation that describes how distances are measured, and therefore also tells us about the shape space-time is taking.(在广义相对论中，最重要的信息是我们所说的度规，一个描述如何测量距离的方程，因此也告诉我们时空的形状。)”可知，在广义相对论中，度规是感知时空形状的关键。故选D。 48．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“It is perhaps easy to accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just some strange physics indicating that, as time goes on, galaxies (星系) get further away from each other just like two cars racing away from each other.(宇宙正在膨胀这一说法也许比较容易接受。这只是一些奇怪的物理现象表明，随着时间的推移，星系之间的距离越来越远，就像两辆汽车在相互远离一样。)”和第二段“I personally don’t like it and prefer the balloon analogy. In this situation, there are dots all over a balloon. When we blow it up in real life, the dots would increase in size. In this analogy, let’s assume they don’t. What we are interested in is how the distance between the dots on the surface of the balloon grows as we put more air into it.(我个人不喜欢它，我更喜欢气球的比喻。在这种情况下，气球上到处都是点。当我们在现实生活中把它放大时，这些点会变大。在这个类比中，让我们假设他们没有。我们感兴趣的是，当我们向气球中注入更多空气时，气球表面上点之间的距离是如何变大的。)”可知，本文主要通过汽车远离的比喻和气球膨胀的类比来引入宇宙膨胀的概念，继而讨论了它如何通过广义相对论的几何解释来被理解，以及这种解释带来的有趣观点和挑战，因此最好的题目是D选项“Understanding Universe Expansion— Is the Balloon Analogy Acceptable?(理解宇宙膨胀——气球的类比可以接受吗？)”。故选D。 （2024·北京海淀·二模）When I was named CEO of a global company in 2006, I was determined to run the company so that it would both deliver good short-term performance and thrive in the long term, years after I was gone. It was already in good shape, but I dreamed of creating a defining corporation of the 21st century, proud of its root, yet global and responsible in the shifting times. For months, I quietly read all I could about the big social trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined employees’ feedback. I also dug deep into the obligations of public corporations. From all of this emerged a vision for the company that guided us for the next dozen years or so. I called it “Performance with Purpose”. The goal was to deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additional clear objects: to nourish humanity and the communities, to protect our environment and to cherish our people. My motivation was wholly to “future proof”, or de-risk. And it worked. In my 12 years as CEO, total shareholder return was 149%, and net profit jumped 80%. We cut the salt, fat, and sugar in so da and chips, added more healthful brands and products, and lowered the amount of water needed. We kept innovation going and our design studios won many awards. Our talent academy was so brilliant that nine senior managers left to take CEO jobs elsewhere. I believe that leaders must think from the future back, even when things are going fine. And we now have a framework to help: the evolving templates (模板) for environmental, social, and governance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve to de-risk companies and markets. These criteria force discussion of hard truths for anyone with the ambition to stay relevant in the long term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is not contrary to investors’ interests. Importantly, de-risking the company actually creates shareholder value. “Performance with Purpose” presented tough moments for me, including when one investor questioned, “Who do you think you are? A philanthropist (慈善家)?” But skepticism faded when a collective mission took hold that included both the bottom line and much beyond. This was my hope from the start. 49．The author’s new vision for the company came from _________. A．its unique cultural root B．her thorough research C．customers’ fundamental needs D．shareholders’ strong requirements 50．According to “Performance with Purpose”, an ideal company should _________. A．shift its strategies properly B．value employees’ feedback C．shoulder social responsibility D．prioritize financial returns 51．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The risks a company may face. B．The author’s ambition to create value. C．The interests investors seek after. D．The author’s recipe for successful business. 52．As CEO, the author can be best described as _________. A．inspiring and warm-hearted B．determined and far-sighted C．ambitious and generous D．modest and strategic 【答案】49．B 50．C 51．D 52．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，作者于2006年成为一家全球公司的CEO时，决心让公司在短期内取得佳绩，并在作者离开后依然长期繁荣。作者提出“绩效与目的”的愿景，旨在实现财务成功的同时，关注社会责任、环境保护和员工发展。 49．推理判断题。由文章第二段“For months, I quietly read all I could about the big social trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined employees’ feedback. I also dug deep into the obligations of public corporations. From all of this emerged a vision for the company that guided us for the next dozen years or so. I called it “Performance with Purpose”. The goal was to deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additional clear objects: to nourish humanity and the communities, to protect our environment and to cherish our people. (几个月来，我静静地阅读了所有影响商业的重大社会趋势。我在市场里走了一圈，查看了员工的反馈。我还深入研究了公共企业的义务。从这一切中，我们看到了公司未来十几年的发展方向。我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，作者进行了大量的研究工作，包括阅读有关影响商业的重大社会趋势的资料、考察市场以及深入研究公共公司的义务，基于这些研究形成了新的公司愿景。故选B项。 50．推理判断题。由文章第二段“I called it “Performance with Purpose”. The goal was to deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additional clear objects: to nourish humanity and the communities, to protect our environment and to cherish our people. (我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，一个理想的公司应该承担社会责任。故选C项。 51．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“I believe that leaders must think from the future back, even when things are going fine. And we now have a framework to help: the evolving templates (模板) for environmental, social, and governance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve to de-risk companies and markets. These criteria force discussion of hard truths for anyone with the ambition to stay relevant in the long term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is not contrary to investors’ interests. Importantly, de-risking the company actually creates shareholder value. (我认为，领导者必须从未来的角度考虑问题，即使事情进展顺利。我们现在有了一个可以提供帮助的框架：不断发展的环境、社会和治理指标模板（ESG衡量标准），从本质上讲，这些模板有助于企业和市场降低风险。这些标准迫使任何有志于长期保持相关性的人讨论残酷的事实。如果这些指标经过精心挑选，ESG并不会违背投资者的利益。重要的是，降低公司风险实际上创造了股东价值。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了作者如何通过ESG衡量标准来为公司“去风险”，这是作者成功经商的秘诀。故选D项。 52．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“When I was named CEO of a global company in 2006, I was determined to run the company so that it would both deliver good short-term performance and thrive in the long term, years after I was gone.   It was already in good shape, but I dreamed of creating a defining corporation of the 21st century, proud of its root, yet global and responsible in the shifting times. (2006年，当我被任命为一家跨国公司的首席执行官时，我决心管理这家公司，让它在我离开多年后，既能提供良好的短期业绩，又能保持长期繁荣。它已经处于良好的状态，但我梦想着创建一个21世纪的标志性公司，为自己的根源感到自豪，同时在不断变化的时代具有全球性和责任感。)”可知，作者作为CEO，不仅决心要让公司在短期内表现良好，还致力于长期发展，提出了前瞻性的“Performance with Purpose”愿景，并成功实施，使公司在经济、社会和环境等多方面取得显著成效。这表明作者既坚定又具有远见卓识。故选B项。 （2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability to imagine, a common theme in children’s literature, is contradicted by psychological research. While children are often portrayed as more imaginative, research indicates that adults not only keep this ability but sometimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. Children are frequently celebrated for boundless imagination. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games often center around realistic scenarios, such as cooking and cleaning, as demonstrated in a 2020 study published in Journal of Cognition and Development. Another study, lasting for four decades, also suggests that children are not naturally more imaginative than adults; their limitations result from a lack of knowledge and expertise to effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults. Imagination may have evolved for considering alternatives to reality, but we use it most naturally to explore close alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding on clouds. When we use imagination to envision far alternatives — to innovate or invent — we’re not digging into an inborn appreciation of the extraordinary; we’re using a tool designed to explore the ordinary. When considering alternatives to reality, we fix our attention on possibilities that are physically reasonable, statistically probable, socially conventional and morally permissible. When told about possibilities that violate such regularities, we usually deny they could happen. Generally speaking, our ideas about what could happen are firmly rooted in what we expect to happen. This mindset is also $$