语法专题 第2部分 第1讲 名词和冠词(word教参)-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（译林版2019）

第1讲 名词和冠词 01 名　词 【 一、名词的数 】 1．可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加­s students, teachers，doctors, tables 以s, x, ch，sh结尾 加­es glasses, dishes, boxes, watches，但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs 以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i 再加­es families, babies, armies, bodies 以元音字母＋y结尾 加­s boys, toys 以f或fe结尾 多数变f或fe为v，再加­es thieves, wives, knives, shelves, lives 少数加­s beliefs, proofs, roofs, chiefs 以o结尾 通常加­s radios, videos, zoos, tobaccos 有的加­es heroes, potatoes, tomatoes (2)不规则变化 自身变化的名词 child→children, man→men, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, phenomenon→phenomena, medium→media 单复数同形的名词 Chinese中国人，sheep 绵羊，deer鹿，series 系列，means 方式，works 工厂，fish 鱼，fruit 水果等。其中fish, fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes, fruits 合成名词 son­in­law→sons­in­law,passer­by→passers­by,story­teller→story­tellers 2.不可数名词(物质名词和抽象名词) (1)只用作不可数的名词：advice, furniture, fun, information, news, weather, progress, wealth等。 (2)抽象名词具体化：抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别等概念。 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊喜 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的人或事情 【 二、名词所有格 】 有生命 名词 不以s结尾的名词加­'s children's books 以s结尾的复数名词加­' the girls' dormitory 以s结尾的单数名词加­'s或­' our boss' office 无生命 名词 通常用of所有格表示 the capital of Peru 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用­'s所有格表示 Beijing's parks 双重 所有格 名词＋of＋名词所有格/名词性物主代词 a friend of my father's [点拨](1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加­'s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加­'s。如： Kate and Mary's room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间 Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间 (2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如： at the doctor's (office) 在(医生的)诊室里 at Mr.Green's (house) 在格林先生家 Ⅰ.真题演练 1．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the arrival (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English. 2．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life，with 21st­century architectural wonders (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 3．(2022·全国甲卷)Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road，in order to promote environmental protection (protect). 4．(2022·全国乙卷)As a main promoter of the International Tea Day，the birthplace of tea and the largest tea­producing country，China has a responsibility (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 5．(2022·浙江1月卷)When the answer was no, she declined the invitation (invite). 6．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my son's (son) life，” said Mrs.Brown.“I don't know how to thank him.” 7．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 8．(2021·全国乙卷)Activities (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 9．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are. 10．(2021·浙江6月卷)In 1844 they bought it for ＄1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage (marry) ceremony in 1842. Ⅱ.模拟冲关 1．(2024·河北衡水中学二调)A number of Olympic high technologies (technology) have been applied for the first time in Beijing to ensure its goal of carbon neutrality. 2．(2024·江苏镇江模拟)“Making coins was one of the greatest financial activities (activity) in human history，” said researchers，adding that it allowed wealth to be traded easily. 3．(2024·四川成都石室中学高三校考)These Yungang researchers' (researcher) attempt is a good example of technology helping to preserve cultural heritage. 4．(2024·柳州模拟)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete), together with the story behind it. 5．(2024·成都模拟)I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 6．(2024·包头模拟)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate). 7．(2024·德州模拟)She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 8．(2024·石家庄模拟)Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs (belief) about dogs. 02 冠　词 【 一、不定冠词 】 1．3种基本用法 (1)表示类指，或指某类中的任何一个。 It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man. 人们普遍认为男孩儿必须学会站起来并像个男人一样去奋斗。 (2)表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。 It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky. 那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。 (3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。 Rome was not built in a day. 罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。 2．4种灵活用法 (1)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。 A Mr Brown came to see you just now. 刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。 (2)“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常，很”。 He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump. 他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。 (3)用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。 He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us. 他在一个雨夜突然出现，这使我们非常吃惊。 (4)用在形容词的比较等级前，表示“一个更……的”。 If we sit near the front of the bus, we'll have a better view. 如果我们坐在公共汽车的靠前的位置，视野就会更好些。 3．固定搭配中的不定冠词 as a rule　　　　　　 通常，照例 in a hurry 匆忙地 at a distance 隔一段距离 a waste of 浪费…… a collection of 一批…… a knowledge of 知道 have a good time 玩得高兴 make a living 谋生 as a matter of fact 事实上 have a history of 有……的历史 in a sense/way 在某种意义上 for a while 暂时，一时 all of a sudden 突然 a matter of ……的问题 have a population of 人口达到…… cover an area of 占……的面积 【 二、定冠词 】 1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。 Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door? 你认识那个站在门口的人吗？ 2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物。 As we all know, the brain is the centre of thought. 众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。 3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。 Now, years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. 在数年之后的现在，这条河成了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。 4．用于世界上独一无二的事物前。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。 5．用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。 She was born in 1974 and has played the piano since the age of six. 她出生于1974年，从六岁起就开始弹钢琴了。 6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。 The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours. 史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。 7．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。 As is well known to us all, the Second World War broke out in the thirties. 众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。 8．固定结构中的定冠词 (1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。 I hired the car by the hour. 我按小时租的车。 (2)用于“动词＋sb＋介词＋the＋身体某一部位”结构中。 His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face. 那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。 (3)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况： ①用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构中，表示“越……就越……”之意。 The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be. 我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。 ②用在“the＋比较级＋of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。 She is the taller of the two girls. 她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。 9．固定短语中的定冠词 at the moment　　　 此刻；目前 in the end 最后，最终 to tell the truth 说实话 on the other hand 另一方面 by the way 顺便说一下 in the middle of 在……中间 【 三、零冠词 】 1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前不用冠词。 Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which you'll make great progress. 写日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。 2．专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前不用冠词，如China, love, air。 3．表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、学科、球类、棋类名词前不用冠词。 We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock. 我们通常7点吃早饭。 4．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时，不用冠词。 Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.” 这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。” 5．固定短语中的零冠词 on purpose　　　　　 故意地 by chance 碰巧 catch fire 着火 at dawn 在黎明 face to face 面对面 out of date 过时的 make room for 让位于 in debt 负债 in shape 健康 on foot 步行 in danger 在危险中 side by side 并排 Ⅰ.真题演练 1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with a touch of sweetness and the soup hot, clear and delicious. 2．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas, even though the language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 3．(2022·全国甲卷)A friend of his，Wu Fan，volunteered to be his companion during the trip. 4．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate the festival，a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday. 5．(2022·浙江1月卷)Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak whether/if she could do so remotely; about three­quarters of the time, they agreed. 6．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 7．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)The Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto. 8．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit! 9．(2021·全国甲卷)It took us about 3 hours to go all the way around the Xi'an City Wall. 10．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting (融化). Ⅱ.模拟冲关 1．(2024·山东泰安期末)Wang is China's second woman in space，after Liu Yang made history by joining the Shenzhou­9 spacecraft in 2012. 2．(2024·广州市高三调研)A study showed that an 80­year­old Tsimané person has the same cardiovascular (心血管的) age as an American in his mid­50s. 3．(2024·湖南长郡中学适应性考试)In old age, Mrs.Johnson became the most celebrated of the small excellent group of black women who at mid­century served as mathematicians for the space agency. 4．(2024·咸阳市一模)Before answering the question, let's take a look at students studying in China. 5．(2024·四川广安高三期末)If it works, the number of monarch butterflies will increase once again. 6．(2024·山东济宁高三统考)It was a real shock to hear that the factory would have to close. 7．(2024·北京西城高二统考期末)When you come across a difficult word in the text, try to guess what it means first before looking it up. 8．(2024·合肥二模)China then introduced over a hundred types of wine and a diverse range of wine­making equipment from Europe and recruited (招聘) many foreign wine specialists. 9．(2024·长春二模)Bras explained that he is sick of the pressure of trying to keep his stars. 10．(2024·佛山二模)The language barrier can be a big challenge for foreigners. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$