2024年中考英语复习语法专题：名词

语法专题：名词 一、名词的数 可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。 1.可数名词 （1)规则的可数名词的复数变化规则： 构成方式 例词 一般在词尾加－s desk→desks 书桌 mile→miles 英里 以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加－es brush→brushes 刷子 watch→watches 手表 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把y变为i,再加－es factory→factories 工厂 以f或fe结尾的词，一般把f或fe改为v,再加－es wolf→wolves 狼 wife→wives 妻子 以o结尾 有生命的加－es potato→potatoes 土豆 tomato→tomatoes 西红柿 无生命的加－s radio→radios 收音机 piano→pianos 钢琴 photo→photos 照片 （2)不规则的可数名词的变化规则： 有些可数名词的复数形式没有规则，不能在其后加－s或－es.不规则复数形式主要有如下几种情况： 1 变内部元音字母： man-men；woman-women；tooth-teeth；foot-feet； goose-geese；mouse-mice； 2 词尾加－（r)en: child-children；ox-oxen 3 单复数同形： sheep；deer；Chinese；Japanese；people （3)名词变复数时的其他情形：“某国人”的复数变化： Chinese-Chinese 中国人 Japanese-Japanese 日本人 American-Americans 美国人 Australian-Australians 澳大利亚人 German-Germans 德国人 Englishman-Englishmen英国人 Frenchman-Frenchmen法国人 【巧学妙记】中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。 【提醒】①fish表示鱼的种类时复数形式是 fishes,表示条数而不强调种类时，单复数同形用fish. 例如：There are many kinds of fishes in this river.这条河中有很多不同种类的鱼。 I caught five fish today.我今天捉了5条鱼。 ②有一些名词是成双、成对出现的，这些名词常用pair来修饰。 a pair of glasses一副眼镜 a pair of trousers 一条裤子 a pair of shoes双鞋 a pair of gloves一副手套 a pair of pants一条裤子 a pair of shorts一条短裤 2.不可数名词 一般情况下不可数名词没有复数形式，如果想表示数量时，我们可以用名词单位词来表示，常用的单位词有：piece, bit, bottle, cup, glass等。 a piece of advice一条建议 a bit of bread一点面包 a bottle of water一瓶水 a cup of coffee一杯咖啡 a glass of milk一杯牛奶 （ ）①The broken may cut into your hand if you touch it,you should be careful. A.glass B.glasses C.candle D.candles （ ）②－Have you got a bread maker? －Yes,I bought it on WeChat and used it to make for my daily breakfast. A some bread B.a piece of bread C.some sandwiches D.some breads 二、名词的所有格 1.\'s所有格 构成方法 示例 单数名词一般在词尾加＇s The girl's school bag is nice. 那个女孩的书包很漂亮。 以s结尾的复数名词加“’” The teachers' office is over there.老师们的办公室在那里。 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s There are many children's books in the shop.在这家商店里有许多儿童读物。 表示两个人共有同一物，则只在后一个名词词尾加＇s;如果两个人分别拥有某物，则在两个名词词尾后分别加＇s(被修饰名词要用复数形式） This is Tom and Peter's room.这是汤姆和彼得共同的房间。 These are Tom's and Peter's bags.这些是汤姆和彼得的书包。 表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等无生命的名词也可以在词尾加＇s构成所有格 today's paper今天的报纸 two hours’ rest两小时的休息 当“＇s”所有格表示商店、住宅等地点时，其后的名词常省略 at the doctor's在诊所 at the barber's 在理发店 at my uncle's在我叔叔家 2.of所有格 （1)of所有格一般用于表示无生命的东西的名词中。 a map of the world一张世界地图 the windows of the room 房间的窗户 （2)表示有生命的东西，有时也可以用of所有格。 the children of that family那家的孩子们 3.双重所有格：＇s所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起，构成了双重所有格。 a good friend of mine我的一个好朋友 a friend of Henry's亨利的一个朋友 【提醒】不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词（some, any, many, no, few等）以及which等限定词，一般不与形容词性物主代词或＇s所有格等一起放在名词前修饰名词，而采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。 I have read some books of his. 我读过他的一些书。 Which book of Qiong Yao's have you read? 你读过琼瑶的哪本书？ 【温馨提示】to有时也可表示所有格。例如： the key to the bike 自行车的钥匙 the answer to the question 问题的答案 the way to...通往……的路 the bridge to knowledge 知识的桥梁 （ ）①－How far is it from Zhuhai to Hong Kong? －It's about one ride through Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. A.hour B.hour 's C.hours D.hours ' （ ）②- fathers didn't come to the meeting. Why? —Because they have gone to Beijing. A.Jeff 's and Amy 's B.Jeff 's and Amy C.Jeff and Amy 's D.Jeff and Amy （ ）③ Times magazine says that smart Lego has become one of favorite toys. A.child B.children C.children's D.child's （ ）④In China,we celebrate Day on June 1st, Day on September,10th. A.Children's;Teacher's B.Children;Teachers C.Children's;Teachers' D.Children;Teacher 三、名词的功能 1.作主语 My father teaches them English.我爸爸教他们英语。 【提醒】特殊名词，如表示度量、时间、距离、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用单数。 Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.对我来说完成这项工作两个小时足够了。 2.作定语 ①名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。但man和 woman应与其被修饰词的单复数形式保持一致。 a shoe factory tomato and egg noodles men workers women doctors ②有些名词需要用复数形式作定语。 a clothes shop a sports meeting （ ） Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our in China. We're proud them. A.woman astronauts; of B.women astronauts; of C.women astronauts; in D.woman astronauts;in 四、名词词义辨析 考查具体语言环境下词义的区别，需读懂句意，抓住题干中的关键信息，并准确分析各个名词之间的词义及差异，结合日常生活中的常识，在实际的语境中来做出正确答案。 （ ）① －How did you put together the model plane so perfectly? －It 's easy. I just followed the . A.instructions B.instruments C.interviews D.inventions （ ）② If the temperature is below 0℃,water will turn into in the open air. A.ice B.steam C.fog D.rain （ ）③ －Look! So many colorful bicycles in two lines over there. －They 're for public. This of green smart traffic is everywhere in our city. A.pair B.kind C.number D.piece 高效进阶 （ ）1. You can see the in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years. A.doubt B.pride C.regret D.ability （ ）2. －Look! They are . －Yes.We are proud of them.！ A.man scientist B.women scientists C.woman scientists D.man scientists （ ）3. －Here is my family 。We took it last year. －What a happy family! A.member B.name C.photo D.house （ ）4. room looks very clean. A.Bob and Dave 's B.Bob 's and Dave 's C.Bob 's and Dave D.Bob and Dave （ ）5. We should brush our every day. A.tooth B.teeth C.hand D.hands （ ）6. On April 24,Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the 110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar. A.man B.men C.men 's D.mens （ ）7. The of this activity is to raise money for a new hospital. A.silence B.purpose C.culture D.language （ ）8. After playing football for more than half an hour,the students took rest. A.a few minute 's B.a little minute 's C.a few minutes' D.a little minutes' （ ）9. The US scientist Edward T.Hall said that in a conversation between two people,65% of is done through body language. A.application B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication （ ）10. －Keep quiet!I need complete when I 'm working. －Sorry,Dad. I won 't make any noise again. A.trust B.silence C.control D.strength （ ）11. My daughter helps me cook, but she isn 't old enough to be left alone in the . A.bedroom B.classroom C.lab D.kitchen （ ）12. National Treasure quickly rose to the top television rating ranks after it was presented on CCTV. It means a growing in traditional culture among China 's youth. A.interest B.direction C.habit D.dream （ ）13. －Which should we start with,Water World or Space World? －Either is OK, it makes no to me. A.mistake B.promise C.difference D.decision （ ）14. －My dear,you have made in your English this term.Well done! －Thank you,mum. I will keep on working hard. A.a progress B.progress C.progresses D.a progresses 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$