内容正文:
►专题05介词
考点精讲
1、 介词(preposition的概念
介词的英文单词是 preposition,是一种虚词,其中 pre 是一个前缀,含义是“在......之前”,position 意为“位置”,所以“介词”preposition 在英文中的意思就是“在某个位置之前”,所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。如:about, across, after, against,onto,
according to, because of, instead of,from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等。
2、 介词的功能
介词在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中 作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
The boy over there is my friend.
The woman with a flower on her head is from the countryside.
作状语
The man came down the stair
My mother will be back in half an hour.
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.
What do you mean by doing such a thing?
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.
作表语
The teacher is now with the pupils.
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
Help yourself to some fish.
I found the old building in a bad condition.
三、介词的分类
介词根据其性质和在句中作用介词可分为以下几类。
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例 子
时间
in
①表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如
②in+一段时间"表示将来的一段时间之后。
in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one’s thirties,in the morning
in three years
on
①在具体某一天或具体的上午、下午、晚上
②用在表示节假日和星期
on Monday, on a warm morning
on May 1st,on a cold night in January,
at
①在一个时间点上;指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。
②表示门牌号;
at 8 o'clock, at noon
at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment
at 88 Beijing Street
from
指从时间的某一点开始。
I hope to do morning exercises from today.
since
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
We have not seen each other since 2003.
after
①表示某一具体时间点之后,用于一般过去时。
②after +段时间
After seven the rain began to fall.
after ten years
for
后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。
since
since+时间点”表示行为或状态持续至说话时刻,意为”自从.......”通常与延续性动词的完成时连用。
Great changes have taken place in my
hometown since the year 1998.
during
表示动作或状态在某个时期里连续不断地进行或在这段时期里的某个时间发生,意为“在..期间”。
He swims every day during the summer.
over
over+一段时间/名词“表示”在(做) …….期间”;贯穿(一段时间) ,与during同义
She hasn't changed much over the years.
位置(地点和方向)
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间;
among用于三者或三者以上之间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,要用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
in
大地方
In Shanghai
at
小地方
at station
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper.
②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;
across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
for
for表示目的和对象
He lives for Beijing.
from
from表示起点
He is from Tianjing
towards
towards表示朝着某个方向
She runs towards her teacher.
to
to表示目的地
She runs to the room.
over
over表示在......上面(正上面)
There is a bridge over the river.
under
under表示在......下面(正下面)
There is a ball under the desk.
below
below 表示在......下面(不是正下面)
Water was found twenty feet below the surface.
above
above表示在......上面(不是正上面
The hill is 150 meters above the see lever.
表示方式和手段
by
by 用某种方法、手段或乘某种交通工具
by bus by reading
with
with 表示使用工具
with a pencil
in
in 表示用语言
in Chinese
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指“除了……还有;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示“除了…..外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“除...外,撇开”。
①All went out except me.
②I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
③His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
表示价格
和比率
at
表示速度、温度、容量和价格
①The car runs quickly at 120 miles per hour.
②She bought the car at a low price.
by
表示度量单位和标准
①The cleaners got their salaries paid by the hour.(按小时)
②They got their salaries by the week.。(按星期)
四. 容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
(一) 有the无the不一样
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
(二)有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
(三)误加介词
serve the people 为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room 进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me 跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb. 与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad 出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs 住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
(四)介词误用
be caught in the rain 被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place 动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction 朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb. 帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from 和……不同(不用with)
with the help of 在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb. 给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
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