选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists（人与社会：科学与技术)-【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高二英语单元阅读提升（人教版2019）

选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Unit 1 Science and Scientists（人教版2019） 人与社会：科学与技术 单元引言解读 To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. —Albert Einstein&Leopold Infeld 释义：Science begins with a problem. To ask a question is more important than to solve a problem. It is the soul of scientific research. 启示：它让我们知道，科学起始于问题。这启示我们要善于观察，从日常中察觉有待探究的点。比如看到植物的生长变化，思考其背后的原理。提出问题比解决问题更关键，意味着好的问题能开启新领域。像对宇宙起源的疑问，促使了相关研究的开展。强调提问是科研的灵魂，提醒我们要有质疑精神。在学习和工作中，积极发问，而非被动接受。教育中也应鼓励学生提问，培养创新思维。 名言名句积累 人与社会：科学与技术 1. “If you do not ask the right questions, you do not get the right answers. A question asked in the right way often points to its own answer.” — Edward Hodnett 如果你没有提出正确的问题，你就得不到正确的答案。以正确的方式提出的问题往往指向其自身的答案。 2. “Questioning is the piety of thought.” — James Stephens 提问是思想的虔诚。 3.“In the field of observation, chance only favors the prepared mind.” — Louis Pasteur 在观察的领域中，机遇只偏爱那些有准备的头脑。 4．The pursuit of science needs special courage.—Galileo 追求科学需要特别的勇气。——伽利略 5．Surprise is the seed of science.—Thomas Edison 惊奇是科学的种子。——托马斯·爱迪生 6．Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it.—Albert Einstein 科学是个美妙的东西，如果无须靠它维持生活的话。——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 7．The first time I heard of Stephen Hawking, I was moved by his devotion to the research. 我第一次听说斯蒂芬·霍金时，就被他对研究的奉献精神所感动。 8．He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his scientific achievements. 他因在科学方面的成就而被授予诺贝尔化学奖。 9．Despite severe disability, he is faced with life bravely, making great achievements in physics and astronomy, which contribute greatly to the development of society. 尽管严重残疾，但他勇敢地面对生活，在物理和天文学方面取得了巨大的成就，这极大地促进了社会的发展。 10.“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.” — Albert Einstein 重要的是不要停止提问。好奇心自有其存在的理由。 时文拓展阅读 Top US School Gives Teachers More Independence When teachers at one of the top public schools in Florida are asked how they succeed, one answer is universal: They have autonomy in the classroom.Teachers with autonomy are able to make decisions and plans independently in their classrooms. The majority of American teachers report feeling stressed and unhappy at work, a Pew Research Center study found last year. Another study by Brown University and the University of Albany found that reduced job satisfaction has been connected to a drop in teachers' sense of autonomy in the classroom. But at A.D. Henderson School in Boca Raton, Florida, school leaders permit their staff high levels of classroom autonomy — and it works. Henderson is a public school of 636 kindergartners to eighth graders on the campus of Florida Atlantic University. Henderson students scored in the top 1 percent to 3 percent in nearly every subject in the state's latest standardized tests. In almost every subject, 60 percent or more of Henderson students scored far above the Florida state average. "There is a lot of our own individual input allowed in doing the activities that we want to do in the classroom," said Vanessa Stevenson. She is a middle school science teacher at Henderson. She plans to start a horse medicine class next fall even though the school has no horses. She believes she will find a way to make the class a success. "It's a bit of trial and error because there's nothing being handed to you saying, ‘Do it this way.' You just have to figure it out," she said. Joel Herbst is the superintendent of Henderson and its partner FAU High School. He called the teachers his "secret sauce." He said the school's success can be done anywhere if administrators give teachers more freedom. When that happens, he said, teachers create hands-on programs that help students learn more. "Give (teachers) the freedom to do what they do best, which is to impart knowledge, to teach beyond the textbook," Herbst said. Madhu Narayanan is an education professor at Portland State University. He studies teacher independence. He said independence is highly related to teacher morale and success. But independence must be combined with administrative support. "It can't be, ‘Here is the classroom, here is the textbook, we'll see you in six months.' Those teachers have tremendous autonomy, but feel lost," he said. About 2,700 families enter a lottery each year for the 60 spots in Henderson's kindergarten class and openings in other grades. Some children entering Henderson are gifted. Some have learning disabilities. Most are average learners, however. The school must follow a Florida law that requiring the student population at university-run "laboratory" schools to match state population demographics for race, gender and income. Because families apply to attend, parental involvement is high. Jenny O'Sullivan teaches a class on art and technology. Her kindergartners learn computer coding basics by playing a game with a robot. And fourth and fifth graders make videos celebrating Earth Day. Her new classroom has the newest technology. But she says such classes can be taught anywhere if the teacher is given the ability to be creative. Amy Miramontes teaches sixth graders a Medical Detectives class. They examine pieces of rabbit muscle under a microscope, using safe chemicals to find what disease each animal had. Miramontes hopes the class grows students' interest in medicine. She also hopes her class gives students the knowledge needed in two years when they take the state's eighth-grade science test. Using art to teach science Henderson's success has led to more money and grants. The middle school's drone program, for example, recently won a national competition in California. Henderson's drone teams have a room to practice flying the devices through an obstacle course, plus flight simulators donated by the local power company. The drone program is a chance to compete while using the physics and aeronautics learned in the classroom, teacher James Nance said. Eighth grader Anik Sahai is in Stevenson's science class. He created an app that uses the camera to diagnose diabetic retinopathy. The eye disease is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Sahai's app took first place in the state's middle school science fair and is being considered for commercial use. The 14-year-old credits his success to his years at Henderson, beginning in the preschool program. "The teachers here, they're amazing," he said. "They've been trained on how to get us to the next level." 【译文欣赏】 美国顶尖学校赋予教师更多自主权 当佛罗里达州一所顶尖公立学校的教师被问及他们如何取得成功时，一个答案是普遍的：他们在课堂上拥有自主权。拥有自主权的教师能够在课堂上独立做出决策和制定计划。 皮尤研究中心去年的一项研究发现，大多数美国教师表示在工作中感到压力大和不快乐。布朗大学和奥尔巴尼大学的另一项研究发现，工作满意度的降低与教师在课堂上的自主感下降有关。 但在佛罗里达州博卡拉顿的 A.D. 亨德森学校，学校领导给予教职员工高度的课堂自主权——而且行之有效。 亨德森是一所公立学校，位于佛罗里达大西洋大学校园内，有 636 名从幼儿园到八年级的学生。在该州最新的标准化测试中，亨德森的学生几乎在每个科目上的得分都在前 1%至 3%。在几乎每个科目中，60%或更多的亨德森学生的得分远远高于佛罗里达州的平均水平。 “在课堂上，我们被允许有很多个人投入来做我们想做的活动，”凡妮莎·史蒂文森说。她是亨德森的一名中学科学教师。她计划明年秋天开设一门马医学课程，尽管学校没有马。她相信自己会找到办法让这门课取得成功。 “这有点像是试错，因为没有什么东西交到你手里说，‘就这么做。’你只能自己想办法，”她说。 乔尔·赫布斯特是亨德森及其合作学校 FAU 高中的负责人。他称这些教师是他的“秘密武器”。他说，如果管理人员给予教师更多自由，学校的成功可以在任何地方实现。 他说，当这种情况发生时，教师们会创建实践项目，帮助学生学到更多。 “给（教师）自由，让他们去做他们最擅长的事情，那就是传授知识，超越教科书教学，”赫布斯特说。 马杜·纳拉亚南是波特兰州立大学的教育学教授。他研究教师的独立性。他说，独立性与教师的士气和成功高度相关。但独立性必须与行政支持相结合。 “不能是，‘这是教室，这是教科书，六个月后见。’那些教师有极大的自主权，但会感到迷茫，”他说。 每年约有 2700 个家庭参加抽签，争取亨德森幼儿园班级的 60 个名额以及其他年级的空位。 一些进入亨德森的孩子有天赋。一些有学习障碍。然而，大多数是普通学习者。 该校必须遵守佛罗里达州的一项法律，要求大学运营的“实验”学校的学生群体在种族、性别和收入方面符合州人口统计数据。由于家庭申请入学，家长的参与度很高。 珍妮·奥沙利文教授一门艺术与技术课程。她的幼儿园学生通过与机器人玩游戏学习计算机编码基础。四、五年级的学生制作庆祝地球日的视频。 她的新教室拥有最新的技术。但她说，如果教师有创新能力，这样的课程可以在任何地方教授。 艾米·米拉蒙特斯给六年级学生教授一门“医学侦探”课程。他们在显微镜下检查兔子肌肉切片，使用安全化学品来找出每只动物患有的疾病。 米拉蒙特斯希望这门课能激发学生对医学的兴趣。她还希望她的课能让学生在两年后参加该州八年级科学考试时具备所需的知识。 用艺术教授科学 亨德森的成功带来了更多的资金和资助。例如，该校的中学无人机项目最近在加利福尼亚州赢得了一场全国比赛。 亨德森的无人机团队有一个房间来练习操控无人机通过障碍课程，还有当地电力公司捐赠的飞行模拟器。教师詹姆斯·南斯说，无人机项目是一个在运用课堂上学到的物理和航空知识的同时进行竞争的机会。 八年级学生阿尼克·萨海在史蒂文森的科学课上。他创建了一个应用程序，使用相机诊断糖尿病性视网膜病变。这种眼病是全球导致失明的主要原因。 萨海的应用程序在该州中学科学博览会上获得第一名，并正在考虑用于商业用途。这位 14 岁的少年将自己的成功归功于在亨德森的学习经历，从学前班就开始了。 “这里的老师，他们太棒了，”他说。“他们接受过培训，知道如何让我们更上一层楼。” 【词汇积累】 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Words in This Story autonomy — n. the state of existing or acting separately from others 自主；自治；独立性 allow — v. to permit 允许 trial — n. a formal meeting in a court in which evidence about crimes, disagreements, etc., is presented to a judge and often a jury so that decisions can be made according to the law 审判；审讯；试验；试用 superintendent — n. a person who directs or manages a place, department, organization, etc.主管；负责人；警长；警司 tremendous — adj. very large or great 巨大的 lottery — n. a system used to decide who will get or be given something by choosing names or numbers by chance彩票；抽奖；碰运气的事 gifted — adj. having great natural ability 有天赋的 gender — n. a person's own sense of being male, female, some combination of male and female, or neither male nor female性别 income — n. money that is earned from work, investments, business, etc.收入；收益 grant — n. an amount of money that is given to someone by a government, a company, etc., to be used for a particular purpose拨款；补助金；授予；同意 diagnose — v. to recognize by examining someone诊断 【知识拓展】 美国顶尖学校通常会赋予教师更多的自主权，这种自主权涉及到教育教学、学术研究、专业发展等多个方面。教师在工作中享有自主权是教育中的基本问题，它常常与“如何调动教师的工作积极性”“如何激发教师专业发展的内在动力”“如何提高教师的创新能力”“如何提升教师对工作的满意度和幸福感”等问题关联在一起。 【词汇延伸】 secret sauce — n. a special quality or feature considered the most important factor in the success of something or someone 秘诀；关键因素 impart — v. to give something, such as a quality, to a thing 传授；告知；赋予 morale — n. the feelings of enthusiasm and loyalty that a person or group has about a task or job 士气；精神面貌 综合实战演练 （一） （2024·全国·高考真题）The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 1．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors. C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river. 2．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors. C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid. 3．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A．About a year. B．About ten months. C．About two months. D．About two weeks. 4．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious. ( 熟悉常见的观点态度词汇 ： 积极类：positive（积极的）、optimistic（乐观的）、approval（赞成）、supportive（支持的）等。 消极类：negative（消极的）、pessimistic（悲观的）、disapproval（不赞成）、critical（批评的）等。 中立类：neutral（中立的）、objective（客观的）、impartial（公平的）等。 关注文章中的关键词和短语 ： 表达观点的动词，如：think（认为）、believe（相信）、consider（认为）、claim（声称）等。 情感色彩强烈的形容词和副词，例如：fortunately（幸运地）、unfortunately（不幸地）、obviously（明显地）等。 分析文章的结构和逻辑 ： 开头和结尾段落往往会表明作者的总体观点。段落的主题句通常能体现作者对该部分内容的态度。 留意文中的例子和引用 ： 作者通过举例来支持或反驳某个观点，从而反映其态度。 注意转折词 ： 如 but（但是）、however（然而）、yet（然而）等之后的内容，可能会揭示作者真正的态度。 例如 ：文章开头说“Some people think that online learning is convenient.” 但接着用“However, it also has some drawbacks.” 这里的“however”就表明作者对在线学习的态度并非完全肯定。 排除干扰选项 ： 过于绝对的选项通常不正确，如“absolutely”（绝对地）、“completely”（完全地）等。 与文章主旨不符的选项也应排除。 总之，解答高考英语阅读理解观点态度题需要综合运用以上方法，仔细分析文章内容，准确把握作者的观点和态度。 ) ( “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning是宾语从句，作动词says的宾语，People是主语，started queuing是谓语动词，to make an appointment是to do不定式结构作目的状语，early in the morning作时间状语， （ 2 ） a German photographer是名词短语作Emile Ducke的同位语，是对Emile Ducke的进一步说明；who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a German photographer，在从句中作主语，traveled是谓语动词，with the staff是介词短语作伴随状语，of the Saint Lukas是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the staff ； for a two-week trip是介词短语作时间状语；in November是介词短语作时间状语；through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia是介词短语作地点状语，说明旅行的地点，of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the vast regions， 翻译： ： “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke . 句子主干主语是Ducke，says是谓语动词，整个句子作宾语； （ 2 ） I是宾语从句，was是系动词，very impressed是形容词作表语，by the doctors and their assistants是介词短语，说明给Ducke留下深刻印象的具体对象，；working and living in such little space是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the doctors and their assistants，；staying focused and very concerned是现在分词短语，修饰the doctors and their assistants 。 翻译 ： ) ( government-sponsored travel 3. make an appointment 4. in serious need of ... 5. practice 6.capital 7. refuel 8.checkup 9.function as sth. 9. function as sth.=serve as sth. 10. populated 11. ambiguous adj ) 全文翻译 圣卢卡斯火车不收乘客，只收病人。圣卢卡斯号是前往俄罗斯中部和东部偏远城镇的五列政府资助的医疗列车之一。每次停留平均持续两天，在此期间，火车上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本的医疗保健、X射线扫描并开处方。 德国摄影师Emile Duke说：“人们一大早就开始排队预约。他于11月与圣卢卡斯的工作人员一起前往克拉斯诺亚尔斯克和哈卡斯的广大地区进行了为期两周的旅行。 俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务急需现代化。政府一直在努力制定解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。 每年一次的圣卢卡斯人的到来是改善局势的又一次尝试。每年有10个月，列车在两周内停靠约8个车站，然后返回该地区首府加油和补充库存。然后在下个月重新开始。大多车站在两次访问之间等待大约一年。 医生每天为多达150名病人看病。列车的设备允许进行基本检查。Duke说：“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关心，这给我留下了深刻的印象，这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最佳机会。” （二） （2024上·山东泰安·高二统考期末）The U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has approved a new class of hearing aid devices, which do not require a medical exam. That means Americans will be able to buy hearing aids later this year without seeing a doctor or receiving a medical examination. The devices are designed for adults with mild to moderate hearing problems. The FDA estimates that the hearing aids could help nearly 30 million adults in the United States, but only about one-fifth of people with hearing problems use the devices currently. “Today’s action by the FDA represents a significant milestone in making hearing aids more cost-effective and accessible,” Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra, told reporters on Tuesday. The FDA first proposed the rule change for hearing aids last year and the new rules will take effect in the middle of October. The move follows years of pressure from medical experts and others to make the devices less costly and easier to get. However, cost is still a barrier right now. Americans can pay more than $5,000 for hearing aids, which is for the device itself and fitting services. Private insurance coverage is also limited for the devices. And government insurance for older people, known as Medicare, does not pay for them. Medicare only pays for hearing tests. “The requirement to see a specialist was not only a burden and an annoyance for many consumers but also it actually created a competitive barrier to entry,” said Brian Deese, a White House economic adviser. Deese added that the government estimates that Americans could save as much as $2,800 for a set of hearing aids if they want to buy them. But FDA officials noted that the savings will depend on when producers launch products and how much they cost. “It’s very hard to predict exactly what we’ll see and when,” said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, the FDA’s medical device chief. Shuren added officials expected to see increased competition from new producers and new products from existing hearing aid makers. 5．Who probably use the new hearing aid devices? A．The people who cannot afford medical fee. B．The 20 percent of people who can pay for them. C．The people who needn’t be examined by doctors. D．The adults whose hearing problems are not serious. 6．What might the rule change bring? A．Hearing tests for free. B．More pressure from medical experts. C．Lower cost of the hearing devices. D．More private insurance coverage. 7．What may Deese agree with? A．Seeing a specialist was unaccessible. B．Seeing a specialist was a troublesome experience. C．The government will save much medical expense. D．Americans will pay more money for medical care. 8．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．When the cost will be reduced is uncertain. B．Existing hearing aid makers can benefit most. C．Officials will decide the price of the hearing aids. D．New producers will succeed in the competition. （三） （2023上·全国·高三校联考开学考试）When Philip Santini noticed an infection, he contacted his primary care physician, Jane Chargot, M. D．, and she gave him some medicine. However, test results showed that he wasn’t recovering. Over the phone, Santini was told he would need to go to the hospital to get infusions (输液) three times a day for a week. He was packed and ready to head out to the hospital when he received another phone call. An alternative plan was suggested instead — Hospital Care at Home. Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes. Santini was the first direct registration patient for this program, meaning he never presented to the hospital initially. It was no surprise that there was a celebration for this milestone. “I was ready to head out to the emergency department,” said Santini, who even had a list of things to take when he got a call from Stephanie Paran, R. N., a nurse at U-M Briarwood Family Medicine. “Hearing Paran’s words, I sprang to my feet and didn’t hesitate to accept the advice.” Although he initially didn’t know what to expect, he later said what the care team did was far beyond his expectations, especially the caregivers. The staff gave him infusions three times a day for six days. They took his regular medications away, just like how they would in a hospital. They checked the infection, drew blood and even brought in an ultrasound machine. “I didn’t know that was possible,” Santini said. After discharge, a Michigan Visiting Nurse visited once a week until he completely recovered. Santini believed treatment at home has helped the healing process. “I’ve never felt really comfortable in the hospital,” he said. “It’s hard to get good sleep there. At home I had my own food, my own bed, plus my wife is here. No one has to go out of their way to visit me. It’s a healthier experience. I would encourage anyone to consider it.” 9．What is the advantage of Care at Home? A．It can reduce the patients’ expenses. B．It can lessen the pressure on hospitals. C．It can avoid the waste of medical resources. D．It can improve the doctor-patient relationship. 10．How did Santini feel when hearing of Care at Home? A．Hesitant. B．Upset. C．Excited. D．Curious. 11．What can we infer about Care at Home from Paragraph 6? A．It offers professional service. B．It is much better than hospital. C．It can make impossible possible. D．It only provides one-week treatment. 12．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Cure for Common Infection B．A Tendency in Family Health C．The Popularity of Medical Care D．Hospital Level Care at Home （四） （2023上·高二课后作业）The purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital. Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous about the effort which would be required from them. The home contains within it a research unit mainly concerned with overcoming the technical problems which arise from the patient’s physical disabilities. Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically. In it, all types of electronic equipment are pioneered, much of it exceedingly delicate and complex. One of the things I found astonishing as I watched was the ease with which the patients became accustomed to the equipment. This has the dual effect of both making them physically independent and giving them the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem. While I was there, I was fortunate enough to talk to a couple of patients who had been fully rehabilitated. A former teacher who suffered from paralysis from the waist down, was now teaching general studies in a school. After his accident, he had had a complete nervous breakdown and had indeed tried to commit suicide several times. “But when I got here, I realized that there were still some things I could do, and that there were people worse off than me,” he said. “Yes, I expect I shall get depressions again. You can’t completely cure that thing. But they’ll pull me out of it, at least I know that now.” I asked him if he felt that everyone in the home could be rehabilitated. “Well, of course, one can’t really tell. But I should say that about 70% of them will have been fully rehabilitated by this time next year.” And that is a wild dream that, from my observation of what is going on, may be realized. 13．Patients in the “home” mainly have difficulty in __________. A．concentrating their mind on study and work B．being accustomed to medical treatment and diagnosis C．taking up a hobby and showing any interest in life D．moving around freely and living their own life independently 14．The underlined word “dual” in Paragraph 2 is the closest in meaning to “__________”. A．combined with two parts B．enhancing well-being C．unexpected or accidental D．one-size-fits-all 15．A patient identified as “fully rehabilitated” should meet the standard that __________. A．he is free of either nervous breakdown or emotional breakdown B．he has been cured of the illness despite emotional disorders C．he can support his living with a positive life attitude D．he wears different medical devices and requires a wheelchair 16．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Effective Electronic Equipment in Sight B．A Research Center for the Handicapped C．A Government-Sponsored Programme for Patients D．A New Hope to the Handicapped （五） （23-24高二下·云南曲靖·期末）If a pancake could dream, it might long for legs so it could jump off your breakfast plate in pursuit of a better, unchewed life. But legs aren’t necessary for something as flat as a pancake to jump around. A group of scientists have designed a pancake-shaped robot that can jump several times per second and higher than seven times its body height. The new robot named Hop, which swiftly jumps without feet, is an important contribution to the soft robotics. Many ground robots move by rolling or walking. But it’s more efficient for robots to jump over obstacles than to go around them. Although jumping can offer some robots a competitive edge, engineering that ability has been a challenge for robotics researchers. Some soft robots that store energy can perform a single impressive jump very infrequently. Some lightweight soft robots that don’t store energy can jump frequently but can’t jump high or far enough to successfully cross an obstacle. For inspiration, the researchers looked to gall midge larvae (瘿蚊幼虫) that miraculously throw themselves across distances 30 times as long as their loglike bodies. A gall midge larva bends its body and squeezes the liquid in its body to one end, making it rigid. The accumulation of liquid builds up pressure, and releasing the pressure sends it soaring. The robot’s body doesn’t resemble that of a gall midge larva, but it jumps like one. Its body is made of two small plastic bags printed with electrodes (电极); the front bag is filled with liquid and the back one is filled with the same volume of air. The robot uses electricity to drive the flow of liquid, which causes the body to bend and generate force with the ground, resulting in a jump. And the air bag imitates the function of an animal’s tail, helping the robot maintain a stable position. While the robot is currently restricted to Earth, it might be right at home exploring another planet. If this is true, the researchers’ robot might jump over dust y rocks and large holes on the moon or Mars, going where no pancake has gone before. 17．What does the author want to show by mentioning a pancake? A．A pancake’s dream to have legs is unrealistic. B．A robot is capable of serving a good pancake. C．A pancake-shaped robot can jump without legs. D．Research on pancakes advances our understanding of robots. 18．What difficultly do robotics researchers have in developing Hop according to Paragraph 2? A．Hop’s avoiding an obstacle. B．Hop’s moving around by rolling. C．Hop’s performing one remarkable jump. D．Hop’s jumping high and far continuously. 19．What inspiration do the researchers draw from gall midge larvae? A．They are shaped like logs. B．They have tails to change positions. C．They bend their bodies and increase force. D．They are filled with liquid and have rigid bodies. 20．What is the author’s attitude to the future of the new robot? A．Intolerant. B．Positive. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. （六） （23-24高二下·江西·期末）Researchers have developed a groundbreaking method of storing and handling valuable biological materials that removes the limitations of refrigerated storage. The novel method has potential applications in healthcare and scientific research. Biological materials that come from human cells, like enzymes, proteins, and antibodies, are crucial to developing new medicines and diagnostic tests. And they’re fragile. Extremely temperature-sensitive, they require a constant temperature during storage, handling, and transportation. If not stored or handled correctly, these materials will be inactive, which can be costly. Most biological materials are stored as liquids or freeze-dried powders and kept at low temperatures for the duration of their shelf life. This is achieved through a complex integrated system of refrigerators and freezers known as the cold chain. This requires a significant investment in equipment and infrastructure, making it expensive to maintain, and makes the cold chain prone to shipping delays, power outages, equipment failure and human error. Inspired from the home medicine cabinet (储藏柜), where medications are stored in the form of liquids, powder-filled capsules, and tablets, researchers at California Polytechnic State University have developed a new storage platform based on the humble table t that would enable biological materials to be compressed (压缩) into a solid state. Tablets provide advantages to the storage and handling of biomaterials that the cold chain doesn’t. For one thing, they can be stored at room temperature. And, when they’re required, the tablet can be dissolved in water. “Our innovation makes storing and using biomaterials as straightforward as an effervescent tablet (泡腾片). Just drop it into water, mix, and it’s ready to go,” said the researcher of the study. The researchers say their new tablet-based storage and handling method is easy to use and doesn’t require special training, making it suitable for many applications. They also see potential uses beyond just improving the storage and handling of biological materials. By modifying (修改) the tablet coatings, this solid-state storage platform could withstand extreme conditions like heat, humidity, and chemicals. These changes might eventually allow injectable medications, such as insulin, to be taken orally. 21．What is a special requirement to store biological materials? A．Constant temperature maintenance. B．Exposure to various temperatures. C．Periodically freezing and melting. D．Direct contact with air. 22．What is the researchers’ attitude to their storage method? A．Favorable. B．Skeptical. C．Disappointed. D．Grateful. 23．Which word can replace the underlined word “withstand” in the last paragraph? A．Demonstrate. B．Stand. C．Adopt. D．Distinguish. 24．What is the text mainly about? A．Challenges of storing biological materials. B．The making process of effervescent tablets. C．Healthcare applications of biological materials. D．A new table t storage method of biological materials. （七） （23-24高二下·辽宁沈阳·期末）The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages (四轮马车) known as “school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana. 25 In the early 1900s, the car industry was beginning to develop fast. This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages. 26 But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones, with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside. In 1927, a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. 27 Still, parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety. This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939, when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards. Many new national standards were created, determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today. 28 Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings. The colour is easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate. 29 For example, a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy, be easier to drive, etc. The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress, which states began to require in the early 1950s. A．Horses were easy to control. B．Not all chose to paint their buses yellow. C．The reason why the colour was chosen was simple. D．Before then, many children simply walked to school. E．Now, school buses have had many more improvements. F．The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines. G．Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows. （八） 完形填空 （2024·江西·二模）Alexander Graham Bell hated spending summertime in Washington, DC． He usually 30 to his farm in Nova Scotia, but one year he had to stay in the capital. “Why humans have 31 how to warm a house but not how to cool one — until now,” he wondered, and in 1872, he 32 a cold-air-producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃. When 69-year-old Bell told that 33 in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went 34 . The clapping lasted so long that he was 35 to say something more surprising. “Could postage stamps be used in 36 of persons?” asked Bell, who had thought of 37 a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the 38 .” In the speech, Bell also 39 on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the 40 made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles 41 horse-drawn vehicles. He then went on to 42 the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the 43 for renewable resources. Gilbert Grosvenor, the editor of National Geographic magazine, asked for the 44 and published a revised version in the February issue. Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell’s predictions still remain prescient (预见性的). 30．A．wandered B．escaped C．flew D．applied 31．A．agreed on B．insisted on C．figured out D．ruled out 32．A．designed B．bought C．saw D．borrowed 33．A．accident B．loss C．problem D．story 34．A．wild B．hungry C．disappointed D．silent 35．A．allowed B．forced C．paid D．chosen 36．A．favor B．memory C．transportation D．case 37．A．cutting B．raising C．avoiding D．charging 38．A．pollution B．solution C．discovery D．issue 39．A．relied B．switched C．reflected D．called 40．A．profits B．advances C．materials D．failures 41．A．replaced B．destroyed C．attacked D．missed 42．A．sell B．rent C．invent D．predict 43．A．deadline B．competition C．need D．balance 44．A．text B．book C．contract D．interview 思维素养提升 Task 1 写作项目——Write about what makes a great scientist 本单元的写作任务是介绍科学家的优秀品质，涉及著名科学家的品格和素养以及他们献身科学的精神，属于人物介绍类写作。写作时要围绕人物组织材料，做到主题鲜明，详略得当，并注意结构的完整性。可以利用列提纲思维导图来构思，请选择一篇你感兴趣的议论文阅读语篇，尝试用思维导图绘制出文章脉络吧！ Task 2 （23-24高二下·四川凉山·期末）假如你是李华，你校将举办一场英语演讲比赛，请你以The Scientist I Admire Most为主题写一篇演讲稿。内容包括： 1.对这位科学家的简介； 2.尊敬和爱戴他/她的原因； 3.从他/她身上得到的启示。 注意： 写作词数为 80词左右。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $$选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Unit 1 Science and Scientists（人教版2019） 人与社会：科学与技术 单元引言解读 To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. —Albert Einstein&Leopold Infeld 释义：Science begins with a problem. To ask a question is more important than to solve a problem. It is the soul of scientific research. 启示：它让我们知道，科学起始于问题。这启示我们要善于观察，从日常中察觉有待探究的点。比如看到植物的生长变化，思考其背后的原理。提出问题比解决问题更关键，意味着好的问题能开启新领域。像对宇宙起源的疑问，促使了相关研究的开展。强调提问是科研的灵魂，提醒我们要有质疑精神。在学习和工作中，积极发问，而非被动接受。教育中也应鼓励学生提问，培养创新思维。 名言名句积累 人与社会：科学与技术 1. “If you do not ask the right questions, you do not get the right answers. A question asked in the right way often points to its own answer.” — Edward Hodnett 如果你没有提出正确的问题，你就得不到正确的答案。以正确的方式提出的问题往往指向其自身的答案。 2. “Questioning is the piety of thought.” — James Stephens 提问是思想的虔诚。 3.“In the field of observation, chance only favors the prepared mind.” — Louis Pasteur 在观察的领域中，机遇只偏爱那些有准备的头脑。 4．The pursuit of science needs special courage.—Galileo 追求科学需要特别的勇气。——伽利略 5．Surprise is the seed of science.—Thomas Edison 惊奇是科学的种子。——托马斯·爱迪生 6．Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it.—Albert Einstein 科学是个美妙的东西，如果无须靠它维持生活的话。——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 7．The first time I heard of Stephen Hawking, I was moved by his devotion to the research. 我第一次听说斯蒂芬·霍金时，就被他对研究的奉献精神所感动。 8．He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his scientific achievements. 他因在科学方面的成就而被授予诺贝尔化学奖。 9．Despite severe disability, he is faced with life bravely, making great achievements in physics and astronomy, which contribute greatly to the development of society. 尽管严重残疾，但他勇敢地面对生活，在物理和天文学方面取得了巨大的成就，这极大地促进了社会的发展。 10.“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.” — Albert Einstein 重要的是不要停止提问。好奇心自有其存在的理由。 时文拓展阅读 Top US School Gives Teachers More Independence When teachers at one of the top public schools in Florida are asked how they succeed, one answer is universal: They have autonomy in the classroom.Teachers with autonomy are able to make decisions and plans independently in their classrooms. The majority of American teachers report feeling stressed and unhappy at work, a Pew Research Center study found last year. Another study by Brown University and the University of Albany found that reduced job satisfaction has been connected to a drop in teachers' sense of autonomy in the classroom. But at A.D. Henderson School in Boca Raton, Florida, school leaders permit their staff high levels of classroom autonomy — and it works. Henderson is a public school of 636 kindergartners to eighth graders on the campus of Florida Atlantic University. Henderson students scored in the top 1 percent to 3 percent in nearly every subject in the state's latest standardized tests. In almost every subject, 60 percent or more of Henderson students scored far above the Florida state average. "There is a lot of our own individual input allowed in doing the activities that we want to do in the classroom," said Vanessa Stevenson. She is a middle school science teacher at Henderson. She plans to start a horse medicine class next fall even though the school has no horses. She believes she will find a way to make the class a success. "It's a bit of trial and error because there's nothing being handed to you saying, ‘Do it this way.' You just have to figure it out," she said. Joel Herbst is the superintendent of Henderson and its partner FAU High School. He called the teachers his "secret sauce." He said the school's success can be done anywhere if administrators give teachers more freedom. When that happens, he said, teachers create hands-on programs that help students learn more. "Give (teachers) the freedom to do what they do best, which is to impart knowledge, to teach beyond the textbook," Herbst said. Madhu Narayanan is an education professor at Portland State University. He studies teacher independence. He said independence is highly related to teacher morale and success. But independence must be combined with administrative support. "It can't be, ‘Here is the classroom, here is the textbook, we'll see you in six months.' Those teachers have tremendous autonomy, but feel lost," he said. About 2,700 families enter a lottery each year for the 60 spots in Henderson's kindergarten class and openings in other grades. Some children entering Henderson are gifted. Some have learning disabilities. Most are average learners, however. The school must follow a Florida law that requiring the student population at university-run "laboratory" schools to match state population demographics for race, gender and income. Because families apply to attend, parental involvement is high. Jenny O'Sullivan teaches a class on art and technology. Her kindergartners learn computer coding basics by playing a game with a robot. And fourth and fifth graders make videos celebrating Earth Day. Her new classroom has the newest technology. But she says such classes can be taught anywhere if the teacher is given the ability to be creative. Amy Miramontes teaches sixth graders a Medical Detectives class. They examine pieces of rabbit muscle under a microscope, using safe chemicals to find what disease each animal had. Miramontes hopes the class grows students' interest in medicine. She also hopes her class gives students the knowledge needed in two years when they take the state's eighth-grade science test. Using art to teach science Henderson's success has led to more money and grants. The middle school's drone program, for example, recently won a national competition in California. Henderson's drone teams have a room to practice flying the devices through an obstacle course, plus flight simulators donated by the local power company. The drone program is a chance to compete while using the physics and aeronautics learned in the classroom, teacher James Nance said. Eighth grader Anik Sahai is in Stevenson's science class. He created an app that uses the camera to diagnose diabetic retinopathy. The eye disease is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Sahai's app took first place in the state's middle school science fair and is being considered for commercial use. The 14-year-old credits his success to his years at Henderson, beginning in the preschool program. "The teachers here, they're amazing," he said. "They've been trained on how to get us to the next level." 【译文欣赏】 美国顶尖学校赋予教师更多自主权 当佛罗里达州一所顶尖公立学校的教师被问及他们如何取得成功时，一个答案是普遍的：他们在课堂上拥有自主权。拥有自主权的教师能够在课堂上独立做出决策和制定计划。 皮尤研究中心去年的一项研究发现，大多数美国教师表示在工作中感到压力大和不快乐。布朗大学和奥尔巴尼大学的另一项研究发现，工作满意度的降低与教师在课堂上的自主感下降有关。 但在佛罗里达州博卡拉顿的 A.D. 亨德森学校，学校领导给予教职员工高度的课堂自主权——而且行之有效。 亨德森是一所公立学校，位于佛罗里达大西洋大学校园内，有 636 名从幼儿园到八年级的学生。在该州最新的标准化测试中，亨德森的学生几乎在每个科目上的得分都在前 1%至 3%。在几乎每个科目中，60%或更多的亨德森学生的得分远远高于佛罗里达州的平均水平。 “在课堂上，我们被允许有很多个人投入来做我们想做的活动，”凡妮莎·史蒂文森说。她是亨德森的一名中学科学教师。她计划明年秋天开设一门马医学课程，尽管学校没有马。她相信自己会找到办法让这门课取得成功。 “这有点像是试错，因为没有什么东西交到你手里说，‘就这么做。’你只能自己想办法，”她说。 乔尔·赫布斯特是亨德森及其合作学校 FAU 高中的负责人。他称这些教师是他的“秘密武器”。他说，如果管理人员给予教师更多自由，学校的成功可以在任何地方实现。 他说，当这种情况发生时，教师们会创建实践项目，帮助学生学到更多。 “给（教师）自由，让他们去做他们最擅长的事情，那就是传授知识，超越教科书教学，”赫布斯特说。 马杜·纳拉亚南是波特兰州立大学的教育学教授。他研究教师的独立性。他说，独立性与教师的士气和成功高度相关。但独立性必须与行政支持相结合。 “不能是，‘这是教室，这是教科书，六个月后见。’那些教师有极大的自主权，但会感到迷茫，”他说。 每年约有 2700 个家庭参加抽签，争取亨德森幼儿园班级的 60 个名额以及其他年级的空位。 一些进入亨德森的孩子有天赋。一些有学习障碍。然而，大多数是普通学习者。 该校必须遵守佛罗里达州的一项法律，要求大学运营的“实验”学校的学生群体在种族、性别和收入方面符合州人口统计数据。由于家庭申请入学，家长的参与度很高。 珍妮·奥沙利文教授一门艺术与技术课程。她的幼儿园学生通过与机器人玩游戏学习计算机编码基础。四、五年级的学生制作庆祝地球日的视频。 她的新教室拥有最新的技术。但她说，如果教师有创新能力，这样的课程可以在任何地方教授。 艾米·米拉蒙特斯给六年级学生教授一门“医学侦探”课程。他们在显微镜下检查兔子肌肉切片，使用安全化学品来找出每只动物患有的疾病。 米拉蒙特斯希望这门课能激发学生对医学的兴趣。她还希望她的课能让学生在两年后参加该州八年级科学考试时具备所需的知识。 用艺术教授科学 亨德森的成功带来了更多的资金和资助。例如，该校的中学无人机项目最近在加利福尼亚州赢得了一场全国比赛。 亨德森的无人机团队有一个房间来练习操控无人机通过障碍课程，还有当地电力公司捐赠的飞行模拟器。教师詹姆斯·南斯说，无人机项目是一个在运用课堂上学到的物理和航空知识的同时进行竞争的机会。 八年级学生阿尼克·萨海在史蒂文森的科学课上。他创建了一个应用程序，使用相机诊断糖尿病性视网膜病变。这种眼病是全球导致失明的主要原因。 萨海的应用程序在该州中学科学博览会上获得第一名，并正在考虑用于商业用途。这位 14 岁的少年将自己的成功归功于在亨德森的学习经历，从学前班就开始了。 “这里的老师，他们太棒了，”他说。“他们接受过培训，知道如何让我们更上一层楼。” 【词汇积累】 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Words in This Story autonomy — n. the state of existing or acting separately from others 自主；自治；独立性 allow — v. to permit 允许 trial — n. a formal meeting in a court in which evidence about crimes, disagreements, etc., is presented to a judge and often a jury so that decisions can be made according to the law 审判；审讯；试验；试用 superintendent — n. a person who directs or manages a place, department, organization, etc.主管；负责人；警长；警司 tremendous — adj. very large or great 巨大的 lottery — n. a system used to decide who will get or be given something by choosing names or numbers by chance彩票；抽奖；碰运气的事 gifted — adj. having great natural ability 有天赋的 gender — n. a person's own sense of being male, female, some combination of male and female, or neither male nor female性别 income — n. money that is earned from work, investments, business, etc.收入；收益 grant — n. an amount of money that is given to someone by a government, a company, etc., to be used for a particular purpose拨款；补助金；授予；同意 diagnose — v. to recognize by examining someone诊断 【知识拓展】 美国顶尖学校通常会赋予教师更多的自主权，这种自主权涉及到教育教学、学术研究、专业发展等多个方面。教师在工作中享有自主权是教育中的基本问题，它常常与“如何调动教师的工作积极性”“如何激发教师专业发展的内在动力”“如何提高教师的创新能力”“如何提升教师对工作的满意度和幸福感”等问题关联在一起。 【词汇延伸】 secret sauce — n. a special quality or feature considered the most important factor in the success of something or someone 秘诀；关键因素 impart — v. to give something, such as a quality, to a thing 传授；告知；赋予 morale — n. the feelings of enthusiasm and loyalty that a person or group has about a task or job 士气；精神面貌 综合实战演练 （一） （2024·全国·高考真题）The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 1．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors. C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river. 2．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors. C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid. 3．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A．About a year. B．About ten months. C．About two months. D．About two weeks. 4．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious. ( 熟悉常见的观点态度词汇 ： 积极类：positive（积极的）、optimistic（乐观的）、approval（赞成）、supportive（支持的）等。消极类：negative（消极的）、pessimistic（悲观的）、disapproval（不赞成）、critical（批评的）等。中立类：neutral（中立的）、objective（客观的）、impartial（公平的）等。 关注文章中的关键词和短语 ： 表达观点的动词，如：think（认为）、believe（相信）、consider（认为）、claim（声称）等。情感色彩强烈的形容词和副词，例如：fortunately（幸运地）、unfortunately（不幸地）、obviously（明显地）等。 3. 分析文章的结构和逻辑 ： 开头和结尾段落往往会表明作者的总体观点。段落的主题句通常能体现作者对该部分内容的态度。 4. 留意文中的例子和引用 ： 作者通过举例来支持或反驳某个观点，从而反映其态度。 5. 注意转折词 ： 如 but（但是）、however（然而）、yet（然而）等之后的内容，可能会揭示作者真正的态度。 例如 ：文章开头说“Some people think that online learning is convenient.” 但接着用“However, it also has some drawbacks.” 这里的“however”就表明作者对在线学习的态度并非完全肯定。 6. 排除干扰选项 ： 过于绝对的选项通常不正确，如“absolutely”（绝对地）、“completely”（完全地）等。 与文章主旨不符的选项也应排除。 总之，解答高考英语阅读理解观点态度题需要综合运用以上方法，仔细分析文章内容，准确把握作者的观点和态度。 ) 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。 1．细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。故选C。 2．推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。 3．细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。 4．推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。 ( 1. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. （ 1 ） People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning是宾语从句，作动词says的宾语，People是主语，started queuing是谓语动词，to make an appointment是to do不定式结构作目的状语，early in the morning作时间状语， （ 2 ） a German photographer是名词短语作Emile Ducke的同位语，是对Emile Ducke的进一步说明；who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a German photographer，在从句中作主语，traveled是谓语动词，with the staff是介词短语作伴随状语，of the Saint Lukas是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the staff ； for a two-week trip是介词短语作时间状语；in November是介词短语作时间状语；through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia是介词短语作地点状语，说明旅行的地点，of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the vast regions， 翻译： 德国摄影师Emile Ducke与圣卢卡斯医院的工作人员一起，在11月进行了为期两周的旅程，克拉斯诺亚尔斯克和哈卡斯的广大地区，他提到：“人们一大早就开始排队预约。” “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke . （ 1 ） 句子主干主语是Ducke，says是谓语动词，整个句子作宾语； （ 2 ） I是宾语从句，was是系动词，very impressed是形容词作表语，by the doctors and their assistants是介词短语，说明给Ducke留下深刻印象的具体对象，；working and living in such little space是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the doctors and their assistants，；staying focused and very concerned是现在分词短语，修饰the doctors and their assistants 。 翻译： Ducke表示：“我对医生及其助手们在如此狭小的空间里工作和生活，仍能保持专注和高度关怀的印象非常深刻。” ) ( 1.government-sponsored government-sponsored 作形容词，意为“政府资助的”由“government n.政府+sponsor v,赞助，资助+ -ed”构成类似的词还有:industry-sponsored 行业赞助的;state-fiunded国有的，国家资助的，国立的:publicly-funded 公共资助的，公费的。 2. travel 一词多义:".行驶，行进 3. make an appointment 预 约 4. in serious need of ... in serious need of...意为“急需/迫切需要……”，同义表达有:in urgent/dire need of ...: crying out for ...: badly in need of.等。 practice一词多义:1从事(医务工作、法律专业等)，执业 6.capital capital 作名词，意为“省会"，由词根“cap-头，顶”派生而来，类似的词还有:captain船长，队长(某个团队或船只中的首领)。 7. refuel refuel作动词，意为“补充燃料，加燃料，加油”，由“前缀 re-+ fuel v.给……提供燃料/加油”。前缀 re-表示“又再，重新”，如reapply ，重新中请，再涂一层，再利用rearange v.重新安排，重新排列:reappear vi.再次出现重新出现。 8.checkup checkup作名词，意为“检查，体检”，类似的由动词短语复合而成的名词有:clean up cleanup n.清理，清扫，清除:hang out→hangout n.(某一群人)常去的地方;聚集地;pick up-pickup n.接人，提货，改善9.function as sth. 9. function as sth.=serve as sth.意为“起……作用，具有……功能”。fu n ction作动词，意为“起作用，正常工作运转”。10. populated 10. populated 作形容词，意为“有人口居住的，聚居了的栖息了的”，由“popula t e v.居住于，生活于，构成……的人口，移居+-d”构成。heavily populated 人口稠密的。 11. ambiguous adj 模棱两可的，不明确的 ) 全文翻译 圣卢卡斯火车不收乘客，只收病人。圣卢卡斯号是前往俄罗斯中部和东部偏远城镇的五列政府资助的医疗列车之一。每次停留平均持续两天，在此期间，火车上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本的医疗保健、X射线扫描并开处方。 德国摄影师Emile Duke说：“人们一大早就开始排队预约。他于11月与圣卢卡斯的工作人员一起前往克拉斯诺亚尔斯克和哈卡斯的广大地区进行了为期两周的旅行。 俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务急需现代化。政府一直在努力制定解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，并扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。 每年一次的圣卢卡斯人的到来是改善局势的又一次尝试。每年有10个月，列车在两周内停靠约8个车站，然后返回该地区首府加油和补充库存。然后在下个月重新开始。大多车站在两次访问之间等待大约一年。 医生每天为多达150名病人看病。列车的设备允许进行基本检查。Duke说：“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关心，这给我留下了深刻的印象，这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最佳机会。” （二） （2024上·山东泰安·高二统考期末）The U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has approved a new class of hearing aid devices, which do not require a medical exam. That means Americans will be able to buy hearing aids later this year without seeing a doctor or receiving a medical examination. The devices are designed for adults with mild to moderate hearing problems. The FDA estimates that the hearing aids could help nearly 30 million adults in the United States, but only about one-fifth of people with hearing problems use the devices currently. “Today’s action by the FDA represents a significant milestone in making hearing aids more cost-effective and accessible,” Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra, told reporters on Tuesday. The FDA first proposed the rule change for hearing aids last year and the new rules will take effect in the middle of October. The move follows years of pressure from medical experts and others to make the devices less costly and easier to get. However, cost is still a barrier right now. Americans can pay more than $5,000 for hearing aids, which is for the device itself and fitting services. Private insurance coverage is also limited for the devices. And government insurance for older people, known as Medicare, does not pay for them. Medicare only pays for hearing tests. “The requirement to see a specialist was not only a burden and an annoyance for many consumers but also it actually created a competitive barrier to entry,” said Brian Deese, a White House economic adviser. Deese added that the government estimates that Americans could save as much as $2,800 for a set of hearing aids if they want to buy them. But FDA officials noted that the savings will depend on when producers launch products and how much they cost. “It’s very hard to predict exactly what we’ll see and when,” said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, the FDA’s medical device chief. Shuren added officials expected to see increased competition from new producers and new products from existing hearing aid makers. 5．Who probably use the new hearing aid devices? A．The people who cannot afford medical fee. B．The 20 percent of people who can pay for them. C．The people who needn’t be examined by doctors. D．The adults whose hearing problems are not serious. 6．What might the rule change bring? A．Hearing tests for free. B．More pressure from medical experts. C．Lower cost of the hearing devices. D．More private insurance coverage. 7．What may Deese agree with? A．Seeing a specialist was unaccessible. B．Seeing a specialist was a troublesome experience. C．The government will save much medical expense. D．Americans will pay more money for medical care. 8．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．When the cost will be reduced is uncertain. B．Existing hearing aid makers can benefit most. C．Officials will decide the price of the hearing aids. D．New producers will succeed in the competition. 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．B 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国食品和药物管理局批准了一种不需要体检的新型助听器。这意味着，今年晚些时候，美国人将无需看医生或接受体检就能购买助听器。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The devices are designed for adults with mild to moderate hearing problems.(这种设备是为有轻度到中度听力问题的成年人设计的)”可知，听力问题不严重的成年人可能会使用新的助听器。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“The move follows years of pressure from medical experts and others to make the devices less costly and easier to get.(多年来，医疗专家和其他人一直在施压，要求降低这种设备的成本，使其更容易获得)”可知，规则的改变会带来低成本的助听器。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““The requirement to see a specialist was not only a burden and an annoyance for many consumers but also it actually created a competitive barrier to entry,” said Brian Deese, a White House economic adviser.(白宫经济顾问Brian Deese表示：“对许多消费者来说，看专家的要求不仅是一种负担和烦恼，而且实际上还制造了进入市场的竞争壁垒。”)”可知，看专家是件麻烦事。故选B。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But FDA officials noted that the savings will depend on when producers launch products and how much they cost. “It’s very hard to predict exactly what we’ll see and when,” said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, the FDA’s medical device chief.(但FDA官员指出，节省的费用将取决于生产商推出产品的时间和成本。“很难准确预测我们会看到什么，什么时候会看到，”FDA医疗设备主管杰弗里·舒伦博士说)”可知，成本何时会降低是不确定的。故选A。 （三） （2023上·全国·高三校联考开学考试）When Philip Santini noticed an infection, he contacted his primary care physician, Jane Chargot, M. D．, and she gave him some medicine. However, test results showed that he wasn’t recovering. Over the phone, Santini was told he would need to go to the hospital to get infusions (输液) three times a day for a week. He was packed and ready to head out to the hospital when he received another phone call. An alternative plan was suggested instead — Hospital Care at Home. Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes. Santini was the first direct registration patient for this program, meaning he never presented to the hospital initially. It was no surprise that there was a celebration for this milestone. “I was ready to head out to the emergency department,” said Santini, who even had a list of things to take when he got a call from Stephanie Paran, R. N., a nurse at U-M Briarwood Family Medicine. “Hearing Paran’s words, I sprang to my feet and didn’t hesitate to accept the advice.” Although he initially didn’t know what to expect, he later said what the care team did was far beyond his expectations, especially the caregivers. The staff gave him infusions three times a day for six days. They took his regular medications away, just like how they would in a hospital. They checked the infection, drew blood and even brought in an ultrasound machine. “I didn’t know that was possible,” Santini said. After discharge, a Michigan Visiting Nurse visited once a week until he completely recovered. Santini believed treatment at home has helped the healing process. “I’ve never felt really comfortable in the hospital,” he said. “It’s hard to get good sleep there. At home I had my own food, my own bed, plus my wife is here. No one has to go out of their way to visit me. It’s a healthier experience. I would encourage anyone to consider it.” 9．What is the advantage of Care at Home? A．It can reduce the patients’ expenses. B．It can lessen the pressure on hospitals. C．It can avoid the waste of medical resources. D．It can improve the doctor-patient relationship. 10．How did Santini feel when hearing of Care at Home? A．Hesitant. B．Upset. C．Excited. D．Curious. 11．What can we infer about Care at Home from Paragraph 6? A．It offers professional service. B．It is much better than hospital. C．It can make impossible possible. D．It only provides one-week treatment. 12．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Cure for Common Infection B．A Tendency in Family Health C．The Popularity of Medical Care D．Hospital Level Care at Home 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．A 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过讲述桑蒂尼的“居家护理”治疗体验介绍了密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目的专业服务和优势。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes.(密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目改善了患者体验，同时腾出了医院床位。该项目已经接收并转移了50多名急诊科和住院医院的患者，让他们在舒适的家中接受医院级别的护理。)”可知，“居家护理”的优势是它可以减轻医院的压力。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Hearing Paran’s words, I sprang to my feet and didn’t hesitate to accept the advice.(听到帕兰的话，我一跃而起，毫不犹豫地接受了他的建议。)”可知，桑蒂尼听到“居家护理”的时候感到很兴奋。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据第六段第二句到第四句“The staff gave him infusions three times a day for six days. They took his regular medications away, just like how they would in a hospital. They checked the infection, drew blood and even brought in an ultrasound machine.(工作人员每天给他注射三次，持续六天。他们把他的常规药物拿走了，就像在医院里一样。他们检查了感染情况，抽血，甚至带来了超声波仪。)”可知，“居家护理”提供了专业的服务。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句“An alternative plan was suggested instead — Hospital Care at Home.(有人提出了一个替代方案——在家接受医院护理。)”，第三段“Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes.(密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目改善了患者体验，同时腾出了医院床位。该项目已经接收并转移了50多名急诊科和住院医院的患者，让他们在舒适的家中接受医院级别的护理。)”和最后一段第一句“Santini believed treatment at home has helped the healing process.(桑蒂尼认为在家治疗有助于康复过程。)”可知，文章主要是介绍密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目的专业服务和优势。故选D。 （四） （2023上·高二课后作业）The purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital. Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous about the effort which would be required from them. The home contains within it a research unit mainly concerned with overcoming the technical problems which arise from the patient’s physical disabilities. Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically. In it, all types of electronic equipment are pioneered, much of it exceedingly delicate and complex. One of the things I found astonishing as I watched was the ease with which the patients became accustomed to the equipment. This has the dual effect of both making them physically independent and giving them the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem. While I was there, I was fortunate enough to talk to a couple of patients who had been fully rehabilitated. A former teacher who suffered from paralysis from the waist down, was now teaching general studies in a school. After his accident, he had had a complete nervous breakdown and had indeed tried to commit suicide several times. “But when I got here, I realized that there were still some things I could do, and that there were people worse off than me,” he said. “Yes, I expect I shall get depressions again. You can’t completely cure that thing. But they’ll pull me out of it, at least I know that now.” I asked him if he felt that everyone in the home could be rehabilitated. “Well, of course, one can’t really tell. But I should say that about 70% of them will have been fully rehabilitated by this time next year.” And that is a wild dream that, from my observation of what is going on, may be realized. 13．Patients in the “home” mainly have difficulty in __________. A．concentrating their mind on study and work B．being accustomed to medical treatment and diagnosis C．taking up a hobby and showing any interest in life D．moving around freely and living their own life independently 14．The underlined word “dual” in Paragraph 2 is the closest in meaning to “__________”. A．combined with two parts B．enhancing well-being C．unexpected or accidental D．one-size-fits-all 15．A patient identified as “fully rehabilitated” should meet the standard that __________. A．he is free of either nervous breakdown or emotional breakdown B．he has been cured of the illness despite emotional disorders C．he can support his living with a positive life attitude D．he wears different medical devices and requires a wheelchair 16．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Effective Electronic Equipment in Sight B．A Research Center for the Handicapped C．A Government-Sponsored Programme for Patients D．A New Hope to the Handicapped 【答案】13．D 14．A 15．C 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一家为有神经疾病和残疾的病人提供服务的疗养院，它帮助病人克服身体和心理上的双重困难，实现完全康复的希望。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous about the effort which would be required from them.（他们中的大多数人不仅患有某种形式的神经疾病，而且还有其他残疾。对他们中的大多数人来说，医院在一段时间里一直是他们的避难所，康复的想法有点可怕。他们怀疑自己的能力，对自己需要付出的努力感到紧张。）”可知，住在疗养院中的病人患有神经疾病，而且身体残疾，暂时地在疗养院里寻求庇护，同时担心自己能否康复。由此推知，他们在自由活动和独立生活方面有困难。故选D项。 14．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“This has the dual effect of both making them physically independent and giving them the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem.（这有……效果，既使他们在身体上独立，又给他们掌握了难题的心理满足。）”可知，这既让病人在身体上独立，又让病人获得掌握了难题的心理满足，因此是具有双重的效果。由此推知，dual意为“双重的”，与A项“由两部分组成”意思一致。故选A项。 15．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital.（疗养院的目的是尽可能使病人康复，使他们能够面对医院外生活的严酷现实。）”和第二段中“Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically.（完全康复需要病人在身体上尽可能独立。）”可知，完全康复意味着病人可以做到身上的独立，并且能够面对实际生活中的严酷现实，因此完全康复的标准是病人能自食其力，并且具有积极的生活态度。故选C项。 16．标题判断题。通读全文可知，并结合全文最后一句话“And that is a wild dream that, from my observation of what is going on, may be realized.（这是一个疯狂的梦想，根据我对正在发生的事情的观察，这个梦想可能会实现。）”可知，文章介绍了一家为有神经疾病和残疾的病人提供服务的疗养院，它帮助病人克服身体和心理上的双重困难，实现完全康复的希望。因此，D项“残疾者的新希望”可以概括文章大意，适合作为标题。故选D项。 （五） （23-24高二下·云南曲靖·期末）If a pancake could dream, it might long for legs so it could jump off your breakfast plate in pursuit of a better, unchewed life. But legs aren’t necessary for something as flat as a pancake to jump around. A group of scientists have designed a pancake-shaped robot that can jump several times per second and higher than seven times its body height. The new robot named Hop, which swiftly jumps without feet, is an important contribution to the soft robotics. Many ground robots move by rolling or walking. But it’s more efficient for robots to jump over obstacles than to go around them. Although jumping can offer some robots a competitive edge, engineering that ability has been a challenge for robotics researchers. Some soft robots that store energy can perform a single impressive jump very infrequently. Some lightweight soft robots that don’t store energy can jump frequently but can’t jump high or far enough to successfully cross an obstacle. For inspiration, the researchers looked to gall midge larvae (瘿蚊幼虫) that miraculously throw themselves across distances 30 times as long as their loglike bodies. A gall midge larva bends its body and squeezes the liquid in its body to one end, making it rigid. The accumulation of liquid builds up pressure, and releasing the pressure sends it soaring. The robot’s body doesn’t resemble that of a gall midge larva, but it jumps like one. Its body is made of two small plastic bags printed with electrodes (电极); the front bag is filled with liquid and the back one is filled with the same volume of air. The robot uses electricity to drive the flow of liquid, which causes the body to bend and generate force with the ground, resulting in a jump. And the air bag imitates the function of an animal’s tail, helping the robot maintain a stable position. While the robot is currently restricted to Earth, it might be right at home exploring another planet. If this is true, the researchers’ robot might jump over dust y rocks and large holes on the moon or Mars, going where no pancake has gone before. 17．What does the author want to show by mentioning a pancake? A．A pancake’s dream to have legs is unrealistic. B．A robot is capable of serving a good pancake. C．A pancake-shaped robot can jump without legs. D．Research on pancakes advances our understanding of robots. 18．What difficultly do robotics researchers have in developing Hop according to Paragraph 2? A．Hop’s avoiding an obstacle. B．Hop’s moving around by rolling. C．Hop’s performing one remarkable jump. D．Hop’s jumping high and far continuously. 19．What inspiration do the researchers draw from gall midge larvae? A．They are shaped like logs. B．They have tails to change positions. C．They bend their bodies and increase force. D．They are filled with liquid and have rigid bodies. 20．What is the author’s attitude to the future of the new robot? A．Intolerant. B．Positive. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 【答案】17．C 18．D 19．C 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了扁平无腿机器人的原理、优点及前景。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“But legs aren’t necessary for something as flat as a pancake to jump around. A group of scientists have designed a pancake-shaped robot that can jump several times per second and higher than seven times its body height. The new robot named Hop, which swiftly jumps without feet, is an important contribution to the soft robotics. (但是，像煎饼一样扁平的东西不需要腿来跳来跳去。一组科学家设计了一种煎饼形状的机器人，它每秒可以跳几次，比身体高度的七倍还高。这款名为Hop的新型机器人，无需双脚即可快速跳跃，是对软机器人技术的重要贡献)”可知，作者提到煎饼的目的是引出可以跳跃的煎饼形状的机器人。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段“Some soft robots that store energy can perform a single impressive jump very infrequently. Some lightweight soft robots that don’t store energy can jump frequently but can’t jump high or far enough to successfully cross an obstacle.(一些储存能量的软机器人很少能完成一次令人印象深刻的跳跃。一些不储存能量的轻型软体机器人可以频繁跳跃，但跳得不够高或远，无法成功越过障碍物)”可知，研究者研发Hop的难点在于如何使机器人能持续跳跃且跳得又高又远。故选D。 19．细节理解题。根据第三段“A gall midge larva bends its body and squeezes the liquid in its body to one end, making it rigid. The accumulation of liquid builds up pressure, and releasing the pressure sends it soaring.(瘿蚊幼虫弯曲身体，将体内的液体挤压到一端，使其变得坚硬。液体的积聚会积聚压力，释放压力会使其升高)”可知，瘿蚊幼虫通过弯曲身体，挤压液体，积聚压力然后释放来跳跃。故选C。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the robot is currently restricted to Earth, it might be right at home exploring another planet. If this is true, the researchers’ robot might jump over dust y rocks and large holes on the moon or Mars, going where no pancake has gone before.(虽然机器人目前仅限于地球，但它可能就在家里探索另一个星球。如果这是真的，研究人员的机器人可能会跳过月球或火星上尘土飞扬的岩石和大洞，前往以前没有煎饼的地方)”可推知，作者认为新型机器人可能帮助前往更多地方，对其未来持有积极的态度。故选B。 （六） （23-24高二下·江西·期末）Researchers have developed a groundbreaking method of storing and handling valuable biological materials that removes the limitations of refrigerated storage. The novel method has potential applications in healthcare and scientific research. Biological materials that come from human cells, like enzymes, proteins, and antibodies, are crucial to developing new medicines and diagnostic tests. And they’re fragile. Extremely temperature-sensitive, they require a constant temperature during storage, handling, and transportation. If not stored or handled correctly, these materials will be inactive, which can be costly. Most biological materials are stored as liquids or freeze-dried powders and kept at low temperatures for the duration of their shelf life. This is achieved through a complex integrated system of refrigerators and freezers known as the cold chain. This requires a significant investment in equipment and infrastructure, making it expensive to maintain, and makes the cold chain prone to shipping delays, power outages, equipment failure and human error. Inspired from the home medicine cabinet (储藏柜), where medications are stored in the form of liquids, powder-filled capsules, and tablets, researchers at California Polytechnic State University have developed a new storage platform based on the humble table t that would enable biological materials to be compressed (压缩) into a solid state. Tablets provide advantages to the storage and handling of biomaterials that the cold chain doesn’t. For one thing, they can be stored at room temperature. And, when they’re required, the tablet can be dissolved in water. “Our innovation makes storing and using biomaterials as straightforward as an effervescent tablet (泡腾片). Just drop it into water, mix, and it’s ready to go,” said the researcher of the study. The researchers say their new tablet-based storage and handling method is easy to use and doesn’t require special training, making it suitable for many applications. They also see potential uses beyond just improving the storage and handling of biological materials. By modifying (修改) the tablet coatings, this solid-state storage platform could withstand extreme conditions like heat, humidity, and chemicals. These changes might eventually allow injectable medications, such as insulin, to be taken orally. 21．What is a special requirement to store biological materials? A．Constant temperature maintenance. B．Exposure to various temperatures. C．Periodically freezing and melting. D．Direct contact with air. 22．What is the researchers’ attitude to their storage method? A．Favorable. B．Skeptical. C．Disappointed. D．Grateful. 23．Which word can replace the underlined word “withstand” in the last paragraph? A．Demonstrate. B．Stand. C．Adopt. D．Distinguish. 24．What is the text mainly about? A．Challenges of storing biological materials. B．The making process of effervescent tablets. C．Healthcare applications of biological materials. D．A new table t storage method of biological materials. 【答案】21．A 22．A 23．B 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了加州州立理工大学的研究人员通过研究，找到了可以在常温下存储和处理生物材料的方法。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段“And they’re fragile. Extremely temperature-sensitive, they require a constant temperature during storage, handling, and transportation. If not stored or handled correctly, these materials will be inactive, which can be costly.(而且它们很脆弱。它们对温度极为敏感，在储存、搬运和运输过程中需要恒温。如果储存或处理不当，这些材料将处于非活性状态，这可能会带来高昂的成本)”可知，生物材料对温度极其敏感，在储存、处理和运输过程中需要恒定的环境温度。故选A。 22．推理判断题。根据第五段““Our innovation makes storing and using biomaterials as straightforward as an effervescent tablet (泡腾片). Just drop it into water, mix, and it’s ready to go,” said the researcher of the study.(该研究的研究人员说：“我们的创新使生物材料的储存和使用变得像泡腾片一样简单。只需将其放入水中，混合，即可使用。”)”以及最后一段“The researchers say their new tablet-based storage and handling method is easy to use and doesn’t require special training, making it suitable for many applications. They also see potential uses beyond just improving the storage and handling of biological materials.(研究人员表示，他们新的基于平板电脑的存储和处理方法易于使用，不需要特殊培训，因此适用于许多应用。他们还看到了除了改善生物材料的储存和处理之外的潜在用途)”可知，研究人员认为储存方法很简单，并易于使用，由此可知，研究人员对他们的储存方法持赞成的态度。故选A。 23．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“By modifying (修改) the tablet coatings, this solid-state storage platform could withstand extreme conditions like heat, humidity, and chemicals.(通过修改平板电脑的涂层，这种固态存储平台可以withstand高温、潮湿和化学物质等极端条件)”可推知，此处表示经过涂层修改后，固态存储平台可以承受极端条件，划线单词表示“承受”，与Stand意义相近。故选B。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文以及第一段“Researchers have developed a groundbreaking method of storing and handling valuable biological materials that removes the limitations of refrigerated storage. The novel method has potential applications in healthcare and scientific research.(研究人员开发了一种突破性的储存和处理有价值生物材料的方法，消除了冷藏的局限性。这种新方法在医疗保健和科学研究方面具有潜在的应用前景)”可知，本文主要介绍了加州州立理工大学的研究人员通过研究，找到的一种可以在常温下存储和处理生物材料的方法。故选D。 （七） （23-24高二下·辽宁沈阳·期末）The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages (四轮马车) known as “school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana. 25 In the early 1900s, the car industry was beginning to develop fast. This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages. 26 But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones, with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside. In 1927, a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. 27 Still, parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety. This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939, when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards. Many new national standards were created, determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today. 28 Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings. The colour is easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate. 29 For example, a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy, be easier to drive, etc. The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress, which states began to require in the early 1950s. A．Horses were easy to control. B．Not all chose to paint their buses yellow. C．The reason why the colour was chosen was simple. D．Before then, many children simply walked to school. E．Now, school buses have had many more improvements. F．The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines. G．Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows. 【答案】25．D 26．F 27．G 28．C 29．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了校车的起源以及其发展的过程。 25．根据上一句“The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages (四轮马车) known as “school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana.”（校车的历史可以追溯到1886年，当时Wayne Works公司在印第安纳州制造了四轮马车，被称为“学校马车”或“儿童马车”。）可知，该句讲述了校车的发明时间；选项D“Before then, many children simply walked to school.（在此之前，许多孩子只是步行上学。）”说明了在校车出现之前孩子们是如何上学的，承接上文。故选D。 26．根据上一句“In the early 1900s, the car industry was beginning to develop fast. This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages.”（20世纪初，汽车工业开始迅速发展，这给了Wayne Works一个改进校车的好机会。），选项F“The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.（这家公司设法使马车由发动机提供动力。）”具体描述了Wayne Works公司是如何改进校车的，承接上文；下一句“But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones, with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside.”（但设计基本上与之前的设计相同，学生们坐在巴士的墙壁上，面向内部。）在选项F的基础上，又指出了改进后的校车在设计上与之前相同，两句为转折关系，语意合理。故选F。 27．根据上一句“In 1927, a man built the first bus that primarily used steel.”（1927年，一个人制造了第一辆主要使用钢的公共汽车。），选项G“Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows.（不久，Wayne Works公司推出了第一辆全钢车身和安全玻璃窗的校车。）”进一步提出在1927年使用钢的公共汽车问世之后，Wayne Works公司就推出了第一辆全钢车身的校车，承接上文；下一句“Still, parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety.”（尽管如此，家长们还是越来越担心孩子的安全。）表明校车在使用安全玻璃窗后，家长们仍然越来越担心孩子们的安全。故选G。 28．根据上一句“Many new national standards were created, determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow colour that school buses still sport today.”（制定了许多新的国家标准，从座椅设计到校车沿用至今的著名黄色，这些标准决定了一切。），选项C“The reason why the colour was chosen was simple.（选择这种颜色的原因很简单。）”提到了校车使用黄色是有原因的；下一句“Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings. The colour is easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate.”（黄色对人类来说是非常引人注目的。这种颜色在校车通常运行的清晨和傍晚的光线下很容易看到。）具体说明了校车使用黄色的原因，故选项C承上启下，符合语意。故选C。 29．空处为最后一段段落主题句。根据下一句“For example, a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel economy, be easier to drive, etc.”（例如，已经做出了各种改变，使校车不仅更安全，而且有更好的燃油经济性，更容易驾驶，等等。）可知，下文举例说明了如今校车已经做出的改进，故选项E“Now, school buses have had many more improvements.（现在，校车有了更多的改进。）”概括说明了校车已有了更多改进，符合段落主题。故选E。 （八） 完形填空 （2024·江西·二模）Alexander Graham Bell hated spending summertime in Washington, DC． He usually 30 to his farm in Nova Scotia, but one year he had to stay in the capital. “Why humans have 31 how to warm a house but not how to cool one — until now,” he wondered, and in 1872, he 32 a cold-air-producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃. When 69-year-old Bell told that 33 in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School, the students went 34 . The clapping lasted so long that he was 35 to say something more surprising. “Could postage stamps be used in 36 of persons?” asked Bell, who had thought of 37 a low price for public transport, but the cost of building additional roads was too high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the 38 .” In the speech, Bell also 39 on a century of progress and looked ahead with remarkable foresight. In the reflection, he was amazed by the 40 made in the past century: Gas lighting had evolved into electric bulbs and automobiles 41 horse-drawn vehicles. He then went on to 42 the commercial airplane, solar panels, and the 43 for renewable resources. Gilbert Grosvenor, the editor of National Geographic magazine, asked for the 44 and published a revised version in the February issue. Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell’s predictions still remain prescient (预见性的). 30．A．wandered B．escaped C．flew D．applied 31．A．agreed on B．insisted on C．figured out D．ruled out 32．A．designed B．bought C．saw D．borrowed 33．A．accident B．loss C．problem D．story 34．A．wild B．hungry C．disappointed D．silent 35．A．allowed B．forced C．paid D．chosen 36．A．favor B．memory C．transportation D．case 37．A．cutting B．raising C．avoiding D．charging 38．A．pollution B．solution C．discovery D．issue 39．A．relied B．switched C．reflected D．called 40．A．profits B．advances C．materials D．failures 41．A．replaced B．destroyed C．attacked D．missed 42．A．sell B．rent C．invent D．predict 43．A．deadline B．competition C．need D．balance 44．A．text B．book C．contract D．interview 【答案】 30．B 31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．B 36．C 37．D 38．B 39．C 40．B 41．A 42．D 43．C 44．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Alexander Graham Bell于1872 年，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃，1917年他69 岁，在麦金利手工培训学校毕业班的演讲中预测到了未来人们会用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。 30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他通常会逃到新斯科舍省的农场，但有一年他不得不留在首都。A. wandered漫游；B. escaped逃跑；C. flew飞；D. applied应用。由下文“but one year he had to stay in the capital.”中的but可知，前后是转折关系，他通常会逃到新斯科舍省的农场，但是有一年他不得不留在首都。故选B。 31．考查动词短语辨析。句意：“为什么人类已经知道了如何给房子取暖，直到现在却不知道如何给房子降温，”他想知道，1872 年，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。A. agreed on就……同意；B. insisted on坚持；C. figured out解决；D. ruled out排除在外。由上文“how to warm a house but not how to cool one”可知，人类已经解决了如何给房子取暖这个问题。故选C。 32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“为什么人类已经知道了如何给房子取暖，直到现在却不知道如何给房子降温，”他想知道，1872 年，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。A. designed设计；B. bought买；C. saw看见；D. borrowed借。由下文“a cold-air-producing device and brought the temperature in his room down to 21℃.”可知，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。故选A。 33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当69岁的贝尔在对麦金利手工培训学校1917年毕业班的演讲中讲述这个故事时，学生们变得非常兴奋。A. accident事故；B. loss损失；C. problem问题；D. story故事。由上文“When 69-year-old Bell told that”可知，Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃的故事。故选D。 34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当69岁的贝尔在对麦金利手工培训学校1917年毕业班的演讲中讲述这个故事时，学生们变得非常兴奋。A. wild感情强烈的（尤指生气、高兴或激动）；B. hungry饥饿的；C. disappointed失望的；D. silent沉默的。由下文“The clapping lasted so long”可知，当Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置的故事时，学生们都给他鼓掌，这说明学生们在听到这个事情后很兴奋，go wild意为“变得非常喧闹和兴奋”。故选A。 35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：掌声持续了太久，他被迫说出了一些更令人惊讶的话。A. allowed允许；B. forced迫使；C. paid支付；D. chosen选择。由上文“The clapping lasted so long that he”可知，学生太热情了，这迫使他说出了一些令人惊讶的话。故选B。 36．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“邮票能用于人员运输吗？”贝尔问道，他曾想过降低公共交通的费用，但修建额外道路的成本太高了。A. favor偏爱；B. memory记忆；C. transportation运输；D. case案件。由上文“Could postage stamps be used in”可知，此处指贝尔问道，邮票是否能用于人员运输。故选C。 37．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“邮票能用于人员运输吗？”贝尔问道，他曾想过降低公共交通的费用，但修建额外道路的成本太高了。A. cutting切；B. raising提高；C. avoiding避免；D. charging收费。由下文“a low price for public transport”可知，公共交通的收费。故选D。 38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许，飞行器就是解决方案。A. pollution人口；B. solution解决方法；C. discovery发现；D. issue问题。上文提到修建额外道路的成本太高这一问题，结合上文“Perhaps, the flying machine will be the”可知，针对这一问题的解决方案是飞行器。故选B。 39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：贝尔在演讲中还回顾了一个世纪的进步，并以卓越的远见卓识展望未来。A. relied依靠，依赖；B. switched交换；C. reflected反应；D. called打电话。reflect on固定搭配，意为“回忆；回顾”，由下文“In the reflection”可知，他还回顾了一个世纪的进步。故选C。 40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在回顾中，他对过去一个世纪的进步感到惊讶：煤气灯演变成电灯泡，汽车取代了马车。A. profits利润；B. advances进步；C. materials材料；D. failures失败的人或事。由上文“on a century of progress”可知，他回顾了过去一个世纪的进步，为过去一个世纪的进步感到惊讶。故选B。 41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在回顾中，他对过去一个世纪的进步感到惊讶：煤气灯演变成电灯泡，汽车取代了马车。A. replaced代替；B. destroyed毁坏；C. attacked攻击；D. missed错过。由下文“horse-drawn vehicles.”和常识可知，随着科技的进步，汽车取代了马车。故选A。 42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后他继续预测商用飞机、太阳能电池板和对可再生资源的需求。A. sell卖；B. rent租用；C. invent发明；D. predict预测。由下文“Now, more than one hundred years later, Bell’s predictions still remain prescient”可知，此处是同词复现，指的是他预测到了未来人们会用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。故选D。 43．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后他继续预测商用飞机、太阳能电池板和对可再生资源的需求。A. deadline截止日期；B. competition竞赛；C. need需求；D. balance平衡。由下文“for renewable resources.”和常识可知，人们对可再资源是有需求的。故选C。 44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：《国家地理》杂志主编吉尔伯特·格罗夫纳 (Gilbert Grosvenor) 索要了该文本，并在二月刊上发表了修改版。A. text文本；B. book书；C. contract合同；D. interview采访，面试。根据第三段中“When 69-year-old Bell told that ____4___ in a speech to the 1917 graduating class of McKinley Manual Training School”可知，此处指贝尔在1917年发表演讲的文本。故选A。 思维素养提升 Task 1 写作项目——Write about what makes a great scientist 本单元的写作任务是介绍科学家的优秀品质，涉及著名科学家的品格和素养以及他们献身科学的精神，属于人物介绍类写作。写作时要围绕人物组织材料，做到主题鲜明，详略得当，并注意结构的完整性。可以利用列提纲思维导图来构思，请选择一篇你感兴趣的议论文阅读语篇，尝试用思维导图绘制出文章脉络吧！ Task 2 （23-24高二下·四川凉山·期末）假如你是李华，你校将举办一场英语演讲比赛，请你以The Scientist I Admire Most为主题写一篇演讲稿。内容包括： 1.对这位科学家的简介； 2.尊敬和爱戴他/她的原因； 3.从他/她身上得到的启示。 注意： 写作词数为 80词左右。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Distinguished teachers and fellow students, It’s a great honor to stand here to deliver my speech. My topic is The Scientist I Admire Most. For me, the scientist must be Yuan Longping, the Father of Hybrid Rice. Born in a poor family in 1930, Yuan had a strong will to tackle the hunger crisis when he was young. Thanks to his research in hybrid rice, the rice production was greatly improved, ridding the world of hunger. His extraordinary contributions and valuable qualities have left a profound impression on me. It is he that makes me realize that only with devotion and perseverance can we overcome difficulties. In my eyes, he was not only a scientist, but also a pioneer for all people. That’s all. Thanks for your listening. 【导语】本篇书面表达是一篇应用文。要求考生以The Scientist I Admire Most为主题写一篇演讲稿，参加学校举办的英语演讲比赛。 【详解】1.词汇积累 处理：tackle→deal with 由于：thanks to→due to 意识到：realize→be aware of 克服：overcome→get over 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：For me, the scientist must be Yuan Longping, the Father of Hybrid Rice. 拓展句：For me, the scientist must be Yuan Longping, who is the Father of Hybrid Rice. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Thanks to his research in hybrid rice, the rice production was greatly improved, ridding the world of hunger.（运用了现在分词作状语） [高分句型2] It is he that makes me realize that only with devotion and perseverance can we overcome difficulties.（运用了强调句，that引导宾语从句） $$