精品解析：北京市北京师范大学第二附属中学2023-2024学年高二下学期第二次月考英语试卷

北京师大二附中2023—2024学年高二年级第二学期 英语阶段性测试 说明： 本试卷共7页，100分。考试时长60分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。 一、词汇（共20小题；每小题0.5分，满分10分） 词义匹配 A.坚持认为 B. 使混乱 C.（时间）流逝 D. 领先 1. progress ________________ 2. disrupt ________________ 3. lead ________________ 4. maintain ________________ 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 【解析】 【1题详解】 考查动词。progress是动词，意为“（时间）流逝”，故选C。 【2题详解】 考查动词。disrupt是动词，意为“使混乱”，故选B。 【3题详解】 考查动词。lead是动词，意为“领先”，故选D。 【4题详解】 考查动词。maintain是动词，意为“坚持认为”，故选A。 词义匹配 A. 惊呆的 B. 清淡的 C. 最初的 D. 惊人的 5. light________________ 6. striking________________ 7. initial________________ 8. stunned________________ 【答案】5. B 6. D 7. C 8. A 【解析】 【5题详解】 考查形容词。light是形容词，意为“清淡的”，故选B。 【6题详解】 考查形容词。striking是形容词，意为“惊人的”，故选D。 【7题详解】 考查形容词。initial是形容词，意为“最初的”，故选C。 【8题详解】 考查形容词。stunned是形容词，意为“惊呆的”，故选A。 词义匹配 A.措施 B. 纪念物 C. 动机 D. 描述 9. measure________________ 10. motive________________ 11. memorial________________ 12. account________________ 【答案】9. A 10. C 11. B 12. D 【解析】 【9题详解】 考查名词。名词measure表示“措施”，故选A。 【10题详解】 考查名词。名词motive表示“动机”，故选C。 【11题详解】 考查名词。名词memorial表示“纪念物”，故选B。 【12题详解】 考查名词。名词account表示“描述”，故选D。 词义匹配 A.注意 B. 庆祝 C. 使……忙于 D. 不赞成 13. mark________________ 14. mind________________ 15. object________________ 16 occupy________________ 【答案】13. B 14. A 15. D 16. C 【解析】 【13题详解】 考查动词。动词mark表示“庆祝”，故选B。 【14题详解】 考查动词。动词mind表示“注意”，故选A。 【15题详解】 考查动词。动词object表示“不赞成”，故选D。 【16题详解】 考查动词。动词occupy表示“使……忙于”，故选C。 词义匹配 A. 折中 B. 原作 C. 空缺 D. 模范 17. opening ________________ 18. original ________________ 19. pattern ________________ 20. compromise ________________ 【答案】17. C 18. B 19. D 20. A 【解析】 【17题详解】 考查名词。opening是名词，意为“空缺”，故选C。 【18题详解】 考查名词。original是名词，意为“原作”，故选B。 【19题详解】 考查名词。pattern是名词，意为“模范”，故选D。 【20题详解】 考查名词。compromise是名词，意为“折中”，故选A。 二、完型填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Father’s Example At the age of 16; my father sat beneath the street tight to study until exhaustion kicked in. Sometimes, if he was lucky, the school guard would let him slip into the empty corridors to ____21____ the cold. Other nights, the guard shooed him away. The ____22____ of electricity. in the home he shared with six family members was one of the easier roadblocks to overcome on his path to becoming a doctor. Despite poor conditions, supporting the whole family after Grandpa’s death, and the 60% illiteracy (文盲) rate of his country, Pakistan, my father defeated the odds to establish his own clinic. However, he decided to leave this comfortable lifestyle and move to America to ____23____ limitless opportunities for his family. Because of his ____24____, I strive to take advantage of every opportunity. I transferred from my familiar suburban middle school, where I stood out, to the ____25____ International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program. Although I also made sacrifices, like my father, by switching schools, I have no regrets. At my current high school, I have endless opportunities to excel and interact with students from many backgrounds. Leaving my friends and the ____26____ of living five minutes from school was a small price to pay after I put my life into perspective. Changing schools gave me the ____27____ to pursue rigorous (严格的) courses. My academic future challenges and pushes me. For the rest of high school, I hope to keep my grades consistent, excel on standardized tests, and participate in summer programs. I understand that grades do not define a person, but I am motivated to study, like my father, until I reach success. I firmly believe that to develop our society we must first assist the less ____28____. I hope to choose a career that lets me do this. My motivation to become a doctor results from my desire to ease the pain of others. Also, I realize that education is the groundwork of my future and that I must ____29____ a solid foundation in it to achieve my goals. Unlike my father’s sisters, who married young and never graduated from high school, I enjoy my life in America with infinite possibilities and I must work to benefit from all of them. My father worked his entire life to secure my future. I ____30____ it to him, and to myself, to make something of my education. 21. A. keep B. escape C. defend D. fight 22. A. lack B. danger C. delivery D. power 23. A. check B. appreciate C. predict D. seek 24. A. sacrifice B. talent C. instruction D. preparation 25. A. enjoyable B. admirable C. developing D. challenging 26. A. relief B. honor C. result D. comfort 27. A. drive B. award C. duty D. turn 28. A. energetic B. friendly C. ambitious D. fortunate 29. A. build B. follow C. shake D. give 30. A. offer B. owe C. give D. send 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述的是“父亲的榜样”。作者希望无论对父亲，还是对自己，都有责任使自己的教育有所作为。 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：有时候，如果幸运的话，学校的警卫会让他溜进空无一人的走廊里避寒。A. keep保持；B. escape逃脱；C. defend保卫，辩护；D. fight打架，战斗。根据上文“Sometimes, if he was lucky, the school guard would let him slip into the empty corridors to”指有时，如果他幸运的话，学校的警卫会让父亲溜进空荡荡的走廊里避寒。故选B。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他成为一名医生的道路上，他和六口人住在一起，家里没有电，这是他较容易克服的障碍之一。A. lack缺乏；B. danger危险；C. delivery递送；D. power力量，能力。根据后文“was one of the easier roadblocks to overcome on his path to becoming a doctor”指在他成为一名医生的道路上，他与六名家庭成员共用的房子停电是比较容易克服的障碍之一。故选A。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，他决定离开这种舒适的生活方式，移居美国，为他的家人寻求无限的机会。A. check核对；B. appreciate欣赏，感激；C. predict 预测；D. seek寻找。根据后文“limitless opportunities for his family”可知搬到美国是为了给他的家人寻找无限的机会。故选D。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为他的牺牲，我努力利用每一个机会。A. sacrifice牺牲；B. talent天才；C. instruction指令；D. preparation准备。根据上文“he decided to leave this comfortable lifestyle and move to America”可知，因为父亲的牺牲，作者努力利用每一个机会。故选A。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我从熟悉的郊区中学转到了具有挑战性的国际文凭课程（IB）。A. enjoyable快乐的；B. admirable令人钦佩的；C. developing发展中的；D. challenging具有挑战性的。根据后文“Although I also made sacrifices, like my father, by switching schools, I have no regrets.(虽然我也做出了牺牲，像我父亲一样，转学，但我并不后悔)”可知，我从熟悉的郊区中学，转到了具有挑战性的国际文凭课程(IB)。故选D。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：离开我的朋友，离开离学校五分钟路程的舒适生活，是我正确看待生活后付出的一个小小的代价。A. relief安慰；B. honor荣誉；C. result 结果；D. comfort舒适。根据后文“of living five minutes from school was a small price to pay after I put my life into perspective”可知，作者离开朋友，离开学校五分钟的舒适生活，是作者审视自己的生活后要付出的小小代价。故选D。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：转学给了我追求严格课程的动力。A. drive驱动力；B. award奖品；C. duty职责；D. turn转弯。根据后文“My academic future challenges and pushes me.(我的学术未来挑战并推动着我)”可知，换学校给了作者追求严格课程的动力。故选A。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我坚信，要发展我们的社会，我们必须首先帮助那些不幸的人。A. energetic精力充沛的；B. friendly友好的；C. ambitious有雄心的；D. fortunate幸运的。根据后文“I hope to choose a career that lets me do this. My motivation to become a doctor results from my desire to ease the pain of others.(我希望选择一个能让我做到这一点的职业。我想成为一名医生的动机源于我想减轻别人的痛苦)”可知，作者坚信，要发展我们的社会，我们必须首先帮助那些不幸的人。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：同时，我也意识到教育是我未来的基础，为了实现我的目标，我必须在教育上打下坚实的基础。A. build建立，建造；B. follow跟随；C. shake摇动；D. give给。根据后文“a solid foundation in it to achieve my goals.”可知，同时，我意识到教育是我未来的基础，我必须在其中建立一个坚实的基础来实现我的目标。故选A。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了他，也为了我自己，我要在我的教育中有所作为。A. offer提供；B. owe欠，感激；C. give给；D. send发送。根据上文“Unlike my father’s sisters, who married young and never graduated from high school, I enjoy my life in America with infinite possibilities and I must work to benefit from all of them. My father worked his entire life to secure my future.(我不像我父亲的姐妹们，她们结婚很早，高中都没毕业，我在美国享受着无限的可能性，我必须努力从所有这些可能性中受益。我父亲一生都在努力确保我的未来)”可知，作者能够在美国享受无限的可能性归功于父亲的牺牲，所以对他，对我自己，都有责任使我的教育有所作为。故选B。 三、阅读理解（共两节；满分 26分） 第一节（共8小题；每小题2分，满分16分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 A It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes .They recycle their garbage because the care about the environment .They pay $5 for a caramel brulée latte because they like expensive coffee drinks. It's undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions (性情), but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem , by observing our own behavior .We can be strangers to ourselves .If we knew our own minds, why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes .Actually , we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are. Moreover, we don't just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character—we infer characters that weren't there before .Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize .Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn't .Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us .We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition. Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not be in compliance (符合) with their true desires .Therefore , we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut's advice: “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.” 31. According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to___. A. determine one's behavior B. reflect one's taste C. influence one's surroundings D. result from one's habits 32. Which of the following would Daryl Bem most probably agree with?__ A. The return of a wallet can indicate one's honesty. B. A kind person will offer his seat to the old. C. One recycles plastics to protect the environment. D. One buys latte out of true love of coffee. 33. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage?___ A. We fail to realize our inner dispositions. B. We can be influenced by outside pressures. C. Our behavior is the result of our true desires. D. Our characters can shape our social relationships. 34. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?___ A. Personalities and attitudes. B. Preferences and habits. C. Behavior and personalities. D Attitudes and preferences. 【答案】31. A 32. A 33. B 34. C 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了行为和个性之间的关系。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段It’s generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes.可知，个性和态度通常被认为会决定一个人的行为。故选A。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段It’s undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions(性情), but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own behavior.可知，社会学家Daryl Bern认为，通过观察我们的行为可以判断出我们是谁，因为行为来自于我们的内在倾向，所以返还钱包可以表明一个人的诚实。故选A。 【33题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn’t.（可能我们会回收是因为如果我们不这样做的话，我们的妻子和邻居会反对）可知，我们可能会受到外界压力的影响做某些事。故选B。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要讨论了行为和个性之间的关系。故选C。 B “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 35. What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work. B. Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C. People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D. The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection. 36. The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______. A. the enormous efforts of scientists at work B. the reliability of potential research results C. the public’s passion for scientific findings D. the improvement in the quality of evidence 37. The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______. A. discouraging B. ineffective C. unfair D. misleading 38. The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______. A. doubtful but sincere B. disapproving but soft C. authoritative and direct D. reflective and humorous 【答案】35. D 36. B 37. A 38. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲心理学教授BrianNosek提出“假定自己是错的”这一建议用于追求更好的科学，文章围绕该建议展开，论述其背景、面临的挑战及担忧，作者虽对这一假说存疑，但喜欢该建议，希望借助科学社区和方法工具，共同减少错误。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.(但方法改革并非没有一些烦恼和摩擦。方法论改革家说了很多难听的话，也说了很多关于他们的坏话。很少有人喜欢自己毕生工作的价值受到质疑。另一方面，很少有人善于以善意和建设性的方式提出批评。所以，挑战的一部分是弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，这样它就会成为这个过程中受欢迎的、完整的一部分，而不是令人尴尬的杂耍)”可知，方法上的改革面临一些挑战，其中之一就是要弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，使其成为过程中受欢迎和整合的一部分，这说明科学社区应该实践批判性自我反思。故选D。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares.(相反，从假设你是错的开始，批评更容易被解释为如何减少错误的建设性建议——你的批评者可能也有同样的目标)”及第五段的“Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.(如果不了解科学是如何运作的，就很容易把不确定性或分歧当作反对科学的标志，而事实上，它们恰恰反映了科学的一些特征，正是这些特征使科学成为我们得出关于世界的可靠结论的最佳途径。科学是可靠的，因为它对证据作出反应：随着证据数量和质量的提高，我们的理论也可以而且应该改变) ”可知，“假定自己是错的”这种策略有助于科学家寻找更多的证据，提高了潜在研究结果的可靠性。故选B。 【37题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第五段的“One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science.(对这种方法的一个担忧是，它可能会使科学家……。努力少犯错误的动机可能不如承诺正确的动机有效。另一个担忧是，在科学领域行之有效的策略在与公众交流科学时可能会适得其反。如果不了解科学是如何运作的，就很容易把不确定性或分歧当作反对科学的标志)”可知，在科学领域，追求完全正确往往是一个理想化的目标，因为实现这个目标可能是困难的，甚至是不可能的。相比之下，追求变得“不那么错误”可能更为现实和可行。这种方法鼓励科学家不断学习和改进，接受在研究过程中会犯错的可能性，从而更好地理解和解决问题。虽然这种方法可能会减轻一些压力，但也可能会在一定程度上降低科学家的动机和信心，因为他们可能会觉得自己永远无法达到完美的正确性。因此，“假定自己是错的”这种策略可能会让科学家感到士气低落。故选A。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.(尽管存在这些担忧，但我喜欢诺塞克的建议，因为它建立了认知上的谦卑，以及我们可以做得更好的感觉。它还建立了一种社区意识——当我们做错事的时候，我们都在同一条船上)”及最后一段的“Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.(不幸的是，这仍然给我们留下了一个未经检验的假设：假设一个人是错的可以改变社会规范，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能是更好的生活决策。我不知道这是不是真的。事实上，我应该假设这是错的。但是有了科学界和我们最好的方法论工具的帮助，我希望我们能一起减少错误)”可知，作者用幽默的语调一方面承认自己不确定这个假说是否正确，另一方面又对其抱有希望。由此推知，作者在谈论这个未经检验的假设时使用的语气是反思和幽默的。故选D。 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多于选项。 People worldwide are living longer. Today, most people can expect to live into their sixties and beyond. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 and older is expected to total 2 billion, up from 900 million in 2015. While this shift in proportion (比例) of a country’s population towards older ages---known as ageing---started in high-income countries, for example in Japan, 30% of the population are already over 60 years old, it is now low- and middle-income countries that are experiencing the greatest change. ___39___At the biological level, ageing results from molecular (分子的) and cellular damage over time. This leads to a growing risk of disease and eventually death. ___40___ That’s why we say there is no “typical” older person. While some 70 year-olds enjoy extremely good health, other 70 year-olds are weak and require a lot of help from others. ___41___ Retirement, relocation and the death of friends and partners are some of the possible reasons. For example, moving older people to a better house, which seems an admirable behavior, may do harm to their health eventually. ___42___ Some people believe older people can be active and productive. A longer life brings opportunities, both for older people themselves and for society. They can pursue new activities such as further education or a new career. They also contribute in many ways to communities. ___43___ This can lead to discrimination against older people. Therefore, society as a whole needs to address the ageist attitude by developing sound policies and offering various opportunities so that older people can experience fulfilling ageing. A. Nobody can ever escape from the ageing process. B. But these changes are only loosely linked to a person’s age. C. Yet the extent of their contribution depends heavily on their health. D. Beyond biological changes, ageing is also related to other life changes. E. Although ageing is a universal trend, views towards older people divide. F. However, to others, older people are weak, dependent, and a burden to society. G. By 2050, many countries like Chile and China will have a similar rate of older people to Japan. 【答案】39. G 40. B 41. D 42. E 43. F 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是关于老龄化问题。现在全世界的人都活得更长。今天，大多数人可以预期活到60岁以上。到2050年，世界60岁以上人口预计将从2015年的9亿增加到20亿。 【39题详解】 上文提示“尽管这种人口比例向老年化(即老龄化)的转变始于高收入国家，例如日本，30%的人口已经超过60岁，但目前中低收入国家正经历着最大的变化。”承接上文，G. By 2050, many countries like Chile and China will have a similar rate of older people to Japan.（到2050年，像智利和中国这样的许多国家的老年人口比例将与日本相当。）切题。故选G。 【40题详解】 上文提示“这导致疾病的风险越来越大，最终导致死亡。”再根据下文提示“这就是为什么我们说没有“标准的”老年人。”承接上下文，B项 But these changes are only loosely linked to a person’s age.（但这些变化与一个人的年龄关系不大。）切题。故选B。 【41题详解】 下文提示“退休、搬迁、朋友和伴侣的去世都是可能的原因。”承接下文，D项 Beyond biological changes, ageing is also related to other life changes.（除了生物变化，衰老还与其他生命变化有关。）切题。故选D。 【42题详解】 下文提示“有些人认为老年人可以是积极的和富有成效的。”承接下文，E项Although ageing is a universal trend, views towards older people divide.（尽管老龄化是一个普遍的趋势，但对老年人的看法存在分歧。）切题。故选E。 【43题详解】 下文提示“这可能导致对老年人的歧视。”承接下文，F项 However, to others, older people are weak, dependent, and a burden to society.（然而，对其他人来说，老年人是软弱的、依赖他人的，是社会的负担。）切题。下文中的this指的就是该项内容，事实上前后是一种因果关系，故选F。 【点睛】做七选五时，“尤其代词不可放”是说：在填空处的前后语境中出现的一些代词不可忽视。本题第5小题，下文提示“这可能导致对老年人的歧视。”承接下文，F项 However, to others, older people are weak, dependent, and a burden to society.（然而，对其他人来说，老年人是软弱的、依赖他人的，是社会的负担。）切题。下文中的指示代词this指的就是该项内容，故选F。 四、选词填空（共7小题；每小题2分，满分14分） 用方框中词或词组的适当形式完成下列句子，每个词或词组只能用一次（有一个多余的选项）。 refer to; impress; reveal; adopt; disturb; consist of; burst into; involve in 44. Their diet usually ______________ vegetables and bread. 45 Over ten vehicles ______________ the crash that happened this morning. 46. The term “Arts” usually ______________ humanities and social sciences. 47. His trip to India made a strong ______________ on him. 48. Details of the murder ______________ by the local paper last week. 49. She was a wonderful mother to both her natural and ______________ children. 50. I’m sorry to ______________ you, but can I talk to you for a moment? 【答案】44. consists of 45. were involved in 46. refers to 47. impression 48. were revealed 49. adopted 50. disturb 【解析】 【44题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：他们的饮食通常是蔬菜和面包。根据“Their diet”和“vegetables and bread”可知，consist of“包括”符合题意，结合句意及usually可知句子使用一般现在时，主语diet表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数，故填consists of。 【45题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：今天早上发生的撞车事故涉及十多辆车。结合句意可知，involve in“使参与，陷入或牵扯到”符合题意，和主语Over ten vehicles之间是被动关系，结合时间状语this morning可知应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，故填were involved in。 【46题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：“艺术”一词通常是指人文和社会科学。结合句意可知，refer to“指的是”符合题意，句子是描述一个事实，使用一般现在时，主语The term “Arts”表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数，故填refers to。 【47题详解】 考查名词。句意：他的印度之行给他留下了深刻的印象。空处应填名词单数作宾语，结合句意可知，此处指“他的印度之行给他留下了深刻的印象”，impress是动词，名词形式是impression，故填impression。 【48题详解】 考查动词。句意：上周当地报纸披露了这起谋杀案的细节。结合“Details of the murder”可知，reveal“揭露，透露”，动词，和主语Details之间是被动关系，结合时间状语last week可知应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，故填were revealed。 【49题详解】 考查形容词。句意：对于她的亲生孩子和收养的孩子来说，她都是一位出色的母亲。结合句意及“natural”可知，此处指“收养的”，adopt“收养”，动词，形容词形式是adopted，故填adopted。 【50题详解】 考查动词。句意：很抱歉打扰你，我能和你谈谈吗？根据“I’m sorry”可知，disturb“打扰”，动词，符合题意，空前的to是不定式符号，后接动词原形，故填disturb。 五、语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分） A 语法填空 I was born with a pronounced facial problem. Because of that, I have undergone many cruel comments. One day, while ____51____ (shop), I was approached by a woman I didn’t know. Standing still, I was ready for a rude remark. But the lady smiled and said, “This gift card is for you, beautiful girl, so you can buy something special for____52____ (you). ” I am so thankful to that woman for reminding me beauty____53____ (come) in all forms. 【答案】51. shopping 52. yourself 53. comes 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个人因为面部畸形而遭受残酷言论的经历。主人公本以为陌生女人会嘲笑他，但出乎意料的是那位女士并没有嘲笑他而是赠送了礼品卡给他并告诉他美丽存在于各种形式中。 【51题详解】 考查状语从句的省略。句意：一天，我在购物的时候，一个我不认识的女人走过来。分析句子，句中构成状语从句的省略结构，还原后为：while I was shopping,省略了 I was。故填shopping。 【52题详解】 考查代词。句意：这张礼品卡是给你的，漂亮的姑娘，这样你就可以给自己买些特别的东西了。分析句子，此处主语为you，表示“为自己”故使用you的反身代词yourself作宾语。故填yourself。 【53题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：我非常感谢那位女士，她提醒我美丽是多种多样的。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，根据前文的am可知，句子表述客观事实故使用一般现在时。句子的主语beauty为第三人称单数。故填comes。 B 语法填空 China has a large number of global cultural heritage(遗产) sites ____54____ (recognize) by UNESCO. Over the past decades great efforts____55____ (make) by the country to preserve them. These cultural heritage sites enrich our daily lives in countless ways, ____56____we experience them directly or through the medium of a connected device. We believe that China____57____ (apply) modern technologies to the restoration and preservation of more cultural heritage sites in the years to come. 【答案】54. recognized 55. have been made 56. whether 57. will apply 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是中国有许多被联合国教科文组织认可的全球文化遗产，中国过去几十年为保护这些遗产做出了巨大努力。 【54题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：中国有大量被联合国教科文组织认定的世界文化遗产。分析句子，句中has为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处heritage sites与recognize之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作定语，表示被动关系。故填recognized。 【55题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：在过去的几十年里，国家做出了巨大的努力来保护它们。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，句中over the past decades为现在完成时时间标志，此处efforts与make之间是被动关系，故使用现在完成时的被动语态。故填have been made。 【56题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：这些文化遗产以无数的方式丰富了我们的日常生活，无论是我们直接体验它们还是通过连接设备的媒介。分析句子，句中引导状语从句，句中whether…or…为固定句型，意为“无论是……还是……”。故填whether。 【57题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：我们相信，在未来的岁月里，中国将运用现代技术修复和保护更多的文化遗产。分析句子，设空处使用动词作that引导宾语从句的谓语，句中in the years to come表示动作发生在将来，故使用一般将来时。故填will apply。 C 语法填空 Psychological processes and mental wellbeing are vital to consistently high degrees of sporting performance for athletes at all levels. Sports psychology is the study of ____58____ psychological factors influence athletic performance. Although it is a ____59____ (relative) new discipline, sports psychology is now widely accepted as offering an important advantage ____60____opponents. To provide athletes with the mental support they need, a sports psychologist needs to consider their feelings, behavior and lives beyond. 【答案】58. how 59. relatively 60. over 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了体育心理学与运动表现之间的关系。 【58题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：运动心理学是研究心理因素如何影响运动成绩的学科。分析句子，设空处引导的是宾语从句，引导词在从句中作状语，意为“如何”用how。故填how。 【59题详解】 考查副词。句意：尽管这是一门相对较新的学科，但运动心理学现在已被广泛接受，因为它提供了战胜对手的重要优势。分析句子，设空处使用relative的副词relatively作状语，修饰形容词new，意为“相对地”。故填relatively。 【60题详解】 考查介词。句意：同上。句中an advantage over…为固定短语，意为“胜过……；优于……”故填over。 六、书面表达（满分20分） 61. 假定你是红星中学学生会主席李华，英国一学生访问团将来你校进行文化参观交流。请你写封邮件表示欢迎，并将参观安排告知该访问团的负责人Mr Smith。内容包括： 1.具体活动安排； 2.征询对方意见。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Mr. Smith, ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sincerely, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Mr. Smith, We are more than pleased to learn that you are coming to our school. Please allow me to tell you what we have arranged for your visit. In the morning, we will introduce Chinese painting art to you and invite you to experience the traditional art form. At noon, there will be a face to face talk between students, which is a good chance for us to learn more about each other. At night, our school’s drama club will perform a shadow play. By watching it, you are sure to have a deeper understanding of traditional Chinese culture. We are eager to know if our arrangements will satisfy you. Looking forward to your reply soon. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生就英国一学生访问团将来学校进行文化参观交流写封邮件表示欢迎，并将参观安排告知该访问团的负责人Mr Smith。 【详解】1.词汇积累 高兴的：pleased→glad 机会：chance→opportunity 了解：learn about→ know about 是否：if→whether 2.句式拓展 合并简单句 原句：At night, our school’s drama club will perform a shadow play. By watching it, you are sure to have a deeper understanding of traditional Chinese culture. 拓展句：At night, our school’s drama club will perform a shadow play, through which you are sure to have a deeper understanding of traditional Chinese culture. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Please allow me to tell you what we have arranged for your visit.（运用了what引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】At noon, there will be a face to face talk between students, which is a good chance for us to learn more about each other.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 北京师大二附中2023—2024学年高二年级第二学期 英语阶段性测试 说明： 本试卷共7页，100分。考试时长60分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。 一、词汇（共20小题；每小题0.5分，满分10分） 词义匹配 A.坚持认为 B. 使混乱 C.（时间）流逝 D. 领先 1. progress ________________ 2. disrupt ________________ 3. lead ________________ 4. maintain ________________ 词义匹配 A. 惊呆的 B. 清淡的 C. 最初的 D. 惊人的 5. light________________ 6 striking________________ 7. initial________________ 8. stunned________________ 词义匹配 A.措施 B. 纪念物 C. 动机 D. 描述 9. measure________________ 10. motive________________ 11. memorial________________ 12. account________________ 词义匹配 A.注意 B. 庆祝 C. 使……忙于 D. 不赞成 13. mark________________ 14. mind________________ 15. object________________ 16. occupy________________ 词义匹配 A. 折中 B. 原作 C. 空缺 D. 模范 17. opening ________________ 18. original ________________ 19. pattern ________________ 20. compromise ________________ 二、完型填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Father’s Example At the age of 16; my father sat beneath the street tight to study until exhaustion kicked in. Sometimes, if he was lucky, the school guard would let him slip into the empty corridors to ____21____ the cold. Other nights, the guard shooed him away. The ____22____ of electricity. in the home he shared with six family members was one of the easier roadblocks to overcome on his path to becoming a doctor. Despite poor conditions, supporting the whole family after Grandpa’s death, and the 60% illiteracy (文盲) rate of his country, Pakistan, my father defeated the odds to establish his own clinic. However, he decided to leave this comfortable lifestyle and move to America to ____23____ limitless opportunities for his family. Because of his ____24____, I strive to take advantage of every opportunity. I transferred from my familiar suburban middle school, where I stood out, to the ____25____ International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program. Although I also made sacrifices, like my father, by switching schools, I have no regrets. At my current high school, I have endless opportunities to excel and interact with students from many backgrounds. Leaving my friends and the ____26____ of living five minutes from school was a small price to pay after I put my life into perspective. Changing schools gave me the ____27____ to pursue rigorous (严格的) courses. My academic future challenges and pushes me. For the rest of high school, I hope to keep my grades consistent, excel on standardized tests, and participate in summer programs. I understand that grades do not define a person, but I am motivated to study, like my father, until I reach success. I firmly believe that to develop our society we must first assist the less ____28____. I hope to choose a career that lets me do this. My motivation to become a doctor results from my desire to ease the pain of others. Also, I realize that education is the groundwork of my future and that I must ____29____ a solid foundation in it to achieve my goals. Unlike my father’s sisters, who married young and never graduated from high school, I enjoy my life in America with infinite possibilities and I must work to benefit from all of them. My father worked his entire life to secure my future. I ____30____ it to him, and to myself, to make something of my education. 21. A. keep B. escape C. defend D. fight 22. A. lack B. danger C. delivery D. power 23. A. check B. appreciate C. predict D. seek 24. A. sacrifice B. talent C. instruction D. preparation 25. A. enjoyable B. admirable C. developing D. challenging 26. A. relief B. honor C. result D. comfort 27 A. drive B. award C. duty D. turn 28. A. energetic B. friendly C. ambitious D. fortunate 29. A. build B. follow C. shake D. give 30. A. offer B. owe C. give D. send 三、阅读理解（共两节；满分 26分） 第一节（共8小题；每小题2分，满分16分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 A It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes .They recycle their garbage because the care about the environment .They pay $5 for a caramel brulée latte because they like expensive coffee drinks. It's undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions (性情), but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem , by observing our own behavior .We can be strangers to ourselves .If we knew our own minds, why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes .Actually , we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are. Moreover, we don't just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character—we infer characters that weren't there before .Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize .Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn't .Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us .We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition. Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not be in compliance (符合) with their true desires .Therefore , we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut's advice: “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.” 31. According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to___. A. determine one's behavior B. reflect one's taste C. influence one's surroundings D. result from one's habits 32. Which of the following would Daryl Bem most probably agree with?__ A. The return of a wallet can indicate one's honesty. B. A kind person will offer his seat to the old. C. One recycles plastics to protect the environment. D One buys latte out of true love of coffee. 33. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage?___ A. We fail to realize our inner dispositions. B. We can be influenced by outside pressures. C. Our behavior is the result of our true desires. D. Our characters can shape our social relationships. 34. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?___ A. Personalities and attitudes. B. Preferences and habits. C. Behavior and personalities. D. Attitudes and preferences. B “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 35. What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A. Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work. B. Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C. People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D. The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection. 36. The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______. A. the enormous efforts of scientists at work B. the reliability of potential research results C. the public’s passion for scientific findings D. the improvement in the quality of evidence 37 The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______. A. discouraging B. ineffective C. unfair D. misleading 38. The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______. A. doubtful but sincere B. disapproving but soft C. authoritative and direct D. reflective and humorous 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多于选项。 People worldwide are living longer. Today, most people can expect to live into their sixties and beyond. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 and older is expected to total 2 billion, up from 900 million in 2015. While this shift in proportion (比例) of a country’s population towards older ages---known as ageing---started in high-income countries, for example in Japan, 30% of the population are already over 60 years old, it is now low- and middle-income countries that are experiencing the greatest change. ___39___At the biological level, ageing results from molecular (分子的) and cellular damage over time. This leads to a growing risk of disease and eventually death. ___40___ That’s why we say there is no “typical” older person. While some 70 year-olds enjoy extremely good health, other 70 year-olds are weak and require a lot of help from others. ___41___ Retirement, relocation and the death of friends and partners are some of the possible reasons. For example, moving older people to a better house, which seems an admirable behavior, may do harm to their health eventually. ___42___ Some people believe older people can be active and productive. A longer life brings opportunities both for older people themselves and for society. They can pursue new activities such as further education or a new career. They also contribute in many ways to communities. ___43___ This can lead to discrimination against older people. Therefore, society as a whole needs to address the ageist attitude by developing sound policies and offering various opportunities so that older people can experience fulfilling ageing. A. Nobody can ever escape from the ageing process. B. But these changes are only loosely linked to a person’s age. C. Yet the extent of their contribution depends heavily on their health. D. Beyond biological changes, ageing is also related to other life changes. E. Although ageing is a universal trend, views towards older people divide. F. However, to others, older people are weak, dependent, and a burden to society. G. By 2050, many countries like Chile and China will have a similar rate of older people to Japan. 四、选词填空（共7小题；每小题2分，满分14分） 用方框中词或词组的适当形式完成下列句子，每个词或词组只能用一次（有一个多余的选项）。 refer to; impress; reveal; adopt; disturb; consist of; burst into; involve in 44. Their diet usually ______________ vegetables and bread. 45. Over ten vehicles ______________ the crash that happened this morning. 46. The term “Arts” usually ______________ humanities and social sciences. 47. His trip to India made a strong ______________ on him. 48. Details of the murder ______________ by the local paper last week. 49. She was a wonderful mother to both her natural and ______________ children. 50. I’m sorry to ______________ you, but can I talk to you for a moment? 五、语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分） A 语法填空 I was born with a pronounced facial problem. Because of that, I have undergone many cruel comments. One day, while ____51____ (shop), I was approached by a woman I didn’t know. Standing still, I was ready for a rude remark. But the lady smiled and said, “This gift card is for you, beautiful girl, so you can buy something special for____52____ (you). ” I am so thankful to that woman for reminding me beauty____53____ (come) in all forms. B 语法填空 China has a large number of global cultural heritage(遗产) sites ____54____ (recognize) by UNESCO. Over the past decades, great efforts____55____ (make) by the country to preserve them. These cultural heritage sites enrich our daily lives in countless ways, ____56____we experience them directly or through the medium of a connected device. We believe that China____57____ (apply) modern technologies to the restoration and preservation of more cultural heritage sites in the years to come. C 语法填空 Psychological processes and mental wellbeing are vital to consistently high degrees of sporting performance for athletes at all levels. Sports psychology is the study of ____58____ psychological factors influence athletic performance. Although it is a ____59____ (relative) new discipline, sports psychology is now widely accepted as offering an important advantage ____60____opponents. To provide athletes with the mental support they need, a sports psychologist needs to consider their feelings, behavior and lives beyond. 六、书面表达（满分20分） 61. 假定你是红星中学学生会主席李华，英国一学生访问团将来你校进行文化参观交流。请你写封邮件表示欢迎，并将参观安排告知该访问团的负责人Mr Smith。内容包括： 1.具体活动安排； 2.征询对方意见。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Mr. Smith, ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sincerely, Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$