专题04【5年真题1年模拟】阅读理解议论文5年真题16题+最新模拟79题（技能+真题+模拟）-2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递（北京专用）

《2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递》（北京专用） 专题04 【5年真题1年模拟】阅读理解议论文5年真题16题+最新模拟79题 （技能+真题+模拟）原卷版 目录 技能专区 1 真题专区 2 模拟专区 9 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 一、阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 三、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 五、解题步骤： 这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。 1、浏览试题，明确要求。 在阅读文章前，最好先浏览一下文章后面的题干和选项。知道了问题后再去看文章，可使思路更敏捷，而且也便于阅读时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。 2、通读全文，抓住重点。 在不影响理解的前提下，尽可能地阅读以便在尽可能短的时间内理解文章或段落的内容。阅读时，如遇到不熟悉的单词、词组或一时看不懂的句子，不要停下来苦思冥想，继续读下去，通过上下文的词语和句子可能就理解了。 3、关注中心思想和段落大意。 通读全文时，要特别注意主题句。每篇文章或每个段落都有与文章有关的句子，尤其是科技、政论性文章的主题句一般都在文章的开头或结尾，插在中间的很少。所以，文章的第一段或开头的第一、二个句子往往包含着文章的中心思想、作者的意图或全文的概述，因此要特别注意，彻底理解。 4、针对性地阅读寻找所需信息。 在前面的基础上，可进行有针对性地阅读了。把与问题无关的内容一扫而过，而对于和问题有关的内容认真阅读，还可以用笔在下面做出记号。再把这些信息与问题的要求结合起来，逐条分析，综合判断，找出正确答案。 5、进行合理的推理判断。 对文章有了全面的了解之后，可以按照文章要求以及上下文之间的关系，做出推理判断。在进行推理判断的时候，需要综合考虑句型、语法、句子之间的逻辑关系、文化背景等方面的因素。 6、认真复读，验证答案。 要用全文的中心思想统帅各个题目，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，并依次审核那些还未打上的题目，确保理解无误。 真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！ 真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. . appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 真题演练02（2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 2. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 3. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 真题演练03（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 5. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B. Everyone can define time on their own terms. C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 6. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________. A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 7. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 8. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time. B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless. C. We should live in harmony with nature. D. History is a mirror reflecting reality. 真题演练04（2020·北京·高考真题）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 9. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 10. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 11. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 12. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！ （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）All over the world, formal education supplies the economy with workers who will increase productivity to fuel the economic machine. But this machine now threatens our very survival. If the entire world reaches the levels of consumption seen in high-income countries today, we’ll need multiple planet Earths to supply the resources. The absurd (荒谬的) idea of infinite growth within a finite territory is at the heart of our economic system. To keep this machine running, formal education generates ever more efficient “human capital”. Increasing productivity metrics (指标) rather than the individuality of students drives our civilization’s approach to schooling our young people. Whereas the Sustainable Development Goals call for turning education into a force for sustainability, the opposite is often true: The ways Western societies have come to think about education undermine our ability to deal with the environmental crisis. To get through this crisis, we need to cultivate our imagination, not undermine it. Growing up, none of my schooling fostered my ability to imagine a world different from what I saw around me. Besides, I realize the suppression (抑制) of children’s imagination doesn’t take place only in underresourced communities, but in “elite” institutions that tout “critical thinking”. Schools want to see their graduates succeed, and success is too often about maintaining current structures — not about reimagining their foundations. Essentially, our education systems shape children in the image of artificial intelligence. The perfect “worker”, AI, continually improves its own productivity but doesn’t challenge the larger structures within which it operates. It is one of the great paradoxes of our time that we invest so much into building supercomputers while marginalizing the imaginative potential of millions of human brains. What’s more, we even put our hope in solving the environmental crisis on AI. But AI, like our other technologies, can only treat the symptoms of the environmental crisis, not the causes Throughout history, achievers of great change have relied on their imaginations to address fundamental flaws in society. In my country of birth, communists kept their dreams of democracy alive for decades by imagining different futures. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela’s followers had to be radical (激进的) in their imagination to create a vision of a fairer society. Imagining democracy when living under a totalitarian regime (极权主义政权) isn’t that different from imagining degrowth when living in a world of infinite growth. The kind of intelligence that Nelson Mandela and such possessed was not artificial. The ability to reimagine the future and disrupt the current situation remains a distinctly human quality. Unlike AI, children are naturally imaginative and question the premises of society. In my research, I have observed that younger children are often the most radical in imagining different futures. As long as our imagination is curtailed, ideas like degrowth sound utopian (乌托邦的) to many, Cultivating imagination means learning from history’s disrupters who made the  impossible possible. Instead of dismissing “childish” ideas about the world’s future, it means seeing inspiration in children’s imaginations. In an education system that celebrates imagination, arts and creativity are as important as math and science. Idealism coexists with pragmatism. The environmental crisis is not a crisis of technology or science, it is a crisis of imagination. If we let children be our guides, we might be able to imagine our way to survival. 1．The author hopes education can play its role in ________. A．developing human resources B．promoting sustainable development C．increasing productivity D．maximizing economic growth 2．From the passage, we can learn that _________. A．imagination isn’t well developed in schools B．AI helps exploit the potential of human brains C．graduates’ success changes the social structures D．AI can address the root cause of economic crisis 3．Nelson Mandela is mentioned as _________. A．a success in building a fair society B．a leader who had a great influence C．a pioneer possessing the quality of AI D．an inspiration to solve social problems 4．According to the passage, the author may agree that _________. A．children’s imagination ensures human’s survival B．the environmental crisis results from technology C．imagination can help solve environmental crisis D．the “childish” ideas will ruin the world’s future （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us tide through difficult times in our lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 5．What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A．Positive. B．Satisfied. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 6．The author answers the question in the second paragraph with. A．evidence and argument B．opinions and persuasion C．examples and conclusion D．descriptions and analysis 7．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by . A．speaking loudly B．laughing hard C．acting strangely D．explaining carefully 8．In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to . A．talk about his own understanding of humor B．introduce a practical way to get through daily life C．encourage people to make jokes about serious matters D．convince people of the power of being optimistic about life （2024·北京东城·二模）You might not think that an AI capable of making music would stimulate your emotion, but others think differently, particularly those who gathered at Mexico City’s Symphony Hall in 2019 for Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony, which I finished using melodies generated by an AI. As the orchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s original work and began the music the AI and I had written, I could feel the crowd’s energy shift from astonishment to indignation and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able to make emotional symphonic music. You can see their point: an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small, but profound way, just like a human musician does. Positive and negative, people reacted very strongly to AI’s symphonic debut (首秀). Even though most people don’t believe that AI can create something enjoyable, they, at least partly, did enjoy the Unfinished Symphony. Enjoyment in music implies that there’s something in the music that the listener connects to, a perception of shared emotion. But, in the case of AI music, an emotion shared with who? AI, as of yet, has no emotions. So what is the meaning of music made without an emotional composer? The unsatisfying answer is that music has no objective meaning. A composer can decide how a piece of music sounds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means. No matter how it’s created, music doesn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) to the listener. The meaning we assign to music depends on its context — how the piece connects to other elements in our lives. Without context, music is like the results of a game whose rules have been lost. The context for a music is part of who you are. The music is emotional to you because you have the context to appreciate it. As it continues to evolve, AI music will develop its own context. Certainly, it’ll be different from human-made music. It’ll mix existing genres to create new ones; it’ll combine instruments that we wouldn’t think of combining. Its rules will be different. I’m now always asked the same question: “Who put the emotion in that music: you, the composer, or the AI?” But that’s not the question they really want to ask, though. There’s a deeper question that most people are too afraid to ask right now: “Are my emotions so simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?” In my experience, this could be possible one day. If a modestly capable music AI in 2019 could stir up emotions of an audience, maybe AI can have a more powerful effect on our emotional lives than we’d like to admit. 9．The audience reacted strongly to the symphony mainly due to ______. A．their doubts about AI’s capabilities B．their uneasiness about AI’s influence C．the orchestra’s brilliant presentation of AI music D．the likeness between AI music and the original work 10．What might the author agree with? A．AI poses little impact on people’s emotions. B．Music bears no intended emotional meaning. C．AI music will outperform human-made music. D．The context reflects people’s interpretation of music. 11．What does the word “maneuvered” underlined in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Refreshed. B．Challenged. C．Revealed. D．Directed. 12．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Are Composers To Be Replaced? B．Would AI Music Be a Rising Trend? C．Could AI Make Music That Moves You? D．Was the Unfinished Symphony Successful? （2024·北京·三模）Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution, which has occurred ever since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time? Moreover, people like war, and will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice. Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted. There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb. 13．From the passage we can learn that war now is ______. A．as bad as in the past B．worse than in the past C．as necessary as in the past D．not so dangerous as in the past 14．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Men, as well as war, will have to make the ultimate choice between the two. B．Modern technology has empowered man to choose whether to have war or not. C．At least 6,000 years later, man has finally decided to abandon war once and for all. D．People will eventually destroy themselves if they choose to go to war at modern times. 15．As for ideology, what does the author intend to tell us? A．Certain ideology is superior regarding its truthfulness. B．It is useless to adopt an ideology to prevent war. C．Not every ideology is not worth fighting for. D．It is wrong to follow any ideology. 16．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．War or No War, That Is A Question B．Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race C．Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration D．From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts （2024·北京海淀·一模）“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 17．What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A．Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work. B．Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C．People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D．The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection. 18．The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______. A．the enormous efforts of scientists at work B．the reliability of potential research results C．the public’s passion for scientific findings D．the improvement in the quality of evidence 19．The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______. A．discouraging B．ineffective C．unfair D．misleading 20．The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______. A．doubtful but sincere B．disapproving but soft C．authoritative and direct D．reflective and humorous （2024·北京延庆·一模）It is rapidly emerging as one of the most important technological, and increasingly ideological, divides of our times: should powerful generative artificial intelligence systems be open or closed? Supporters say they broaden access to the technology, stimulate innovation and improve reliability by encouraging outside scrutiny. Far cheaper to develop and deploy, smaller open models also inject competition into a field dominated by big US companies such as Google. Microsoft and OpenAI that have invested billions developing massive, closed and closely controlled generative Al systems. But detractors argue open models risk lifting the lid on a Pandora’s box of troubles. Bad actors can exploit them to spread personalised disinformation, while terrorists might use them to manufacture cyber or bio weapons. “The danger of open source is that it enables more crazies to do crazy things, “Geoffrey Hinton, one of the pioneers of modern AI, has warned. The history of OpenAI, which developed the popular ChatGPT chatbot, is itself instructive. As its name suggests, the research company was founded in 2015 with a commitment to develop the technology as openly as possible. But it later abandoned that approach for both competitive and safety reasons. Once OpenAI realised that its generative AI models were going to be “unbelievably potent”, it made little sense to open source them, Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI’s chief scientist said. Supporters of open models hit back, ridiculing the idea that open generative AI models enable people to access information they could not otherwise find from the internet or a rogue scientist. They also highlight the competitive self-interest of the big tech companies in shouting about the dangers of open models, whose intention is to establish their own market dominance strongly. But there is an ideological dimension to this debate, too. Yann LeCun, chief scientist of Meta, has likened the arguments for controlling the technology to medieval obscurantism (蒙昧主义): the belief that only a self-selecting priesthood of experts is wise enough to handle knowledge. In the future, all our interactions with the vast digital repository of human knowledge will be mediated through Al systems. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. Just as the internet flourished by resisting attempts to enclose it, so AI will thrive by remaining open, LeCun argues. Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative Al. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests. We should certainly resist the tyranny (暴政) of the binary (二进制) when it comes to thinking about AI models. Both open and closed models have their benefits and flaws. As the capabilities of these models evolve, we will constantly have to tweak the weightings between competition and control. 21．What does the underlined word “potent” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Accessible. B．Powerful. C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable. 22．What can we learn from this passage? A．It needs billions of dollars to develop and deploy open-source models. B．The field of generative AI systems is dominated by big companies. C．Only self-selecting experts can handle open models wisely. D．Users can do anything they like with open models at this moment. 23．Regarding Wendy Hall’s suggestions, the author is ______. A．sympathetic B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．opposed 24．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．How to Keep the Lid on the Pandora’s Box of Open AI B．Divides on Open AI: technology and ideology C．Where does the Debate on Open AI End D．Pros and Cons of Open AI （23-24高三下·北京·开学考试）I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic (现实的) is the dream? Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in huge tower blocks, noisy, dirty and unfriendly. The sense of belonging to a group tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. Strangely enough, nowadays people on the same floor don’t even say hello to each other. Country life, on the other hand, differs in that a sense of group generally unites the people of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on a trip to the nearest large town. The city people are often worried by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet. What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off. The city raises a feeling of loneliness, and constant noise beats the senses. But you are at the centre of things, and that life doesn’t come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found or rather bought a solution between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the cities and moving to villages within commuting (通勤) distance of large cities. What then of my dream? I’m eager for the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those energetic males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric fire any evening. 25．Which of the following makes city people unhappy? A．Colorful life. B．A sense of group. C．Close neighborhood. D．A feeling of loneliness. 26．What is difficult to buy in the country? A．Designer clothes. B．Farming tools. C．Daily supplies. D．Fresh vegetables. 27．We can infer from the passage the author ________. A．enjoys living in huge tower blocks B．is in two minds C．will continue his life in the city D．will move to the country （2023·北京东城·二模）September 2022 was apparently the month artificial intelligence essay anxiety boiled over in academia, after a user of an AI writing service claimed to be getting straight A’s with essays “written” using artificial intelligence. Most professors expressed concern. One wrote, “Grading something an AI wrote is an incredibly depressing waste of my life.” As all this online depression was playing out, I asked my students, who were mostly majors in writing, to submit a 2,000-word proposal about a local issue. I asked them to rely on the AI as much as possible. After reviewing their 22 AI essays, I can tell you confidently that the technology just isn’t there. My students used free accessible text generators online and put in a lot of effort. But, if I had believed these were genuine student essays, the very best would have earned somewhere around a C or C-minus. Many of the essays had obvious red flags for AI generation: outdated facts, quotes from prior university presidents presented as current presidents, fictional professors and named student organizations that don’t exist. At the same time, the students reported that using AI required far more time than simply writing their essays the old-fashioned way would have. There has been a fair amount written about the supposed impressiveness of AI-generated text. There are even several high-profile AI-written articles, essays or even scientific papers or screenplays that showcase this impressiveness. In many of these cases, the “authors” have access to higher-quality language models than most students are currently able to use. But, more importantly, the published examples are generally the polished form of professional writers and editors. In contrast, many of my students’ AI-generated essays showed the common problems of student writing—uncertainty about the appropriate writing style, issues with organization and transitions, and inconsistent paragraphing. Obviously, producing a quality essay with AI requires having high writing skill and revising skill to produce appropriate outputs. My experimental so tells me that a good assignment sheet is the best defense against AI essays. If your assignment is “Describe the reasons for the U.S. Civil War”, you are more likely to get AI or downloaded essay submissions. My assignment was a challenge because it asked students to address local issues of concern. There are just not enough relevant examples in the data the AI text generators are drawing from. It has been just over five years since computer scientists declared, “We should stop training radiologists(放射科医生) now. Deep learning is going to do better than radiologists.” Well, we’re still training radiologists, and there’s no indication that deep learning is going to replace human doctors anytime soon. In much the same way, I strongly suspect full-on robot writing will always and forever be “just around the corner”. 28．What can we learn about the students in the experiment? A．Their writing efficiency was affected. B．Their essays were better structured. C．They preferred AI-written essays. D．They overcame AI’s weaknesses. 29．What does the author imply in Paragraph 3? A．Online text generators are far from reliable. B．Genuine student essays deserve higher marks. C．Students need to have better mastery of technology. D．Revising applications decide the quality of AI essays. 30．In the author’s opinion, what may discourage the use of AI text generators? A．Standard criteria B．Strict regulations.. C．Clear instructions. D．Unique writing tasks. 31．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To assess AI’s influence on students’ writing. B．To discuss the threat of AI to the teaching of writing. C．To appeal for the appropriate application of AI text generators. D．To analyse the differences between genuine and Al-written essays. （2023·北京朝阳·二模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 32．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well? A．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. C．When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. D．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. 33．The author believes that. A．humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect B．humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent C．we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI D．shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI 34．As for AIs, what does the author value most? A．Reliability. B．Practicability. C．Reasoning capability. D．Communication ability. 35．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI （2023·北京丰台·二模）Coastal cities worldwide are squeezed by two opposing forces: urban sprawl (扩张) and the rising sea. This struggle is intensely visible in the flatlands where expanding neighborhoods routinely flood and saltwater flooding damages the river mouths that protect communities from the worst of our climate crisis. Massive resources are being put into environmental restoration projects, and development is subject to many layers of approvals. Yet in 2022 the commissioners of a coastal city voted to expand a legal boundary that contains sprawl to allow a 400-acre warehouse project. They are failing to see the value of this land in the greater ecosystem. Wetlands, coastal plains and forests do cheaply (or even for free) what seawalls and pumps do at a cost of billions of dollars. They are vital infrastructure (基础设施) that makes us more resilient against climate change, and the cost of destroying them or weakening their ability to function must be factored into the decisions we make to build and grow. To do so, the economic incentives to develop any natural landscape should be weighed against the protective economic value that land already provides. Economists call this an “avoided damage” valuation. Local planning boards might consider the value of a sand dune or swamp in flood protection versus the expense of replacing it with a seawall and water pump system. Maintaining and restoring natural infrastructure to support healthy functioning saves money, time and lives. The concept of “natural capital”, or the idea that ecosystem services should be valued in a similar manner as any form of wealth, dates back to the 1970s. Markets have always valued wood as a commodity (商品), for example, but not the services that came along with producing it, such as soil maintenance, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling. We didn’t need a market for resources that industrialists saw as abundant (丰富的) and endlessly renewable. This exploitative (开发资源的) assumption turned out to be very wrong. Failing to measure the benefits of ecosystem services in policy and management decisions is a major reason many of those ecosystems disappeared. It also seems crass to place a dollar amount on ecosystems that we’d rather view as priceless, existing for their own sake and valuable to humans in ways that are beyond capitalism. This preciousness is ethically sound. But developers have long confused pricelessness with worthlessness, allowing them to profit without paying for the consequences of destroying the environment. Economic value is never the only reason nature is worth preserving; it is simply a powerful, underused tool to help us make decisions about how to live more sustainably in a climate-changed world. If policy makers considered natural infrastructure in the language of economics, they might recognize just how deeply we rely on it. 36．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．The consequences of the saltwater flooding. B．The cause of the urban sprawl and the rising sea. C．An approval to an environmental restoration project. D．The problem caused by the expansion of coastal cities 37．What can we learn from the passage? A．The idea of natural capital can enhance the profit of commodity. B．The economic growth boosts the protection of natural landscape. C．The abundance of resources is not the reason for devaluing them. D．The exploitation of nature reflects the “avoided damage” valuation. 38．What does the underlined word “crass” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Inadvisable. B．Beneficial. C．Relevant. D．Unrealistic. 39．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To appeal for stricter control over city scale. B．To propose the use of nature as infrastructure. C．To stress the importance of ecosystem services. D．To promote public awareness of nature protection. （2023·北京西城·一模）Technology seems to discourage slow, immersive reading. Reading on a screen, particularly a phone screen, tires your eyes and makes it harder for you to keep your place. So online writing tends to be more skimmable and list-like than print. The cognitive neuroscientist Mary Walt argued recently that this “new norm” of skim reading is producing “an invisible, game-changing transformation” in how readers process words. The neuronal circuit that sustains the brain’s capacity to read now favors the rapid absorption of information, rather than skills developed by deeper reading, like critical analysis. We shouldn’t overplay this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as children as we learn to read more skillfully. From about the age of nine, our eyes start to bounce around the page, reading only about a quarter of the words properly, and filling in the gaps by inference. Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far, the anxieties have proved to be false alarms. “Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline,” the American author Selvin Brown wrote. “No one ever said that poems were evidence of short attention spans.” And yet the Internet has certainly changed the way we read. For a start, it means that there is more to read, because more people than ever are writing. If you time travelled just a few decades into the past, you would wonder at how little writing was happening outside a classroom. And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard. Perhaps we should slow down. Reading is constantly promoted as a social good and source of personal achievement. But this advocacy often emphasizes “enthusiastic”, “passionate” or “eager” reading, none of which adjectives suggest slow, quiet absorption. To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in the words and their slow comprehension of a line of thought. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he has done and just enjoys how his body feels and moves in water. The human need for this kind of deep reading is too tenaciousfor any new technology to destroy. We often assume that technological change can’t be stopped and happens in one direction, so that older media like “dead-tree” books are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading. 40．What is the author’s attitude towards Selvin Brown’s opinion? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Objective. 41．The author would probably agree that. A．advocacy of passionate reading helps promote slow reading B．digital writing leads to too much speaking and not enough reflection C．the public should be aware of the impact skimming has on neuronal circuits D．the number of Internet readers is declining due to the advances of technology 42．What does the underlined word “tenacious” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Comprehensive. B．Complicated. C．Determined. D．Apparent. 43．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Slow Reading Is Here to Stay B．Digital Technology Prevents Slow Reading C．Screen vs. Print: Which Requires Deep Reading? D．Reading Is Not a Race: The Wonder of Deep Reading （2023·北京丰台·一模）Many people would answer the question of what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is no doubt that we are. But one definition of culture is the totality of traditions acquired in a community by social learning from other individuals, and many animal species have traditions. Can we then say that some animals are cultural beings too? One approach to study culture in animals is the so-called Method of Exclusion (排除), in which scientists investigate behavioral variations across populations of one species. In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings. For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too. However, when applying the Method of Exclusion, one has to be very careful. There are other factors that could also explain the pattern of behavioral evaluation. For example, some of the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated occur in only one of the three subspecies. So it’s quite possible that these behaviors also have an innate component. This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes. Another factor that has to be excluded is of course the environment Chimpanzees in Mahale do not fish algae (水藻), simply because algae does not exist there. But when we exclude all the variations that can be explained by genes or environment, we still find that animals do show cultural variations. Does that mean there is no real difference between them and us after all? Not exactly: There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called “cumulative culture”. We don’t have to keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet (棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned forward but not back, people’s cultural techniques evolve. It is likely that behaviors we see today in chimpanzee cultures could be invented over and over again by individual animals themselves. In contrast, a child born today would not be able to invent a computer without the knowledge of many past generations. 44．Why does the author mention the example of the chimpanzees in two parks in Paragraph 2? A．To prove that culture does exist in animals. B．To justify the uniqueness of the research method. C．To compare how chimpanzees behave in different parks. D．To stress the importance of environment in studying culture. 45．What does the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Advanced. B．Inborn. C．Adaptive. D．Intelligent. 46．What can we learn from the passage? A．Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart from animals. B．Culure in animals is as worthy to be valued as human culture. C．Animals don’t have the ability to invent behaviors in a community. D．The “ratchet effect” decides if humans can build on past experiences. （2024·江苏·模拟预测）The expression “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration (汗水)” is often attributed to Thomas Edison. But as we have progressed into the 21st century, I think we should update the saying: “Success is 1% inspiration and 99% preparation.” Indeed, ideas are shooting around faster than ever, but most are worthless because no one does the hard work to implement them. And as we’re in a service economy now, implementation requires hours and hours not of sweat but of preparation. You must do it all: reading, researching, falling into one rabbit hole after another on the Internet to find the right series of test cases and quotes to make your point, and presenting your idea briefly and clearly. Preparation is everything! Watch the amazing 2021 video of the Perseverance rover landing on the surface of Mars. The onboard camera shows the terrain (地形). After the landing, I’m pretty sure one of the scientists exclaims, “Hey, that’s my rock.” In mission preparation, the entire landing area was digitized. The planners knew the placement of every rock and dip in terrain. Churchill famously memorized his speeches and practiced giving them over and over in his bathtub. Some of this was to overcome his stutter (口吃), but it was mainly to get the tone just right. Nothing was off-the-cuff (即兴的). His speeches didn’t sound like they were read from a piece of paper; they felt stream of consciousness. In his finest hours he showed the value of preparation. But, you may ask, why put in any extra effort? ChatGPT can pass Advanced Placement tests, entry exams for law and medical school, and even the bar exam. That probably says more about how poor those tests are than about AI’s ability. But even though AI can answer almost any question you throw at it, it is worthless in an elevator when your boss asks you what you think about new product ideas or sales prospects in Omaha. The only answer comes from that 99% preparation. Study everything, not only the task you’ve been assigned. Dig deep. Come up with ideas and potential solutions. Work on an elevator speech for what excites you. Don’t wing it. Prepare. And trust me, the feeling you get from preparation-induced success is better than anything you can buy at a drugstore. Preparation will make you super great. 47．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．The service economy makes ideas worthless. B．Implementation does not take much time these days. C．Ideas are worthless without preparation and hard work. D．Implementation requires more inspiration than preparation. 48．How does the author try to persuade readers to accept his argument? A．By listing examples. B．By sharing his experience. C．By providing research results. D．By referring to experts’ words. 49．What point is the author trying to make by mentioning ChatGPT? A．ChatGPT is capable of passing various tests. B．Preparation can help you perform better than AI. C．Elevator conversations require high social skills. D．Standard tests do not fully represent one’s abilities. 50．What does the text mainly talk about? A．How we can achieve success with little sweat. B．How we should make preparation for our future. C．Why perspiration still maters in the 21st century. D．Why preparation can pave the way to your success. （2024·浙江台州·一模）Scientists are poor forecasters of the future. But two trends can be confidently predicted. First, the world will get more crowded. There will be more than 9 billion people by 2050. Second, the world will get warmer and some governments won’t prioritize the long-term measures needed to deal with climate change, even though science offers us a road-map to a low-carbon future. That’s why we should be promoters of new technology — without it the world can’t provide the food and sustainable energy needed for an expanding population. But we should also be cautious, as new technologies, such as AI, may be hard to control. AI will undoubtedly become more aggressive in the future. Records of our movements, health and financial transactions will be stored in the cloud. The data may be used for justifiable reasons, such as protein folding and drug development, or to warn us of initial health risks, but its availability to Internet companies is already shifting the balance of power from governments to global-scale corporations. Actually, it’s beyond Earth that AI has the most enormous potential. Humans may have established bases beyond Earth by the year 2100. But don’t ever expect mass emigration (移民) from Earth. It’s a false belief that space offers an escape from our problems. Dealing with climate change on Earth is a piece of cake compared to terraforming (地球化) Mars. Nevertheless, we should cheer on these brave human space adventurers. They’ll be ill-adapted to a Martian habitat, so they’ll have a super motive to redesign themselves. It’s they, not those of us adapted to life on Earth, who will pioneer the post-human era (时代). If post-humans make the shift from flesh and blood to fully artificial intelligence, they won’t need an atmosphere of even gravity, so it’s in deep space — not even on Mars that non biological “brains” may develop powers that we can’t imagine. They may end up being mentally different from us. AI could jump-start a huge emigration and thus even more complex intelligence spreads through the universe. But let’s refocus from the science fiction of the far future closer to the here and now. This century is special. It’s the first, in Earth’s 4.5-billion-year history where one species-ours—holds the planet’s future in its hands. Our intelligence could initiate billions of years of post-human evolution (演化), even more amazing than that which led to us. On the other hand, humans could cause biological, environmental or cyber catastrophes that foreclose all this potential. If science is to save us, we need to think globally, sensibly and long-term—empowered by science, but guided by values that science alone can’t provide. 51．Why does the author mention the two trends in the first paragraph? A．To justify the governments’ policies. B．To criticize scientists’ poor prediction ability. C．To advocate for advancements in tech. D．To highlight the challenges faced by scientists. 52．According to this passage, AI can ________. A．put an end to climate change B．facilitate mass human migration C．speed up the competition in medical fields D．bring about potential threats from big companies 53．As for the future, which of the following will the author agree with? A．Post-humans will echo the history of humans. B．Complex intelligence will dominate the universe. C．Non-biological brains may invite unknown disasters. D．Fully artificial intelligence may inhabit outer space. 54．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Future of Humanity: Could AI Save Us? B．Change or Die: Will Science Lead Further Evolution? C．Towards a Sustainable Future: What Can We Do? D．Unstoppable Trend: Is Complex Intelligence Coming? （2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）In a world where everyone has their own opinions on just about everything, it’s common for people to be critical of each other’s mistakes and imperfections without noticing their own. Some individuals mistakenly think it’s their responsibility to make you into a better person. They do this by first pointing out your shortcomings directly and then providing advice on how you can improve. So what is the possible solution to criticism? If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, please stop. Make a conscious decision rather than highlight the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it. It’s crucial to stay connected to what the other person is talking about, and listen without getting upset, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake? Could I have done better? Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand? If so, how can I improve myself? As for chronic criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary. In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party. 55．What might the author think of people who like to judge others? A．Self-centered. B．Responsible. C．Talkative. D．Warm-hearted. 56．What does a person mean by saying “OK” according to Paragraph 3? A．He thinks the advice is helpful. B．He completely agrees with the comments. C．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments. D．He defends himself with the response. 57．What is the recommended action for dealing with chronic criticizers? A．Embrace their views. B．Criticize them in return. C．Avoid interaction if needed. D．Engage with them regularly. 58．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．The Art of Giving Criticism B．Mastering Self-Defense against Criticism C．Dealing with Personal Relationships Flexibly D．The Path to Self-Improvement through Criticism （2024·湖北武汉·模拟预测）Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. 59．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness? A．People should offer mercy to others. B．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. D．Aggressive people should learn to forgive. 60．What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate? A．To forgive is to love. B．To fight is to grow. C．To dominate is to harm. D．To give is to receive. 61．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness? A．Objective. B．Reserved. C．Favorable. D．Skeptical. 62．What is message of the last paragraph? A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time. C．Actuality is based on potentiality. D．It takes practice to forgive. （2024·山东·三模）We all enjoy being part of a group — there’s no better work than teamwork, right? Actually, I disagree. Teamwork can be hard. In fact, it was so difficult that I left my office job and started working from home on my own. It’s a much better fit for me, and it has made me think about why teamwork can make our jobs harder rather than easier. Personalities can make teamwork difficult. There’s often someone on the team that puts their needs first. The team often goes along with this person, whose ideas might not be the best, just the loudest. Just one difficult personality can make teamwork hard. Combining (结合) several challenging personality types is even harder. Not having enough time together can also make teamwork challenging. To successfully work as a team, you need time together — and lots of it. A final reason why teamwork is difficult is that there’s often no training on how to work on a team. You can’t just put people in a room and expect them to work well with each other. You need to build trust with your team members. Teamwork can be hard, but working alone has its challenges, too. When I have a great idea, I don’t have anyone to share it with to see if it really is a great idea. Don’t get me wrong — I still like my team of one and enjoy making all of the important decisions by myself. But now I realize what was wrong with the teamwork I did in the past and how good teamwork could be if done correctly. And that’s useful information because one day I might want to turn my ME TEAM into a WE TEAM. 63．Why did the writer choose to work from home on his own? A．To keep himself busier. B．To keep himself healthier. C．To make his job easier. D．To make his team harder. 64．Which of the following makes teamwork difficult? A．Strong personalities. B．Lots of teamwork time. C．Challenging ideas. D．More training on teamwork. 65．What do you need to do if you want to work on a team? A．You need to work with others in a room. B．You need to build trust with your team members. C．You just need to make all decisions by yourself. D．You need to have different ideas with your team members. 66．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．A WE TEAM has hardly any advantages. B．A ME TEAM needs a lot of IT engineers. C．A ME TEAM has no challenges for the writer. D．A WE TEAM may be the writer’s choice one day. 67．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To show the advantages of teamwork. B．To explain the difficulties of teamwork. C．To introduce the influence of teamwork. D．To tell the importance of teamwork. （2024·湖北·模拟预测）In Georgia students will be required to build “background knowledge” by reciting all or part of significant poems and speeches. The Arkanses plan calls for students to recite a passage from a well-known poem, play or speech. That’s it: an old-fashioned demand that students memorize the Gettysburg Address or Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” or Gwendolyn Brooks’s We Real Cool and recite it to an audience. Most parents would probably call this a worthy exercise once abandoned for long, gathering the courage to speak in public and firing the adolescent imagination. Who could object to store memorable words in teenage heads otherwise packed with short videos? English teachers, that’s who. Modern educators view memorization as empty repetition, mechanical and prescriptive (规定的) rather than creative or thoughtful. Reciting texts from memory, they say, merely drops information into students’ minds. It’s repetitive learning instead of critical analysis. That’s wrong. Recitation allows students to experience a text as a living thing, ready to be taken up by a new generation. Committing a poem or speech to memory means stepping into the author’s shoes and pondering what he meant. Deciding which words to stress when reciting means thinking about what those words mean. In our age of social media and artificial intelligence, the practice of recitation has never been more needed. Memorizing classic words reminds us that they are alive. Watch the faces of parents as they listen to their children urging us all toward what Martin Luther King called “a dream deeply rooted in the American dream,” or saying with Robert Frost, “I have been one acquainted with the night,” or with Shakespeare, “Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow...” When young reciters return to their seats, they know they have made ageless words their own. What parents and students feel at that moment transcends (超越) a good grade. For a few minutes, hardworking teens become King, Frost or Shakespeare. 68．Why are educators against storing memorable words in teenage heads? A．Memorization is nothing but thoughtful learning. B．Memorization is anything but repetitive learning. C．Memorization does injure teenagers’ heads. D．Memorization does no good to critical analysis. 69．What is the author’s attitude toward recitation? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Opposed. D．Unclear. 70．What does the underlined word “pondering” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Learning from. B．Reflecting on. C．Bringing out. D．Arguing against. 71．How does the author stress the importance of recitation in the social media and AI times? A．By giving examples. B．By analyzing causes. C．By displaying methods. D．By listing figures. （2024·河北唐山·二模）I like an organized, clean house. I am, however, often in the minority in the house. Every time I walk in the front door and make the turn to hang my coat in the mudroom (Amudroom is a space set aside in a house where people can take off their outdoor clothing, remove their soiled shoes, store equipment), I frown at the mess that meets my eyes. Lots of shoes littered all over the floor, along with slippers (拖鞋) and anything you can imagine. No matter how many times I attempt to restore the scene, this room immediately ends up back in mess. The other day I started to think about why the mu droom is the most challenging room to keep in order. I came to the realization that it is because the mu droom is both the beginning and the end, it is the jumping off point to the adventures of our day and it is the storage ground when the sun sets. In turn, those four walls have become a holder of memories, and a museum of my family’s treasures, as each item tells a story of those that I love most. The bright white Nike high tops cast off on the floor belong to my oldest son, nearing 12,presenting his emerging fashion sense. The worn black and blue runners introduce my youngest,a lively tornado in a 10-year-old’s body. The slippers belong to my husband. They were a Christmas present from the boys and me many years ago. During the colder months, it is the first thing that my husband does when he return s home from work, he slips on those grey wool slippers and continues to settle in. He loves and wears them so much that the initial pair wore right through the toe. He won’t part with those treasures but now has a second pair; the exact same make and model. Recently it occurred to me that my annoyance at the mudroom chaos is temporary. This disorder will last only a few years. The boys are getting older, and the toys and mess will move on ... as will my sons eventually. This makes me sad for what I know will feel like a big loss. Each day that I see that collection of goods means that my house is full of love, energy, passion and family. 72．What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 2? A．Intense desire to be clean. B．Strong ha te of the mudroom. C．Ongoing struggle to maintain order. D．Great tension between her and her family. 73．What can we learn from the author’s reflection? A．Her regret and restart. B．Her wonder and willpower. C．Her frustration and forgiveness. D．Her acceptance and appreciation. 74．Why does the story refer to the husband’s slippers? A．To prove their comfort. B．To show their emotional value. C．To offer insight into his daily life. D．To praise his money management. 75．What is the best title of the text? A．Loss? Universal Gain! B．Chaos? Life’s Loving Marks! C．Litter? Proof of Daily Routine! D．Mudroom? Family’s Obligation! （2024·安徽合肥·三模）In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story The Birth-Mark, a chemist called Aylmer marries a young woman, Georgiana, whose only imperfection is a red spot on her left cheek. He considers it a “terrible flaw”. So she asks him to use his skills to remove it. At length Aylmer creates a medicine that has the desired effect: to kill her without pain. Hawthorne’s story illustrates the harm of perfectionism. It is Thomas Curran’s starting-point for a study of what he calls a “hidden epidemic(流行病)”. He thinks the endless efforts for higher standards is mainly a disaster. As a social psychologist at the London School of Economics, Mr. Curran describes himself as “a recovering perfectionist”. Drawing on both academic research and his own experiences, he makes a convincing case. Mr. Curran distinguishes between two sorts of perfectionism. The first, which looks inward, is the unforgiving self-criticizing of the hardworking employees. A second version, directed towards others, is commonly found in bosses who have unrealistic expectations of their staff and sharply criticize their supposed failings. Its victims tend to feel lonely. Often they think about harming themselves. Having noted the potential negative effects, Mr. Curran suggests some causes. These include a lack of job security, unreasonable requirements by helicopter parents and the unhealthy advertising, which fuel consumption and anxiety. “The economy”, he claims, “is based on our discontent. Social media flood users with images of finely sculpted bodies, seemingly perfect dresses and unbelievably romantic weddings.” His greatest attack, though, is directed at society. In this he draws on the thinking of Michael Sandel, a philosopher at Harvard. Especially in the book, The Tyranny of Merit, Professor Sandel has argued that using achievements as a sorting machine leads to a society that is divided into just winners and losers, while ignoring the common good. Like Mr. Curran, Professor Sandel has a good point. 76．Who can be considered as the second type of perfectionist by Thomas Curran? A．Aylmer. B．Georgiana. C．Michael Sandel. D．Nathaniel Hawthorne. 77．According to Thomas Curran, a healthy economy should. A．not have winners or losers B．provide job security for everyone C．be free from advertisements D．not be driven just by anxiety 78．What does the author think of Michael Sandel’s criticism of the society? A．Unfair. B．Convincing. C．Misleading. D．Gentle. 79．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Imperfection of Our Society B．A Review of The Tyranny of Merit C．Comments on Thomas Curran’s Study D．Effective Ways to Deal With Perfectionism 试卷第22页，共22页 试卷第21页，共21页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 《2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递》（北京专用） 专题04 【5年真题1年模拟】阅读理解议论文5年真题16题+最新模拟79题（技能+真题+模拟）解析版 目录 技能专区 1 真题专区 2 模拟专区 9 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 一、阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 三、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 六、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 五、解题步骤： 这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。 1、浏览试题，明确要求。 在阅读文章前，最好先浏览一下文章后面的题干和选项。知道了问题后再去看文章，可使思路更敏捷，而且也便于阅读时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。 2、通读全文，抓住重点。 在不影响理解的前提下，尽可能地阅读以便在尽可能短的时间内理解文章或段落的内容。阅读时，如遇到不熟悉的单词、词组或一时看不懂的句子，不要停下来苦思冥想，继续读下去，通过上下文的词语和句子可能就理解了。 3、关注中心思想和段落大意。 通读全文时，要特别注意主题句。每篇文章或每个段落都有与文章有关的句子，尤其是科技、政论性文章的主题句一般都在文章的开头或结尾，插在中间的很少。所以，文章的第一段或开头的第一、二个句子往往包含着文章的中心思想、作者的意图或全文的概述，因此要特别注意，彻底理解。 4、针对性地阅读寻找所需信息。 在前面的基础上，可进行有针对性地阅读了。把与问题无关的内容一扫而过，而对于和问题有关的内容认真阅读，还可以用笔在下面做出记号。再把这些信息与问题的要求结合起来，逐条分析，综合判断，找出正确答案。 5、进行合理的推理判断。 对文章有了全面的了解之后，可以按照文章要求以及上下文之间的关系，做出推理判断。在进行推理判断的时候，需要综合考虑句型、语法、句子之间的逻辑关系、文化背景等方面的因素。 6、认真复读，验证答案。 要用全文的中心思想统帅各个题目，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，并依次审核那些还未打上的题目，确保理解无误。 真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！ 真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. . appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C29. B30. A31. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 28.推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 29.词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 30.推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 31.推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 真题演练02（2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 2. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 3. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 1. 推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 3. 词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 真题演练03（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 5. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B. Everyone can define time on their own terms. C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 6. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________. A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 7. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 8. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time. B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless. C. We should live in harmony with nature. D. History is a mirror reflecting reality. 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. C 【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 5. 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. (即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St. Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 6. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. (我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 7. 细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect. （如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。 8. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. (我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 真题演练04（2020·北京·高考真题）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 9. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 10. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 11. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 12. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 9. 词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 10. 细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 11. 推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 12. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！ （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）All over the world, formal education supplies the economy with workers who will increase productivity to fuel the economic machine. But this machine now threatens our very survival. If the entire world reaches the levels of consumption seen in high-income countries today, we’ll need multiple planet Earths to supply the resources. The absurd (荒谬的) idea of infinite growth within a finite territory is at the heart of our economic system. To keep this machine running, formal education generates ever more efficient “human capital”. Increasing productivity metrics (指标) rather than the individuality of students drives our civilization’s approach to schooling our young people. Whereas the Sustainable Development Goals call for turning education into a force for sustainability, the opposite is often true: The ways Western societies have come to think about education undermine our ability to deal with the environmental crisis. To get through this crisis, we need to cultivate our imagination, not undermine it. Growing up, none of my schooling fostered my ability to imagine a world different from what I saw around me. Besides, I realize the suppression (抑制) of children’s imagination doesn’t take place only in underresourced communities, but in “elite” institutions that tout “critical thinking”. Schools want to see their graduates succeed, and success is too often about maintaining current structures — not about reimagining their foundations. Essentially, our education systems shape children in the image of artificial intelligence. The perfect “worker”, AI, continually improves its own productivity but doesn’t challenge the larger structures within which it operates. It is one of the great paradoxes of our time that we invest so much into building supercomputers while marginalizing the imaginative potential of millions of human brains. What’s more, we even put our hope in solving the environmental crisis on AI. But AI, like our other technologies, can only treat the symptoms of the environmental crisis, not the causes Throughout history, achievers of great change have relied on their imaginations to address fundamental flaws in society. In my country of birth, communists kept their dreams of democracy alive for decades by imagining different futures. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela’s followers had to be radical (激进的) in their imagination to create a vision of a fairer society. Imagining democracy when living under a totalitarian regime (极权主义政权) isn’t that different from imagining degrowth when living in a world of infinite growth. The kind of intelligence that Nelson Mandela and such possessed was not artificial. The ability to reimagine the future and disrupt the current situation remains a distinctly human quality. Unlike AI, children are naturally imaginative and question the premises of society. In my research, I have observed that younger children are often the most radical in imagining different futures. As long as our imagination is curtailed, ideas like degrowth sound utopian (乌托邦的) to many, Cultivating imagination means learning from history’s disrupters who made the  impossible possible. Instead of dismissing “childish” ideas about the world’s future, it means seeing inspiration in children’s imaginations. In an education system that celebrates imagination, arts and creativity are as important as math and science. Idealism coexists with pragmatism. The environmental crisis is not a crisis of technology or science, it is a crisis of imagination. If we let children be our guides, we might be able to imagine our way to survival. 1．The author hopes education can play its role in ________. A．developing human resources B．promoting sustainable development C．increasing productivity D．maximizing economic growth 2．From the passage, we can learn that _________. A．imagination isn’t well developed in schools B．AI helps exploit the potential of human brains C．graduates’ success changes the social structures D．AI can address the root cause of economic crisis 3．Nelson Mandela is mentioned as _________. A．a success in building a fair society B．a leader who had a great influence C．a pioneer possessing the quality of AI D．an inspiration to solve social problems 4．According to the passage, the author may agree that _________. A．children’s imagination ensures human’s survival B．the environmental crisis results from technology C．imagination can help solve environmental crisis D．the “childish” ideas will ruin the world’s future 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕当前教育系统如何影响人类应对环境危机的能力展开讨论，提出了对现有教育模式的批判，并强调了培养想象力和创新能力的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Whereas the Sustainable Development Goals call for turning education into a force for sustainability, the opposite is often true: The ways Western societies have come to think about education undermine our ability to deal with the environmental crisis. To get through this crisis, we need to cultivate our imagination, not undermine it. (虽然可持续发展目标呼吁将教育转变为可持续发展的力量，但事实往往恰恰相反：西方社会对教育的思考方式削弱了我们应对环境危机的能力。为了度过这场危机，我们需要培养我们的想象力，而不是削弱它)”可推知，作者希望教育能在促进可持续发展方面发挥作用。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Growing up, none of my schooling fostered my ability to imagine a world different from what I saw around me. Besides, I realize the suppression (抑制) of children’s imagination doesn’t take place only in underresourced communities, but in “elite” institutions that tout “critical thinking”. Schools want to see their graduates succeed, and success is too often about maintaining current structures — not about reimagining their foundations. (从小到大，我所受的学校教育都没有培养我想象一个不同于我所看到的世界的能力。此外，我意识到对儿童想象力的压制不仅发生在资源匮乏的社区，也发生在鼓吹“批判性思维”的“精英”机构。学校希望看到他们的毕业生成功，而成功往往是维持现有的结构，而不是重新构想他们的基础)”可推知，学校教育中想象力并未得到充分发展。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“In South Africa, Nelson Mandela’s followers had to be radical (激进的) in their imagination to create a vision of a fairer society. Imagining democracy when living under a totalitarian regime (极权主义政权) isn’t that different from imagining degrowth when living in a world of infinite growth. (在南非，Nelson Mandela的追随者必须在他们的想象中变得激进，才能创造一个更公平的社会。生活在极权主义政权下想象民主与生活在无限增长的世界里想象去增长并没有什么不同)”可推知，提及Nelson Mandela是为了强调其作为历史变革者的角色，他拥有重新构想未来的独特人类特质，从而激励人们解决社会问题，作为一个解决社会问题的灵感来源。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Whereas the Sustainable Development Goals call for turning education into a force for sustainability, the opposite is often true: The ways Western societies have come to think about education undermine our ability to deal with the environmental crisis. To get through this crisis, we need to cultivate our imagination, not undermine it. (虽然可持续发展目标呼吁将教育转变为可持续发展的力量，但事实往往恰恰相反：西方社会对教育的思考方式削弱了我们应对环境危机的能力。为了度过这场危机，我们需要培养我们的想象力，而不是削弱它)”和最后一段中的“The environmental crisis is not a crisis of technology or science, it is a crisis of imagination. If we let children be our guides, we might be able to imagine our way to survival. (环境危机不是技术或科学的危机，而是想象力的危机。如果我们让孩子成为我们的向导，我们也许能够想象我们的生存之路)”可知，作者认为想象力是解决环境危机的关键，如果释放孩子们的想象力并从中得到启发，我们或许能够想象出通往生存的道路。由此推知，作者同意想象力有助于解决环境危机的观点。故选C。 （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us tide through difficult times in our lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 5．What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A．Positive. B．Satisfied. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 6．The author answers the question in the second paragraph with. A．evidence and argument B．opinions and persuasion C．examples and conclusion D．descriptions and analysis 7．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by . A．speaking loudly B．laughing hard C．acting strangely D．explaining carefully 8．In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to . A．talk about his own understanding of humor B．introduce a practical way to get through daily life C．encourage people to make jokes about serious matters D．convince people of the power of being optimistic about life 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．B 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是幽默和笑的重要性。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today(当今世界存在着残酷的战争、战斗和悲伤)”可知，作者对当今世界持批评的态度，故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you.(我总是说一些让别人微笑或大笑的话，即使我不知道和我开玩笑的人是谁。我奶奶总是在她做的每件事中找到幽默，即使那是任何人能想象到的最困难的工作。这不仅在任何情况下都能缓解压力，而且对你周围的人说话也是一种礼貌。)”可知，第二段用证据来说明幽默的好处，因此是通过证据与论证来回答第二段的问题，故选A。 7．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh.(他们周围的每个人都可能在听到一个很棒的笑话后在地板上打滚，他们会坐在那里，脸上没有一丝微笑。他们听不懂让别人发笑的笑话。)”和“while they just sit there(而他们只是坐在那里)”可知，作者听到笑话会笑得很厉害，划线短语busting a gut的意思是“大笑”。故选B。 8．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.(我们都需要找到一种方法来绕过悲伤，给我们的生活带来一点光明。所以，我相信我们最好的药是聚在一起，讲一些笑话，一起笑得开心。)”可知，本文作者给大家论述了幽默和笑的重要性，因此目的是让人们相信对生活保持乐观的力量。故选D。 （2024·北京东城·二模）You might not think that an AI capable of making music would stimulate your emotion, but others think differently, particularly those who gathered at Mexico City’s Symphony Hall in 2019 for Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony, which I finished using melodies generated by an AI. As the orchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s original work and began the music the AI and I had written, I could feel the crowd’s energy shift from astonishment to indignation and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able to make emotional symphonic music. You can see their point: an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small, but profound way, just like a human musician does. Positive and negative, people reacted very strongly to AI’s symphonic debut (首秀). Even though most people don’t believe that AI can create something enjoyable, they, at least partly, did enjoy the Unfinished Symphony. Enjoyment in music implies that there’s something in the music that the listener connects to, a perception of shared emotion. But, in the case of AI music, an emotion shared with who? AI, as of yet, has no emotions. So what is the meaning of music made without an emotional composer? The unsatisfying answer is that music has no objective meaning. A composer can decide how a piece of music sounds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means. No matter how it’s created, music doesn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) to the listener. The meaning we assign to music depends on its context — how the piece connects to other elements in our lives. Without context, music is like the results of a game whose rules have been lost. The context for a music is part of who you are. The music is emotional to you because you have the context to appreciate it. As it continues to evolve, AI music will develop its own context. Certainly, it’ll be different from human-made music. It’ll mix existing genres to create new ones; it’ll combine instruments that we wouldn’t think of combining. Its rules will be different. I’m now always asked the same question: “Who put the emotion in that music: you, the composer, or the AI?” But that’s not the question they really want to ask, though. There’s a deeper question that most people are too afraid to ask right now: “Are my emotions so simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?” In my experience, this could be possible one day. If a modestly capable music AI in 2019 could stir up emotions of an audience, maybe AI can have a more powerful effect on our emotional lives than we’d like to admit. 9．The audience reacted strongly to the symphony mainly due to ______. A．their doubts about AI’s capabilities B．their uneasiness about AI’s influence C．the orchestra’s brilliant presentation of AI music D．the likeness between AI music and the original work 10．What might the author agree with? A．AI poses little impact on people’s emotions. B．Music bears no intended emotional meaning. C．AI music will outperform human-made music. D．The context reflects people’s interpretation of music. 11．What does the word “maneuvered” underlined in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Refreshed. B．Challenged. C．Revealed. D．Directed. 12．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Are Composers To Be Replaced? B．Would AI Music Be a Rising Trend? C．Could AI Make Music That Moves You? D．Was the Unfinished Symphony Successful? 【答案】9．B 10．B 11．D 12．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题，论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“As the orchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s original work and began the music the AI and I had written, I could feel the crowd’s energy shift from astonishment to indignation and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able to make emotional symphonic music. You can see their point: an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small, but profound way, just like a human musician does.(当管弦乐队演奏完舒伯特的原创作品，开始演奏人工智能和我共同创作的音乐时，我能感觉到观众的情绪从惊讶转变为愤怒和恐惧。他们似乎担心人工智能可能会创作出充满情感的交响乐。你可以看到他们的观点：一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活，就像一个人类音乐家一样。)”可知，观众之所以对交响曲反应强烈，主要是因为对人工智能的影响感到不安。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段“AI, as of yet, has no emotions. So what is the meaning of music made without an emotional composer? The unsatisfying answer is that music has no objective meaning. A composer can decide how a piece of music sounds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means.(到目前为止，人工智能还没有情感。那么，没有情感作曲家的音乐有什么意义呢?令人不满意的答案是，音乐没有客观意义。作曲家可以决定一段音乐的声音，但听众可以决定它的意义。)”可知，作者可能会同意音乐没有预期的情感含义。故选B。 11．词句猜测题。根据第二段“You can see their point: an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small, but profound way, just like a human musician does.(你可以看到他们的观点：一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活，就像一个人类音乐家一样。)”以及划线词上文“Are my emotions so simple that they can be”和后文“by a machine”可知，人工智能制作的音乐可以影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活，所以大多数人不敢问的问题是：我的情绪是否简单到可以被机器操纵？故划线词意思是“操纵”，与D选项Directed“指示，指导”意思最接近。故选D。 12．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Positive and negative, people reacted very strongly to AI’s symphonic debut (首秀). Even though most people don’t believe that AI can create something enjoyable, they, at least partly, did enjoy the Unfinished Symphony.(不管是正面还是负面，人们对AI的交响乐首演反应非常强烈。尽管大多数人不相信人工智能可以创造出令人愉快的东西，但他们（至少在一定程度上）确实喜欢《未完成的交响曲》)”结合文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题，论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。可知，C选项“人工智能能做出打动你的音乐吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。 （2024·北京·三模）Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution, which has occurred ever since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time? Moreover, people like war, and will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice. Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted. There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb. 13．From the passage we can learn that war now is ______. A．as bad as in the past B．worse than in the past C．as necessary as in the past D．not so dangerous as in the past 14．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Men, as well as war, will have to make the ultimate choice between the two. B．Modern technology has empowered man to choose whether to have war or not. C．At least 6,000 years later, man has finally decided to abandon war once and for all. D．People will eventually destroy themselves if they choose to go to war at modern times. 15．As for ideology, what does the author intend to tell us? A．Certain ideology is superior regarding its truthfulness. B．It is useless to adopt an ideology to prevent war. C．Not every ideology is not worth fighting for. D．It is wrong to follow any ideology. 16．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．War or No War, That Is A Question B．Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race C．Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration D．From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts 【答案】13．B 14．D 15．B 16．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。在当前的国际形势之下，作者阐述人类应该以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是把它看作武力的较量。这种方式就是通过根据公认的法律原则进行仲裁。 13．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Modem technology has changed this”（现代科技改变了这一点）以及“For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat.”（目前，造成最严重危险的是核武器，但不久之后，细菌或化学武器可能带来更大的威胁。）可推知，现在的战争比过去更糟糕。故选B。 14．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. ”（要么人会消灭战争，要么战争会消灭人。目前，造成最严重危险的是核武器，但细菌或化学武器不久可能会带来更大的威胁。如果我们成功地废除了核武器，我们的工作也还没有完成。除非我们成功地废除了战争，否则这是永远不会实现的。）可知，只有成功废除战争，才能算做完成人类的工作，由此可推知，如果人们选择在现代进行战争，他们最终将自我毁灭。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.”（所有的意识形态都建立在武断的陈述之上，往好了说，这些陈述是可疑的，往坏了说，这些陈述是完全错误的。他们的追随者如此狂热地相信他们，以至于他们愿意为了支持他们而去打仗。）可推知，采用意识形态来防止战争是无用的。故选B。 16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段“To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law .”（要做到这一点，我们需要说服人类以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是将其视为武力的较量，在这种较量中，胜利属于最善于杀人的一方，而是通过根据商定的法律原则进行仲裁。）可知，作者呼吁人们以新的方式看待国际问题，通过仲裁来解决问题，以此来废除战争，因此，C选项“Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration”（走向无战争的未来：全球仲裁的呼吁）最能概括全文内容。故选C。 （2024·北京海淀·一模）“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 17．What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A．Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work. B．Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C．People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D．The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection. 18．The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______. A．the enormous efforts of scientists at work B．the reliability of potential research results C．the public’s passion for scientific findings D．the improvement in the quality of evidence 19．The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______. A．discouraging B．ineffective C．unfair D．misleading 20．The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______. A．doubtful but sincere B．disapproving but soft C．authoritative and direct D．reflective and humorous 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．A 20．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲心理学教授BrianNosek提出“假定自己是错的”这一建议用于追求更好的科学，文章围绕该建议展开，论述其背景、面临的挑战及担忧，作者虽对这一假说存疑，但喜欢该建议，希望借助科学社区和方法工具，共同减少错误。 17．推理判断题。根据第三段的“But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.(但方法改革并非没有一些烦恼和摩擦。方法论改革家说了很多难听的话，也说了很多关于他们的坏话。很少有人喜欢自己毕生工作的价值受到质疑。另一方面，很少有人善于以善意和建设性的方式提出批评。所以，挑战的一部分是弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，这样它就会成为这个过程中受欢迎的、完整的一部分，而不是令人尴尬的杂耍)”可知，方法上的改革面临一些挑战，其中之一就是要弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，使其成为过程中受欢迎和整合的一部分，这说明科学社区应该实践批判性自我反思。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares.(相反，从假设你是错的开始，批评更容易被解释为如何减少错误的建设性建议——你的批评者可能也有同样的目标)”及第五段的“Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.(如果不了解科学是如何运作的，就很容易把不确定性或分歧当作反对科学的标志，而事实上，它们恰恰反映了科学的一些特征，正是这些特征使科学成为我们得出关于世界的可靠结论的最佳途径。科学是可靠的，因为它对证据作出反应：随着证据数量和质量的提高，我们的理论也可以而且应该改变) ”可知，“假定自己是错的”这种策略有助于科学家寻找更多的证据，提高了潜在研究结果的可靠性。故选B。 19．词句猜测题。根据第五段的“One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science.(对这种方法的一个担忧是，它可能会使科学家……。努力少犯错误的动机可能不如承诺正确的动机有效。另一个担忧是，在科学领域行之有效的策略在与公众交流科学时可能会适得其反。如果不了解科学是如何运作的，就很容易把不确定性或分歧当作反对科学的标志)”可知，在科学领域，追求完全正确往往是一个理想化的目标，因为实现这个目标可能是困难的，甚至是不可能的。相比之下，追求变得“不那么错误”可能更为现实和可行。这种方法鼓励科学家不断学习和改进，接受在研究过程中会犯错的可能性，从而更好地理解和解决问题。虽然这种方法可能会减轻一些压力，但也可能会在一定程度上降低科学家的动机和信心，因为他们可能会觉得自己永远无法达到完美的正确性。因此，“假定自己是错的”这种策略可能会让科学家感到士气低落。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of  community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of  getting things right.(尽管存在这些担忧，但我喜欢诺塞克的建议，因为它建立了认知上的谦卑，以及我们可以做得更好的感觉。它还建立了一种社区意识——当我们做错事的时候，我们都在同一条船上)”及最后一段的“Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.(不幸的是，这仍然给我们留下了一个未经检验的假设：假设一个人是错的可以改变社会规范，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能是更好的生活决策。我不知道这是不是真的。事实上，我应该假设这是错的。但是有了科学界和我们最好的方法论工具的帮助，我希望我们能一起减少错误)”可知，作者用幽默的语调一方面承认自己不确定这个假说是否正确，另一方面又对其抱有希望。由此推知，作者在谈论这个未经检验的假设时使用的语气是反思和幽默的。故选D。 （2024·北京延庆·一模）It is rapidly emerging as one of the most important technological, and increasingly ideological, divides of our times: should powerful generative artificial intelligence systems be open or closed? Supporters say they broaden access to the technology, stimulate innovation and improve reliability by encouraging outside scrutiny. Far cheaper to develop and deploy, smaller open models also inject competition into a field dominated by big US companies such as Google. Microsoft and OpenAI that have invested billions developing massive, closed and closely controlled generative Al systems. But detractors argue open models risk lifting the lid on a Pandora’s box of troubles. Bad actors can exploit them to spread personalised disinformation, while terrorists might use them to manufacture cyber or bio weapons. “The danger of open source is that it enables more crazies to do crazy things, “Geoffrey Hinton, one of the pioneers of modern AI, has warned. The history of OpenAI, which developed the popular ChatGPT chatbot, is itself instructive. As its name suggests, the research company was founded in 2015 with a commitment to develop the technology as openly as possible. But it later abandoned that approach for both competitive and safety reasons. Once OpenAI realised that its generative AI models were going to be “unbelievably potent”, it made little sense to open source them, Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI’s chief scientist said. Supporters of open models hit back, ridiculing the idea that open generative AI models enable people to access information they could not otherwise find from the internet or a rogue scientist. They also highlight the competitive self-interest of the big tech companies in shouting about the dangers of open models, whose intention is to establish their own market dominance strongly. But there is an ideological dimension to this debate, too. Yann LeCun, chief scientist of Meta, has likened the arguments for controlling the technology to medieval obscurantism (蒙昧主义): the belief that only a self-selecting priesthood of experts is wise enough to handle knowledge. In the future, all our interactions with the vast digital repository of human knowledge will be mediated through Al systems. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. Just as the internet flourished by resisting attempts to enclose it, so AI will thrive by remaining open, LeCun argues. Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative Al. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests. We should certainly resist the tyranny (暴政) of the binary (二进制) when it comes to thinking about AI models. Both open and closed models have their benefits and flaws. As the capabilities of these models evolve, we will constantly have to tweak the weightings between competition and control. 21．What does the underlined word “potent” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Accessible. B．Powerful. C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable. 22．What can we learn from this passage? A．It needs billions of dollars to develop and deploy open-source models. B．The field of generative AI systems is dominated by big companies. C．Only self-selecting experts can handle open models wisely. D．Users can do anything they like with open models at this moment. 23．Regarding Wendy Hall’s suggestions, the author is ______. A．sympathetic B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．opposed 24．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．How to Keep the Lid on the Pandora’s Box of Open AI B．Divides on Open AI: technology and ideology C．Where does the Debate on Open AI End D．Pros and Cons of Open AI 【答案】21．B 22．B 23．A 24．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕“生成式人工智能系统应该是开放的还是封闭的”这一论题展开，分析了开放和封闭两种观点的支持者和反对者的论据，以及这一争论背后的技术、安全和意识形态等方面的考量。 21．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一段““The danger of open source is that it enables more crazies to do crazy things, “Geoffrey Hinton, one of the pioneers of modern AI, has warned. (现代人工智能的先驱之一Geoffrey Hinton警告称：“开源的危险在于，它让更多的疯子能够做疯狂的事情。”)”可推测，OpenAI意识到其生成式人工智能模型功能很强大。选项A“Accessible (可进入的)”；选项B“Powerful (强大的)”；选项C“Significant (重要的)”；选项D“Unnoticeable (未被注意的)”。故选B。 22．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Far cheaper to develop and deploy, smaller open models also inject competition into a field dominated by big US companies such as Google. Microsoft and OpenAI that have invested billions developing massive, closed and closely controlled generative Al systems. (更小的开放式模型的开发和部署成本要低得多，也为谷歌(Google)等美国大公司主导的领域注入了竞争。微软和OpenAI已经投入数十亿美元开发大规模、封闭和严格控制的生成人工智能系统。)”可推测出，生成式AI系统领域主要由大公司主导。故选B。 23．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative Al. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests. (南安普顿大学计算机科学皇家教授Wendy Hall表示，我们不希望生活在一个只有大公司运行生成式人工智能的世界里，也不希望允许用户用开放模型做任何他们喜欢的事情。“我们必须找到一些妥协”，她建议道。)”以及最后一段“We should certainly resist the tyranny (暴政) of the binary (二进制) when it comes to thinking about AI models. Both open and closed models have their benefits and flaws. As the capabilities of these models evolve, we will constantly have to tweak the weightings between competition and control. (在考虑人工智能模型时，我们当然应该抵制二进制的暴政。开放和封闭模式都有各自的优点和缺点。随着这些模型功能的发展，我们将不断调整竞争和控制之间的权重。)”可推测，作者对于Wendy Hall的建议表示了理解和同情。Wendy Hall认为，尽管开放模型可能带来风险，但我们应该努力解决这些问题，而不是简单地封闭这些系统。作者通过引用Wendy Hall的观点，表达了对她这一立场的理解和支持，认为她提出的观点是合理和有见地的。故选A。 24．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“It is rapidly emerging as one of the most important technological, and increasingly ideological, divides of our times: should powerful generative artificial intelligence systems be open or closed? (它正迅速成为我们这个时代最重要的技术和意识形态分歧之一：强大的生成式人工智能系统应该是开放的还是封闭的？)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要探讨了关于生成式人工智能系统（Open AI）是否应该开放或封闭的争论。选项A“How to Keep the Lid on the Pandora’s Box of Open AI(如何为开放AI的潘多拉魔盒盖上盖子)”恰如其分地抓住了这篇文章的本质，它讨论了在人工智能模型的发展中，需要在开放性和控制力之间取得平衡。它将人工智能的潜力比作潘多拉的盒子，强调了其好处和风险的双重性质。这个标题表明，有必要仔细管理这个“盒子”上的“盖子”，以确保人工智能的潜力得到利用，同时减轻其潜在的危害。故选A。 （23-24高三下·北京·开学考试）I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic (现实的) is the dream? Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in huge tower blocks, noisy, dirty and unfriendly. The sense of belonging to a group tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. Strangely enough, nowadays people on the same floor don’t even say hello to each other. Country life, on the other hand, differs in that a sense of group generally unites the people of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on a trip to the nearest large town. The city people are often worried by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet. What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off. The city raises a feeling of loneliness, and constant noise beats the senses. But you are at the centre of things, and that life doesn’t come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found or rather bought a solution between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the cities and moving to villages within commuting (通勤) distance of large cities. What then of my dream? I’m eager for the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those energetic males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric fire any evening. 25．Which of the following makes city people unhappy? A．Colorful life. B．A sense of group. C．Close neighborhood. D．A feeling of loneliness. 26．What is difficult to buy in the country? A．Designer clothes. B．Farming tools. C．Daily supplies. D．Fresh vegetables. 27．We can infer from the passage the author ________. A．enjoys living in huge tower blocks B．is in two minds C．will continue his life in the city D．will move to the country 【答案】25．D 26．A 27．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了城市生活和乡村生活的优缺点。作者对乡村生活抱有向往，但又担心离开城市会带来不便。作者最后提到一些人通过搬到靠近大城市的村庄来寻求城乡结合的平衡。 25．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The sense of belonging to a group tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. Strangely enough, nowadays people on the same floor don’t even say hello to each other.(当你住在15层楼上时，群体归属感往往会消失。奇怪的是，现在同一层楼的人甚至不互相打招呼)”、第三段中“The city people are often worried by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.(城里人常常被一种难以忍受的寂静和宁静所困扰)”和第四段中“The city raises a feeling of loneliness(这座城市给人一种孤独的感觉)”可推知，城市生活的人没有群体归属感，被难以忍受的寂静和宁静所困扰，城市给人的孤独感使城市里的人不快乐。故选D项。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on a trip to the nearest large town.(但你与城市里发生的激动人心的重要事件隔绝也是事实。购物成了一个大问题，如果要买任何稍微不寻常的东西，你就得去最近的大城市)”可知，在乡村生活购物是一个大问题，名牌服装之类的特别商品很难买到。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“What then of my dream? I’m eager for the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those energetic males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric fire any evening.(那我的梦想呢?我渴望这个主意，但是，你看看我的猫，托比。我根本不敢确定它会喜欢在长长的草丛里呼吸新鲜空气和运动。你能想象它和农场里那些精力充沛的公猫混在一起吗?不，它宁愿每晚都呆在电暖炉旁)”可知，作者借自己的猫来表达自己的想法，比起回归自然，他更愿意生活在有电暖炉的城市，所以作者会继续在城里生活。故选C项。 （2023·北京东城·二模）September 2022 was apparently the month artificial intelligence essay anxiety boiled over in academia, after a user of an AI writing service claimed to be getting straight A’s with essays “written” using artificial intelligence. Most professors expressed concern. One wrote, “Grading something an AI wrote is an incredibly depressing waste of my life.” As all this online depression was playing out, I asked my students, who were mostly majors in writing, to submit a 2,000-word proposal about a local issue. I asked them to rely on the AI as much as possible. After reviewing their 22 AI essays, I can tell you confidently that the technology just isn’t there. My students used free accessible text generators online and put in a lot of effort. But, if I had believed these were genuine student essays, the very best would have earned somewhere around a C or C-minus. Many of the essays had obvious red flags for AI generation: outdated facts, quotes from prior university presidents presented as current presidents, fictional professors and named student organizations that don’t exist. At the same time, the students reported that using AI required far more time than simply writing their essays the old-fashioned way would have. There has been a fair amount written about the supposed impressiveness of AI-generated text. There are even several high-profile AI-written articles, essays or even scientific papers or screenplays that showcase this impressiveness. In many of these cases, the “authors” have access to higher-quality language models than most students are currently able to use. But, more importantly, the published examples are generally the polished form of professional writers and editors. In contrast, many of my students’ AI-generated essays showed the common problems of student writing—uncertainty about the appropriate writing style, issues with organization and transitions, and inconsistent paragraphing. Obviously, producing a quality essay with AI requires having high writing skill and revising skill to produce appropriate outputs. My experimental so tells me that a good assignment sheet is the best defense against AI essays. If your assignment is “Describe the reasons for the U.S. Civil War”, you are more likely to get AI or downloaded essay submissions. My assignment was a challenge because it asked students to address local issues of concern. There are just not enough relevant examples in the data the AI text generators are drawing from. It has been just over five years since computer scientists declared, “We should stop training radiologists(放射科医生) now. Deep learning is going to do better than radiologists.” Well, we’re still training radiologists, and there’s no indication that deep learning is going to replace human doctors anytime soon. In much the same way, I strongly suspect full-on robot writing will always and forever be “just around the corner”. 28．What can we learn about the students in the experiment? A．Their writing efficiency was affected. B．Their essays were better structured. C．They preferred AI-written essays. D．They overcame AI’s weaknesses. 29．What does the author imply in Paragraph 3? A．Online text generators are far from reliable. B．Genuine student essays deserve higher marks. C．Students need to have better mastery of technology. D．Revising applications decide the quality of AI essays. 30．In the author’s opinion, what may discourage the use of AI text generators? A．Standard criteria B．Strict regulations.. C．Clear instructions. D．Unique writing tasks. 31．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To assess AI’s influence on students’ writing. B．To discuss the threat of AI to the teaching of writing. C．To appeal for the appropriate application of AI text generators. D．To analyse the differences between genuine and Al-written essays. 【答案】28．A 29．A 30．D 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能引发的学术焦虑，作者通过实验告诉我们，我们不需要过于担忧人工智能的使用。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“As all this online depression was playing out, I asked my students, who were mostly majors in writing, to submit a 2,000-word proposal about a local issue.  I asked them to rely on the AI as much as possible.(随着网上的沮丧情绪愈演愈烈，我让我的学生们(他们大多是写作专业的学生)就一个当地问题提交一份2000字的提案。我要求他们尽可能地依赖AI。)”“At the same time, the students reported that using AI required far more time than simply writing their essays the old-fashioned way would have.(与此同时，学生们报告说，使用人工智能比简单地用传统方式写论文需要更多的时间。)”可知，作者要求学生尽可能依赖AI来进行写作，而学生认为这样要比传统的写论文更费时间。由此判断，使用AI技术使得学生的写作效率受到了影响。故选A。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“But, more importantly, the published examples are generally the polished form of professional writers and editors. In contrast, many of my students’ AI-generated essays showed the common problems of student writing—uncertainty about the appropriate writing style, issues with organization and transitions, and inconsistent paragraphing. Obviously, producing a quality essay with AI requires having high writing skill and revising skill to produce appropriate outputs.(但是，更重要的是，发表的例子通常是专业作家和编辑的润色形式。相比之下，我的许多学生的人工智能论文显示了学生写作的常见问题——不确定合适的写作风格，组织和过渡的问题，以及不一致的分段。显然，用人工智能写一篇高质量的文章需要有很高的写作技巧和修改技巧来产生适当的输出。)”可以推断，用AI文本生成器想写一篇高质量的文章是不太可能的。因此，作者认为AI文本生成器并不可靠。故选A。 30．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“My experimental so tells me that a good assignment sheet is the best defense against AI essays. If your assignment is “Describe the reasons for the U.S. Civil War”, you are more likely to get AI or downloaded essay submissions. My assignment was a challenge because it asked students to address local issues of concern. There are just not enough relevant examples in the data the AI text generators are drawing from.(我的实验告诉我，一份好的作业表是对抗人工智能论文的最佳方法。如果你的作业是“描述美国内战的原因”，你更有可能得到人工智能或下载的论文提交。我的作业是一个挑战，因为它要求学生解决当地关注的问题。AI文本生成器所使用的数据中没有足够的相关例子。)”可知，作者认为如果不想让学生使用AI文本生成器，教师可以布置独特的写作任务，这样学生就无法使用AI文本生成器。故选D。 31．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“September 2022 was apparently the month artificial intelligence essay anxiety boiled over in academia, after a user of an AI writing service claimed to be getting straight A’s with essays “written” using artificial intelligence.(2022年9月显然是人工智能论文焦虑在学术界爆发的一个月，此前一名人工智能写作服务的用户声称，用人工智能“写”的论文得到了全A。大多数教授对此表示担忧。)”以及最后一段“In much the same way, I strongly suspect full-on robot writing will always and forever be “just around the corner”(同样地，我强烈怀疑完全的机器人写作将永远是“指日可待”。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了人工智能对于写作教学的威胁，作者认为人们无需太过于担忧机器人写作会代替学生写作。故选B。 （2023·北京朝阳·二模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 32．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well? A．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. C．When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. D．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. 33．The author believes that. A．humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect B．humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent C．we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI D．shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI 34．As for AIs, what does the author value most? A．Reliability. B．Practicability. C．Reasoning capability. D．Communication ability. 35．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 【答案】32．C 33．B 34．C 35．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。 32．推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own.  (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。A项“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”、B项“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望。C项“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论。故选C。 33．推理判断题。根据第三段“In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. (心理学家将推断他人精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题。例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，人类在一定程度上限制了人工智能的思维理论。故选B。 34．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. (然而，我们可能仍然希望人工智能拥有一种更像人类的思维理论。人类可以用共同的语言和想法向彼此清楚地解释他们的目标和欲望。虽然让人工智能在学习过程中形成思维理论可能会导致开发出更强大的人工智能，但以共享的方式表达知识可能对人类信任人工智能和与人工智能交流至关重要)”可知，关于人工智能，作者最看重的是它的推理能力，这样才能实现人类人工智能的交流。故选C。 35．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. (然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：建造真正有自我意识的机器)”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 （2023·北京丰台·二模）Coastal cities worldwide are squeezed by two opposing forces: urban sprawl (扩张) and the rising sea. This struggle is intensely visible in the flatlands where expanding neighborhoods routinely flood and saltwater flooding damages the river mouths that protect communities from the worst of our climate crisis. Massive resources are being put into environmental restoration projects, and development is subject to many layers of approvals. Yet in 2022 the commissioners of a coastal city voted to expand a legal boundary that contains sprawl to allow a 400-acre warehouse project. They are failing to see the value of this land in the greater ecosystem. Wetlands, coastal plains and forests do cheaply (or even for free) what seawalls and pumps do at a cost of billions of dollars. They are vital infrastructure (基础设施) that makes us more resilient against climate change, and the cost of destroying them or weakening their ability to function must be factored into the decisions we make to build and grow. To do so, the economic incentives to develop any natural landscape should be weighed against the protective economic value that land already provides. Economists call this an “avoided damage” valuation. Local planning boards might consider the value of a sand dune or swamp in flood protection versus the expense of replacing it with a seawall and water pump system. Maintaining and restoring natural infrastructure to support healthy functioning saves money, time and lives. The concept of “natural capital”, or the idea that ecosystem services should be valued in a similar manner as any form of wealth, dates back to the 1970s. Markets have always valued wood as a commodity (商品), for example, but not the services that came along with producing it, such as soil maintenance, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling. We didn’t need a market for resources that industrialists saw as abundant (丰富的) and endlessly renewable. This exploitative (开发资源的) assumption turned out to be very wrong. Failing to measure the benefits of ecosystem services in policy and management decisions is a major reason many of those ecosystems disappeared. It also seems crass to place a dollar amount on ecosystems that we’d rather view as priceless, existing for their own sake and valuable to humans in ways that are beyond capitalism. This preciousness is ethically sound. But developers have long confused pricelessness with worthlessness, allowing them to profit without paying for the consequences of destroying the environment. Economic value is never the only reason nature is worth preserving; it is simply a powerful, underused tool to help us make decisions about how to live more sustainably in a climate-changed world. If policy makers considered natural infrastructure in the language of economics, they might recognize just how deeply we rely on it. 36．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．The consequences of the saltwater flooding. B．The cause of the urban sprawl and the rising sea. C．An approval to an environmental restoration project. D．The problem caused by the expansion of coastal cities 37．What can we learn from the passage? A．The idea of natural capital can enhance the profit of commodity. B．The economic growth boosts the protection of natural landscape. C．The abundance of resources is not the reason for devaluing them. D．The exploitation of nature reflects the “avoided damage” valuation. 38．What does the underlined word “crass” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Inadvisable. B．Beneficial. C．Relevant. D．Unrealistic. 39．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To appeal for stricter control over city scale. B．To propose the use of nature as infrastructure. C．To stress the importance of ecosystem services. D．To promote public awareness of nature protection. 【答案】36．D 37．C 38．A 39．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是自然生态系统作为基础设施的意义和重要性。 36．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Coastal cities worldwide are squeezed by two opposing forces: urban sprawl (扩张) and the rising sea. This struggle is intensely visible in the flatlands where expanding neighborhoods routinely flood and saltwater flooding damages the river mouths that protect communities from the worst of our climate crisis.(世界各地的沿海城市都受到两股对立力量的挤压:城市扩张和海平面上升。这种斗争在平原上尤为明显，那里不断扩张的社区经常发生洪水和盐水洪水，破坏了保护社区免受最严重气候危机影响的河口。)”和第二段的“Yet in 2022 the commissioners of a coastal city voted to expand a legal boundary that contains sprawl to allow a 400-acre warehouse project.  They are failing to see the value of this land in the greater ecosystem.(然而，在2022年，一个沿海城市的专员投票决定扩大法律边界，允许一个400英亩的仓库项目。他们没有看到这片土地在更大的生态系统中的价值。)”可知，前两段主要讲的是沿海城市扩张造成的问题。故选D。 37．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“It also seems crass to place a dollar amount on ecosystems that we’d rather view as priceless, existing for their own sake and valuable to humans in ways that are beyond capitalism. This preciousness is ethically sound. But developers have long confused pricelessness with worthlessness, allowing them to profit without paying for the consequences of destroying the environment.(在我们宁愿视为无价之宝的生态系统上投入一美元似乎也是不明智的，这些生态系统因其自身而存在，对人类的价值超越了资本主义。这种珍贵在伦理上是合理的。但长期以来，开发商一直把无价之宝和毫无价值混为一谈，这使得他们可以在不为破坏环境的后果买单的情况下获利。)”可知，资源丰富并不是使其贬值的理由。故选C。 38．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段的“place a dollar amount on ecosystems that we’d rather view as priceless, existing for their own sake and valuable to humans in ways that are beyond capitalism(在我们宁愿视为无价之宝的生态系统上投入一美元，这些生态系统因其自身而存在，对人类的价值超越了资本主义)”可知，在我们宁愿视为无价之宝的生态系统上投入一美元是不明智的，划线词意为“不明智的，愚蠢的”，和inadvisable意思相近，故选A。 39．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段的“If policy makers considered natural infrastructure in the language of economics, they might recognize just how deeply we rely on it.(如果政策制定者用经济学的语言来考虑自然基础设施，他们可能会意识到我们对它的依赖程度有多深。)”可知，本文主要论述的是自然生态系统作为基础设施的意义和重要性，因此本文主要目的是建议利用自然作为基础设施。故选B。 （2023·北京西城·一模）Technology seems to discourage slow, immersive reading. Reading on a screen, particularly a phone screen, tires your eyes and makes it harder for you to keep your place. So online writing tends to be more skimmable and list-like than print. The cognitive neuroscientist Mary Walt argued recently that this “new norm” of skim reading is producing “an invisible, game-changing transformation” in how readers process words. The neuronal circuit that sustains the brain’s capacity to read now favors the rapid absorption of information, rather than skills developed by deeper reading, like critical analysis. We shouldn’t overplay this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as children as we learn to read more skillfully. From about the age of nine, our eyes start to bounce around the page, reading only about a quarter of the words properly, and filling in the gaps by inference. Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far, the anxieties have proved to be false alarms. “Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline,” the American author Selvin Brown wrote. “No one ever said that poems were evidence of short attention spans.” And yet the Internet has certainly changed the way we read. For a start, it means that there is more to read, because more people than ever are writing. If you time travelled just a few decades into the past, you would wonder at how little writing was happening outside a classroom. And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard. Perhaps we should slow down. Reading is constantly promoted as a social good and source of personal achievement. But this advocacy often emphasizes “enthusiastic”, “passionate” or “eager” reading, none of which adjectives suggest slow, quiet absorption. To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in the words and their slow comprehension of a line of thought. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he has done and just enjoys how his body feels and moves in water. The human need for this kind of deep reading is too tenaciousfor any new technology to destroy. We often assume that technological change can’t be stopped and happens in one direction, so that older media like “dead-tree” books are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading. 40．What is the author’s attitude towards Selvin Brown’s opinion? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Objective. 41．The author would probably agree that. A．advocacy of passionate reading helps promote slow reading B．digital writing leads to too much speaking and not enough reflection C．the public should be aware of the impact skimming has on neuronal circuits D．the number of Internet readers is declining due to the advances of technology 42．What does the underlined word “tenacious” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Comprehensive. B．Complicated. C．Determined. D．Apparent. 43．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Slow Reading Is Here to Stay B．Digital Technology Prevents Slow Reading C．Screen vs. Print: Which Requires Deep Reading? D．Reading Is Not a Race: The Wonder of Deep Reading 【答案】40．A 41．B 42．C 43．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了作者对于慢阅读的看法，指出了慢阅读的重要性和好处，并指出科技不能改变人们对这种深度阅读的需求。 40．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far, the anxieties have proved to be false alarms. “Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline,” the American author Selvin Brown wrote. “No one ever said that poems were evidence of short attention spans.”(对注意力持续时间下降的担忧也不是什么新鲜事。到目前为止，焦虑被证明是虚惊一场。美国作家Selvin Brown写道：“相当多的评论家最近开始担心注意力持续时间，他们认为非常短的故事是文化衰落的标志。从来没有人说过诗歌是注意力持续时间短的证据。”)”可推知，作者对Selvin Brown的观点持赞成态度。故选A。 41．细节理解题。根据第三段“And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard.(数字写作意味着快速释放和反应。一篇在线文章一经发表，就开始在下面形成一个评论字符串。这种写作和阅读的模式可以是互动的和有趣的。但它经常把别人的话当作可以迅速收获的素材，用来说别的东西。每个人都说得比别人多，渴望被别人听到)”可知，作者认同数字写作导致过多的表达，而缺乏足够的思考。故选B。 42．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The human need for this kind of deep reading is too”以及后文“for any new technology to destroy”可知，too…to…表示“太……以至于不能……”，即人类对这种深度阅读的需求是如此坚定，任何新技术都无法摧毁。故画线词意思是“坚定的”。故选C。 43．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading.(实际上，旧技术可以与新技术共存。Kindle并没有消灭纸质书，就像汽车没有消灭自行车一样。我们仍然想要享受缓慢形成的思想和精心选择的词语。即使在一个快速发展的时代，也有时间进行慢速阅读)”可知，文章主要论述了作者对于慢阅读的看法，指出了慢阅读的重要性和好处，并指出科技不能改变人们对这种深度阅读的需求。因此A选项“慢阅读将会持续下去”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （2023·北京丰台·一模）Many people would answer the question of what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is no doubt that we are. But one definition of culture is the totality of traditions acquired in a community by social learning from other individuals, and many animal species have traditions. Can we then say that some animals are cultural beings too? One approach to study culture in animals is the so-called Method of Exclusion (排除), in which scientists investigate behavioral variations across populations of one species. In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings. For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too. However, when applying the Method of Exclusion, one has to be very careful. There are other factors that could also explain the pattern of behavioral evaluation. For example, some of the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated occur in only one of the three subspecies. So it’s quite possible that these behaviors also have an innate component. This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes. Another factor that has to be excluded is of course the environment Chimpanzees in Mahale do not fish algae (水藻), simply because algae does not exist there. But when we exclude all the variations that can be explained by genes or environment, we still find that animals do show cultural variations. Does that mean there is no real difference between them and us after all? Not exactly: There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called “cumulative culture”. We don’t have to keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet (棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned forward but not back, people’s cultural techniques evolve. It is likely that behaviors we see today in chimpanzee cultures could be invented over and over again by individual animals themselves. In contrast, a child born today would not be able to invent a computer without the knowledge of many past generations. 44．Why does the author mention the example of the chimpanzees in two parks in Paragraph 2? A．To prove that culture does exist in animals. B．To justify the uniqueness of the research method. C．To compare how chimpanzees behave in different parks. D．To stress the importance of environment in studying culture. 45．What does the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Advanced. B．Inborn. C．Adaptive. D．Intelligent. 46．What can we learn from the passage? A．Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart from animals. B．Culure in animals is as worthy to be valued as human culture. C．Animals don’t have the ability to invent behaviors in a community. D．The “ratchet effect” decides if humans can build on past experiences. 【答案】44．A 45．B 46．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文，文章主要围绕“动物是否也像人类一样是有文化的生物”而展开论述。 44．推理判断题。第二段中“In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings.(在一项著名的研究中，科学家们发现，黑猩猩的行为在某些地方会被社会传递，而在其他地方则不会，尽管它们的生态环境相同)”提到，黑猩猩的行为在某些地方会被社会传递，接着下文“For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too.(例如，象牙海岸泰国家公园的黑猩猩以其破解坚果的技能而闻名。另一方面，坦桑尼亚贡贝国家地区的黑猩猩不咬坚果，尽管坚果在他们的环境中也存在)”通过举例证实上述观点，即动物中也存在文化，故选A。 45．词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes.(这意味着一个黑猩猩亚种使用一种新技术不是出于文化传统，而是因为这种行为固定于特定的基因)”可知，黑猩猩的行为可能是由于其特定的基因，即是因为先天因素，故画线词所在句意为“所以很有可能这些行为也有先天因素”，innate意为“先天的”，故选B。 46．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called ‘cumulative culture’.(人类文化和动物文化之间有根本的区别。只有人类才能在前人的基础上建立文化。这就是所谓的‘累积文化’)”可知，累积文化将人类与动物区分开来。故选A。 （2024·江苏·模拟预测）The expression “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration (汗水)” is often attributed to Thomas Edison. But as we have progressed into the 21st century, I think we should update the saying: “Success is 1% inspiration and 99% preparation.” Indeed, ideas are shooting around faster than ever, but most are worthless because no one does the hard work to implement them. And as we’re in a service economy now, implementation requires hours and hours not of sweat but of preparation. You must do it all: reading, researching, falling into one rabbit hole after another on the Internet to find the right series of test cases and quotes to make your point, and presenting your idea briefly and clearly. Preparation is everything! Watch the amazing 2021 video of the Perseverance rover landing on the surface of Mars. The onboard camera shows the terrain (地形). After the landing, I’m pretty sure one of the scientists exclaims, “Hey, that’s my rock.” In mission preparation, the entire landing area was digitized. The planners knew the placement of every rock and dip in terrain. Churchill famously memorized his speeches and practiced giving them over and over in his bathtub. Some of this was to overcome his stutter (口吃), but it was mainly to get the tone just right. Nothing was off-the-cuff (即兴的). His speeches didn’t sound like they were read from a piece of paper; they felt stream of consciousness. In his finest hours he showed the value of preparation. But, you may ask, why put in any extra effort? ChatGPT can pass Advanced Placement tests, entry exams for law and medical school, and even the bar exam. That probably says more about how poor those tests are than about AI’s ability. But even though AI can answer almost any question you throw at it, it is worthless in an elevator when your boss asks you what you think about new product ideas or sales prospects in Omaha. The only answer comes from that 99% preparation. Study everything, not only the task you’ve been assigned. Dig deep. Come up with ideas and potential solutions. Work on an elevator speech for what excites you. Don’t wing it. Prepare. And trust me, the feeling you get from preparation-induced success is better than anything you can buy at a drugstore. Preparation will make you super great. 47．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．The service economy makes ideas worthless. B．Implementation does not take much time these days. C．Ideas are worthless without preparation and hard work. D．Implementation requires more inspiration than preparation. 48．How does the author try to persuade readers to accept his argument? A．By listing examples. B．By sharing his experience. C．By providing research results. D．By referring to experts’ words. 49．What point is the author trying to make by mentioning ChatGPT? A．ChatGPT is capable of passing various tests. B．Preparation can help you perform better than AI. C．Elevator conversations require high social skills. D．Standard tests do not fully represent one’s abilities. 50．What does the text mainly talk about? A．How we can achieve success with little sweat. B．How we should make preparation for our future. C．Why perspiration still maters in the 21st century. D．Why preparation can pave the way to your success. 【答案】47．C 48．A 49．B 50．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文强调成功更多依赖于99%的准备而非灵感，通过爱迪生名言的更新、火星车着陆准备、丘吉尔演讲准备等例子，论证了充分准备对于成功的重要性。 47．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Indeed, ideas are shooting around faster than ever, but most are worthless because no one does the hard work to implement them. (事实上，想法的传播速度比以往任何时候都快，但大多数想法都毫无价值，因为没有人努力实施它们)”可知，没有准备和努力的想法是无价值的。故选C项。 48．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Watch the amazing 2021 video of the Perseverance rover landing on the surface of Mars. (观看2021年毅力号火星车在火星表面着陆的精彩视频)”和第三段中的“In mission preparation, the entire landing area was digitized. The planners knew the placement of every rock and dip in terrain. (在任务准备过程中，整个着陆区都被数字化了。规划者知道每一块岩石的位置和地形的倾角)”以及第四段中的“Churchill famously memorized his speeches and practiced giving them over and over in his bathtub. Some of this was to overcome his stutter (口吃), but it was mainly to get the tone just right. Nothing was off-the-cuff (即兴的). (丘吉尔以熟记演讲而闻名，并在浴缸里反复练习演讲。其中一些是为了克服他的口吃，但主要是为了让语气恰到好处。没有什么是即兴的)”可知，作者在文章中通过列举多个例子来支持他的观点，如Perseverance火星探测器着陆前的详尽准备，以及丘吉尔对演讲的精心准备等。故选A项。 49．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“But even though AI can answer almost any question you throw at it, it is worthless in an elevator when your boss asks you what you think about new product ideas or sales prospects in Omaha. (但是，尽管人工智能几乎可以回答你提出的任何问题，但当你的老板问你对奥马哈的新产品创意或销售前景有何看法时，它在电梯里毫无价值)”可知，在实际的工作场景中，如电梯里老板询问你对新产品想法或销售前景的看法时，AI是无能为力的。这实际上是在突出准备和人的能力的重要性，即准备可以让你在需要时表现得比AI更好。故选B项。 50．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“But as we have progressed into the 21st century, I think we should update the saying: “Success is 1% inspiration and 99% preparation.” (但随着我们进入21世纪，我认为我们应该更新这句话：“成功是1%的灵感和99%的准备。”)”以及最后一段中的“The only answer comes from that 99% preparation. (唯一的答案来自99%的准备)”和“ Preparation will make you super great. (准备会让你变得超级棒)”可知，作者认为成功不仅仅是靠灵感，更重要的是准备，整篇文章主要围绕“准备”这一主题展开，通过多个例子和论述来强调准备对于成功的重要性。故选D项。 （2024·浙江台州·一模）Scientists are poor forecasters of the future. But two trends can be confidently predicted. First, the world will get more crowded. There will be more than 9 billion people by 2050. Second, the world will get warmer and some governments won’t prioritize the long-term measures needed to deal with climate change, even though science offers us a road-map to a low-carbon future. That’s why we should be promoters of new technology — without it the world can’t provide the food and sustainable energy needed for an expanding population. But we should also be cautious, as new technologies, such as AI, may be hard to control. AI will undoubtedly become more aggressive in the future. Records of our movements, health and financial transactions will be stored in the cloud. The data may be used for justifiable reasons, such as protein folding and drug development, or to warn us of initial health risks, but its availability to Internet companies is already shifting the balance of power from governments to global-scale corporations. Actually, it’s beyond Earth that AI has the most enormous potential. Humans may have established bases beyond Earth by the year 2100. But don’t ever expect mass emigration (移民) from Earth. It’s a false belief that space offers an escape from our problems. Dealing with climate change on Earth is a piece of cake compared to terraforming (地球化) Mars. Nevertheless, we should cheer on these brave human space adventurers. They’ll be ill-adapted to a Martian habitat, so they’ll have a super motive to redesign themselves. It’s they, not those of us adapted to life on Earth, who will pioneer the post-human era (时代). If post-humans make the shift from flesh and blood to fully artificial intelligence, they won’t need an atmosphere of even gravity, so it’s in deep space — not even on Mars that non biological “brains” may develop powers that we can’t imagine. They may end up being mentally different from us. AI could jump-start a huge emigration and thus even more complex intelligence spreads through the universe. But let’s refocus from the science fiction of the far future closer to the here and now. This century is special. It’s the first, in Earth’s 4.5-billion-year history where one species-ours—holds the planet’s future in its hands. Our intelligence could initiate billions of years of post-human evolution (演化), even more amazing than that which led to us. On the other hand, humans could cause biological, environmental or cyber catastrophes that foreclose all this potential. If science is to save us, we need to think globally, sensibly and long-term—empowered by science, but guided by values that science alone can’t provide. 51．Why does the author mention the two trends in the first paragraph? A．To justify the governments’ policies. B．To criticize scientists’ poor prediction ability. C．To advocate for advancements in tech. D．To highlight the challenges faced by scientists. 52．According to this passage, AI can ________. A．put an end to climate change B．facilitate mass human migration C．speed up the competition in medical fields D．bring about potential threats from big companies 53．As for the future, which of the following will the author agree with? A．Post-humans will echo the history of humans. B．Complex intelligence will dominate the universe. C．Non-biological brains may invite unknown disasters. D．Fully artificial intelligence may inhabit outer space. 54．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Future of Humanity: Could AI Save Us? B．Change or Die: Will Science Lead Further Evolution? C．Towards a Sustainable Future: What Can We Do? D．Unstoppable Trend: Is Complex Intelligence Coming? 【答案】51．C 52．D 53．D 54．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍了人口增长和气候变暖两个趋势，并探讨了人工智能、太空探索以及后人类时代的可能性，文章呼吁全球思考、理性行动，并强调科学需要与价值观相结合。 51．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists are poor forecasters of the future. But two trends can be confidently predicted. First, the world will get more crowded. There will be more than 9 billion people by 2050. Second, the world will get warmer and some governments won’t prioritize the long-term measures needed to deal with climate change, even though science offers us a road-map to a low-carbon future. (科学家们对未来的预测能力很差。但可以自信地预测两种趋势。首先，世界将变得更加拥挤。到2050年，人口将超过90亿。其次，世界将变暖，一些政府不会优先考虑应对气候变化所需的长期措施，尽管科学为我们提供了低碳未来的路线图。)”以及第二段“That’s why we should be promoters of new technology—without it the world can’t provide the food and sustainable energy needed for an expanding population. (这就是为什么我们应该成为新技术的推动者——没有它，世界就无法为不断增长的人口提供所需的粮食和可持续能源。)”可知，作者在第一段中提到这两种趋势是为了呼吁大家发展科学新技术，倡导技术进步。故选C。 52．推理判断题。根据第二段“AI will undoubtedly become more aggressive in the future. Records of our movements, health and financial transactions will be stored in the cloud. The data may be used for justifiable reasons, such as protein folding and drug development, or to warn us of initial health risks, but its availability to Internet companies is already shifting the balance of power from governments to global-scale corporations. (毫无疑问，人工智能在未来将变得更加激进。我们的行动、健康和财务交易记录将存储在云端。这些数据可能被用于合理的原因，如蛋白质折叠和药物开发，或警告我们最初的健康风险，但互联网公司的可用性已经将权力平衡从政府转移到了全球规模的公司。)”可知，人工智能会使人类受到来自于全球规模的大公司的潜在$$