主题素养练案 (34) 选择性必修第四册 UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION(word练习)-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（人教版2019）

Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2024·武汉高三调研)Small­scale fisheries supply many people with food.Almost all of those in this trade rely on gill nets to trap fish.But gill nets trap other things，for example，endangered animals such as turtles，dangerous ones such as the Humboldt squid and ones that are both endangered and dangerous such as several types of sharks.Everyone involved would be better off if this did not happen. Building on studies done both by himself and by others，to try to avoid the accidental netting of turtles，Jesse Senko，a marine conservation biologist at Arizona State University，has been investigating the idea of fitting LEDs to nets to avoid netting other unwanted by­catch without discouraging target animals.And，as he reports in Current Biology，it seems to work. Dr.Senko and his colleagues set up an experiment in the Gulf of Ulloa in Mexico，in which they cooperated with local fisherfolk to employ over 10，000 meters of nets that had battery­powered waterproof green LEDs fitted onto them every ten meters.Half of these lights were lit.The other half lights were left unlit，as controls.Each lit net was paired with an unlit one，and the two were employed alongside one another at prime fishing locations.The fishers' target fish were large groupers.Dr.Senko was interested in both what else got caught and whether the lights decreased catches of the target species. On the latter point，to his relief，they did not.On the former，the lit nets caught 95% fewer kilograms of shark­related species.In particular，several threatened species turned up less often in the lit nets than the unlit ones. The advantage from the point of view of fisherfolk was that they needed to spend a lot less time clearing the dangerous by­catches from their nets.And，crucially，the LEDs concerned are cheap，hard­wearing，and easy to fit.There are also plans to make them solar­powered for easy recharging.Here，then，is a conservation idea from which everyone wins. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。刺网会意外捕捉濒危和危险动物，为了解决这个问题，研究人员在刺网中安装发光二极管，取得了较好的效果，发展前景也非常理想。 1．What is the problem with gill nets? A．They are costly to maintain. B．They discourage target catches. C．They need more time to be cleaned. D．They trap unwanted by­catches. 解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But gill nets trap other things，for example，endangered animals...and ones that are both endangered and dangerous...”和第二段中的“avoid netting other unwanted by­catch”可知，刺网的问题是它们会误捕本不应捕到的动物，如濒危动物或危险动物，故D项正确。 2．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The principle of the experiment. B．The effect of the experiment. C．The purpose of the experiment. D．The process of the experiment. 解析：选D。段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Dr.Senko and his colleagues...that had battery­powered waterproof green LEDs fitted onto them every ten meters.Half of these lights were lit.The other half lights were left unlit...the two were employed alongside one another at prime fishing locations”可知，本段主要讲述了Senko博士的实验过程，故D项正确。 3．What can be inferred from Dr.Senko's experiment? A．The LEDs are easy to recharge. B．Gill nets will soon be out of date. C．Fitting LEDs to gill nets is a win­win idea. D．Fisherfolk benefit the most from the idea. 解析：选C。推理判断题。根据第四段前两句可知，安装发光二极管并没有影响目标物种的捕获量，且安有发光二极管的刺网捕捞与鲨鱼相关的物种明显减少；再根据最后一段的内容尤其是最后一句“...is a conservation idea from which everyone wins”可知，在刺网中装上发光二极管是一个双赢的主意，故C项正确。 4．What was the author's attitude to the prospect of the LEDs idea? A．Conservative. 　B．Hopeful. C．Ambiguous. 　D．Doubtful. 解析：选B。观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“The advantage from...There are also plans to make them solar­powered for easy recharging.Here，then，is a conservation idea from which everyone wins”可知，作者对安装发光二极管这一做法的前景充满希望。故B项正确。 B (2024·南京市、盐城市模拟)In southeastern Brazil，local fishers walk into dark waters in search of mullet (鲻鱼).On their own，it would be tricky to find the silvery fish.But the humans get help from an unusual partner: wild bottlenose dolphins. With nets in hand, the fishers patiently wait as their cetacean (鲸类的) partners drive the fish toward the shore.A signal from the dolphins—usually a deep dive—indicates when they should cast their nets.This fishing partnership has passed down through generations, lasting for more than a century. While researchers knew humans profited from this pairing, they couldn't confirm whether it benefited the dolphins.Now, in a new study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers suggest cetaceans that hunt with humans have more chances to live than those that don't. “Human­wildlife cooperation in general is a rare phenomenon at a global scale，” says Mauricio Cantor, a biologist at Oregon State University and leader of the study.“Usually humans gain the benefit, and nature pays the cost.But this interaction has been happening for over 150 years.” Fishers were more successful when they worked with the dolphins.When dolphins were present, the fishers were 17 times more likely to catch prey (猎物) and netted nearly four times more mullet when they timed their casting with the cetaceans' signals.Eighty­six percent of all 4，955 mullet caught during the study period came from“synchronous (同时发生的) interactions”—when the allies organized their actions perfectly with one another. The study also revealed dolphins hunting with humans had a 13 percent increase in the survival rate over other dolphins.These cooperative dolphins are more likely to stay near the shore, reducing their chance of entanglement (缠住) in illegal fishing equipment.Besides, the dolphins can take some fish directly from the fishers' harvest. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。在巴西东南部，当地渔民和不寻常的伙伴——野生宽吻海豚合作捕鱼，这种习惯代代相传。这种合作带来的影响是渔民捕捉到猎物增多，同时海豚的生存机会也增加了，这展示了一种罕见的、独特的人与海豚和谐共生的关系。 5．What do the first two paragraphs talk about concerning Brazilian fishers? A．They trick dolphins into fishing for them. B．They harvest more fish with dolphins' help. C．They have been training dolphins over a century. D．They cast the fishing nets when dolphins surface. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第一段“On their own，it would be tricky to find the silvery fish.But the humans get help...”可知，渔民们自己捕鱼比较困难，但他们得到了海豚的帮助。再根据第二段中的“A signal from the dolphins...lasting for more than a century”可知，海豚会发出捕猎信号，暗示渔民何时撒网，由此可知前两段主要讲述了渔民们在海豚的帮助下，捕捉到了更多的鱼。故B项正确。 6．What does Mauricio Cantor's research show? A．Nature favors human beings at a huge cost. B．Fishers benefit from cooperating with cetaceans. C．Human­wildlife interactions are a new global trend. D．Dolphins working with man have a higher survival rate. 解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Now，in a new study...have more chances to live than those that don't”和第六段首句可知，Mauricio Cantor的研究表明了与人类一起捕猎的鲸类比那些不和人类合作捕猎的鲸类存活率高。故D项正确。 7．What does the underlined word “allies” refer to in Paragraph 5? A．Prey. B．Mullet. C．Partners. D．Researchers. 解析：选C。词义猜测题。根据第五段中的“Fishers were more successful when they worked with the dolphins”“Eighty­six percent of all...‘synchronous (同时发生的) interactions’”可知，渔民和海豚合作捕猎，效果更成功。在捕获的鱼中，86%的收获是和海豚们完美配合实现的。故此处表示渔民和海豚是盟友关系，画线词与C项意思相近。故 C项正确。 8．What's the author's main purpose in writing the text? A．To appeal for the protection of sea creatures. B．To show a unique human­dolphin relationship. C．To applaud for development in fishing research. D．To encourage fishers to better draw on dolphins． 解析：选B。写作意图题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了巴西东南部的渔民和海豚合作捕猎的传统现象。渔民在海豚的帮助下收获更多鱼，而海豚也通过合作提高了生存机率。由此可推知，作者写本文的目的是展示一种有着悠久历史的人与海豚相互依赖、相互帮助的独特合作关系。故 B项正确。 C (2024·潍坊市高三统考)The Atlantic salmon (鲑) of Scotland are hardy and determined animals.Each spring and summer, they return from the North Atlantic Ocean to lay eggs in Scotland's shallow rivers, leaping up waterfalls and over barriers, pushing themselves upstream in enormous efforts.Some fail, and the others succeed, but today they face yet another challenge. During the mid­1980s, there were between eight and ten million salmon swimming around Scotland's Atlantic coast; that number has now dropped sharply.There's evidence of reducing the availability of the salmon's prey(猎物) as climate change warms and acidifies the ocean.New research suggests climate change is also bearing down on rivers, which is bad news for salmon.Having adapted to life in cold water, salmon experience slow growth and population changes at high temperatures.Heat influences their health and reduces their resistance to disease. “Now salmon are struggling to deal with the rising temperatures.There are recent records of 27℃ in the upper reaches of the Dee catchment，” says Peter Cairns, director of an environmental charity.In 2018, Scotland recorded the lowest pole catch for salmon since records began.Evidence suggests that the degraded quality of river worsens the impact of our changing climate.“Atlantic salmon evolved using river systems in Scotland that were once way more forested and therefore shaded.” Yet Scotland is today one of the least wooded countries in Europe, with just 3 percent of its native woodland undamaged.Scientists have found that just 35 percent of rivers in Scotland have enough tree cover for salmon survival. A movement to get trees back on riverbanks is gathering pace.“Broadleaf trees close to the bank can reduce the light that enters the water，” explains fisheries scientist Anthony Hawkins.A new initiative called Riverwoods—led by the Scottish Wildlife Trust and supported by Scottish Water and several other government and regulatory bodies—aims to create a network of woodlands along Scotland's riverbanks, and has already received a number of large funds.“Money is not the pressing business.River health is complex, but tree planting is one of the most basic things we can get started with right away，” says Cairns. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了全球变暖给大西洋鲑的生存带来了极大的挑战，为了给大西洋鲑提供更好的生存环境，苏格兰有关部门计划在河岸上植树。 9．Why do Atlantic salmon make great journeys back to the rivers? A．They search for foods. B．They reproduce themselves. C．The rivers are relatively cool. D．The seas are increasingly warm. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Each spring and summer, they return from the North Atlantic Ocean to lay eggs in Scotland's shallow rivers”可知，大西洋鲑每年春夏之际会洄游到苏格兰去产卵，故B项正确。reproduce“繁殖；生育”。 10．How do the rising temperatures in rivers affect salmon? A．They grow more quickly. B．They are more heat­resistant. C．They are less active in water. D．They are more likely to get diseases. 解析：选D。推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Heat influences their health and reduces their resistance to disease”可知，高温影响了大西洋鲑的健康，降低了它们对疾病的抵抗力，据此可推知，它们更容易得病，故D项正确。 11．What is a challenge for salmon when they return to Scotland's rivers? A．There is a shortage of food. B．There are many fishermen. C．The ecology environment has changed. D．The river systems are unsuitable for the forest growth. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“‘Atlantic salmon evolved using river systems in Scotland...one of the least wooded countries in Europe”可知，大西洋鲑已经适应了苏格兰森林茂密的生态环境，然而现在的苏格兰却成了欧洲植被覆盖最少的地区之一，这对大西洋鲑来说是一个挑战，故C项正确。 12．What does Cairns really intend to tell us in the last paragraph? A．It is urgent to plant riverbank trees. B．It is too hard to restore the river health. C．There is enough money for the project. D．There are too many vital things to deal with. 解析：选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段中Cairns所说的话中的“tree planting is one of the most basic things we can get started with right away”可知，Cairns认为种树是我们可以立刻开始着手做的事情之一，据此可以推断，Cairns认为当务之急是种植河岸树木，故A项正确。 Ⅱ.完形填空 (2024·唐山高三摸底考试)I wrapped my hands around my coffee cup and sank into my sofa, trying to forget all about my troubles.__1__，my eyes landed on my nails.They were ugly and worn­out like my spirits.My disease had left me dependent on painkillers.I eventually conquered the __2__，but remained buried in debt and shame.I'd never felt so __3__. Maybe another manicure(指甲护理)would give me a little __4__. I went into a salon.Annie, the owner, chose a bottle of red polish, without asking me, “This is for you！Lucky Red！” She's __5__ my color for me? But maybe I could use some good luck for a (n) __6__. While Annie was __7__ her supplies, I found myself studying the saying on the wall Don't look back.You're not going that way.How I wanted to escape the prison of my __8__！“But it's hard not to look back, ”I said.Annie nodded, __9__ me to continue.Keeping my voice __10__， I told her all my troubles. __11__ lowering my fingers into the polish remover, she said, “Some things we are not meant to __12__.” I watched as the flecks(微粒)of the old polish floated away, imagining they were my __13__. An hour later, I __14__ my fingers and found my nails shone.Exactly how I wanted to feel! You might owe it to Lucky Red.But I know it was Annie who __15__ the way to my best life ever! [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者因病深陷债务和羞愧之中， 对生活感到绝望。在一次去美甲店时， 店主安妮安慰作者：有些事情我们是不应该记住的， 作者认为安妮为自己指明了通往最好生活的道路。 1． A．Instead B．Indeed C．Therefore D．Besides 解析：选A。根据上文“I wrapped my hands around my coffee cup and sank into my sofa, trying to forget all about my troubles.”以及下文“my eyes landed on my nails”可知， 作者试图忘掉所有的烦恼， 但目光却落在了自己的指甲上。instead意为“相反”，此处表示轻微转折，符合语境。 2． A．fear B．shyness C．tension D．addiction 解析：选D。根据上文“My disease had left me dependent on painkillers.”可知， 疾病使作者依赖止疼片， 故此处指作者最终戒掉了药瘾。addiction意为“成瘾；上瘾”， 符合语境。 3． A．calm B．hopeless C．abandoned D．curious 解析：选B。根据上文“but remained buried in debt and shame”可知， 作者经历过疾病的侵扰和药物的折磨后，又深陷债务和羞愧之中， 因此感到从未有过的绝望。hopeless意为“绝望的；无望的”， 符合语境。 4． A．honor B．shock C．lift D．reminder 解析：选C。根据上文“They were ugly and worn­out like my spirits.”及“Maybe another manicure would give me a little”可知，作者现在心情绝望， 希望通过指甲护理能让自己精神振奋一点。lift意为“较好的心情；更大的信心”， 符合语境。give sb a lift意为“让某人振奋起来；给某人提提神”。 5． A．picking B．describing C．analyzing D．advertising 解析：选A。根据上文“This is for you! Lucky Red！”可知， 店主安妮为作者挑选指甲油颜色。pick意为“挑选”， 符合语境。 6． A．excuse B．agreement C．change D．challenge 解析：选C。根据上文“But maybe I could use some good luck for”可知， 作者去做指甲护理是想要振奋自己，同时店主安妮为作者挑选了一个幸运的颜色，故此处表示作者认为或许自己需要一些好运气来改变生活。change意为“改变；变化”， 符合语境。 7． A．taking B．preparing C．delivering D．maintaining 解析：选B。根据常识及下文的her supplies可知， 此处指店主安妮在准备要为作者做指甲所需的物品。prepare意为“准备”， 符合语境。 8． A．love B．trouble C．pride D．desire 解析：选B。根据上文“trying to forget all about my troubles”及“How I wanted to escape the prison of”可知， 作者陷入了麻烦的牢狱， 想要逃离。下文I told her all my troubles也是提示。trouble 意为“麻烦；困境”， 符合语境。 9． A．requiring B．tricking C．forcing D．encouraging 解析：选D。根据上文Annie nodded和下文的continue可知，此处指安妮点头鼓励作者继续说下去。encourage意为“鼓励；鼓舞”， 符合语境。 10．A．low B．urgent C．firm D．cold 解析：选A。根据上文反复出现的troubles和Keeping my voice可知， 此处指作者压低声音把所有的烦恼都告诉了安妮。low意为“低的”， 符合语境。 11．A．Softly B．Casually C．Hurriedly D．Heavily 解析：选A。根据上文对安妮的描写以及后文“lowering my fingers into the polish remover”可知， 此处指安妮轻轻把作者的手指放进卸甲油里。softly意为“轻轻地；温柔地”， 符合语境。 12．A．admire B．remember C．ignore D．assess 解析：选B。根据上文对墙上文字的描写和“it's hard not to look back”以及作者被过去的事情所困扰可知， 此处指有些事情本不应该被记住。remember意为“记得；记住”， 符合语境。 13．A．pills B．faults C．yesterdays D．spirits 解析：选C。根据上文“I watched as the flecks of the old polish floated away, imagining they were my”并结合语境可知， 此处指把旧指甲油想象成是往昔， 想象它们全都流走了。yesterday意为“往昔”， 符合语境。 14．A．fanned out B．attended to C．warmed up D．played with 解析：选A。根据后文“my fingers and found my nails shone”并结合选项可知， 此处指作者展开手指， 欣赏指甲。fan out意为“展开；散开”， 符合语境。 15．A．followed B．walked C．pointed D．discussed 解析：选C。根据上文安妮对作者的安慰和鼓励以及后文“the way to my best life ever”可知， 作者认为是安妮为自己指明了通往最幸福生活的道路。point 意为“指明；指出”， 符合语境。 【二次精读积语料】 核心 单词 A篇 supply v．供给，提供　prime adj.主要的；首要的；基本的　hard­wearing adj.经久耐用的 B篇 tricky adj.难对付的，难办的，狡猾的　partnership n．合作，伙伴关系　phenomenon n．现象　interaction n．互动(性)，相互作用，相互影响 C篇 hardy adj.能吃苦耐劳的；适应力强的　acidify v．(使)变成酸，酸化　catchment n．集流；集流水　wooded adj.树木覆盖的　pressing adj.紧迫的；不容忽视的 核心 短语 A篇 set up 建起，设立；设置，安排，策划　turn up 出现 B篇 pass down使世代相传；流传 C篇 bear down on 加压力于……；袭击 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$