2024-2025学年高一暑假衔接课英语语法讲义

目录 序言初、高英语如何衔接 2 第一章十大词性回顾衔接 2 第二章句子中的八大成分 2 第三章简单句的八大基本句型 3 序言初、高英语如何衔接 双商双量三必备: 1.“双商”，即智商，情商 智商:多种感官参与、善规划、善学习情商:共情去理解、得体地表达、意志力 2.“双量”，即词汇量、阅读量。 没有大量的阅读保证，肯定事学不好英语的。高一的主要任务是迅速扩充大量词汇。补充:背单词，一定在语境、语篇中进行。 第一章初高十大词性回顾衔接 1．boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange—— 名词(noun—n. /naʊn/): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 2．am，is，are，have，see—— 动词(verb—v. /vɜːb/ ): 表示动作或状态。 3．good，right，white，orange—— 形容词(adjective—adj. /ˈædʒɪktɪv/)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。 4．now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly—— 副词(adverb—adv. /ˈædvɜːb/): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、 地点、方式、程度等。 5．one，two，three，four first，second，third，fourth—— 数词( numeral—num. /'njʊmərəl/ ): 表示数目【基数词】或事物的顺序【序数词】。 6．in，on，from，above，behind—— 介词(preposition—prep. /ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/ ): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。 7．a，an，the—— 冠词(article—art. /ˈɑːtɪkl/)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。 8．and，but，before—— 连词(conjunction—conj. /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/): 用来连接词、短语或句子。9．who，she，you，it—— 代词(pronoun—pron. /ˈprəʊnaʊn/): 主要用来代替名词。 10．oh，well，hi，hello—— 感叹词(interjection—interj. /ˌɪntəˈdʒekʃn/)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。 6 种英语实词： 名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词 （有实义，有词性变化，在句中可独立担任句子成分）： 4 种英语虚词： 冠词、介词、连词和感叹词 （起结构作用，在句中表明词和词或句子中各个部分的关系） 课后习题 1. Young __________(child) sat under a tree with green __________(leaf) and talked about their dreams. Some __________(student) dream was that they hoped they would became great __________(music). 2. Mr. Zhang is __________(we) English teacher and he always helps__________(I) learn English patiently. He taught __________(he) when he was young. I consider him a friend of __________(I). 3. The boy’s father __________(pass) away two years ago, __________(leave) him a great sum of money. 4. In the past few years, great changes __________(take) place in our hometown. 5.__________(unlucky), the old man was __________(serious) hurt in the accident. But doctors were__________ (amaze) that the man recovered much _______ (quickly) than expected.. 6.__________(hundred) of guests gathered to celebrate the old man’s_______ (ninety-nine) birthday. Although the old man was in his __________(ninety), he was in good health. 7.__________a cold morning, a group __________ policemen searched the forest __________the murderer（杀人犯）. 8.They searched everywhere __________still couldn’t find the murder __________ killed the woman. 9.As________ university student, I was moved by________movie My people, My country. 答案 第二章句子中的八大成分 口诀助记八大成分:_主谓宾表，定状补同 主语：动作的发出者，一般位于句首 The sun rises in the east. I am an exchange student from the UK. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. To start my won company is my dream. That he isn’t at home is not true. It is useful to learn English. The rich are not always happy. How to learn English well troubles me. 二谓语：即谓语动词，表动作或状态，一般在主语后 He practises speaking English everyday. He is an excellent teacher. My sister is crying over there. I would stay at home all day. 谓语要考虑：时态、语态、主谓一致；谓语有：简单、复杂之分 (1) 简单谓语： 由单个动词或动词词组组成的。 (2) 复合谓语： 由“情态动词+动词原形”“助动词 + 动词原形/变形”或“系表结构”构成. 助动词(辅助动词Auxiliary Verb） 协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词,被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。 用来构成时态和语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句，构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。 最常用的助动词有：be， have/has， do/does/did ， shall， should， will， would等。 情态动词（Modal verb） 表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。 后接动词原形一起构成谓语，否定在情态动词后面加“not” 无人称和数的变化，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气， 常用： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)。 三宾语：动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词及介词后【动宾、介宾】 He wrote a letter to me. I want to visit the museum. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think that he is fit for the job. I find it hard to learn English. We should help the poor. I don’t know where to go. 有些动词可接双宾语：tell, teach, bring, send, return, offer, pay, award等。 pass me the book=pass the book to me buy her some flowers=buy some flowers for her 双宾语即动作的对象和内容：有间接、直接之分 【口诀：间直双宾是个人物】 四．表语：一般在系动词后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态 I’m a freshman at senior high school. The food tastes good. The machine is under repair. My dream is to be an English teacher. My hobby is playing football. The news is exciting. I feel excited. The problem is that we don’t have enough money. The war was over. 系动词 状态“是” be 持续“继续或保持” keep, remain, stay, lie 表像“看起来像” seem, appear, look 感官 look,feel, smell, sound, taste 变化“变成......” become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 终止“证明是，结果是” prove, turn out 五定语：修饰名词或代词, 相当于形容词 Guilin is a beautiful city. The boy under the tree is Tom The boy crying over there is my sister. The man who visited our class yesterday is an expert. 六状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词、句子 说明动作的方式、时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、伴随等或形容词、副词的状态特征 He does his homework carefully in his study every morning. Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper. Anna had a terrible accident when she was six. The boy is very strong and runs extremely fast. 七补语：包括宾补和主补 最常见的是宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明 His father named him Goudan. The news makes him sad. We found everything in good order. It allows people to get close to nature ./ It makes us cry. We saw her entering the room. I found my money stolen. 常用于三类动词: ①使役动词: keep, make, let, have, leave, get.. ②感官动词: see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch, look at, listen to, smell... ③ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/ ... sb to do sth;等。 consider/elect/appoint sb (to be)… 八同位语：对前面名词/代词进行补充说明，语法上处于同等地位 通常为名词、名词短语或同位语从句 Mr. Zhang, my English teacher, is very handsome. He told me the news that our team won the game. 第三章.简单句的五大基本句型 重点用法① S+V→主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语） 用法：在此句型中，“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语。但是有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点、时间等，可以有状语来修饰。 Class begins.开始上课。 begin为不及物动词，后面不能带宾语 His father has gone abroad.他父亲出国了。 状语abroad修饰动词 Jim runs in the park.吉姆在公园里跑步。 in the park作地点状语 We stopped to have a rest.我们停下来休息。 to have a rest作目的状语 提示：一些动词既可以作不及物动词，也可以作及物动词。 They are playing on the playground.他们在操场上玩。 play为不及物动词 They’re playing football.他们在踢足球。 play为及物动词 重点用法② S+V+O→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 用法：在此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语等来充当。 She likes English.她喜欢英语。 名词作宾语 He stopped writing.他停下笔。 动词-ing形式作宾语 They want to go.他们想走。 不定式作宾语 She knows what to do next.她知道下一步做什么。 “疑问词+不定式”作宾语 提示：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就相当于一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。例如，在句子You must listen to me.（你必须听我的。）中，listen是不及物动词，但在加上to之后，listen to相当于一个及物动词，其后可以跟宾语me。 重点用法③ S+V+P→主语+系动词+表语（+状语） 用法：be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“……是……”，“……变成……”等意思。表语通常由名词、副词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式等充当。 He became a scientist.他成了一名科学家。 名词作表语 My sister is out now.我姐姐现在出去了。 副词作表语 They are honest.他们是诚实的。 形容词作表语 提示：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些行为动词，当它们表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这类动词包括： appear出现 come成为 feel摸起来 get变得 go变得 grow变得 keep保持 look看起来 seem看起来 smell闻起来 sound听起来 taste尝起来 Children grow wiser as they grow.孩子们随着年龄的增长会变聪明。 The Lijiang River looks especially beautiful in the early morning.清晨，漓江看起来格外美丽。 Dinner smells good.饭菜闻起来很香啊。 His voice sounded strange on the phone.他的声音在电话里听着挺怪的。 I like this kind of cake.It tastes delicious very much.我喜欢这种蛋糕，它尝起来十分美味。 重点用法④ S+V+IO+DO→主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语 用法：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语，二者合称双宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象；间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，也就是说，间接宾语是指动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当间接宾语。 I bought John a birthday present.我给约翰买了生日礼物。 名词John是间接宾语，a birthday present是直接宾语 Please tell me your telephone number.请告诉我你的电话号码。 宾格代词me是间接宾语，your telephone number是直接宾语 提示：间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，构成句型“主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语”。在此句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语之后，构成“主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语”句型。当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或者两个宾语都是人称代词时，需用此句型。 I sent a postcard to my best friend.我给我最好的朋友发了一张明信片。 I passed it to my mother.我把它递给了我妈妈。 She threw them to me.她把它们扔给我。 I found a spare ticket for him.我为他找到了一张多余的票。 Shall I order a taxi for you?要我给你叫辆出租车吗？ 注意：须在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有： bring带来 post邮给 show给……看 sell卖 send寄 take拿，取 throw扔 write给……写信 须在间接宾语前加for的常见动词有： book为……预定 buy买 call为……叫 choose选择 cook做饭 find为……找到 get得到 leave留下 make生产 order为……订购 pick捡起 save为……节约 有些动词后接双宾语时，既不能用to引起间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。 ask请求 cause导致 charge收费 cost花费，使丧失 forgive原谅 refuse拒绝 He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 This heroic deed cost him his life.他为这一英雄壮举付出了生命。 重点用法⑤ S+V+O+OC→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语（+状语） 用法：在某些及物动词的后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词和介词短语等都可以作宾语补足语。 I will make you captain.我将让你当船长。 The manager asked Amanda to leave.经理要阿曼达离开。 Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.昨天我和两个美国人一起照了相。 His speech left the President in a very difficult position.他的话使总统处于艰难境地。 提示：感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice；使役动词make，have，let等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，省去to。但变为被动语态时，to要还原。 He saw the boy play by the river.他看到这个男孩在河边玩耍。 The boy was seen to play by the river.这个男孩被看到在河边玩耍。 注意：上述感官动词等后既可以接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用动词-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已经结束，后者表示动作正在发生，一定要注意二者的区别。 He saw a girl in red get on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩上车了。上车的动作已经结束 He saw a girl in red getting on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩正在上车。上车的动作正在进行 重点用法6 S+V+→主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语） 主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语 有时为了表示发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点或时间等，可以有状语来修饰， 例如: (1) The baby slept peacefully. (2) His father has gone abroad. (3) She swims like a fish. 重点用法7 S+V+O→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语（+状语） 主语+谓语+宾语+状语 例如: I had my first maths class at senior high school. 重点用法8 There be句型 表示“有”，用于表达“人或事物的存在”或某地有某物”，该句型的构成形式一般为“There is / are + 某物/人+某地/时”，表示某地/时有某物/人， e9: There's a lot to explore at senior high. 一．根据每个词的词性、位置及与其它词之间的联系，判断它所充当的句子成分，并加以说明。  1. I am a Chinese student named Li Hua, 2.As a student who has learned Chinese painting 。 3..Looking forward to your early reply.  4..The local art gallery will hold an exhibition of Chinese paintings 5..My fluent spoken English and rich knowledge about Chinese paintings will help visitors understand the meaning behind each painting deeply.  6. We will play against the team  from HongXing High School. 参考答案 1. I   am  a Chinese  student   namedLi Hua,    主  系       定          表              定 2.  As a student   who  has learned  Chinese  painting.     状语                       定语从句 3  Looking forward to     your  early      reply.  现在分词作状语         定语   定语     介词宾语 4.. The   local   art    gallery  will hold   anexhibition of Chinese paintings 限定词     定语  定语    主语      谓语               名词词组作宾语 5..My  fluent  spoken  English  and  rich  knowledge about Chinese painting 定语    定语      定语   主语    并列连词   主语          介词短语作后置定语 will help  visitors  understand  the meaning  behind each painting deepy   . 谓语” 宾语  不带to的不定式作宾补    介词短语作后置定语   状语 6..  We    will play  against the team      from HongXing High School.       主语    谓语       介词短语作状语   介词短语作后置定语 二．分析句子:阅读下列短文,判断其中粗体字所作的成分。 一 I'm a freshman at senior high school. I had to think 1.very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me 2.choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent 3.when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for 4.advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.  答案　1. 状语　　2. (宾语)补语　　3. 状语　　4. 定语 二 1.Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes. They are usually 2.the traditional poems or folk songs. The language of these rhymes, like 3.Poem A, is to the point but has a storyline. Many children enjoy nursery rhymes 4.because they rhyme, have a strong rhythm, and often repeat the same words. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.  答案　1. 主语　　2. 表语　　3. 宾语　　4. 状语 三 Continued greenhouse gas emissions 1.will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures 2.to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by 3.restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility 4.to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.  答案　1. 谓语　　2. 状语　　3. 宾语　　4. 主语 四 One day, Claire mentioned 1.that she didn't think she was clever. The robot called Tony said that she must feel very unhappy to say that. Claire thought it was ridiculous 2.that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him. He always treated her with dignity. She told him how she was unhappy that her home wasn't elegant enough for Larry, 3.who wanted to improve his social position with a bigger salary. She wasn't like Gladys Claffern, 4.one of the richest and most powerful women around.  答案　1. 宾语　　2. 主语　　3. 定语　　4. 同位语 一 Foreign visitors to the UK might be disappointed when they learn that not everyone there speaks like Harry Potter and his friends.Usually,there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation (RP,标准发音) accent,also called “the Queen’s English”.However,while many people do talk this way,most Britons speak in their own regional accents. Scouse,Glaswegian and the Black Country—from Liverpool,Glasgow and the West Midlands—are just three of the countless non-RP accents that British people speak with.There are even differences in accents between towns or cities just 30 kilometers apart.What is even more disappointing is that not speaking in a RP accent may mean a British person is judged and even treated differently in their everyday life. In a 2015 study by the University of New South Wales,videos of people reading a passage in three different UK accents were shown to a second group of people.The group then rated how intelligent they thought the readers sounded.The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent,native to people from Birmingham,a city whose accent is considered the working class. However,there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent.In fact,doing the opposite may even give you advantages.  Kong Seong-jae,25,is an Internet celebrity from Seoul.After studying in the UK,he picked up several regional accents.He’s now famous for his online videos,where he shows off the various accents he’s learned.“British people usually get really excited when I use some of their local dialect words,and they become much friendlier.I think it makes a bit of bond between local people and foreigners to speak in their local accent,”he said. So if you’re working on perfecting your British accent,try to speak like someone from Liverpool,Glasgow or Birmingham.You may not sound like Harry Potter,but you are likely to make more friends. 1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A.Non-Brits usually hold that all Britons speak in a RP accent. B.Only “the Queen’s English” is accepted in the UK. C.Foreign visitors are disappointed at their own spoken English. D.Any Received Pronunciation around the world is also called “the Queen’s English”. 2.What do people think of the Brummie accent? A.It is favored by foreign visitors to the UK. B.It is closest to the RP accent. C.It is smart and easy to understand. D.It is spoken by people of the working class. 3.What does the underlined phrase “doing the opposite” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.Speaking in a RP accent. B.Speaking in regional accents. C.Speaking the Brummie accent. D.Speaking like Harry Potter. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.A study about the most intelligent accent in Britain. B.A comparison between different British accents. C.How much British people value the RP accent. D.The impact of regional accents on people’s lives. 语篇导读本文主要讨论有关英式发音的相关方面的问题。本文向读者提供了一个与众不同的建议,就是去学习英国的一些地方方言,这样你可能会交到更多的朋友。 1.A　【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Usually,there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation accent,also called ‘the Queen’s English’.”可知非英国人通常认为,所有的英国人都有标准口音。故选A。 2，D　【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent,native to people from Birmingham,a city whose accent is considered the working class.”可知人们认为工人阶级的人说伯明翰口音。故选D。 ,3.B　【解析】词义猜测题。根据上句“However,there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent.”可知“然而,尽管你发音不标准,也没有必要失望”。由此推断出此处表达的是“事实上,说话带有地方口音甚至可能会给你优势”,故选B。 4.D　【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过介绍英国标准音之外的一些方言使用情况,说明了地方口音对人们生活的影响,故选D。 二 You wake up in the morning.The day is beautiful and the plans for the day are what you have been looking forward to for a long time.Then the telephone rings,you say hello,and the drama starts.The person at the other end has a depressing(令人沮丧的) tone in his voice as he starts to tell you how terrible his morning is and that there is nothing to look forward to.Are you still in a wonderful mood?Impossible! Communicating with negative(消极的) people can wash out your happiness.It may not change what you think,but communicating long enough with them will make you feel depressed for a moment or a long time. Life brings ups and downs,but some people are stuck in the wrong idea that life has no happiness to offer.They only feel glad when they make others feel bad.No wonder they can hardly win others’ pity or respect. When you communicate with positive people,your spirit stays happy and therefore more positive things are attracted.When the dagger(匕首) of a negative person is put in you,you have the heavy feeling that all in all,brings you down. Sometimes we have no choice but to communicate with negative people.He/She could be a co-worker,or a relative.In this case,speak as little as possible.Sometimes it feels good to let out your anger back to the negative person,but that will lower you to the same negative level and they won’t feel ashamed of themselves about that. Negativity often affects happiness without even being realized.The negative words of another at the start of the day can cling to(附着) you throughout the rest of your day,which makes you feel bad and steals your happiness.Life is too short to feel negative.Stay positive and avoid negativity as much as possible. 1.What’s the purpose of the first paragraph? A.To make a comparison. B.To offer an suggestion. C.To introduce a topic. D.To describe a daily scene. 2.How can negative people affect on us? A.By influencing our emotion. B.By telling us the nature of life. C.By changing our ways of thinking. D.By comparing their attitudes to life with ours. 3.What do some negative people base their happiness on? A.Other people’s pity for them. B.Making other people unhappy. C.Building up a positive attitude. D.Other people’s respect for them. 语篇导读本文主要讨论了消极情绪是可以传染的,和消极爱抱怨的人在一起自己会变得消极悲观,和积极乐观的人在一起自己会变得积极向上。 1.C　【解析】意图推断题。本文是一篇议论文,第一段通过举例来引出话题。故选C。 2.A　【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It may not change what you think,but…a long time”可知,和消极的人交流虽然不会改变你的想法,但是会影响你的心情,故选A。 3.B　【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They only feel glad when they make others feel bad”可知,消极的人只有在令别人不悦时,自己才会感到开心,故选B。 三 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 After a long day at work, coming home is a breath of fresh air. Home is a comfortable place to sit back and relax. __1__ Below are a number of things we can do to create a healthy home environment that will help to ease the workday stress and promote our physical and mental health. __2__ It may seem like a tiring thing to clean but there is a reason for doing so. We can remove dust by cleaning the house. Leaving layers of dust everywhere means that there is a build－up of dust. And where do these layers of dust go? Into our lungs. Making sure the rooms are full of sunlight is also important. We may not realize it but sunlight is an important part of our growth. We all know that sunlight promotes better working conditions. __3__ Think about using a Parans system where sunlight does not reach. This technology gathers the sunlight by using solar panels (板). It can send out sunlight wherever we are. It is also a good idea to add more plants in our house. __4__ They also give off oxygen, which can lower stress and improve our moods. Along the lines of being green, it can also be vital to think about what things we are bringing into the house. Try to avoid specific plastics that are harmful to health. __5__ They may contain poisonous chemicals that can be breathed in, or simply absorbed through the skin. A．However, is it as healthy as it can be? B．Is our home as comfortable as it used to be? C．The same thing applies to certain carpets and paint. D．Going green will help to remove toxins (毒素) in the air. E．Besides, it can reduce both stress and high blood pressure. F．Cleaning the house regularly is the first thing we should do. G．It is acknowledged that a greener lifestyle is linked to better health. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章就“如何创造一个健康的家庭环境”作者提出了三点建议。 1．A　上文提到家是一个使人放松的地方，设空后一句提到，为了创造一个健康的家庭环境，以下是几件值得做的事情，以此缓解我们的压力，改善我们的身心健康，故选A。 2．F　根据空后 “It may seem like a tiring thing to dean but there is a reason for doing so.”提到了“打扫似乎是个很累人的事情”可知，本段主要内容为“打扫房子”，故选F。 3．E　上文提到了“阳光可以改善工作条件”，故本空仍旧围绕“阳光”的好处进行论述。故E项(除此之外，还可以减轻压力和高血压)，还是在陈述阳光的好处，故选E。 4．D　上文提到了“在家里要多添加植物”，故本段为强调“家中的绿色植物带来的好处”，且D项中remove toxins (毒素) in the air “去除空气中的毒素”，对应后文中的give off oxygen “释放氧气”。故选D。 5．C　上文提到“尝试避免一些有害健康的塑料产品”，而下文中提到“他们可能含有能够吸入的有害化学物质”，they对应到C项中的carpets and paint “地毯与油漆”，故选C。 四 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 As is __1__ (know) to all, the Olympic Games are the most important events in the world. They were first held in ancient Greece __2__ 776 BC. And the events were named after the city Olympia. Slaves and women could not be allowed to take part in the ancient Olympics, and the __3__ (athlete) were all from the same country. In 1896, __4__ first modern Olympics opened in Athens, the capital city of Greece. From then on, the Olympic Games __5__ (take) place every four years. Athletes from the whole world can take part in the __6__ (importance) events, whether they are men or women. The five rings on the Olympic Flag stand __7__ five continents and the union of the whole world. China didn't become a member of the modern Olympics until the 1950s. And in 1984, Xu Haifeng became the first Chinese that won an Olympic gold medal in shooting. With the __8__ (develop) of China, Beijing finally succeeded in __9__ (hold) the 2008 Olympics, during which the five Fuwa mascots __10__ (deep) impressed the whole world. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了奧运会的起源以及中国参加奥林匹克运动会后取得的成绩。 1．known　考查固定用法。as is known to all意为“众所周知”，是固定表达。故填known。 2．in　考查介词。表示“在某年”应用介词in。 3．athletes　考查名词。and之后的分句缺少主语，分句谓语动词为were，因此其主语要填名词的复数形式。故填 athletes。 4．the　考查冠词。序数词作定语修饰主语 modern Olympics，序数词前要用定冠词the。 5．take　考查动词的时态。根据every four years可知，本句应使用一般现在时。the Olympic Games作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。故填take。 6．important　考查词性转换。此处修饰名词events，因此要用形容词形式。故填important。 7．for　考查固定短语。stand for为固定短语，意为“代表”。故填for。 8．development　考查词性转换。定冠词后面应接名词，表示“随着中国的发展”，故填development。 9．holding　考查非谓语动词。succeed in doing sth. 意为“成功做某事”。故填holding。 10．deeply　考查词性转换。此处用副词修饰动词impressed，表示抽象意义上的“深深地”。故填deeply。 五 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 English has developed over a long history. Old English consists of a 　1　(mix) of Celtic language and the languages spoken by two Germanic groups from the 　2　(Europe) mainland.At the end of the 9th century,the Vikings moved to Britain,　3　(bring) with them their languages.Their languages also mixed 　4　 Old English,which had become the official language of England by the 10th century.  Middle English refers to the English 　5　(use) from around the 12th to the 15th centuries.In 1066,Normans,　6　 French-speaking people,defeated England.　7　French did not replace English as the first language,it 　8　(play) an important role in the formation of English.  During the Renaissance in the 16th century,Modern English appeared,in 　9　 many Latin and Greek words were included.Now English is 　10　(wide) spoken around the world.  语篇导读这是一篇说明文,介绍了英语的发展过程。 1.mixture　【解析】此处表示古英语由凯尔特语和来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼语族混合而成。根据前面的a可知此处应用名词,故填mixture。 2.European　【解析】由语境可知,此处应用形容词修饰名词mainland,故填European。 3.bringing　【解析】此处表示九世纪末,维京人带着他们的语言到了英国。因主语“the Vikings”与bring之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词做伴随状语,故填bringing。 4.with　【解析】此处表示他们的语言也与古英语混合在一起,古英语到10世纪时已成为英国的官方语言。mix with sth.是固定搭配,表示“与……混合”,故填with。 5.used　【解析】中世纪英语是指大约从12世纪到15世纪使用的英语。因use与被修饰词English之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故此处用过去分词短语做后置定语,故填used。 6.a　【解析】1066年,诺曼人,一个说法语的民族打败了英国。句中的people在此表示“民族”,是可数名词,此处表示泛指,故填a。 7.Although/Though/While　【解析】句意:法语虽然没有取代英语作为第一语言,但在英语的形成中起了重要作用。根据句意可知,此处引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”,位于句首时应注意首字母大写,故填Although/Though/While。 8.played　【解析】本段讲述的是中古英语,即约12世纪到15世纪的英语,所以应该用一般过去时,故填played。 9.which　【解析】句意:在16世纪的文艺复兴时期,出现了现代英语,其中包括许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。这是一个由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词Modern English,关系词在从句中做宾语,因为前面有介词,所以只能用which。 10.widely　【解析】句意:现在,英语在世界各地广泛使用。此处用副词修饰动词,故填widely。 It's late fall in the Arctic Ocean. Ice begins to form on top of the water, making it difficult for the white whales to find open areas to come up for air." They have to come up to breathe," says Donna Hauser, a marine biologist(海洋生物学家)at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks.“ That's a more difficult job, and they have to find openings in the ice.” The white whales know it's time to leave for warmer waters. So the group of about a hundred white whales heads south toward the Bering Sea, a body of water separating the United States and Russia. Halfway through their journey. the white whales find themselves swimming between two large ice floes(浮冰).Suddenly, they hear a large splash(溅泼声).A white whale's main enemy—an orca(虎鲸)—has appeared and is swimming toward the white whales. Luckily, orcas aren't as good at swimming through ice floes as white whales are, giving the white whales time to speed up and swim away. The white whales are safe, for now." But before getting to their destination, they must pass through the Bering Strait connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea—before the narrow(狭窄的)waterway freezes over,” Hauser says.“ Otherwise, their path south could be blocked（阻挡）.” The white whales finally make it to the Bering Strait, which hasn't yet frozen over. After a few more days of swimming, they arrive at the Bering Sea. The white whales will rest, hunt, and play here until April,when they'll swim back north. There,the females will give birth to baby white whales in the spring. When ice spreads across the Arctic Ocean again, those babies will follow their families south and begin their first long journey. 1.Why do the white whales leave the Arctic Ocean? 2.What help the white whales escape from the orca? 3.What does “their destination” in the fourth paragraph refer to? 4.When will the white whales leave the Bering Sea? 5.What's the best title for the text? 长难句分析 原句：（倒数第二段第二句)But before getting to their destination, they must pass through the Bering Strait connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea—before the narrow waterway freezes over... 译文：但在到达目的地之前，它们必须通过连接北冰洋和白令海的白令海峡，而且要在这条狭窄的水道结冰之前通过…… 分析：这是一个复合句。本句中第一个before为介词，后接动名词短语作宾语；第二个before为连词，引导时间状语从句。现在分词短语connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea为后置定语，修饰the Bering Strait。 译文 现在正值北冰洋深秋时节。水面上开始结冰，导致白鲸很难找到能露出水面呼吸的地方。阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校的海洋生物学家Donna Hauser表示：“白鲸必须浮出水面来呼吸。现在这件事难度变大了，它们不得不去寻找没结冰的地方。” 白鲸们知道，是时候离开去更温暖的水域了。于是，这个大约有100头白鲸的鲸群开始向南迁徙，游向白令海——那片分隔了美国和俄罗斯的水域。 行程过半，白鲸们正在两块大浮冰之间游动。突然，它们听到一阵巨大的溅泼声。白鲸的劲敌——虎鲸出现了，正向白鲸游去。幸运的是，虎鲸并不像白鲸那样擅长在浮冰之间游动，这给了白鲸们迅速游走的时间。 白鲸们暂时安全了。“但是在到达目的地之前，它们必须通过连接北冰洋和白令海的白令海峡，而且要在这条狭窄的水道结冰之前。否则，它们南下的路可能会被阻断。”Hauser说道。 白鲸们终于成功游到了还未结冰的白令海峡。几天后，它们到达了白令海。白鲸们将在这里休息、捕食和玩耍，直到来年四月份，到时候它们会再游回北边。在那里，雌性白鲸将在春天产下小白鲸。当冰层再次覆盖北冰洋的海面时，这些小白鲸又会跟着它们的家人南下，开始它们的第一次长途旅行。 答案详析 1. They have to get enough air。根据第一段第二句“Ice begins to form on top of the water, making it difficult for the white whales to find open areas to come up for air.”可知，白鲸南迁是因为北冰洋的海面结冰了,它们很难找到能露出水面来呼吸的地方，所以它们离开北冰洋是为了得到充足的空气。 2. Swimming skills。根据第三段最后一句“ Luckily, orcas aren't as good at swimming...giving the white whales time to speed up and swim away.”可知，虎鲸不像白鲸那样擅长在浮冰间穿梭，这给了白鲸加速游开的时间。所以白鲸能逃脱得益于它们的游泳技能。 3. The Bering Sea。根据第二段中的“So the group of about a hundred white whales heads south toward the Bering Sea"以及最后一段中的“After a few more days of swimming, they arrive at the Bering Sea.”可推知.“their destination”指的是它们的最终目的地——白令海。 4. In April。 根据最后一段第三句“The white whales will rest, hunt, and play here until April, when they'll swim back north.”可知,它们离开白令海返回北方的时间是在4月份。 5. White Whales Are on the Move。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一群白鲸由于北冰洋海面结冰而迁往白令海的过程，适合作本文标题。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$