内容正文:
句子种类
一、英语句子按用途可分为四类:
1、陈述句:用来说明事实或说话人的看法,包括肯定句和否定句。
如:He is a doctor.
I didn’t go to school yesterday.
2、 祈使句:用来表示请求、命令。
如:Be quiet!
Don’t play with fire!
3、问句:用来提出问题。包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。
如:Do you like English?
What time is it?
Does he like playing football or playing basketball?
They went out, didn’t they?
4、 感叹句:用来表达强烈的感情。
如:What a fine day it is!
How beautiful!
二、用法讲析:
1、陈述句:中考出题一般是将肯定句变为否定句。几种常见形式:
(1)含有谓语动词be,变否定时,be后加not即be not……
I am a teacher → I am not a teacher.
There are some books→There are not any books.
(2)句子谓语动词是实义动词(如:work live)时,要用助动词do/does/did + not + 动词原形。
如:They like swimming→They don’t like swimming.
I came late → I didn’t come late
(3) 句中含有all,both的句子,变完全否定时,要将all→none, both→neither, both…and…→ neither…nor…要注意谓语动词的变化。
如:All of us watched the TV → None of us watched the TV.
Both of them are students.→Neither of them is a student.
Both Tom and John have done the homework.→
Neither Tom nor John has done the homework.
(4)现在完成时、过去完成时态的句子变否定时变为 have/has+not+done或had+not+done
(5) had better do something变否定时为 had better not do…
如:You’d better have a rest → You’d better not have a rest.
2、疑问句:
(1)一般疑问句:一般指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。
Is Tom at home? Yes, he is./No, he isn’t.
Can you swim? Yes, I can./No, I can’t.
Have they been to Beijing?
Yes, they have./No, they haven’t.
(2)特殊疑问句:是以疑问词开头的疑问句。
常用疑问词what,where,who,how,what time,how long等其结构:
疑问词+一般疑问句?
要注意使用一般疑问句的语序。.
My name is Mary→What is your name?
I usually get up at 6:30→When do you get up?
(3) 选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种。这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。其结构:
“一般疑问句+or+其他?”
Is her brother a doctor↗or a↘teacher? 前升后降
Shall we go to the cinema on↗Saturday or on↘Sunday?
注意:回答时不用Yes或No,直接回答(根据事实回答)。
如:—Does he like English or Chinese?
—He likes Chinese.
(4) 反意疑问句:反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,是在陈述句之后,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出的疑问。其基本结构有两种:
一是“肯定陈述句 + 简略否定问句”;
二是“否定陈述句 + 简略肯定问句”。反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态、人称和数上都要保持一致。如:
It looks like rain,doesn’t it?
He doesn't need to work so late, does he?
学习反意疑问句,特别要注意以下的一些特殊情况:
①陈述部分的主语是this,that时,疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的主语是these,those时,疑问部分的主语是they。如:
This is a dictionary, isn’t it?
Those are shelves, aren’t they?
②陈述句如果是there be 结构时,疑问部分仍用there。如:
There once was a man named Saint Nicholas,wasn’t there?
③陈述部分的谓语是had better(最好)时,疑问部分用hadn’t来体现。
如:You’d better have a good rest, hadn’t you?
④陈述句的谓语动词是have(has)to(必须)时,疑问部分用助动词do或does来体现。如:
They have to go there, don’t they?
He has to leave early, doesn’t he?
⑤陈述句的主语是动词不定式、动词的ing形式或从句时,疑问部分的主语多用it来体现。如:
Taking care of our environment is very important, isn’t it?
What he said is right, isn’t it?
⑥陈述句中含有not、no、hardly、neither、never、few、little、too…to等否定词或是具有否定意义的词时,疑问部分常用肯定形式。如:
Few people knew the news, did they?
Tom has never been to England, has he?
但陈述句中如果带有否定意义的前缀和后缀的单词时,整个句子仍视为肯定句,反意疑问部分多用否定形式。
如:She is unhappy, isn’t she?
⑦陈述句中的谓语动词含有“推测”性的词must(一定)时,反意疑问部分多与must之后的动词形式和时态与句子主语保持一致。
Her mother must be a teacher, isn’t she?
She must have read the novel, hasn’t she?
⑧陈述句的主语是nobody, no one, everyone, somebody等不定代词时,反意疑问部分的主语多用they;如果陈述句的主语是something,nothing,anything,everything等不定代词时,反意疑问部分的主语多用it。
如:Nobody says a word about the accident,do they?
Everything seems all right,doesn’t it?
⑨陈述句是主从复句时,正常的主从复合句都是反问主句,但是如果主句的谓语动词是think、believe、expect、feel、guess(表达主观想法的动词)等词,且主语是第一人称I/we时,反意疑问部分的人称、时态要与从句中的人称、时态保持一致,同时还要考虑到否定的转移。如:
I believe that the boy can get a ticket for you, can’t he?
I don’t think he will come, will he?
⑩祈使句反意疑问句都可做成will you?
Please open the window, will you?
Don’t talk, will you?
但以Let’s开头的祈使句用shall we?
Let us……,will you?
Let me……,will you?
如:Let’s go shopping, shall we?
Let us have a rest, will you?
注意:对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就用no。即Yes + 肯定,No + 否定。这和汉语不一样,应特别注意。
如:John hasn’t been to Beijing,has he?
Yes, he has. 不,他去过。 No, he hasn’t. 对,他没去过。
3、祈使句:
(1)祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、劝告或建议等语气的句子。它的主语多是You(通常不说出)。
(2)祈使句可分为肯定、否定两种形式。其中肯定形式的祈使句由动词原形开头,分两类:
① 连系动词 + 表语(如:形容词、名词等)引起。
例如:Keep quiet! 保持安静!
② 行为动词开头。例如:
Open the door! 打开门吧!
否定形式的构成是一律在肯定形式的祈使句之前加上Don’t/Never。
例如:Don’t go there alone!不要一个人去那里。
Don’t be late for class again!别再上课迟到
(3)在祈使句中加上please可构成“Please…”或“…,please.”句式,please使句子语气显得更委婉、礼貌。此时的否定句应变为“Please don’t……”或“Don’t……,please.”
(4)由let构成的肯定式的祈使句句型为:
Let sb do sth.
Let sb not do sth./Don’t let sb do sth.
(5)祈使句的主语通常不说出来,但有时为了指明向谁提出请求、命令等时,或为了加强语气,此时可说出主语you。
例如:You feed the animals today. 今天你喂动物。
You sweep the floor.你拖地板。
4、感叹句:
种类:感叹句通常由what或how引导,一般各有三种情况:
(1)What引导的感叹句
① What +a(an)+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!
如:What a new watch it is!多么新的一块手表啊!
②What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!
如:What interesting books the children are reading!
孩子们读的书多么有趣啊!
③What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!
如:What important news it is!多重要的新闻啊!
(2)How引导的感叹句
1 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!
如:How tall the girl is!那个女孩多高啊!
2 How+主语+谓语!
如:How time flies!间过得多快!
3 .How +形容词+a(an)+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!
口诀:
感叹句,往后看,形容词后可名单,就用what a/an;
形容词后可名复,又或是不可名,要用what才可行;
形容词后乱糟糟,只用how就OK了。
(3)
另外
主语+ be + adj + to do……变感叹句:
How + adj +主语+ be + to do……
如:I am very happy to hear the good news.→
How happy I am to hear the good news!
不用very
what、how引导的感叹句有时可相互转换
如:①What a clever boy he is!
→ How clever the boy is!
②What good news it is!
→ How good the news is!
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