2024年中考英语介词讲解课件

1 介词讲解 1 什么是介词?它的作用是什么? 1.Look at me.( ) 2.He goes to school by bike.( ) 3.He is interested in drawing.( ) 4.The book is on the desk.( ) 代词 名词 动名词 介词:通常用在_、_、_ 之前,表示某个人、事物/东西、事件与 另一个之间的_。 名词 代词 名词 动名词 关系 介词 1.是一种用来表示:词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。 2.在句中不能单独作句子成分 介词 后面一般有:名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。 介词的含义 介词的种类 一.表示时间介词 三.表示方式介词 二.表示地点介词 介词的主要分类: 1. at the cinema, in the hospital _ 2. Write with a pen, go by bus _ 3. in summer, on Septemper 1st _ 地点介词 方式介词 时间介词 1. in 年、月、季节及时间段(早、午、晚) on 具体某一天、节日 at 钟点、具体一点的时间段、节日 1. in 1998,in May, in three days, in a week, in a month, … 表示大于一天的时间用 in 2. in the morning, in the afternoon , in the evening 在早上/下午/傍晚 用 in 3.on Sunday, on March 21st, on my birthday, on New Year’s Day … 表示在某一天用 on 4.at six o’clock, at noon, at that time, at mid-night, at the Spring Festival… 表示点钟或具体一点时间用 at 一.时间介词 1. Mary is flying to France soon. She will arrive in Paris _ the morning of July 9. A. on B. in C. at 2. The twins were born _ a Friday evening. A. in B. on C. at 3. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived _5 o’clock _ the morning. A. on, in B. at, in C. at, in 4. We finish our lessons _ 11:30 and then have a rest _ noon. A. in , in B. at ,at C. in, at 2. in + 时间段 在……之后(内),多用于将来时 after +时间段 在……之后, 多用于过去时 1. Mr Brown has gone to Canada.He will be back _ two weeks. A. for B. after C. in 2. Our manager came back _ an hour. A. in B. after C. at 1. in + 大地方 at + 小地 方 on +门牌,某层楼 1.in Shanghai , in the country, in Asia, in the world, in space… _ 2.at the village , at home, at the corner of the street.. _ 表示小地方用at 表示大地方用in 二.地点介词 1.My uncle lives _ the fifth floor. A. on B. in C.at 2.They arrived _ Beijing at 12:00 and waited for a bus _ the station to the hotel. A.at, in B. in, on C. in, at 2.on 在……的上面,与表面接触 over 在……的正上方,不接触表面 under 在……下面(是on,over的反义词) 1.Look!There is a bridge_the river. A.on B. over C.above 2.Can you see the egg _ the plate? A.on B.in C.over 3.The light_us is very bright. A.over B.under C.on 使用工具用介词 with 使用器官用介词 with 使用语言用介词 in 使用声音用介词 in 使用方法用介词 in 或by 三.方式介词 1.write with a pen, cut with a knife, lock with a lock… _ 2. see with our eyes, do with our hands, smell with our noses, eat with our mouths… _ 3. in English , in French , in your own words, in three language… _ 4. in a loud voice, in a low voice… _ 5. in this way, by this means… _ 使用工具用介词 with 使用器官用介词 with 使用语言用介词 in 使用声音用介词 in 使用方法用介词 in 或 by 6.by bike, by bus, by train, by plane, by ship, by car… (on foot) by land 陆路, by sea 水路,by air 空运 _ 但:on the bike, on the bus, on the train, on the plane, on the ship, in the car… 7.in a read coat, the girl in yellow, the boy in white… _ 8.lie in bed, after a while, in the sun(在阳光下) under the sun(天下,世界上;到底,究竟) 使用交通工具用 by 表示穿衣服用 in 固定搭配 ( ) 三.英语句子成分 英语句子成分有主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、 宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute) 和状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)等。 (一)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于 句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时) 和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。 主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的 形容词和主语从句等表示。例如: During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (名词) (代词) (不定式) 三.英语句子成分 英语句子成分有主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、 宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute) 和状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)等。 (一)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于 句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时) 和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。 主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的 形容词和主语从句等表示。例如: During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (名词) (代词) (不定式) It is necessary to master a foreign language. Smoking does harm to the health. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. There is a super market around the street corner. With the bell ringing, in came our teacher. (二)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和 状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。 The sun rises in the east. He practices running every morning. You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. The delegation is to visit a few western countries. (动名词) (主语从句) (三)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态, 它一般位于系动词(如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 Our teacher of English is an American. The new expensive bicycle is mine. The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Our teacher was satisfied with my work. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad. (名词) (代词) (形容词) (现在分词) (过去分词短语) (数词) (不定式短语) (动名词短语) (介词短语) (副词) (表语从句) (四)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于 及物动词和介词后面。例如: They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. He pretended not to see me. The old woman didn’t know what to do. I enjoy listening to popular music. He is used to working at night. I think(that)he is fit for his office. 宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语), 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物, 指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。 Lend me your dictionary, please. (2)复合宾语 They elected him their monitor. (名词) (代词) (数词) (不定式短语) (不定式短语) (动名词短语) (宾语从句) (动名词短语) (五)宾语补足语: 英语中有些及物动词,除有一个 直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补助语,对宾语的动作、 状态、身份、特征等内容进行补充说明,才能使句子的 意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、 分词(短语)、介词短语和从句充当。例如: We elected him our monitor. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. When I came back to my hometown, I found it greatly changed. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. (名词) (形容词) (副词) (不定式短语) (现在分词短语) (过去分词短语) (介词短语) (宾语从句) (六)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为 定语。定语可由以下列词、短语、句子表示: Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers is our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English. Thank you for the help which you have given me. (形容词) (现在/过去分词) (名词) (代词) (不定式短语) (动名词) (介词短语) 定语从句 (七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明 动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式 表示: Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. He is in the room making a model plane. Given more time, we’ll do much better. Once you begin, you must continue. 状语种类: How about meeting again at six?(时间状语) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(条件状语) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语) (副词) (介词短语) (不定式短语) (现在分词短语) (过去分词短语) (状语从句) She put the eggs into the basket with great care. (方式状语) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语) In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. (目的状语) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语) She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语) I am taller than he is.(比较状语) 四.词类和句子成分的关系 在句子里,一定的词类(短语)可以充当一定的句 子成分;反过来说,一定的句子成分要由一定的词 类(短语)来担任。 阅读并划分下列句子成分: 1. The teacher’s decision made John happy. 2. He did the work yesterday, but he did not finish it. 3. The dishes taste delicious. 4. Work and play are both necessary to health. 5. The horse is a useful animal. 6. You must remember to tell him all that. 7. I finished my homework just now. 8. A wood fire was burning on the hearth, and a dog was sleeping in front of it. 9. I found a note on my car this morning. 10. The stream wound its way across the field. 阅读下面短文并指出划线部分的句子成分: 1. Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demanding for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of. 2. In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropic Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of these, only about half a dozen becomes the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that are called hurricane, and several usually make their way to the coast. There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of people. 语法填空: (2009年广东省高考英语试题) 阅读下面短文, 按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯 的要求, 在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语 的正确形式填空, 并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31~40 的相应位置上。 Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult 31_ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. She wished that he was as easy 32_ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume. Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not 33_ pleasant experience: people stepped on your feet or 34_ (push) you with their elbows (肘部), hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. Jane paused in front of a counter 35_ some it to please a pushed where attractive ties were on display. “They are real silk,” the assistant tried to attract her. “Worth double the price.” But Jane knew from past experience that her 36_ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes 37_ sale. She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please 38_. When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already 39_ table having supper. Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane 39_ (inform). choice on him at was informed 语法填空:(2008年广东省高考英语试题) Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people’s daily life. 1_ these proverbs there are often interesting stories. For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop 2_ (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960-1279)was very anxious to help 3_ rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about 4_ day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected. One day, he came up with an idea 5_ he would pluck up all his crop a few inches . He did so the next day. Behind/ In to help his this/it that He was very tired 6_ doing this for a whole day, 7_ he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” 8_ (high). His son heard about this, and went to see the crop. Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither. This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their 9_ (nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 10_(result) in the contrary to our intention. after but higher natural results 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。下面以基本句 型五为例: 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主 语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾 语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及 物动词。 常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案? 2. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。 3. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。 4. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 5. He said “Good morning.” 他说:“早上好! 6. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 7. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。 (3) 主语+谓(及物动词+宾语)(S+V+O ) 翻译下列句子: 1.昨天我给我妈妈写了一封信。 Yesterday he wrote a letter to his mother. 2.从孩提时代我们就相互认识了。 We have known each other since we were boys. 3.他希望中学毕业后去上大学。 He hopes to go to college after he finishes middle school. 4.你喜欢读中国日报吗? Do you enjoy reading China Daily? 5.我真得不知道如何是好。 I really don’t know what to do? 6.你能告诉我去最近的邮局怎么走好? Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest post-office? (4) 主语+谓(及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) e.g. She taught them physics. A car factory will bring the province more jobs. 翻译下列句子: 1.他给我们讲了一个动人的故事。 They told us a moving story. 2.她父亲给她买了一件漂亮的生日礼物。 Her father bought her a beautiful gift for her birthday. 3.请给我们唱支歌吧! Please sing us a song! 4.你能帮我一把吗? Could you give me a hand? 5.公共汽车上她把她的座位让给了一位老人。 She offered an old man her seat on the bus. 这类句子结构大部分可以和主语+谓+宾语+介词 短语结构互换 She gave me a book. She gave a book to me. Bill offered her a candy. Bill offered a candy to her. I’ll buy you some clothes. I’ll buy some clothes for you. I’ll cut you a piece of cake. I’ll cut a piece of cake for you. She kissed her good-bye They fined him $25. 附: 常用于此种句型结构的动词主要有: allow bring buy call cause choose cook cost do find forbid get give hand leave lend lose make offer pass promise read save sell send set show sing take teach tell write etc. (5) 主语+谓(及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语) e.g. We must keep the room warm. The villagers didn’t allow them to do this. I will keep the box in the shade. 翻译下列句子: 1.我们选他当班长。 We elected him our monitor. 2.假如你用煤气做饭,你应该让窗户开者。 You should keep the window open if you use gas for cooking. 3.她说服她的父亲把烟给戒了。 She persuaded her father to give up smoking. 4.昨天当我路过Tom房间时, 我听见他在唱歌。 I heard Tom singing when I passed by his room yesterday. 5.你在哪里理得发? Where did you have your hair cut? 6.你能告诉我这个单词怎么读吗? Could you tell me how I can pronounce the word? 可接复合宾语的常见动词有: ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have force , call, advise, persuade , watch, see, hear, feel , consider , choose, elect etc. 判断下列各句属于哪一种基本句型: 1.Did you observe the birds flying around the trees? 2.The factory produce 1000 cars a week. 3.I will get someone to repair the recorder for you. 4.Your explanation sounds reasonable. 5.He wrote his family a letter yesterday. 6.Have you fixed my watch? 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed. 8.We must get the task finished on time. 9.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 10.Last night, the professor gave us a talk on English study. 翻译下列句子: 1.你的故事听起来很有趣。 2.我感到有一点累。 3.我妹妹是在农村长大的。 4.这家医院创建于1950年。 5.他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。 6.他拿出一瓶啤酒,很快将其喝光。 7.顺便问一下,她把钱付给你了吗? 8.下学期谁教你们生物? 9.他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。 10.什么促使你这样想的? 翻译下列句子: 1.你的故事听起来很有趣。 Your story sounds very interesting. 2.我感到有一点累。 I felt a bit tired. 3.我妹妹是在农村长大的。 My younger sister grew up in the country. 4.这家医院创建于1950年。 This hospital was set up in 1950. 5.他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。 He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast. 6.他拿出一瓶啤酒,很快将其喝光。 He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly. 7.顺便问一下,她把钱付给你了吗? By the way, has she paid you the money? 8.下学期谁教你们生物? Who will teach you biology next term? 9.他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。 He always keeps his bedroom clean. 10.什么促使你这样想的? What made you think so? 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。下面以基本句 型五为例: 1. We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。 2. We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。 3. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告。 4. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关 东欧局势的重要报告。 基本句型 二 主+系+表 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 6. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。 7. Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。 8. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 1) She gave me a book.她给了我一本书。 Bill offered her a candy.比尔给了她一块糖。 He left them some money.他给他们留下一些钱。 The bank loaned us ￡5,000.银行贷给我们五千英镑。 2) He ordered me a TV-set.他给我定购了一台电视机。 I’ll buy you some clothes.我要给你买一些衣裳。 I’ll cut you a piece of cake.我要给你切一片蛋糕。 Sing us a song.给我们唱一支歌。 3) She kissed her good-bye.她吻别了她的儿子。 I’ve come to keep you company.我来给你做伴。 They fined him $25.他们罚了他25美元。 基本句型五 主+谓+宾+宾补 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。 1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。 2. They painted the door green.他们把门漆成绿色。 3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。 4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。 5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想? 6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去。 7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。 8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。 Thanks! $$