Appendices 附录-高中英语选择性必修第一册教师教学用书(重大版2019)

2024-08-19
| 35页
| 104人阅读
| 0人下载
教辅
重庆大学电子音像出版社有限公司
进店逛逛

内容正文:

    Format of Teaching Design     教学设计模板 课文标题 单元名称 教材版本 学生与班级 授课课型 时间与日期 授课教师 授课学校 Analysis of Teaching Contents 1. 主题语境。 2. 语篇类型。 3. 语篇分析。     简要说明课题来源、学习内容、这节课的价值以及学习内容的重要性。 Analysis of Students 1. 学生与本主题相关的背景知识的熟悉程度与准备。 2. 学生与本课主题相关的语言和表达能力准备。 3. 学生的学习能力和学习风格等。 Teaching Objectives     该部分基于本课主题,从语言能力、文化意识、思维品质与学习能力四方面对该课题预计要达到的教 学目标做出一个整体描述。 Focal Points     该部分基于以上总体教学目标和学生现状,确定哪些是本课最重要的目标,并具体说明如何进行教 学活动设计以助力目标的达成。 Difficult Points     该部分基于以上总体教学目标和学生现状,说明在需要达成的目标中,哪些是难点,并具体说明如何 762 突破难点,以及解决问题的措施。 Teaching Procedures     该部分是教学设计方案的关键所在,要说明教学的环节、所需的资源支持、具体的活动及其设计意图 以及需要特别说明的教师引导语。 注一:对于新教师,建议使用以下教学步骤,以便更细地思考教学过程。 Stage 1  Getting ready for learning                    (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Step 1  Greetings Step 2  Routine task Stage 2  Revision                                          (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Stage 3  Pre⁃listening (Pre⁃reading, Pre⁃writing􀆺)             (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Step 1  Vocabulary presentation and practice Step 2  Structure presentation and practice (not always) Step 3  Prediction Stage 4  While⁃listening ( While⁃reading, While⁃writing􀆺)           (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Developing different skills through activities Stage 5  Post⁃listening (Post⁃reading, Post⁃writing􀆺)               (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Step 1  Oral work Step 2  Written work Stage 6  Summing up & Self⁃assessing                            (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Stage 7  Assigning homework                                (􀆺 mins) (Purpose: 􀆺) Including: Review, Preview, Oral work, Written work 注二:有经验的教师也可以使用表格形式进行教学设计。 以下各步骤不是固定不变的,可以根据教学的 实际需要进行增减。 Stage Step Time Purpose Teacher􀆳s Activity Students􀆳 Activity Interaction Pattern Aids 1. Getting ready for learning 2. Revision 3. Pre⁃listening / reading / writing 4. While⁃listening / reading / writing 5. Post⁃listening / reading / writing 6. Summing up & Self⁃assessing 7. Assigning homework Note:T=Teacher      Ss =Students        1′= 1 minute        IW= Individual Work GW=Group Work PW= Pair Work CW=Class Work 862 Self⁃assessment Criteria for Students􀆳 Learning     教师创建评价表,这样学生可以用它对自己的学习进行评价。 Blackboard Design Teaching Reflection 教师们可以从以下角度进行反思,但无须面面俱到: 1. 请简述本节课的教学流程。 2. 学生本节课的学习是否达到你设定的教学目标? 这节课有哪些问题没有解决? 为什么? 3. 列举本节课中最满意的地方。 4. 你觉得本节课不足的地方是什么? 如果有机会重新上这节课,你会如何改进? 5. 通过课堂观察、学生作业、课后谈话等途径,你觉得学生的学习效果如何? 为什么会有这样的反应? 6. 如果有老师或者专家听课,他们对你这节课有什么评价? 对你有何启发?     English Affixes Ranked by Frequency of Occurrence     英语常用词缀 Prefixes  前缀 anti⁃    against, opposite to                  anti⁃imperialist  反帝的 antiwar  反战的 auto⁃ of oneself, by oneself autobiography  自传 automobile  汽车 962 bi⁃ two, twice bicycle 自行车 bilingual 双语的 co⁃ together, jointly co⁃worker 合作者 cooperation 合作 com⁃ together combine 联合;结合 compound 混合;混合物 con⁃ together concentric 同一中心的 contemporary 同时代的 contra⁃ against, opposite to contradict 反驳 contra⁃missile 反导弹 counter⁃ against, opposite to counter⁃attack  反攻;反击 counter⁃revolution  反革命 de⁃ 1. opposite or negative of destruction 破坏 defrost 解冻 2. removal of deforest 砍伐森林 deice 除去……的冰 3. down, away debus 下汽车 descend 下降 dis⁃ 1. negative, reverse or opposite of disagree 不同意 disappear 消失;不见 2. removal of disarm 解除武装 discourage 使失去勇气 en⁃ 1. put into or on encage 关入笼中 entrain 上火车 2. make into, cause to be􀆺 enable 使能够 enlarge 使扩大;放大 ex⁃ 1. before ex⁃wife 前妻 ex⁃President 前总统 2. outside, get􀆺 out of􀆺 exclude 排外;排斥 exit 出口 fore⁃ before, in advance of; in front of forehead 前额 forefather 前人;祖先 il⁃ not (used before “ l” ) illegal 非法的 illiterate 不识字的 im⁃ not (used before “b”, “m”, “p” ) impolite 不礼貌的 impossible 不可能的 in⁃ 1. not incomplete 不完全的 informal 非正式的 2. in, on indoor 室内的 inland 内地的;内陆的 inter⁃ between; mutual international 国际的 interrelation 相互关系 ir⁃ not (used before “ r” ) irregular 不规则的 irrelative 无关系的 072 kilo⁃ thousand kilogram 千克 kilometre 千米 mini⁃ of small size, length, etc. minibus 小型公共汽车 miniskirt 超短裙 mis⁃ bad, wrong, not misadventure 不幸;灾祸 misunderstand 误解 multi⁃ having many of multiform 多种形式的 multi⁃purpose 多种用途的 non⁃ not nonstop 中途不停的 nonsexual 无性别的 out⁃ to a greater extent, surpassing outlive 活得比……长 outwear 穿坏;穿破 over⁃ 1. above, outside, across overhead  在头顶上的 overweight 超重的 2. to excess, too much overuse 使用过度 overwork 过度劳累 3. reverse overturn 翻转;倾倒 overthrow 推翻 post⁃ after postpone 推后;延期 postwar 战后的 pre⁃ before prehistory 史前的 preschool 学龄前的 pro⁃ 1. forward, in advance of progress 进步 prolong 向前延长 2. in favor of, supporting pro⁃American 亲美的 semi⁃ half, partially semicircle 半圆形 semi⁃conductor 半导体 step⁃ related as a result of one’s parent’s remarrying, not by blood stepmother 继母 stepfather 继父 sub⁃ 1. under, below submarine 潜艇 subway 地铁 2. lower in rank, inferior sub⁃lieutenant  海军中尉 subspecies  亚种 3. form a smaller or a less important part of subdivide 再分;细分 subtitle 副标题 4. not quite; almost (with adj.) subnormal 低于正常的 substandard 低于标准的 super⁃ 1. above, over supermarket 超市 superpower 超级大国 2. to excess, too much supercharge  过重负载 superheat 过热 trans⁃ 1. across, beyond transcontinental 横贯大陆的 transpacific 横渡太平洋的 2. into another place or state 172 transform 使变形;改造 transport 运输 tri⁃ three, triple triangle 三角形 tricolor 三色的 un⁃ 1. not unclear 不清楚的 uncomfortable 不舒服的 2. reverse or opposite of unchanged 未改变的 unfinished 未完成的 3. remove from or deprive of unlock 开锁 unearth 发掘;挖出某物 under⁃ 1. below underground 地下的 underline 在……下画线 2. not enough underdeveloped 不发达的 underripe 未成熟的 3. lower in rank, inferior undersecretary 次长;副部长 undergraduate 大学生 vice⁃ next in rank to vice⁃chairman 副主席 vice⁃manager 副经理 Suffixes  后缀 常用名词后缀 ⁃age     1. state or condition of􀆺              bondage 奴役;束缚 2. set or group of􀆺 leafage  叶子 percentage 百分比 3. action or result of􀆺 breakage 损坏 marriage 结婚 4. place where􀆺 orphanage 孤儿院 village 村庄 ⁃al 1. person or thing that􀆺 criminal 犯罪分子 signal 信号 2. process or state of􀆺 arrival 到达 survival 幸存 ⁃ance / ⁃ence  action or state of􀆺 appearance 出现 confidence 自信 ⁃ancy the same as “ ⁃ance” ⁃ant person or thing that􀆺 accountant 会计 excitant 兴奋剂 ⁃ation the same as “ ⁃ion” ⁃dom 1. condition or state of􀆺 freedom 自由 wisdom 智慧 2. rank or domain of􀆺; group of􀆺 kingdom 王国 ⁃ee person affected by􀆺 employee 被雇者 absentee 缺席者 ⁃eer person concerned with􀆺 272 engineer 工程师 volunteer 志愿者 ⁃er 1. person worker 工人 teacher 教师 2. thing boiler 锅 silencer 消音器 ⁃ese 1. inhabitant or language of􀆺 Chinese  中国人;汉语 Japanese 日本人;日语 2. in the literary style of􀆺 translationese 翻译文体 ⁃ess female actress 女演员 lioness 母狮 ⁃hood state or condition of􀆺; group of􀆺 childhood 童年 neighbourhood 邻居 ⁃ian specialist in􀆺 grammarian 语法学家 ⁃ion action or condition of􀆺 discussion 讨论 election 选举 ⁃ism 1. doctrine, system or movement            2. action or phenomena of􀆺 materialism 唯物主义                  criticism 批评 Communism 共产主义 ⁃ist 1. believer in, practiser of􀆺              2. person concerned with􀆺 imperialist 帝国主义者                artist 艺术家 ⁃ity the same as ⁃ty, added to adjectives to form nouns quality 品质 reality 现实;真实 ⁃ment 1. result or means of􀆺 agreement 同意;协定 movement 运动;移动 2. of government department 部门 3. thing that􀆺 equipment 装备;设备 ⁃ness quality, state or character of􀆺 darkness 黑暗     kindness 仁慈 ⁃or person or thing that does educator 教育家 tractor 拖拉机 ⁃ship state of being; status; office friendship 友谊 workmanship 手艺;工艺 ⁃sion the same as “ ⁃ion” ⁃th action, quality, state or condition of􀆺 depth 深度 growth 成长;发育 ⁃ure action, quality, state or condition of􀆺 closure 关闭;结束 pressure 压力 ⁃y action or process of􀆺 discovery 发现 difficulty 困难 372 常用形容词后缀 ⁃able  having or showing the quality of􀆺            changeable 可变 movable 可移动的 ⁃al of or concerning􀆺 national 国家的;民族的 personal 个人的 ⁃ary concerned with / of􀆺 customary 习惯的 secondary 第二的;次要的 ⁃ed having the characteristics of; affected with kind⁃hearted 好心的 skilled 熟练的 ⁃en made of􀆺 golden 金质的 wooden 木制的 ⁃ent the same as “ ⁃ant” ⁃ful full of; having qualities of; liable to􀆺 hopeful 富有希望的 peaceful 和平的 ⁃ible the same as “ ⁃able” ⁃ic of or concerning􀆺 atomic 原子的 historic 有历史意义的 ⁃ish of the nature of, resembling􀆺 foolish 愚蠢的 womanish 女子气的 ⁃ive having a tendency to or the quality of􀆺 descriptive 描述性的 educative 有教育作用的 ⁃less without homeless 无家可归的 hopeless 无望的 ⁃ly 1. having the qualities of􀆺 childly 孩子般天真的 friendly 友好的 2. occurring at intervals of daily 每日的;日报 hourly 每小时的 ⁃ous having the qualities or character of􀆺 dangerous 危险的 poisonous 有毒的 ⁃some producing; likely to􀆺 burdensome 沉重的 troublesome 令人烦恼的 ⁃y full of; having the quality of􀆺 hilly 多小山的 sunny 阳光充足的 常用副词后缀 ⁃ly in the specified manner happily 快乐地 ⁃ward in the direction of􀆺 backward 朝下的 northward 向北的 ⁃wise in the manner or direction of􀆺 likewise 同样的 otherwise 否则 常用动词后缀 ⁃ate full of or showing a specified quality operate 开动;运行 separate 分离 472 ⁃en make or become darken 变黑 deepen 加深 ⁃fy make or become beautify 美化 satisfy 使满足 ⁃ise become or make like; act or treat with the qualities of economise  节约;节省 organise  组织       The Positive Degree, the Comparative Degree and the       Superlative Degree 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级 原形                      比较级                      最高级 active more active most active angry angrier angriest bad worse worst beautiful more beautiful most beautiful big bigger biggest brave braver bravest brief briefer briefest bright brighter brightest broad broader broadest busy busier busiest calm calmer calmest careful more careful most careful cheap cheaper cheapest chilly chillier chilliest clean cleaner cleanest cleanly cleanlier cleanliest clear clearer clearest clever cleverer cleverest more clever most clever close closer closest cloudy cloudier cloudiest cold colder coldest comfortable more comfortable most comfortable common commoner commonest more common most common cool cooler coolest crazy crazier craziest cruel crueler cruelest more cruel most cruel dark darker darkest deadly deadlier deadliest deaf deafer deafest 572 原形                      比较级                      最高级 dear dearer dearest difficult more difficult most difficult dirty dirtier dirtiest dizzy dizzier dizziest dreamy dreamier dreamiest dry drier driest dull duller dullest dumpy dumpier dumpiest dusty dustier dustiest early earlier earliest easy easier easiest empty emptier emptiest exciting more exciting most exciting expensive more expensive most expensive fair fairer fairest false falser falsest far farther farthest further furthest fast faster fastest fat fatter fattest fatty fattier fattiest few fewer fewest fierce fiercer fiercest fine finer finest firm firmer firmest fit fitter fittest flat flatter flattest foggy foggier foggiest frank franker frankest free freer freest fresh fresher freshest friendly friendlier friendliest more friendly most friendly funny funnier funniest gentle gentler gentlest glad gladder gladdest gloomy gloomier gloomiest good better best grand grander grandest great greater greatest greedy greedier greediest green greener greenest guilty guiltier guiltiest 672 原形                      比较级                      最高级 handsome handsomer handsomest more handsome most handsome handy handier handiest happy happier happiest hard harder hardest harsh harsher harshest hasty hastier hastiest healthy healthier healthiest hearty heartier heartiest heavy heavier heaviest high higher highest hilly hillier hilliest holy holier holiest homely homelier homeliest hot hotter hottest humble humbler humblest hungry hungrier hungriest icy icier iciest ill worse worst important more important most important interesting more interesting most interesting kind kinder kindest kindly kindlier kindliest large larger largest late later latest lazy lazier laziest lean leaner leanest light lighter lightest like more like most like likely likelier likeliest more likely most likely little less least lively livelier liveliest lonely lonelier loneliest long longer longest loose looser loosest loud louder loudest lovely lovelier loveliest low lower lowest lowly lowlier lowliest lucky luckier luckiest mad madder maddest manly manlier manliest 772 原形                      比较级                      最高级 many more most mellow mellower mellowest merry merrier merriest mild milder mildest milky milkier milkiest modern more modern most modern much more most muddy muddier muddiest narrow narrower narrowest naughty naughtier naughtiest near nearer nearest neat neater neatest necessary more necessary most necessary needy needier neediest new newer newest nice nicer nicest noble nobler noblest noisy noisier noisiest often oftener oftenest more often most often old older oldest elder eldest pale paler palest plain plainer plainest pleasant pleasanter pleasantest more pleasant most pleasant poor poorer poorest pretty prettier prettiest pure purer purest quick quicker quickest quiet quieter quietest more quiet most quiet rainy rainier rainiest rare rarer rarest ready readier readiest red redder reddest rich richer richest rude ruder rudest sad sadder saddest sandy sandier sandiest seedy seedier seediest seemly seemlier seemliest serious more serious most serious 872 原形                      比较级                      最高级 shady shadier shadiest shallow shallower shallowest sharp sharper sharpest short shorter shortest shy shyer shyest shier shiest silky silkier silkiest silly sillier silliest simple simpler simplest sleepy sleepier sleepiest slender slenderer slenderest slight slighter slightest slow slower slowest small smaller smallest smart smarter smartest smooth smoother smoothest snowy snowier snowiest soft softer softest solid solider solidest sound sounder soundest stately statelier stateliest steady steadier steadiest stiff stiffer stiffest stormy stormier stormiest strange stranger strangest strict stricter strictest stupid stupider stupidest more stupid most stupid sunny sunnier sunniest sure surer surest surly surlier surliest tall taller tallest tasty tastier tastiest tense tenser tensest thick thicker thickest thin thinner thinnest thirsty thirstier thirstiest tidy tidier tidiest tight tighter tightest tiny tinier tiniest tired more tired most tired tough tougher toughest tragic more tragic most tragic 972 true truer truest ugly uglier ugliest unbelievable more unbelievable most unbelievable unhappy unhappier unhappiest unhealthy unhealthier unhealthiest unlucky unluckier unluckiest untidy untidier untidiest unworthy unworthier unworthiest up upper uppermost,upmost vague vaguer vaguest vain vainer vainest vivid vivider vividest more vivid most vivid warm warmer warmest weak weaker weakest wealthy wealthier wealthiest wet wetter wettest white whiter whitest wicked wickeder wickedest more wicked most wicked wide wider widest wild wilder wildest windy windier windiest wise wiser wisest wonderful more wonderful most wonderful woody woodier woodiest wordy wordier wordiest worthy worthier worthiest yellow yellower yellowest young younger youngest     Information Related to Countries     主要国家名称及相关信息 国  家 COUNTRY(n.) PERSON(n.) RELATED ADJECTIVES 阿富汗 Afghanistan Afghan Afghan 阿尔及利亚 Algeria Algerian Algerian 阿根廷 Argentina Argentine Argentinian 澳大利亚 Australia Australian Australian 082 续表 国  家 COUNTRY(n.) PERSON(n.) RELATED ADJECTIVES 奥地利 Austria Austrian Austrian 比利时 Belgium Belgian Belgian 巴西 Brazil Brazilian Brazilian 英国 Britain / U.K. =( the) United Kingdom British British 缅甸 Burma Burmese Burmese 加拿大 Canada Canadian Canadian 中国 China Chinese Chinese 哥伦比亚 Colombia Colombian Colombian 古巴 Cuba Cuban Cuban 丹麦 Denmark Dane Danish 埃及 Egypt Egyptian Egyptian 芬兰 Finland Finn Finnish 法国 France Frenchman French 德国 Germany German German 希腊 Greece Greek Greek 匈牙利 Hungary Hungarian Hungarian 印度 India Indian Indian 印度尼西亚 Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian 伊朗 Iran Iranian Iranian 伊拉克 Iraq Iraqi Iraqi 爱尔兰共和国 ( the) Republic of Ireland Irish Irish 以色列 Israel Israeli Israeli 意大利 Italy Italian Italian 日本 Japan Japanese Japanese 约旦 Jordan Jordanian Jordanian 肯尼亚 Kenya Kenyan Kenyan 科威特 Kuwait Kuwaiti Kuwaiti 黎巴嫩 Lebanon Lebanese Lebanese 182 续表 国  家 COUNTRY(n.) PERSON(n.) RELATED ADJECTIVES 卢森堡 Luxembourg Luxembourger Luxembourgish 马来西亚 Malaysia Malaysian Malaysian 墨西哥 Mexico Mexican Mexican 荷兰 ( the) Netherlands Netherlander / Dutchman, Dutchwoman Netherlandish / Dutch 新西兰 New Zealand New Zealander New Zelanian 挪威 Norway Norwegian Norwegian 巴基斯坦 Pakistan Pakistani Pakistani 巴拿马 Panama Panamanian Panamanian 菲律宾 ( the) Philippines Filipino Philippine 波兰 Poland Polish Polish 葡萄牙 Portugal Portuguese Portuguese 俄罗斯 Russia Russian Russian 新加坡 Singapore Singaporean Singaporean 南非共和国 ( the) Republic of South Africa South African South African 西班牙 Spain Spaniard Spanish 瑞典 Sweden Swede Swedish 瑞士 Switzerland Swiss Swiss 泰国 Thailand Thai Thai 土耳其 Turkey Turk Turkish 美国 U.S.A. =( the) United States of America American American 越南 Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese 282     Tips for Teaching     教学策略 Focus on Listening  听力教学 1. 关于听力 语言教学的最终目的是培养学生的交际能力,英语教学也不例外。 在语言的交际过程中,听、说又是 最重要的,因为人们只有在听懂对方语言的前提下,才能获得对方的信息,并将自己的信息反馈给对方, 从而达到交流的目的。 英国著名的语言学家 D. Jones 认为,只有具备了良好的听力,才能学好语言。 事实 上,在英语学习过程中,大多数学生听的难度大大超过了读写方面的难度。 原因很多,其中很重要的一个 方面是: Listening is a mental activity carried out in one’s head, it is very difficult to know exactly what mental processes are involved as one tries to extract meaning from an aural text. So the difficulty for a teacher to monitor the listening processes of his students or to detect the problems his students might encounter. To listen successfully, students should not only understand the language itself but have knowledge of such things as the topic, the context, the speakers and so on. 2. 听力教学目的 英语听力水平是多种语言能力和技能的综合产物,它涉及语音、语调、语法结构、词汇量和语篇等多 方面的知识和技能。 听力教学应以“模仿语音、语调,培养语感,获取和处理信息”为目的,以提高学生听 力理解和技能运用能力为任务。 3. 听力教学的原则 现实的听力教学仍然存在一些教学误区使得教学实践在一定程度上“费时低效”。 1)难度部分,过度重复; 2)熟读原文,再听录音; 3)边听边读,分散注意; 4)活动单一,偏爱选择; 5)听力练习,只听不说; 6)阅读课文,用作听力。 此外,听力教学还存在的误区是:只注重对内容的检测,检测学生的“记忆力”而忽略对听力技巧的培 养。 为了解决以上问题,听力教学应贯彻以下原则: 1)Focus on process. Listening is as active as speaking. So it is important to design tasks in which the students’ performance shows how well they have comprehended the listening material. 2)Combine listening and speaking. It is important to develop speaking and listening skills together, because most of the time in real life these two skills are needed at the same time. 3)Focus on comprehending meaning. It is important to design tasks that do not ask learners to remember details, but rather, the meaning. 4)Grade difficulty level appropriately. When designing listening tasks, the teacher should grade the difficulty level of the tasks. There are three main categories of factors that affect the difficulty level of listening tasks according to Anderson and Lynch: 1) type of language used; 2) task or purpose in listening; 3)context in which the listening occurs. 4. 主要听力技巧 1)辨别语音,领会意思; 2)听关键信息; 382 3)听懂并执行指令; 4)听懂大意和主题; 5)听懂事物的发展顺序或逻辑关系; 6)预测; 7)理解说话人的意图和态度; 8)评价所听内容; 9)听懂语段的深层含义。 下面提供部分英文表述,供教师参考。 1)Predicting what people are going to talk about. 2)Guessing at unknown words or phrases. 3)Listening for gist. 4)Listening for specific information. 5)Listening for detailed information. 6)Understanding inferred information, e. g. speakers’ attitude or intentions, the relationships between speakers, the physical setting of the text, and so on. 7)Understanding different intonation patterns, and uses of stress, etc. which give clues to meaning and social setting. 8)Retaining relevant points (note⁃taking, summarising) . 9)Using one’s own knowledge of the subject to help one understand. 10)Recognising discourse markers, e.g. “well”, “oh, another thing is􀆺” and “Now, finally􀆺” . 11) Recognising cohesive devices, e. g. “ such as ”, “ which ”, including link words, pronouns, references, etc. 5. 听力活动的过程与活动设计 1)Pre⁃listening stage. (1)The aims of the pre⁃listening stage: •to introduce enough about the topic, type of text or purpose for listening in order to activate the students’ schema and make them ready to predict what they will hear and make sense of it. •to give the students a real purpose to listen and speak to each other. •to warm the students up and arouse their curiosity about what will be said. (2)The main skill practised in the stage is predicting. (3)The activities done in the pre⁃listening stage. A. Predicting. •Let students read the picture, the title, questions and the key words from the text. •Let students read the listening comprehension questions before they listen and ask them to guess the answers to the questions. B. Having a discussion. The students study some visual or reading materials related to the listening text and then have a discussion based on them. C. Setting the scene. The teacher helps to provide the background information to activate the students’ schema, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear. D. The students make a list of words that are likely to occur in the listening text. E. The new words and expressions are demonstrated and explained by the teacher. F. The students are asked to express their own opinions about the idea to be developed by the listening text. 2)While⁃listening stage. (1)The aims of the while⁃listening stage. This stage mainly focuses on the exploitation of the text. The purposes are: 482 •to extend the students’ ability to match what they expect to hear with what they actually hear and to utilise their knowledge of the language and the world to decipher the meaning; •to train the students to approach listening with specific skills based on certain purposes and contexts. (2)The skills practised in the stage. The main skills practised in the stage are listening for the gist, listening for specific information, listening for details and inferring. (3)The activities done in the while⁃listening stage. A. Listening for the gist. •Decide upon a title. •Sequence the main points. •Write a brief summary. B. Listening for specific information. •Listen and match / circle / tick. •Listen and fill in the table. •Listen and fill in the blanks. C. Listening for detailed information. •Listen and choose the best answer. •Listen and judge the statements are true or false. •Listen and answer questions. D. Note⁃taking. •Listen and note down some information required. •Listen and complete the outline of the listening text with the main points. •Listen and note down its main points in the form of an outline. E. Listening and sequencing. F. Listening and acting. G. Listening and drawing. H. Listening and guessing. A teacher or a student can provide oral descriptions of a person, place, thing, action, etc. Students write down what they think it is. I. Spotting and correcting errors. J. Listening and predicting. After the students have listened to part of the listening text, the teacher asks them to predict how the text will continue. K. Listening and labelling. L. Following directions. M. No specific responses. Recent research has shown that by not giving students any task the first time they listen to a passage, it can take the anxiety out of listening. This can work well with any kind of material that is interesting, humorous, or dramatic, because learners are likely to pay attention and try to understand it in order to enjoy it. 3)Post⁃listening tasks. (1)The aims of the post⁃listening stage. The purpose of this stage is to consolidate what has been learned by the students. They can use the new information and language gained from their listening in a different context and connect it with the language they already have. In recent years, there has been a trend to engage students in some kinds of speaking or writing 582 activities after they have finished listening. And the successful completion of such activities is built upon the comprehension of listening text. (2)The skills practised in the stage. Post⁃listening work usually contributes to the development of all the language skills and may involve using other skills than just listening. (3)The activities done in the post⁃listening stage. A. Multiple choice questions. B. Answering questions. •Open⁃ended questions. A test item which allows the person taking the test to answer in his or her own way. The answers to some questions can be found in the passage, but other types of questions might be asking about the attitude of the speaker. •Inference questions. The answers to inference questions are not stated explicitly, but can only be inferred from the text. C. Note⁃taking and gap⁃filling. •Listen and take notes. •Tidy up the notes. •Complete the summary based on the notes. D. Choosing the best summary from a list. E. Writing a summary of the content of the listening text. F. Holding a discussion in the group on the same topic. G. Acting out a role⁃play between people involved in the listening text. H. Writing the end of a story, or giving an alternative ending to a story. I. Writing a letter to local authorities complaining about the situation described in the listening text. J. Writing a parallel text about the same situation. K. Writing similar instructions for using a piece of equipment. 6. 如何教听力 1)用对话教听力。 (1)听前阶段。 •明确目的,激发兴趣和欲望; •介绍有关背景知识,熟悉话题; •预测大意; •处理关键词汇; •给出一至两个“guiding questions”或听前活动。 (2)听中阶段。 可根据所听内容的难易程度, 将听力材料分为两个或三个阶段。 第一次听:听主要内容,回答听前所提出的问题。 第二次听:关注细节。 如对话长,教师可将对话分成几段,逐段理解。 有的部分可能较难,教师切忌 采取从头到尾反复听,而应针对该困难部分采取提问、选择等方式引导学生理解。 (3)听后阶段。 •做听后活动; •学生翻开书跟读对话。 2)用课文教听力可采用同样的方法。 682     7. 听力教学策略 策略培养是听力教学中重要的组成部分,它分为学习策略和教学策略,对这些策略的掌握有助于提 高教师听力课堂操作模式和技巧;同时,也有助于提高学生的学习效率。 1)拓展预测能力。 (1)听前预测。 •根据文章的标题进行预测; •根据选择题的选项进行预测。 (2)听中预测。 •通过说话者的语音语调等非词汇传递的信息进行预测; •根据信号词(signal words)进行预测。 2)听、说结合,读、写相辅。 听、说虽侧重各有不同,然而却是不可分割的语言教学部分,听是说的基础,说是听的扩展与升华。 在听力教学的过程中,结合说的训练并辅以读、写练习,更能培养学生的参与意识与综合能力的提高。 3)强化微技能训练。 掌握基本的听力技能,坚持不懈地提高和强化语言知识和技能,学会不完全爆破发音、音的同化与省 略意群和连读、音的强读与弱读,了解美音和英音的异同,这样在言语听辨过程中就能做出快速、准确的 判断和反应。 4)积累文化内容图式。 过分依赖语言知识和细节的技术处理来解决翻译问题,学生极易陷入对语言文字的纠缠之中,最后 结果必然是“只见树木不见森林”。 教师应有计划地丰富并激活学生的文化内容图式促进听力理解。 5)精听与泛听结合。 6)复述听力材料。 7)转换听力信息。 8)歌曲欣赏。 9)影视欣赏。 10)听力学习合作法。 合作学习法应用于听力教学不仅能满足学生学的要求,而且能将因材施教落到实处。 此时,学生是 主要的参与者和合作者,教师起组织、监督、辅导的作用。 11)优化电化教学手段。 充分利用录音、录像、幻灯、电视、电影等多种电教媒体,为学生创设情景语境,使学生置身于一定的 语言环境,学生的思维能力也可以从中得到锻炼和发展。 12)正确引导课外泛听活动。 13)发挥听力测试导向作用。 作为英语语言教学的重要组成部分,许多教师与学生深感听力教学的困难与无助,因而双方应共同 探索问题的症结所在,一方面教师依循科学的教学原则、内容、策略与评价体系;另一方面学生积极配合, 善于自我监控。 由此,听力教学课堂将成为学习者最轻松、愉快的交流平台。 Focus on Speaking  口语教学 1. 口语的特点 口语是指口头发出的、有声音的语言,是语言存在的最基本形式,书面语则是指以文字形式表达出来 的语言。 与书面语相比,口语有如下特点: 1)口语使用的语言多为非正式语言,句子短小,结构较为松散。 782 2)口语中,说话人通常采用语调、重音和停顿等方法来准确表达思想,同一句话,语调或重音不同,所 表达的含义也有所不同。 3)口语中,人们更多地使用缩写形式,如 he is 或 he has 缩写为 he’s, will not 缩写为 won’t 等。 4)在口语交际中,交际双方能够及时得到对方的信息反馈,并对自己的谈话内容及方式等不断进行 调整。 当说话人感到听话人没有听懂时,可以停下来重复所说的话或者检查自己是否有表达不清楚的地 方,而听话人则可以通过各种方式来表明他是否听懂或赞同说话人的谈话,这一点在书面语中是无法实 现的。 5)在口语交际中,除口头表达外,说话人还可以借助于面部表情、手势等来表达思想。 6)与书面语相比,口语的一大显著特点在于欠缺准确性,这一现象不但普遍存在于语言学习者之中, 也经常出现在本族语者的语言使用当中,例如,在口语交际中,他们经常使用不规范的语法和不恰当的表 达方式、停顿等。 鉴于口语的以上特点,在英语口语教学中,教师应引导学生特别注意这些特点,区分口语和书面语的 不同之处。 2. 口语课的目的 1)培养说的准确性、得体性、流利性和连贯性。 2)增强语感,描述事物。 3)与人交往,促进交流。 4)表达情感、观点、意见。 一个对话中它包含的教学内容是: 1)Topic; 2)Grammar; 3)Vocabulary; 4)Pronunciation; 5)Function; 6)Conversation technique; 7)Non⁃verbal communication; 8)Culture information. 其中 4) ~7)是口语交流不可缺少的要素。 常用会话技巧有: A. Start and end a conversation; B. Hesitate; C. Draw the attention of others; D. Interrupt others; E. Bring other people in; F. Keep the conversation going; G. Prevent interruption; H. Check understanding; I. Ask for repetition or clarification; J. Avoid silence; K. Show understanding. 3. 口语教学的教学模式 口语教学的过程大致分为三个阶段,即 presentation, practice 和 production,又称 3p 教学模式。 1)Presentation (展示或呈现阶段) . 该阶段主要包括向学生输入相关信息,激发学生参与口语活动的动机;展示话题,激活学生的背景知 识等。 在口语练习中,语言信息主要有两种:公式化表达法( formulaic expressions)和熟悉语篇 ( intimate discourse),这些语言信息是学习者创造性地运用语言的基础。 公式化表达法能使学习者口头表达更流 利,话语更连贯。 在练习之前,教师针对练习内容提供一些表达法,或者就某些公式化表达法进行强化训 练,帮助学生应用于口语交际。 在口语会话学习中,学习者不仅要学习英语的语音、语调、表达法等基本语言知识,还应注意文化知 识的输入,了解其社会文化、风俗习惯及行为方式等。 不同的国家、民族有着不同的行为准则和风俗习 惯,这些文化差异直接影响着英语学习者学习英语的兴趣和效果,掌握这些差异有助于语言学习者开展 正常的交际活动,同时,使他们懂得在不同的情景中使用不同的语言。 在交际过程中,交际策略非常重要。 因为借助交际策略,交际者才能保持交际渠道的畅通,因此,教 882 师应在口语课中引入交际策略的教学内容,教会学生克服或绕过语言障碍的交际技巧。 这些策略包括: (1)释义法。 口语练习中学习者经常遇到不知如何表达,找不到恰当词语的情况。 比如,不知道瓶塞钻 (corkscrew)在英语中如何表达,就可用释义法对瓶塞钻进行解释:the thing you open bottles with or device used for pulling corks out of bottles。 (2)迂回法。 当学习者对某个发音感到困难,或者不知道某个单词或句型时,可采用迂回法。 如某人想表达“他是 个骗子”,但不知道“ liar”这个词,因此可以说“He didn’t tell the truth”。 (3)替代法。 当学习者不知道一个物品的名称时,可使用此物品的总称或同义词。 例如,用 a kind of dog 代替 hound(猎犬),用 a kind of ship 代替 yacht(游艇)等。 在口语会话中,替代法也可以借助于某些句型或词 组来完成,如:it has something in common with􀆺, it is similar to􀆺等。 (4)恰当地使用交际套语、补白词(hesitation fillers)。 当遇到不太熟悉或难以发挥的话题时,说话者需要片刻的思考来组织自己的思想,而长时间的思考 必将影响流利程度,这时说话者就需要交际套语等来填补空当,为自己争取思考时间。 如:well, let me think􀆺, it’s a difficult / interesting question􀆺, well, you know 等。 此外,说话也要注意表达因果、转折等关 系,学习者要善于利用连词(如 but, and, while)和一些副词(如 unfortunately, however, on the contrary)等 来连接从句或句子,使表达语义连贯,条理清晰。 (5)借助非言语手段。 在交际过程中,人们为了弥补语言交际的不足或不便,往往采用非言语手段。 表情、动作、手势、姿态 每时每刻都在传递着丰富的信息,了解这些非言语手段,有助于学习者在交际中更好地理解对方,弥补语 言使用上的不足。 在这一阶段,教师可使用多种教学形式,以激发学生的兴趣,达到较好的教学效果。 主要形式有: ①教师就某一问题向学生提问,鼓励学生积极思考,畅所欲言,这样能够激活学生的背景知识,也能达到 让学生相互交流已有知识的目的;②教师向学生出示一张或几张与讨论话题相关的图片,鼓励学生描述 图片内容并根据图片预测将要讨论的话题;③教师向学生播放一段听力材料或录像,就其内容向学生提 问,并鼓励学生积极回答。 2)Practice (训练阶段) . 该阶段的主要目的是“强化以掌握知识,运用以培养交际能力”,使学生认识语言中某些有规律性的 东西,让学生在熟悉语言规则基础上,利用解释、类推去内化英语使用规律,这一阶段所用方法论的特点 含有类推套用性质,因此可称为规则套用阶段。 在这一阶段,教师应采取灵活的组织方式,使学生参与到练习中来,如全班练习、双人练习、小组练习 等。 活动的方式也有机械和半控制的区别,形式应多种多样,如可以采用看图说话的方式来练习基本句 型,在练习“What’s this / that? It is a / an􀆺”句型时,教师可以出示不同的图片给学生以提示,帮助学生巩固 该句型。 其他的练习形式还包括对话重组、完成对话、信息卡对话、重复等。 3)Production (运用阶段) . 该阶段教师控制的影响已缩小甚至消失,是创造性地运用前两阶段所学知识技能的阶段,这一阶段 所用方法有三大特点:放松控制并带交际性质;类推前两个阶段所学知识技能,创造出新的话语;练习不 仅要求正确,还要求速度和内容都达到标准。 这一阶段的活动形式非常丰富,如: (1)角色扮演。 学生在教师指导下,根据不同的场景扮演不同的角色,进行表演。 这些场景可以是由 所学内容引申出的,也可以是与学生生活密切相关的,如购物、打电话、做客等。 (2)看图说话的形式在这一阶段同样适用,教师可以选择广为流传而具有深意的故事图片,让学生描 述故事内容,进而引导学生对故事所包含的深刻含义各抒己见。 982 (3)故事链。 教师根据学习主题给出故事的开头句,如:“ It rained heavily last Sunday”, 然后由学生按 座位顺序将故事继续下去,每人一句,这一活动能活跃课堂气氛,培养学生的想象力,提高学生的口头会 话能力。 (4)讨论、辩论。 (5)演讲。 4. 一堂成功口语课的评价标准 1)Students talk a lot in English. 2)Students’ participation is even. The class is not dominated by a few talkative participants. 3)Students’ motivation is high. Students are interested in the topic, eager to speak and share their own information with others. 4)Language use is of an acceptable level. Students speak with appropriate accuracy and fluency, and new language is comprehended and incorporated in their production. 5.口语课活动设计的原则 1) Interest / Involvement. Is the content of the activity relevant to students’ lives? Do they have plenty to say about their own feelings or opinions? Does the activity involve competition and problem⁃solving? 2)Language input. What language items are students expected to learn? 3)Language output. Can students make full use of the newly learned language items in their activities? 4) Information input. Is any new information built into the speaking activity? Can students learn about new things besides the language itself? 5) Information output. What is the purpose of the activity? Is there a result, solution, answer requested at the end of the activity which is information⁃focused, not language⁃focused? 6) Interaction. What roles are students expected to play and how should they plan them? The task should encourage speaking from as many different students as possible. The task should be designed in a way so that the outspoken students do not dominate discussions. 7)Design. It is good to give the students tasks at times that challenge them, but in line with their ability to deal with. The task must be designed so that students can complete the task successfully with the language that they have. If the students lack too much vocabulary the task will become frustrating and the students are likely to give up. 8)Feedback. Can students get the teacher’s or their classmates’ comment at the end of the activity so that they not only have an information⁃focused outcome but also know what they did well and in what they still need improvement? Focus on Reading  阅读教学 1. 什么是阅读 阅读不再被看成是简单、被动的字符释义,或是被动吸收语言知识的“接受性技能”,而是读者与原文 之间的沟通与交流,是一个积极的思维过程。 092 2. 中学阅读课主要的教学目的是什么 To train the students to be efficient readers in the foreign language, so we have to: •promote vocabulary development; •reinforce language structures; •improve students’ reading skills; •enlarge general knowledge; •enhance writing and speaking ability in the English language; •foster awareness of cultural understanding. 3. 如何提高学生的阅读能力 为了提高学生的阅读能力,使他们成为一个高效的阅读者,教师应尽可能做到以下几点: 1)提高学生的语言能力,如丰富的词汇积累、语法知识和快速的解码技能等。 2)相关的背景知识介绍。 3)阅读技能的训练。 (1)应用阅读技能进行阅读这项能力的培养; (2)加强学生文化意识的培养; (3)通过对四个不同层面的问题进行信息加工,提高学生的批判性阅读能力。 那么,如何设计这四种不同层面的问题呢? 请阅读以下英文内容: Level one: Literal comprehension questions. Literal comprehension questions require the students to show that they understand what is directly stated in a passage. That means the answers can be found directly in the text. Level two: Inferential / Interpretive comprehension questions. Inferential / Interpretive comprehension questions ask the students to show that they understand what is stated indirectly in a passage. By using their prior knowledge, they can probably infer a good answer. Teacher’ s interpretive questions should always be followed by “Where’ s your evidence from the text to support the interpretation?” Level three: Applied comprehension questions. Applied comprehension questions require that the students use information and ideas from a passage in a new situation. There are two kinds of applied comprehension questions: •those that apply their understanding of the main ideas and details that are contained in a passage; •those that apply their understanding of the writer’s attitude. This thinking level encourages the students to answer the question “What does the idea mean?” The teacher should insist the students support this evaluation with evidence from the text and other sources including personal experiences. Level four: Analytical comprehension questions. Analytical comprehension questions make the students think about how different ideas are related. When they analyse a passage, they look at the relationships among the writer, the words that the writer uses, and the reader. 4. 主要阅读技能介绍 1)Skimming: a type of rapid reading which is used when the students want to get the main idea or ideas from a passage. 2)Scanning: a type of speed reading technique which is used when the students want to locate a particular piece of information without necessarily understanding the rest of a text or passage. 3)Previewing: a quick once⁃over of the material to gain a clue or hint of what is to come by recognising the 192 topic and visualising pictures, diagrams, charts, etc. As you preview, look at how the material is organised. That is, try to make a mental outline of what you read. •Note where the passage begins. •Note where the last item related to the passage ends. •Read the topic or question that precedes the passage. Use it to focus on important ideas. •Notice any words and phrases in the passage that are repeated or that are set off by capital letters, italics, or bold type. 4) Making inferences: making use of syntactic, logical and cultural clues to discover the meaning of unknown elements. These may be the writer’s opinions and attitudes which are not directly stated in the text. The writer’s specific choice of words or language types may reflect his real meaning. This skill is often called “ reading between the lines” . •Inferring the meaning of lexical items; •Inferring attitude and opinion; •Inferring the purpose of the article; •Understanding implied information. 5)Predicting: using one’s own knowledge of content, language and the outside world to make predictions about a text and interpret the text. 6) Identifying main ideas: knowing what the ideas the author is expressing about the topic. 7)Guessing the meaning of new words: by using context clues and knowledge of word parts to solve vocabulary problem. 8)Questioning: asking questions as if in a dialogue in a text. •Read the topic or the question that precedes the passage again. Look for the answer to that question as you read. •Read each item or question that is based on the passage. Put the question in your own words. Look for the answers to the questions as you read. •Whenever an author introduces a new idea, stop and ask why that idea might be important. Predict an answer. Keep reading to see if your prediction is correct. •When you read something that puzzles you, stop and ask why that information stands out. Again predict an answer, and then keep on reading to see if your prediction is correct. 9)Recognising patterns of organisation: seeing relationships between ideas to get the overall structure of a text; this skill enables students to adjust reading speeds for what is needed from a text. The most common patterns of organisation are: time order, comparison / contrast, simple listing of related facts and cause / effect. 10)Paraphrasing: rephrasing content using different words (orally or in writing) but with the same sense to aid understanding, to consolidate ideas or to introduce a reaction. 11)Drawing conclusions: putting together information from several parts of the text and reducing or inducing additional ideas. 12)Sequencing: Putting material by restating main ideas and leaving out details. 13)Understanding the meaning and implications of grammatical structures, e.g. cause, result, purpose, reference in time. Compare: He could dance well. (past) He could come at 10 a.m. ( future) 14)Recognising discourse markers: e.g. therefore→conclusion; however→contrast; that is→paraphrase; e.g.→example. 15)Recognising the function of sentences—even when not introduced by discourse markers: e.g. example, 292 definition, paraphrase, conclusion and warning. 16)Understanding relations within the sentence and the text (words that refer back to a thing or a person mentioned earlier in the sentence or the text, e.g. this, it, who, which) . 17)Understanding relations between sentences. 18)Extracting specific information for summary or note⁃taking. 19)Knowing how to use an index, a table of contents, etc. 20)Understanding the layout (organisation) of the text, use of headings, etc. 21)Knowing how to use dictionary effectively. 22)Adjusting reading speeds for different kinds of reading. 5. 阅读教学各环节的目的、技能和活动设计 阅读教学的第一堂课往往为整体教学,一般采用三段式的教学模式,即阅读前、阅读中和阅读后。 每 一个阶段都有其各自的目标和需要训练的阅读技能,教师只有真正了解了各环节的目标,才能做到有的 放矢,才能设计出适合各环节的阅读活动。 1)阅读前。 (1)目的。 A. 激活学生头脑里已有的背景知识和生活经验。 B. 激发学生阅读的兴趣和欲望。 C. 熟悉话题,为下一环节的阅读做准备。 (2)所应训练的主要阅读技能:预测 (3)主要活动设计。 在学生进行阅读前,教师可设计与课文的内容和问题相一致的活动,以便更好地达到教学目的,下面 提供一些活动,供教师参考: A.教师给学生提供与课文有关的背景知识。 B.引导学生根据题目、图画、图表、词汇等预测所读内容。 C.学生陈述他们对所学话题已了解的内容。 D.学生陈述他们对所学话题想了解的内容。 E.提出相关问题。 F.分小组或全班讨论有关问题。 G. 通过设计判断题,对课文内容进行预测,无论猜测正确与否都会引导学生更好地理解所读内容。 2)阅读中。 (1)目标。 该阶段的主要目标是帮助学生理解课文内容和结构;帮助读者更好地理解作者的写作意图。 (2)训练技能。 略读;推断;理解大意;猜测词义;阅读细节;理解文章结构;阅读图表信息;理解指代;逻辑关系;作者 意图;评价阅读内容等。 (3)主要活动设计。 A. 略读:快速阅读,迅速抓住文章大意。 •问一至两个“guiding question(s)”,引导学生关注文章的大意或最重要的方面。 •给学生提供几个句子,要求学生阅读并选择正确答案。 •给学生提供阅读文章的主要内容,学生排序。 B. 扫读:通过有目的的阅读,获取主要信息或特殊信息。 学生快速读一种材料,迅速找到某一方面的信息。 教师可用字典、报纸、地图、菜单等训练这方面的 能力;在阅读文章时可给出一些问题、数字、重要词汇等让学生迅速查找,了解其意。 C. 信息转换。 392 将阅读的内容转换成其他的形式将会帮助学生更有效地进行阅读,如图画、图表、表格、统计图、树状 图、流线图、笔记等。 D.根据上下文猜测词汇。 E.为课文选择和添加标题。 F.回答各种不同类型的问题。 G.根据所读内容画图、标图、连线、填表、排序、补全信息。 H.边读边推理,形成对整个故事发展的见解。 该阶段的阅读,要注意首先是对文章的整体理解,然后才是对细节的关注,如段落、句子、单词等。 3)阅读后。 (1)目标。 阅读后这一环节的活动不再直接关注课文内容,但却基于课文主题内容,主要目的有三: A. 巩固和反思课文内容。 B. 将课文的内容与学生的经验、知识、兴趣等联系起来,让学生谈谈对自己所读东西的认识和想法。 C. 通过听、说、写等活动,让学生通过应用巩固所学语言,使学生的综合语言运用能力得到发展。 (2)语言技能。 该阶段注重听、说、读、写等多项技能的综合发展。 (3)主要活动。 A. 就本课话题进行讨论; B. 根据所读内容进行角色扮演; C. 据所读内容填空; D. 写摘要; E. 给故事续尾; F. 将课文改写成对话; G. 复述故事; H. 就课文内容进行评述; I. 就课文内容进行采访; J. 补充听或阅读与课文话题有关的文章; K. 提供课文摘要,但给出的信息有误,学生阅读并修改。 6. 阅读教学的原则 在进行阅读教学时,教师应考虑阅读材料的选择(如果是自己选材)、阅读的目的、应训练的技能以及 能达到这些目标的活动设计等,请阅读以下原则: 1)The selected texts and attached tasks should be accessible to the students. Inaccessible texts and tasks do not help improve students’ reading skills but cause frustration. 2)Tasks should be clearly given in advance. Preferably, tasks should motivate students. 3)Tasks should be designed to encourage selective and intelligent reading for the main meaning rather than test the students’ understanding of trivial details. 4) Tasks should help develop students’ reading skills rather than test their reading comprehension. If teachers always ask students to read passages then answer multiple choice questions, they are actually testing them not developing their reading skills. 5)Teachers should help the students not merely to cope with one particular text in front of them but with their reading strategies and reading ability in general. We should encourage them to use strategies which will enable them to tackle any further texts. 6)Teachers should help the students to read on their own. We should aim at gradually withdrawing our guidance as our students progress so that they eventually become independent readers. Focus on Writing  写作教学 写作是一个复杂的思维过程,写作也需要有明确的动机与积极的态度,因此,写作的题目应结合学生 492 的实际生活与需要,此外,还应为学生创造一个积极、合作与富有鼓励性的写作环境,使他们有写作的愿 望,使他们乐于写作,充分发挥自己的思维能力。 教师应引导学生建立“ features of good writing”的概念,了解过程写作的特点与步骤。 1. 好文章的标准 评判一篇文章的好坏可以根据以下几方面进行: 1) For content, ideas should be developed and organised clearly and convincingly, and ideas and information in sentences should be linked in a coherent fashion. 2)For language, a well⁃written text includes spelling accurately, getting the grammar right, punctuating meaningfully, having a range of vocabulary and an appropriate choice of words, and using a wide range of sentence structures. 3)Layout, like spacing, indention, handwriting, should comply with convention. 2.写作基本技能 1)激活灵感; 2)整理思路; 3)组织素材; 4)规划文章结构; 5)列出提纲; 6)起草文章; 7)组织语言; 8)遣词造句; 9)修改文章; 10)正确使用标点符号和字母大小写。 3. 写作过程模式 1)写作过程模式的特点。 在传统的英语教学中,教师只关注学生写作的结果,而忽略了写作过程的培养,在这套教材中,我们 倡导写作过程模式在写作教学中的应用,它具有以下特点: (1)强调为学生创造一个积极、合作与富有鼓励性的写作环境,使他们乐于写作。 (2)强调写作要有明确的动机和积极的态度。 因此,教师给学生布置的写作题目应结合学生的实际 生活和需要,使他们具有写作的兴趣和欲望,而不是为了应付教师布置的作业。 (3)写作教学应在注重词汇、句型等语言知识的书面练习的同时,注意句子与段落间关联的语篇结 构,此外,还应培养学生的批判性思维与逻辑推理能力。 (4)写作教学还应考虑写作的对象,即写给谁看,对象不同,写作的风格和形式差异就很大。 (5)写作教学还应注意母语与外语写作的不同,加强母语与外语社会文化知识对比的教学。 2)写作过程模式的步骤。 (1)Pre⁃writing:写前要求学生运用背景知识,对将要写的文章进行构思。 A. Developing a sense of purpose and a sense of audience. 根据不同的写作目的和对象,作者扮演的角色不同,写作的风格与形式的差异也很大,因此,学生写 作前应明确写作的目的和对象,以保证学生确切使用书面语的能力。 B. Generating ideas. •学生记录下自己所能想到的与题目有关的所有信息,允许学生适当使用汉语。 •以小组为单位与同学讨论自己所收集的信息,用英语记录下所有的信息。 •教师引导学生将各组所收集的信息写在黑板上。 C. Organising ideas:将所有的信息进行归纳、整理,确定有用的信息。 D. Developing an outline:根据写前构思,列出一个大纲作为框架,为写作做准备。 (2)Writing a rough draft. 学生根据收集的资料和讨论结果写出初稿。 (3)Post⁃writing. •Revising the first draft using the checklist. 学生以两人或小组为单位根据教师提供的检查表进行修改。 592 •Editing the paragraphs. 学生可与同伴一起对文章的拼写、标点、词汇及语法进行修改。 •Writing the final copy. 学生完成自己的终稿。 4.书面作业批改中常用的符号 ab faulty abbreviation agr error in agreement awk awkward cap use capital letter CE Chinese English col error in collocation d error in diction div incorrect word division dm dangling modifier comp faulty comparison frag sentence fragment gr error in grammar id unidiomatic expression inc comp incomplete comparision ital italicise ll faulty parallel structure log faulty logic mm misplaced modifier mng meaning unclear no cap unnecessary capital letter nsw no such word num error in use of numbers p error in punctuation red redundant ref error in pronoun reference rep unnecessary repetition run⁃on run⁃on sentence sl slang sp misspelled word t error in verb tense vb error in verb form vo error in voice w wordy ww wrong word [  ] delete ‖ start new paragraph ∧ something missing Suggestions for Lesson Preparation  备课基本思路 在新学期开始备课时,教师首先要宏观把握教材,做到宏观备课和微观备课的结合。 所谓宏观备课 就是“planning over time, planning for a month, a term, a year or the whole course”而微观备课则是“planning for a specific unit or a lesson which usually lasts from one or two weeks or 40–45 minutes respectively”宏观备课 要求浏览一册书的主要内容,做到心中有数,然后再熟悉每一单元、每一课;每个活动的内容和设计目的。 宏观备课的示意图如下: 692

资源预览图

Appendices 附录-高中英语选择性必修第一册教师教学用书(重大版2019)
1
Appendices 附录-高中英语选择性必修第一册教师教学用书(重大版2019)
2
Appendices 附录-高中英语选择性必修第一册教师教学用书(重大版2019)
3
Appendices 附录-高中英语选择性必修第一册教师教学用书(重大版2019)
4
所属专辑
相关资源
示范课
由于学科网是一个信息分享及获取的平台,不确保部分用户上传资料的 来源及知识产权归属。如您发现相关资料侵犯您的合法权益,请联系学科网,我们核实后将及时进行处理。