2024年沪教牛津版中考英语一轮复习第四讲 冠词

第五讲 冠词导学案 教学内容：1．不定冠词a, an的用法区别。 2．定冠词the的用法。 3．不用冠词的情况。 4．习惯用语中冠词的用法。 【知识要点】 Ⅰ、 冠词的基本用法 冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用， 是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物。 　（一）不定冠词a,an的用法如下： 　　1．表示人或事物的某一类(含义相当于一类事物的任何一个) 　　 A dictionary is a useful book. 　　 An underground train can start and stop quickly. 2．用于表示数量、时间的名词前，表示"一"的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。 The plan will be ready in a day or two, once a week. 　　3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如： A boy is waiting for me. Give me a pen, please. 4．用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一份，一场”等。 Would you like a drink? 你想喝杯饮料吗？ There will be a heavy rain tomorrow.明天将会有大雨。 6．用于可视为一体的两个名词前。 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 　　7．用于某些固定短语中 a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson after a while，in a word 8．用于固定结构后，如： quite/half/rather/many/such＋a(an)＋名词 He's quite a famous artist.他是个很有名的艺术家。 Many a man would welcome such an opportunity.许多人会很高兴有这样一个机会。 （二）定冠词the 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那(这)个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用， 来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。定冠词的用法如下： 　　1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如： Open the door, please. Go and close the window. 　　2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如： The girl in red is my sister. 　　 The man over there is our English teacher. 　　 The book on the desk is mine. 　　3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如： 　　 Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory. 　　4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,在方位词前。如： 　　 He won the first prize. The Nile is the longest river in the world. 　　　 The sun rises in the east. 5．指世上独一无二的事物或用于对两个人或事物比较时起特指作用的比较级前。 He is the taller of the two boys.两个男孩中他较高点。 the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 6．用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前加the。 play the piano 弹钢琴 play the guitar弹吉他 　　7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如： 　　 the North China Plain the Rocky Mountains the Yangtse River 8．与单数名词连用表示一类事物；或与形容词或分词连用表示一类人　　 the dollar(美元) the rich, the sick, the living(生者) the wounded(伤员) 9．用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。如： 　　 the Great Wall the People's Republic of China 　　 the United Nations the Netherlands 10．在一些用语中，如：in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time （三）零冠词(不用冠词)的用法 1．在专有名词前不加冠词，如国名、省名、城市名、街名、公园名等。 Sanya is in Hainan Province.三亚在海南省。 We live in China.我们住在中国。 2．一日三餐、球类运动、棋类、语言和学科前不加冠词。 He went to school without breakfast this morning.早上他没吃早饭就去上学了。 They like playing football after school.他们喜欢放学后踢足球。 I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语。 3． 表示节日、季节、星期、月份的名词前不加冠词，但若特指某年的某月、某季节，则需要在 月份、季节前加the。 Today is Friday /July 14th.今天是星期五/7月14日。 It is summer now.现在是夏天。 Yesterday was March 8th, Women's Day.昨天是3月8日妇女节。 4．在表示家庭成员名称，称呼语，表示头衔或职务的名词前不加冠词。 This is Professor Wang.这是王教授。 He is captain of the team.他是队长。 5．在有物主代词、不定代词、指示代词等作定语的名词前，不用冠词。 His birthday is September 8th.他的生日是9月8日。 How much are these shoes? 这些鞋多少钱？ 6．不可数名词前一般不用冠词。 Which does he like better, fish or chicken?他更喜欢哪一个，鱼还是鸡？ 7．泛指的复数名词前不用冠词。 Animals live in the forest.动物生活在树林里。 8．与by连用的交通工具前不用冠词，但与take或介词连用时，名词前要加冠词。 They often go to school by bus.他们通常做公共汽车去上学。 take a bus，in a boat，on the bike 9．在某些固定的词组或习语中，不用冠词。 face to face，watch TV，step by step，at first/last, in trouble/danger，on/in time，go to school/work， at noon/night　 II、复习时需要注意的要点 1．不定冠词a/an的区别 a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头还 是辅音开头，要根据其读音，而不是根据首字母。如： an honest boy，a useful book There is an “f” in the word “five”.在“five”中有字母“f”。 我们可以这样来记忆：不见元音不加an，不看字母看发音。 (1).在26个字母中，前面用an的字母有：a，e，f，h，i，l，m，n，o，r，s，x，其他用a。 (2).以u开头的单词，要注意区别。如： an umbrella，an unusual story，an unhappy boy，a university，a useful book 2．序数词前面用定冠词与不定冠词的区别 “the＋序数词”表示“第几……”；“a＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”。如： The cake is delicious，and I would like a second one.蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一块。 3．a number of与the number of的辨析 a number of 意思是“许多”，相当于a lot of；the number of意思是“……的数目，……的数量”， 当它作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： A number of students like playing computer games.许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。 The number of the students is about 1,500 in our school.我们学校学生的人数大约是1 500。 5．在句型“动词＋人＋介词＋the＋人体部位”中要用the，而不用物主代词。如： take sb.by the hand 抓住某人的手 hit sb.on the head打某人的头 pat sb.on the shoulder拍某人的肩 hit sb.in the face打某人的脸 6．当名词被其他词修饰时，不定冠词a或an的位置应注意： (1).当名词被such，half，what，many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。如： He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.他离开得如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。 It took me half an hour to write the letter.写那封信花了我半个小时。 (但在美国，半个小时也可以说成a half hour。) What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊！ Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.许多人到大城市去打工了。 7．有定冠词与无定冠词的区别 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 8．在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如： arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。 跟踪巩固练习： 1. —How about ________ talent show?—I should say it was ________ great success. A．/; the B．a; the C．the; a D．the; / 2. We'd better get ready for the dinner now because ____Greens are coming to visit us tonight. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 3.—You've dropped ________ “s” in the word “necessary”．—Oh, ________ letter “s” is doubled. A．a; an B．a; the C．an; the D．the; the 4．—Do you know Meimei?—Yes, she is from a university and she is ________ honest girl. A．a B．an C．/ D．the 5．—What would you like for ________ breakfast, Mr. Green? —Two pieces of bread and ________ cup of tea, please. A．a; the B．/; a C．/; the 6．—Shall we pay ________ visit to Expo 2010，Shanghai? —No，I'd rather stay at home and play ________ football. A．a; the B．the；a C．/; the D．a; / 7．Many people think that 2012 is one of ________ most successful films. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 8．If you work hard, you'll get ________ “A” in the exam. A．a B．an C．the 9．—What's ________ most useful invention in the 20th century?—________ computer, I think. A．the; A B．a; A C．the; The D．/; The 10．Avatar(阿凡达) is such _____ wonderful science fiction movie that I want to see it ____second time. A．a; a B．a; the C．/; the D．/; a 11． They often take ________ walk after dinner. A．a B．∕ C．the D．an 12． Jack likes playing ________ soccer, but he doesn't like playing ________ piano. A．/; / B．the; / C．the; the D．/; the 13．There's ________ 800­metre­long road behind ________ hospital. A．an; an B．a; a C．an; the D．a; the 14．_____ Elephant/elephant is bigger than _____ horse. A.不填/不填 B.The/a C.An/a D.不填/the 15．---- What happened? ---- They left in such ____ hurry that they forgot to lock ____ door. A.a, a B.a, the C./, the D./, a 16．It took me _____ hour and _____ half to finish _____ work. A.a/a/a B.an/a/a C.an/a/the D.an/a/不填 17．____ doctor told me to take ____ medicine three times ____ day, stay in _____ bed, and then I would be better soon. A.不填/a/a/the B.A/the/the/不填 C.The/the/a/不填 D.The/不填/a/不填 18．_____ Snow/snow is white._____ Snow/snow that covers _____ top of _____ mountain is _____ beautiful sight. A.The/The/the/the/the B.不填/不填/the/the/a C.不填/The/the/the/a D.不填/不填/不填/the/the 19．_____ Comrades/comrades here are friendly to me. A.A B. An C. The D.不填 20．My uncle was elected _____ principal of the No.1 Middle School. A. a B.an C .the D.不填 21．I have to work at least eight hours _____ day. A. another B. a C. the D.an 22．He is _____ of our school. A.a teacher B.the teacher C.teacher D.only teacher 23．Beyond _____ stars, the astronauts saw nothing but _____ space. A.the/不填 B.不填/the C.不填/不填 D.the/the 24．English is＿＿＿useful language in ＿＿＿world. A.an, the B.a, the C.the, / D./,the 25．Look at＿＿＿picture! There's＿＿＿house in it. A.a ,a B.the, the C a, the D the, a 26．He usually goes to school on ＿＿＿foot. A.a B.an C.the D./ 27．We can usually see ______full moon on the evening of August_______15th. A.the; a B.a; a C.a; the D.the; the 28．In the United States, Father's Day falls on _______third Sunday _______June. A.the; / B.the; a C./;the D.a; / 二、完型填空。 Someone says, “Time is money.” But I think time is __1__ important than money. Why? Because when money is spent, we can get it back. However, when time is 2 it’ll never 3 . That’s 4 we mustn’t waste time. It goes without saying that the 5 is usually limited. Even a second is very important. We should make full use of our time to do 6__ useful. But it is a pity that there are a lot of people who do not know the importance of time. They spent their limited time smoking, drinking and __7 . They do not know that wasting time means wasting part of their own __8 . In a word, we should save time. We shouldn’t 9 today’s work for tomorrow. Remember we have no time to 10 . 1. A. much B. less C. much less D. even more 2. A. cost B. bought C. gone D. finished 3. A. return B. carry C. take D. bring 4. A. what B. that C. because D. why 5. A. money B. time C. day D. food 6. A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything 7. A. reading B. writing C. playing D. working 8. A. time B. food C. money D. life 9. A. stop B. leave C. let D. give 10. A. lose B. save C. spend D. take 三、阅读理解。 (A) Paul and Jason were brothers who lived and worked on neighboring farms．For 35 years they farmed side by side，sharing machinery and goods as needed，without a single problem． However，one autumn，things changed．It began with a tiny disagreement about a horse， which grew into a major difference．The difference led to angry words，followed by weeks of silence between the two brothers． One morning there was a knock on Paul’s door．He opened it and saw a builder holding his toolbox．“I’m looking for a few days’ work，”the builder said．“Are there any jobs here I could help with?” “Yes，”answered Paul，extremely pleased to see the builder．“I do have a job for you．Look at that farm across the creek(小溪)．That’s my brother’s farm. That creek used to be a grass field， but last week my brother dug a path from the fiver and made the creek．But I'11 go him one better．See that pile of wood?1 want you to build me a fence，two meters tall，so 1 won’t need to see him anymore．” The builder said thoughtfully．“I think I understand the situation and I'll be able to do a job that pleases you．” Paul had business in town that day and left the builder to his work．When he returned，the builder had just finished his job．Paul was shocked．Instead of a fence there was a bridge， stretching from one side of the creek to the other． As Paul stood on the bridge，staring in amazement，his younger brother Jason，came across， and took Paul’s hand．“You are a good man to have built this bridge after a11 I've done，”said Jason． Then，Paul，with tears in his eyes，said to the builder who was packing his bag to go，“Thank you so much。Please stay．I have much more for you to do．” “I’d love to．”the builder said quietly，“'but，I have many more bridges to build.” ( )1．What was the cause of the disagreement between the two brothers? A．The digging of the creek． B．A problem about a farm animal． C．Who owned the field between the farms．D．Who would pay for building the fence． ( )2．The underlined expression“ go him one better” in paragraph 4 means · A．do something even worse B. improve the situation C．point out his mistake D．help him out ( )3．What do we know about the brothers? A．They had been fighting for many years． B．Their farms were not very successful． C．They finally realized their mistakes． D．They liked building bridges． ( )4．Why did the builder build the bridge? A．He needed a way to get across the river． B．There was not enough wood for the fence． C．He misunderstood Paul’s instructions． D．He wanted to bring the brothers together． ( )5．In what order did the following take place in the story? a．The brothers stood on the bridge． b．Jason dug the creek． c．The brothers became angry with each other, d．The builder asked for work． e．Paul went into town． A．b，c，e，d，a B．c，b，d，e，a C．b，e，c，a，d D．c，d，b，a，e (B) Last year in the UK at least 45 people died and 900 more were injured in car accidents where drivers were using their mobile phones．Yet many people continue to use．Then while driving even though it’s dangerous． Research has shown that it is difficult to concentrate on driving and talking at the same time．It can even be more dangerous than driving after drinking too much．A recent study found that when drivers were talking on their mobile phones，their stopping times were 30 percent slower than when they had drunk too much—and nearly 50 percent slower than when they were driving normally．It also found that drivers talking on mobile phones were less able to control their cars than drunk drivers． And talking isn’t even the most serious problem．Texting is．Unbelievably, another recent study reported that 22％ of adults admitted they had sent a text message while driving at least once in the past month．An average text message takes 90 seconds to write and send．That means for one and a half minutes a driver is looking at their phone’s screen and not at the road．The arrival of new smart phones such as the iPhone will only make matters worse as they will allow users to do more things than ever before．Using a mobile phone while driving puts others’ lives at risk．No matter how well we drive， if another driver is not being professional or careful，we are put in danger by their actions．Such drivers are selfish，careless and should have their driving licenses(驾照)cancelled． There is no doubt that mobile phones call be fun and are extremely useful，especially when you’re in trouble．But there is no need to use them while driving．Just wait until you stop or you will probably get into trouble of your own． ( )6．The underlined word “'them” in paragraph 1 refers to . A．phone users B．mobile phones C．drivers D．ears ( )7．According to the passage，if a driver needs 10 seconds to stop when driving normally, they will need seconds to stop when talking on a mobile phone． A．12． B．13． C．14. D．15． ( )8．According to the passage，in what order do the following activities influence driving? Dangerous→ More dangerous→ Most dangerous A．drinking → talking on phone→ texting B．texting → talking on phone→ drinking C．talking on phone→ texting→ drinking D. drinking → texting→ talking on phone ( )9．Why will new types of mobile phones make the driving problem worse? A．It will take longer to send text messages． B．People will want to talk on their phones more often． C．There will be more things for people to do with their phones． D．People think the new phones are easier and safer to use． ( )10．According to the writer, what should be done to people who use mobile phones when driving? A．They should be put into prison． B．Their cars should be taken away． C．Their phones should be taken from them． D．They should not be allowed to drive any longer． 四、书面表达。 你是学校英文报的小记者李华。请给你校初三学生写一封公开信，就如何保持考前健康提 出建议。主要内容如下： （1）早睡早起，保持充足睡眠； （2）饮食均衡，少吃垃圾食品； （3）多做体育运动； （4）你的其它建议。 注意： 1. 词数70字左右（信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入词数）； Dear students, As we all know, good health is important for success in the exams, so I’m writing to …… ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Best wishes and stay healthy. 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