内容正文:
副词(Adverbs)
[对应学生用书P48]
[观察]
1.It is a racing machine, designed purely for speed.
2.Fortunately, the weather that winter was reasonably mild.
[归纳]
副词在句中常作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子。
[对应学生用书P48]
用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词为副词。副词在句中常作状语,还可以作表语和定语等成分。
1.时间副词
用来表示时间。常见时间副词有:early“早”,late“晚”,ago“……以前”,before“从前,以前”,now“现在”,then“那时”,ever“曾经”,yet“已经(常用于疑问句和否定句)”, already“已经(常用于肯定句)”, later“后来”,first“首先”,finally“最后”,recently“近来”,lately“近来”,long“长久地”,soon“不久”,since“自从那时以来”,suddenly“突然地”,immediately“马上,立即”。
2.地点副词
用来表示地点或方向。常见地点副词有:nearby“在附近”,above“在上面”,below“在下面”,over“在上面”,under“在……下面”,here“这里”,there“那里”,abroad“在国外,去国外”,aboard“在飞机/船/火车上”, home“在家”,up“向上”,down“向下”,inside“在里面”,outside“在外面”,downstairs“在楼下,往楼下”,upstairs“在楼上,往楼上”,anywhere“在任何地方”,everywhere“在每个地方”,about“在周围”,around/round“在周围”。
3.程度副词
用来描述动作、行为或状态的程度。常见程度副词有:much“很,非常”,little“很少地”,very“很”,enough“充足地”,hardly“几乎不”,extremely“极端地”,entirely“完全地”,so“如此”,too“太”,rather“相当”,nearly“几乎”,almost“几乎”,half“一半”,quite“十分,相当”,pretty“非常”,slightly“稍微地”,absolutely“完全地”。
4.方式副词
描述动作发生的方式。常见方式副词有:well“好地”,fast“快地”,hard“努力地”,carefully“细心地”,slowly“缓慢地”,suddenly“突然地”,simply“简直”,kindly“和蔼地”,together“一起”,anxiously“焦急地”,happily“高兴地”,badly“糟糕地”,unwillingly“不情愿地”。
5.频度副词
主要指一定时间内动作发生的次数。常见频度副词有:continually“持续不断地”,ever“曾经”,regularly“定期地”,occasionally“偶尔”,rarely“罕有地,很少地”,now and then“时常,常常”,usually“通常”,often“经常”,sometimes“有时”,never“从来不”,always“总是”,constantly“经常地”,frequently“频繁地”,repeatedly“重复不断地”,seldom“不经常,很少”。
6.疑问副词
用来构成特殊疑问句。常见疑问副词有:where“在哪里”,when“在什么时候”,why“为什么”,how“如何”,whenever“无论什么时候”,wherever“无论在哪里”,however“无论如何”。
7.连接副词
主要用来连接句子或从句。常见连接副词有:
(1)连接句子的连接副词:therefore“因此(表结果)”,moreover“此外,而且(表补充)”,besides“而且(表补充)”,however“不管怎样(表转折)”,otherwise“否则(表条件)”,then“然后(表时间)”,though“但是(用于句尾,其前有逗号隔开)”。
(2)引导从句的连接副词:when“当……的时候”,where“在哪里”,why“为什么”,whenever“无论什么时候”,wherever“无论在哪里”,however“无论如何”。
8.关系副词
主要用来引导定语从句。常见关系副词有:where“……的地方”,when“……的时候”,why“……的原因”。
9.评论副词
常置于句首,修饰整个句子。常见评论副词有:luckily“幸运地”,generally“一般说来”,honestly“诚实地说”,roughly“粗鲁地”,briefly“简洁地”,broadly“大体上”,narrowly“勉强地”,naturally“自然地”,hopefully“充满希望地”,frankly“直率地”,strictly“严格说来”,perhaps“或许”,undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”,fortunately“幸运地”。
副词在句中主要充当状语,修饰形容词、其他副词、动词或整个句子;有时副词也可以作表语、定语或补足语。
1.作状语
副词作状语是副词最常见的句子功能,可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子。
It is very important to me that you should be there.
你应该到场,这对我很重要。
Luckily,people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.
幸运的是,人们已经认识到保护环境的重要性了。
2.作定语
(常放在被修饰词之后)常用来作定语的副词有: here,there,abroad,home,above,below,in,out,up,down,upstairs,downstairs,today,tomorrow和yesterday等。
The people there are very friendly.
那里的人们很友好。
Your attitude today determines your success tomorrow.
你今天的态度决定明天的成功。
3.作表语
A new film directed by her is on this week.
本周正在上演一部由她导演的新电影。
4.作宾语补足语或主语补足语
Let me out.
让我出去。
[即学即练]完成句子
①这本书很值得一读。
The book is well worth reading.
②他在回家的路上出了车祸。
On the way home an accident happened to him.
③你祖父在家还是出去了?
Is your grandfather in or out?
1.规则变化
构成规则
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词末尾加-er,-est
fast
faster
fastest
以不发音的-e结尾的单音节词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
late
later
latest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est
hot
hotter
hottest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est
lucky
luckier
luckiest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级
Easily
More
easily
Most
easily
2.不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
well(健康的)
better
best
ill(恶劣地)
worse
worst
much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
far的比较级、最高级有两种形式,它们都可以表示“距离上的远近”,而表示“程度上的深远”,要用further,furthest。
1.时间副词和地点副词的位置一般置于句尾。若这两种副词同时出现,应遵循“先地点后时间”的副词位置顺序原则。当然为了行文需要,强调时间的作用,也可把时间副词放在句首。表示频度的副词一般放在行为动词之前,情态动词、助动词或to be之后。
They went swimming in the river yesterday./Yesterday they went swimming in the river.
昨天他们去河里游泳了。
2.程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前(enough例外)。
He is very careful.
他非常细心。
Tom is old enough to go to school.
汤姆足够大,可以上学了。
3.方式副词修饰不及物动词时放在被修饰动词之后,修饰及物动词时,则放在被修饰动词之前或宾语之后;若宾语较长,方式副词也可放在动词与宾语之间。
He studies hard.
他学习很努力。
Although he is an American, he can speak Chinese very well.
尽管他是美国人,但是他中文讲得非常好。
4.副词修饰名词时,一般置于名词之后;修饰介词时(如well, right,just,soon等),通常置于介词之前;若副词修饰全句时,则置于句首。
There’s the bank,right in front of you.
银行正好就在你的前面。
Truly he will go to the airport by taxi.
他真的要乘出租车去机场。
有些副词有两种形式,一种与其形容词同形,一种以-ly结尾,但两种形式的含义不同。
late晚,迟→lately近来
most极,非常→mostly主要地
wide广阔地,充分地→widely广泛地
close接近地→closely仔细地,密切地
free免费地→freely自由地,无拘束地
hard努力地→hardly几乎不
high高→highly高度地,非常地
deep深深地;在深处→deeply (抽象意义)深深地;非常
loud大声地→loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
near邻近→nearly几乎
[对应学生用书P34]
1.From the luxury to the relatively modest,underwater resorts have been popping(pop) up in recent years.
2.Good evening, everybody. Professor King will be delivering(deliver) his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.
3.The Years, the largest ship in Korea had been sinking(sink) fast when women and children were allowed to get onto the lifeboats.
4.Lucy has changed a lot since she got her new job. Recently she has been doing(do) her work quite well.
5.Hopefully(hope), you won’t have any trouble after learning the skating.
6.When things go wrong, all of us naturally (natural) feel disappointed and frustrated.
1.他在美国进行科学研究好多年了,但是当他回来以后,他成了一名商人。
He had been doing research in the US for many years, but when he came back, he became a businessman.
2.自从人类开始做园艺工作,我们一直尽力使我们的环境更美丽。
Since the time humankind started gardening, we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful.
3.格林夫人今晚不会来吃晚饭了,因为她会有一个讲座。
Mrs Green will not be able to come for dinner tonight because she will be having a lecture then.
4.汤姆一直梦想成为一名银行家。我相信他20岁时会在大学里学习金融。
Tom has been dreaming of becoming a banker and I believe he will be studying finance in university at the age of 20.
5.听见那个让人兴奋的消息,我们都高兴地跳起来。毕竟,我们期盼这个机会很多年了。
We all jumped with joy at the exciting news, After all, we had been looking forward to the chance for many years.
6.最糟糕的是,我把哥哥送给我的手机丢了。
Worst of all, I lost the phone my brother had given me.
7.我买食物的市场离这儿不远。
The market where I bought this food is not far from here.
Ever wondered how many calories there are in the human body? Or ever wondered why old people have 1.bigger (big) ears than they used to? The winners of Ig Nobel Prizes(诺贝尔奖) have got the answers.
The Ig Nobel Prizes,2.founded(found) in 1991,are to honour achievements 3.that/which first make people laugh,and then make them think.The ceremony 4.takes(take) place at Harvard University every year.Winners' acceptance 5.speeches(speech) are limited to 60 seconds,6.strictly(strict) monitored by an eightyearold girl.
The honoured research might seem ridiculous 7.at first sight,but that doesn't mean it lacks scientific value.For example,the research in 2006 on why dry spaghetti tends to break into more than two pieces when it is bent was important for controlling fractures,which could have applications in everything from the design of highways and bridges 8.to the engineering of nanotubes.And a followup paper 9.was_published(publish) by MIT physicists several years later.But people are more likely to read about the broken spaghetti than to read an academic paper.Even when there is no immediate usefulness,10.it is still good to encourage people to observe and think.
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