题型突破13 阅读理解体裁之说明文、议论文（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点帮（上海专用）

题型突破12阅读理解体裁之说明文、议论文 （核心考点精讲精练） 上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理说明文、议论文体裁主要阅读技巧。 【说明文】 · [方法1]　细节理解题 说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。 （2024宝山二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. · [方法2]　主旨大意题 说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。 （2024静安二模） AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. · [方法3]　标题判断题 科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。 （2024崇明二模） So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence. 66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Definition of Willpower B. The Great Willpower Debate C. The Importance of Willpower D. Strategies to Increase Willpower · [方法4]　推理判断题 为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。 （2024虹口二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. · [方法5]　生词词义猜测题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。 （2024黄埔二模） If we answer this question from a place of fear about what’s left for people in the age of A.I., we can end up admitting a diminished view of human capability. Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When we do that, we find ourselves focusing quickly on people skills that allow us to cooperate and innovate in ways technology can intensify but never replace. 64. Which of the following is “a diminished view of human capability” (paragraph 3)? A. Humans are losing control of the world. B. Technology intensifies humans’ cooperation. C. Humans outsmart A.I in terms of critical thinking. D. A.I. and humans are similar in their ability to innovate. 【议论文】 · [方法1]　把握文章的论点、论据和论证。 议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。 （2024嘉定二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft · [方法2]　互推法 在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 （2024徐汇二模） Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. · [方法3]　深推法 推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。 （2024普陀二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【上海市实验学校2023-2024学年高三下学期3月月考】 For the arts “to mean more, to more people,” as Arts Council England (ACE) argues that they should, would be excellent. Music, drama, dance, visual arts, poetry and literature are among the most precious human achievements. To live in a country in which these are more widely shared and enjoyed would be proof that we are making progress. The point is not to entertain or educate people, or bring communities together. Nor is it all about boosting jobs and investment. Imagination has intrinsic (内在的) value, and research carried out by ACE in the course of preparing its 10-year strategy showed that people from all walks of life value and get pleasure from cultural activities. Positioning itself as a development agency, ACE will now hope to win government backing for a change of direction that orients it away from the biggest and most prestigious national institutions and towards the towns, villages and grassroots organizations that should be similarly deserving of attention. There, it envisions a role for itself “building the identity and prosperity of places,” bringing professional artists together with voluntary groups, particular in areas that have previously not been well represented on the cultural map. ACE’s chair, Sir Nicholas Serota, quotes the first world war centenary (百年纪念) project devised by the artist, Jeremy Deller, and theatre director, Rufus Norris, as the model of what he wants his organization to be about. By dressing up volunteers as soldiers, and orchestrating their encounters with members of the public in settings across England, the artists succeeded in “dissolving the barriers between artists and audiences.” The emphasis on participation — on culture as something that more people should actually do — is newer. This is the difference between being in a play or a band and buying tickets to watch them, and for ACE to play a more active role in promoting the former would be beneficial. This begins in childhood, and ACE clearly hopes that the government will think again about policies that have seen music, drama and other arts subjects systematically downgraded in favour of science, technology and maths. To what extent the vision is realized will depend in part on whether ACE’s ambitions catch the government’s interest sufficiently to influence the upcoming spending review, and provide a counterweight to the scorn (轻视) that is regularly poured on the humanities. Around £400m has been cut from local government arts budgets since 2010, and ACE cannot plug this gap. The closure of youth clubs and live music venues, and growing financial pressures linked to the property market, are among other reasons for this worrisome narrowing of opportunities. So far Boris Johnson has offered few signs that he has in mind a starring role for the arts in post-Brexit Britain, although 2022’s Festival of Brexit is one such event. ACE’s plan should boost the profile of all those, in government and outside, who are arguing for more. 1．The purpose of making arts available to more people is to __________. A．enlighten people from all walks of life B．consolidate various communities C．create job opportunities for artists D．maximize the natural value of art 2．According to the passage, ACE is most likely to promote the arts of ___________. A．national institutions B．commercial centers C．local governments D．towns and villages 3．Which of the following statements would Sir Nicholas Serota most probably agree with? A．Audiences with little education can also gain pleasure from cultural activities. B．Artists and audiences can create and enjoy the arts together without barriers. C．The soldiers and volunteers should vividly show scenes about the First World War. D．Science, technology and maths are more important than humanities and arts nowadays. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．For the arts to get revitalized more extensive efforts are needed. B．The current British government has done enough to promote arts. C．ACE should narrow the financial gap left by the local government. D．Many performing venues have closed due to the rising property market. 【2024届上海市复兴高级中学高三下学期5月月考】 Animal products could produce electricity, one British power company warns — and to give consumers a choice, it's offering what it calls the world’s first vegan electricity. Ecotricity, a renewable energy provider in the U.K., announced its electricity and gas would be certified vegan after it claimed half of British homes are powered by electricity made from animal byproducts. Company founder Dale Vince accused companies that consider themselves “ethical” or “green” of keeping consumers in the dark about their “secret ingredient.” “We need clear labeling of energy sourcing so that people can make informed choices,” he said in a statement. The company offers “vegan energy” in wind and solar power, and it’s developing “sea power” produced by wave oscillation and marine currents. None of Ecotricity’s electrical sources contains animal byproducts that the company knew of before it made the announcement, but it registered with the Vegan Society to certify its green status. Though not widely disclosed, it’s fairly common for power companies to derive electricity from animals through anaerobic digestion (厌氧消化). Animal waste is generally considered a clean, renewable energy source. Turning manure into fuel eliminates a sizeable chunk of carbon pollution and lessens power companies’ reliance on “dirtier” fossil fuels like coal and oil. Plus, animals provide a limitless supply of waste, while Earth’s natural gas stores are finite, so crackers wouldn’t need to drill into rock to extract it. Cows are pictured at a Wagyu cattle breeding center in June in Petit-Mars, France. A U.K. energy company announced the first “vegan electricity” after warning consumers about animal byproducts in energy production. After anaerobic digestion, farmers can use the liquid remains of the manure as fertilizer and make chips for animal bedding from the solid leftovers, chemical engineer David Simakov told Popular Science. “We are talking about producing the amount of renewable natural gas enough to heat thousands of homes from just a single large landfill site,” he said. “We need to stop pumping carbon from underground into the atmosphere and start caring about introducing more and more renewable energy to make our lives more sustainable.” Renewable energy only accounts for 11 percent of energy consumption in the U.S., according to the Energy Information Administration. Fossil fuels and nuclear energy generate more than 80 percent of the country’s electricity, and that’s unlikely to change: like other clean energy sources, anaerobic digestion is still more expensive than traditional sources of energy. 5．According to Dale Vince, ____________________. A．it’s necessary for consumers to know how electricity is produced B．people don’t need to make choices of whether to use vegan electricity C．vegan electricity and gas shouldn’t use animal byproducts D．it’s not certain whether Ecotricity has used animal byproducts 6．In Paragraph 2, “secret ingredient” refers to ___________________. A．an energy provider B．vegan energy C．animal waste D．energy labelling 7．What can be inferred from the passage? A．It’s forbidden to get exploited natural gas since it is limited. B．Clean energy may not replace fossil fuels to be used by families. C．Power companies can rely on animal waste to produce clean energy. D．The waste of cows is first used to produce clean energy in the world. 8．What does the author think of clean energy? A．It has been a mainstream. B．It has a promising future. C．Consumers tend to use more clean energy now. D．Its producing cost has decreased its popularity. 【上海市建平中学2023-2024学年高三英语3月检测】 What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it — they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are structural, and will take many years to solve. But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak (暗淡的) view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise, but it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursuing real solutions. The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states, with a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we’re mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular? Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment — in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious. I’ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is “unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer.” A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a financial stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs — and suddenly industry was eager to employ those “unadaptable and untrained” workers. But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling (损害) our economy and society. So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse — a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed. 9．What does the author think of the experts’ claim concerning unemployment? A．Self-evident. B．Thought-provoking. C．Groundless. D．Objective. 10．What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression? A．The booming defense industry. B．The wise heads’ benefit package. C．Nationwide training of workers. D．Thorough restructuring of industries. 11．What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply? A．Economists, failure to detect the problems in time. B．Very Serious People’s attempt to cripple the economy. C．Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries. D．Powerful opposition to government’s stimulus efforts. 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To confirm the experts’ analysis of America’s problems. B．To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment C．To show the urgent need for the government to take action. D．To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation. 【2024上海市复兴高级中学高三春考适应性考试英语试题】 Dating in the workplace is, if not a taboo, certainly a conundrum-not only for businesses, but also for the employees who find themselves falling for a co-worker. - [1] - Should it be allowed? Would it be authoritarian to ban it? Should employees inform their bosses of office relationships, or should they conceal them? Is requiring so-called “love contracts” to be signed by both parties before initiating a relationship even realistic? -[2]Most people spend 30 to 45 hours in the office each week-and with team-bonding activities, work celebrations and Friday drinks, it’s normal for colleagues to build a bond with one another, especially if they find that they have more things in common than just their employer. From the company’s point of view, however, couples at work are a serious risk factor which must be mitigated. Without a proper dating policy in place, claims of sexual harassment and accusations of favoritism become a significant risk. It’s not necessary to ban office romance (though you are certainly allowed to): but you do need to have clear rules in place, to ensure you’re doing all you can to head off any potential issues. Ask, for example, that all employees who embark on a relationship have a sit-down, be it casual or formal, with HR. - [3] - As for employees, there are two things to consider when you find yourself romantically interested in one of your colleagues: first of all, is it worth it?-[4] - Regardless of how your employer feels, office romance can be quite complicated-not only because you’ll most likely be the target of gossip, but also because your work environment will be affected if the relationship does not work out. And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy? If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job or assume you will be able to keep your relationship on the down low. In the vast majority of cases, it’s simply not possible. Attitudes towards office romance are certainly changing, with more companies reassessing zero-tolerance policies and opting for a more casual approach to how their employees connect with one another. That said, however, office romance is still a complex issue, and it should be treated with gravitas. 13．Who is this article aimed at? A．companies B．employees considering a relationship with a colleague C．employees who are not in a relationship with a colleague D．all of the above 14．Which of the following do employees need to decide before starting an office romance? A．what their dating policy will be B．whether the advantages of it outweigh the disadvantages C．whether to inform the company D．whether to follow the company’s dating rules 15．In paragraph 4, line 5, what does the author mean by the phrase “keep your relationship on the down low” A．hiding your relationship B．making an example out of your relationship C．protecting your relationship D．creating rumors about relationships 16．In which of the positions [1], [2], [3] or [4] does the following sentence best belong? “It is, of course, it is not surprising that relationships do form in the workplace.” A．[1] B．[2] C．[3] D．[4] （2024年宝山区二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. It's possible to procrastinate by binge-watching (大量观看) your favorite show or doing other mindless activities, but procrastination doesn't always look like laziness. Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists. In order to overcome procrastination, you must first understand why you procrastinate. Perhaps you are a perfectionist, so you find not completing a task less upsetting than doing it badly. Perhaps the task is complicated or confusing, and you don't know where to begin. Or perhaps you are waiting to feel inspired to complete the task or believe that you become better under pressure. Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. You probably tend to overestimate how quickly you can finish tasks and how motivated you will feel later. Most work does not need to wait until you feel inspired, and if you begin the task, feelings of inspiration may follow. Further, research shows that despite some people's perceptions (感知), most individuals do not actually produce better work under pressure. If you are procrastinating because a task seems too overwhelming or too complicated, break it up into smaller pieces that feel more manageable. This can mean doing a part of the task, or dedicating a set amount of time - say, 15 minutes - to working on it. It may help to think about why the task is important. How will it contribute to your goals? How will it affect other people? What negative consequences could come from not doing it in a timely manner? Scheduling when you will work on tasks can be helpful as well, and so can ruthlessly eliminating distractions. You may need to put away your phone or go to a quiet room. Overcoming procrastination is a challenge, but doing so leads to benefits in many areas of life. 63. The word procrastinate in the second paragraph most probably means ______. A. keep off B. get off C. put off D. take off 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 65. What can we conclude from the passage? A. Nobody can entirely avoid procrastination in his personal life. B. Doing easier or unimportant tasks can make us more productive. C. The more pressure we have, the more productive we will become. D. It's generally more subjective than objective to procrastinate in life. 66. The best title for the passage may be ______. A. The challenges of procrastination and strategies to solve it B. The reasons of procrastination and the ways of avoiding it C. The advantages and disadvantages of procrastination in life D. The causes and process of procrastination in communication （2024年徐汇区二模） Both my parents worked for 30-plus years for their employers — they had lifelong careers at a single company. Growing up, they taught me the importance of “loyalty” and “commitment”. But in a rapidly changing world, the concept of a job for life has become as rare as a dial-up internet connection. This shift from stable, long-term employment and single-employer careers to a world where frequent job changes are the norm comes directly from globalisation, rapid technological advancements and the changing ideas about work. Globalisation has turned the world economy into a giant, interconnected web. This has made job markets fiercely competitive and talent and opportunities in the labour market more diverse and digitally accessible. Jobs can be widely publicised and explored online and are no longer tied to your city of birth. Add to this the rapid technological progress. We now live in a world where the skills you learned yesterday might not be enough for today’s job market. The job market is transforming, with new careers emerging as automation and artificial intelligence (AI) advances. Risks and price policies can be efficiently assessed using AI, making insurance underwriters redundant while advanced software in banking and finance mean data analysis can be automated. Online booking has reduced demand for travel agents and desktop publishers are being replaced by user-friendly software, which allows people to create their own materials. These changes highlight the need for professionals to update their skills and adapt to a technologically evolving job market. As a result, career paths have become fluid and multi-directional. It’s no longer just about climbing the corporate ladder and getting a regular paycheck; it’s about exploring different paths, switching jobs and industries and sometimes even venturing into freelancing and the gig economy. Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. Career paths are now a kaleidoscope (万花筒) of experiences and opportunities. Instead of a career identity being about a company brand, it is about skills, experiences and the meaningfulness of the work. This transformation means career decision-making is more intricate, considering personal aspirations, market trends and family considerations. 63. What factors have contributed to the shift in job market dynamics? A. Increased reliance on desktop publishing software. B. Changing ideas about loyalty and commitment. C. The decreasing demand for travel agents due to online booking systems. D. Globalization, rapid technological advancements, and evolving work concepts. 64. What skills are highlighted as essential for professionals in the evolving job market? A. Skills related to desktop publishing. B. Skills that were relevant yesterday. C. Skills in data analysis and adaptability. D. Skills in insurance underwriting. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 66. The best title for the passage is________. A. Forget About a Job for Life B. Learn More as Much as You Can C. Benefit from Long-term Employment D. The Impact of Globalization （2023年1月·上海高考真题） To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 题型突破12 阅读理解体裁之说明文、议论文 （核心考点精讲精练） 上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理说明文、议论文体裁主要阅读技巧。 【说明文】 · [方法1]　细节理解题 说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。 （2024宝山二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 【答案】 64. A 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness.(但有些人比其他人更经常这样做，这可能会导致灾难性的后果。经常推迟困难或不愉快的任务会导致学习成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，还会带来经济上的后果，比如滞纳金。拖延症还会损害人际关系，甚至影响你的健康，因为它会增加压力水平，有时会导致疾病) ”可知，拖延可能导致的后果包括：在学校成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，以及经济上的后果(例如滞纳金)，损害人际关系，影响健康甚至会导致疾病。由此可知，拖延可能导致的后果有五种。故选A。 · [方法2]　主旨大意题 说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。 （2024静安二模） AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. 【答案】 46. B 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most (人工智能现在正在颠覆帮助它诞生的行业。娱乐的每个部分都将受到生成式人工智能的影响，它可以消化文本、图像、音频或视频的输入，以创造相同的新输出。但变化最大的将是游戏行业)”可知，文章主要围绕生成式人工智能对游戏行业的影响展开，介绍了人工智能有望简化游戏开发过程，可以被用来创造新的游戏内容，并且可能改变游戏开发的格局。小型公司可能会更快地意识到人工智能可能带来的新机遇，但大型工作室也能够利用人工智能技术来增强他们的业务。故选B项。 · [方法3]　标题判断题 科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。 （2024崇明二模） So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence. 66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Definition of Willpower B. The Great Willpower Debate C. The Importance of Willpower D. Strategies to Increase Willpower 【答案】 66. B 【66题详解】 标题归纳题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“So we just don’t know how willpower really works, and we might never know. People may or may not have a limited amount of willpower. Believing you have unlimited willpower might help you work harder than you otherwise would, or it might lead to overconfidence.”（所以我们只是不知道意志力到底是如何起作用的，我们可能永远也不会知道。人们的意志力可能是有限的，也可能不是。相信自己拥有无限的意志力可能会让你更加努力地工作，但也可能导致过度自信。）可知，本文主要讲述了关于意志力的讨论。因此，B项The Great Willpower Debate（关于意志力的辩论）是本文的最佳标题。故选B项。 · [方法4]　推理判断题 为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。 （2024虹口二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 【答案】 65. A 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. (当然，定价过程中通常有很多参与者：会计提供成本估算;营销传达定价策略；销售人员提供具体的客户意见；生产设置供应边界；财务部门为整个公司的财务 状况制定了要求。来自不同来源的投入是必要的。)”可知，定价过程的广泛参与是因为决策需要收集全面的信息，故选A项。 · [方法5]　生词词义猜测题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。 （2024黄埔二模） If we answer this question from a place of fear about what’s left for people in the age of A.I., we can end up admitting a diminished view of human capability. Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When we do that, we find ourselves focusing quickly on people skills that allow us to cooperate and innovate in ways technology can intensify but never replace. 64. Which of the following is “a diminished view of human capability” (paragraph 3)? A. Humans are losing control of the world. B. Technology intensifies humans’ cooperation. C. Humans outsmart A.I in terms of critical thinking. D. A.I. and humans are similar in their ability to innovate. 【答案】 64. A 【64题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第三段“Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When we do that, we find ourselves focusing quickly on people skills that allow us to cooperate and innovate in ways technology can intensify but never replace.(相反，对我们所有人来说，从想象人工智能时代人类的可能性开始是至关重要的。当我们这样做时，我们会发现自己很快就把注意力集中在人际交往技能上，这些技能使我们能够以技术可以加强但永远不会取代的方式进行合作和创新)”可知，人类正在失去对世界的控制是“对人类能力的低估”。故选A。 【议论文】 · [方法1]　把握文章的论点、论据和论证。 议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。 （2024嘉定二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【答案】D 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself.(是的，像作家那样阅读需要额外的工作。但这对于写作实践来说是必要的工作。通过观察作家使用的策略来讲述令人信服的故事或撰写引人入胜的论点，你为自己装备了运用这些策略的知识)”可知，作者认为RLW是“必要的工作”是因为读者可以提高自己的写作技巧，故选D项。 · [方法2]　互推法 在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 （2024徐汇二模） Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 【答案】 65. B 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据第九段最后两句“Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded.(员工在那里工作时忠于雇主及其利益。但他们也寻求共同成长，并期望得到认可和回报)”可知，文章建议员工在现代工作场所应该通过强调个人成长和认可来对待忠诚。故选B。 · [方法3]　深推法 推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。 （2024普陀二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【答案】 D 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself.(是的，像作家那样阅读需要额外的工作。但这对于写作实践来说是必要的工作。通过观察作家使用的策略来讲述令人信服的故事或撰写引人入胜的论点，你为自己装备了运用这些策略的知识)”可知，作者认为RLW是“必要的工作”是因为读者可以提高自己的写作技巧，故选D项。 【上海市实验学校2023-2024学年高三下学期3月月考】 For the arts “to mean more, to more people,” as Arts Council England (ACE) argues that they should, would be excellent. Music, drama, dance, visual arts, poetry and literature are among the most precious human achievements. To live in a country in which these are more widely shared and enjoyed would be proof that we are making progress. The point is not to entertain or educate people, or bring communities together. Nor is it all about boosting jobs and investment. Imagination has intrinsic (内在的) value, and research carried out by ACE in the course of preparing its 10-year strategy showed that people from all walks of life value and get pleasure from cultural activities. Positioning itself as a development agency, ACE will now hope to win government backing for a change of direction that orients it away from the biggest and most prestigious national institutions and towards the towns, villages and grassroots organizations that should be similarly deserving of attention. There, it envisions a role for itself “building the identity and prosperity of places,” bringing professional artists together with voluntary groups, particular in areas that have previously not been well represented on the cultural map. ACE’s chair, Sir Nicholas Serota, quotes the first world war centenary (百年纪念) project devised by the artist, Jeremy Deller, and theatre director, Rufus Norris, as the model of what he wants his organization to be about. By dressing up volunteers as soldiers, and orchestrating their encounters with members of the public in settings across England, the artists succeeded in “dissolving the barriers between artists and audiences.” The emphasis on participation — on culture as something that more people should actually do — is newer. This is the difference between being in a play or a band and buying tickets to watch them, and for ACE to play a more active role in promoting the former would be beneficial. This begins in childhood, and ACE clearly hopes that the government will think again about policies that have seen music, drama and other arts subjects systematically downgraded in favour of science, technology and maths. To what extent the vision is realized will depend in part on whether ACE’s ambitions catch the government’s interest sufficiently to influence the upcoming spending review, and provide a counterweight to the scorn (轻视) that is regularly poured on the humanities. Around £400m has been cut from local government arts budgets since 2010, and ACE cannot plug this gap. The closure of youth clubs and live music venues, and growing financial pressures linked to the property market, are among other reasons for this worrisome narrowing of opportunities. So far Boris Johnson has offered few signs that he has in mind a starring role for the arts in post-Brexit Britain, although 2022’s Festival of Brexit is one such event. ACE’s plan should boost the profile of all those, in government and outside, who are arguing for more. 1．The purpose of making arts available to more people is to __________. A．enlighten people from all walks of life B．consolidate various communities C．create job opportunities for artists D．maximize the natural value of art 2．According to the passage, ACE is most likely to promote the arts of ___________. A．national institutions B．commercial centers C．local governments D．towns and villages 3．Which of the following statements would Sir Nicholas Serota most probably agree with? A．Audiences with little education can also gain pleasure from cultural activities. B．Artists and audiences can create and enjoy the arts together without barriers. C．The soldiers and volunteers should vividly show scenes about the First World War. D．Science, technology and maths are more important than humanities and arts nowadays. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．For the arts to get revitalized more extensive efforts are needed. B．The current British government has done enough to promote arts. C．ACE should narrow the financial gap left by the local government. D．Many performing venues have closed due to the rising property market. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章论述了ACE希望艺术面向更多人，以及ACE为推动艺术发展所做的努力。ACE主席希望艺术能够消除艺术家和观众之间的障碍，让更多人参与其中，ACE还希望政府能够重视艺术，为艺术发展提供支持。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“For the arts “to mean more, to more people,” as Arts Council England (ACE) argues that they should, would be excellent. Music, drama, dance, visual arts, poetry and literature are among the most precious human achievements. To live in a country in which these are more widely shared and enjoyed would be proof that we are making progress.”（正如英格兰艺术委员会(ACE)所主张的那样，艺术“对更多人意味着更多”是非常好的。音乐、戏剧、舞蹈、视觉艺术、诗歌和文学是人类最宝贵的成就之一。生活在一个这些艺术被更广泛分享和享受的国家将证明我们正在取得进步。）可知，ACE认为让更多人接触到艺术是非常好的，因为艺术是人类最宝贵的成就之一，生活在一个艺术被广泛分享和享受的国家，证明了这个国家正在取得进步。由此可知，让更多人接触到艺术的目的是最大化艺术的自然价值。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Positioning itself as a development agency, ACE will now hope to win government backing for a change of direction that orients it away from the biggest and most prestigious national institutions and towards the towns, villages and grassroots organizations that should be similarly deserving of attention.”（作为一个发展机构，ACE现在希望赢得政府的支持，以改变其方向，使其远离最大和最负盛名的国家机构，转向同样值得关注的城镇、村庄和基层组织。）可知，ACE希望将艺术推广到城镇、村庄和基层组织。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“ACE’s chair, Sir Nicholas Serota, quotes the first world war centenary (百年纪念) project devised by the artist, Jeremy Deller, and theatre director, Rufus Norris, as the model of what he wants his organization to be about. By dressing up volunteers as soldiers, and orchestrating their encounters with members of the public in settings across England, the artists succeeded in “dissolving the barriers between artists and audiences.”（ACE主席Nicholas Serota爵士引用艺术家 Jeremy Deller 和戏剧导演 Rufus Norris设计的第一次世界大战百年纪念项目，作为他希望自己组织成为什么样的榜样。通过让志愿者装扮成士兵，并在英格兰各地的环境中安排他们与公众的相遇，艺术家们成功地“消除了艺术家和观众之间的障碍。”）可知，ACE主席Nicholas Serota爵士希望ACE能够像第一次世界大战百年纪念项目一样，消除艺术家和观众之间的障碍，让艺术家和观众能够一起创造和享受艺术。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To what extent the vision is realized will depend in part on whether ACE’s ambitions catch the government’s interest sufficiently to influence the upcoming spending review, and provide a counterweight to the scorn (轻视) that is regularly poured on the humanities.”（这一愿景在多大程度上得以实现，将在一定程度上取决于ACE的雄心是否足以引起政府的兴趣，从而影响即将到来的支出审查，并制衡人们对人文学科的蔑视）以及“So far Boris Johnson has offered few signs that he has in mind a starring role for the arts in post-Brexit Britain, although 2022’s Festival of Brexit is one such event. ACE’s plan should boost the profile of all those, in government and outside, who are arguing for more.”（到目前为止，Boris Johnson几乎没有迹象表明他打算在英国脱欧后的英国扮演主角，尽管2022年的英国脱欧节是这样一个事件。ACE 的计划应该会提高政府内外所有主张更多的人的形象。）可知，ACE 的计划能否实现，部分取决于ACE的雄心是否能引起政府的兴趣，从而影响即将到来的支出审查，并为经常被轻视的人文学科提供一个平衡。ACE的计划应该会提高政府内外所有主张更多的人的形象。由此可知，要使艺术得到振兴，需要更广泛的努力。故选A。 【2024届上海市复兴高级中学高三下学期5月月考】 Animal products could produce electricity, one British power company warns — and to give consumers a choice, it's offering what it calls the world’s first vegan electricity. Ecotricity, a renewable energy provider in the U.K., announced its electricity and gas would be certified vegan after it claimed half of British homes are powered by electricity made from animal byproducts. Company founder Dale Vince accused companies that consider themselves “ethical” or “green” of keeping consumers in the dark about their “secret ingredient.” “We need clear labeling of energy sourcing so that people can make informed choices,” he said in a statement. The company offers “vegan energy” in wind and solar power, and it’s developing “sea power” produced by wave oscillation and marine currents. None of Ecotricity’s electrical sources contains animal byproducts that the company knew of before it made the announcement, but it registered with the Vegan Society to certify its green status. Though not widely disclosed, it’s fairly common for power companies to derive electricity from animals through anaerobic digestion (厌氧消化). Animal waste is generally considered a clean, renewable energy source. Turning manure into fuel eliminates a sizeable chunk of carbon pollution and lessens power companies’ reliance on “dirtier” fossil fuels like coal and oil. Plus, animals provide a limitless supply of waste, while Earth’s natural gas stores are finite, so crackers wouldn’t need to drill into rock to extract it. Cows are pictured at a Wagyu cattle breeding center in June in Petit-Mars, France. A U.K. energy company announced the first “vegan electricity” after warning consumers about animal byproducts in energy production. After anaerobic digestion, farmers can use the liquid remains of the manure as fertilizer and make chips for animal bedding from the solid leftovers, chemical engineer David Simakov told Popular Science. “We are talking about producing the amount of renewable natural gas enough to heat thousands of homes from just a single large landfill site,” he said. “We need to stop pumping carbon from underground into the atmosphere and start caring about introducing more and more renewable energy to make our lives more sustainable.” Renewable energy only accounts for 11 percent of energy consumption in the U.S., according to the Energy Information Administration. Fossil fuels and nuclear energy generate more than 80 percent of the country’s electricity, and that’s unlikely to change: like other clean energy sources, anaerobic digestion is still more expensive than traditional sources of energy. 5．According to Dale Vince, ____________________. A．it’s necessary for consumers to know how electricity is produced B．people don’t need to make choices of whether to use vegan electricity C．vegan electricity and gas shouldn’t use animal byproducts D．it’s not certain whether Ecotricity has used animal byproducts 6．In Paragraph 2, “secret ingredient” refers to ___________________. A．an energy provider B．vegan energy C．animal waste D．energy labelling 7．What can be inferred from the passage? A．It’s forbidden to get exploited natural gas since it is limited. B．Clean energy may not replace fossil fuels to be used by families. C．Power companies can rely on animal waste to produce clean energy. D．The waste of cows is first used to produce clean energy in the world. 8．What does the author think of clean energy? A．It has been a mainstream. B．It has a promising future. C．Consumers tend to use more clean energy now. D．Its producing cost has decreased its popularity. 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．B 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述一家英国可再生能源供应商Ecotricity推出的全球首个“vegan electricity”，并讨论了能源生产中动物副产品的问题，以及厌氧消化在能源生产中的应用。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Company founder Dale Vince accused companies that consider themselves “ethical” or “green” of keeping consumers in the dark about their “secret ingredient.” “We need clear labeling of energy sourcing so that people can make informed choices,” he said in a statement.(公司创始人Dale Vince指责那些自认为“合乎道德”或“绿色”的公司向消费者隐瞒他们的“秘密成分”。“我们需要清晰的能源来源标签，这样人们才能做出明智的选择，”他在一份声明中说)”可知，Dale Vince认为，消费者有必要了解电是如何产生的。故选A项。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“We need clear labeling of energy sourcing so that people can make informed choices(我们需要清晰的能源来源标签，这样人们才能做出明智的选择)”可知，secret ingredient指的是能源来源，再根据第四段“Though not widely disclosed, it’s fairly common for power companies to derive electricity from animals through anaerobic digestion (厌氧消化). Animal waste is generally considered a clean, renewable energy source. Turning manure into fuel eliminates a sizeable chunk of carbon pollution and lessens power companies’ reliance on “dirtier” fossil fuels like coal and oil. Plus, animals provide a limitless supply of waste, while Earth’s natural gas stores are finite, so crackers wouldn’t need to drill into rock to extract it.(尽管没有广泛披露，但电力公司利用厌氧消化技术从动物身上获取电能是相当普遍的。动物粪便通常被视为一种清洁、可再生的能源。将粪便转化为燃料可以消除大量的碳污染，并减少电力公司对煤炭和石油等“较脏”化石燃料的依赖。此外，动物粪便的供应是无限的，而地球的天然气储量是有限的，因此压裂人员不需要钻探岩石来提取天然气)”可知，Ecotricity的能源来源是动物粪便。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Renewable energy only accounts for 11 percent of energy consumption in the U.S., according to the Energy Information Administration. Fossil fuels and nuclear energy generate more than 80 percent of the country’s electricity, and that’s unlikely to change: like other clean energy sources, anaerobic digestion is still more expensive than traditional sources of energy.(根据美国能源情报署的数据，可再生能源仅占美国能源消耗的11%。化石燃料和核能提供了该国80%以上的电力，而且这种情况不太可能改变：像其他清洁能源一样，厌氧消化仍然比传统能源更昂贵)”可推知，清洁能源可能不会取代家庭使用的化石燃料，因为比传统能源更昂贵。故选B项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Renewable energy only accounts for 11 percent of energy consumption in the U.S., according to the Energy Information Administration. Fossil fuels and nuclear energy generate more than 80 percent of the country’s electricity, and that’s unlikely to change: like other clean energy sources, anaerobic digestion is still more expensive than traditional sources of energy.(根据美国能源情报署的数据，可再生能源仅占美国能源消耗的11%。化石燃料和核能提供了该国80%以上的电力，而且这种情况不太可能改变：像其他清洁能源一样，厌氧消化仍然比传统能源更昂贵)”可推知，清洁能源的生产成本降低了它的知名度。故选D项。 【上海市建平中学2023-2024学年高三英语3月检测】 What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it — they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are structural, and will take many years to solve. But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak (暗淡的) view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise, but it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursuing real solutions. The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states, with a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we’re mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular? Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment — in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious. I’ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is “unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer.” A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a financial stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs — and suddenly industry was eager to employ those “unadaptable and untrained” workers. But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling (损害) our economy and society. So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse — a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed. 9．What does the author think of the experts’ claim concerning unemployment? A．Self-evident. B．Thought-provoking. C．Groundless. D．Objective. 10．What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression? A．The booming defense industry. B．The wise heads’ benefit package. C．Nationwide training of workers. D．Thorough restructuring of industries. 11．What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply? A．Economists, failure to detect the problems in time. B．Very Serious People’s attempt to cripple the economy. C．Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries. D．Powerful opposition to government’s stimulus efforts. 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To confirm the experts’ analysis of America’s problems. B．To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment C．To show the urgent need for the government to take action. D．To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation. 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．D 12．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对失业问题的观点和专家主张进行的批评，作者认为专家关于失业问题的结构性观点没有根据，而失业问题实际上是需求不足导致的，呼吁政府迅速采取行动来解决失业问题。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段的“What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it—they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are structural, and will take many years to solve.(对于大规模失业，我们能做些什么?所有聪明人都同意：没有快速或简单的答案。有工作要做，但工人们还没有准备好——他们在错误的地方，或者他们有错误的技能。我们的问题是结构性的，需要很多年才能解决。)”和第二段的“But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise, but it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursuing real solutions. (但不要费心去寻找证明这种悲观观点的证据。没有证据。相反，所有的事实都表明，美国的高失业率是需求不足的结果。说没有简单的答案听起来很明智，但实际上很愚蠢：如果我们有清晰的思想和采取行动的政治意愿，我们的失业危机可以很快得到解决。换句话说，结构性失业是一个假问题，它主要是不寻求真正解决办法的借口。)”可知，作者认为高失业率是由于需求不足所导致的，而不是工人适应能力或技能问题等结构性问题，即作者对专家关于失业问题的主张持怀疑态度，认为这些主张没有根据。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段的“A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a financial stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those “unadaptable and untrained” workers.(几年后，大规模的国防建设终于为经济需求提供了足够的财政刺激——突然间，工业部门渴望雇佣那些“适应能力和培训不足”的工人。) ”可知，大规模的国防建设为经济提供了足够的财政刺激，使得工业界渴望雇佣那些“适应能力和培训不足”的工人，即在大萧条期间，蓬勃发展的国防工业帮助降低了失业率。故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling our economy and society.(但现在，和当时一样，强大的力量在意识形态上反对政府采取足够规模的行动来启动经济的整个想法。从根本上说，这就是为什么我们面临巨大结构性问题的说法越来越多：它们为我们提供了一个理由，让我们对正在削弱我们经济和社会的大规模失业无所作为。)”可知，声称存在巨大的结构性问题的原因是有强大的力量反对政府在足够规模上采取行动来刺激经济。故选D。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse—a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed. (所以你需要知道的是，没有任何证据支持这些说法。我们并没有缺乏必要的技能：我们正因缺乏政策决心而受苦。正如我所说，结构性失业并不是一个真正的问题，它只是一个借口——一个在迫切需要采取行动的时候不采取行动解决美国问题的理由。)”可知，作者认为结构性失业的观点是一个借口，主要用于不去追求真正的解决方案，作者呼吁迅速行动，以智慧和政治意愿来迅速解决失业危机。即作者写这篇文章的目的是要表明政府迫切需要采取行动来解决美国的大规模失业问题。故选C。 【2024上海市复兴高级中学高三春考适应性考试英语试题】 Dating in the workplace is, if not a taboo, certainly a conundrum-not only for businesses, but also for the employees who find themselves falling for a co-worker. - [1] - Should it be allowed? Would it be authoritarian to ban it? Should employees inform their bosses of office relationships, or should they conceal them? Is requiring so-called “love contracts” to be signed by both parties before initiating a relationship even realistic? -[2]Most people spend 30 to 45 hours in the office each week-and with team-bonding activities, work celebrations and Friday drinks, it’s normal for colleagues to build a bond with one another, especially if they find that they have more things in common than just their employer. From the company’s point of view, however, couples at work are a serious risk factor which must be mitigated. Without a proper dating policy in place, claims of sexual harassment and accusations of favoritism become a significant risk. It’s not necessary to ban office romance (though you are certainly allowed to): but you do need to have clear rules in place, to ensure you’re doing all you can to head off any potential issues. Ask, for example, that all employees who embark on a relationship have a sit-down, be it casual or formal, with HR. - [3] - As for employees, there are two things to consider when you find yourself romantically interested in one of your colleagues: first of all, is it worth it?-[4] - Regardless of how your employer feels, office romance can be quite complicated-not only because you’ll most likely be the target of gossip, but also because your work environment will be affected if the relationship does not work out. And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy? If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job or assume you will be able to keep your relationship on the down low. In the vast majority of cases, it’s simply not possible. Attitudes towards office romance are certainly changing, with more companies reassessing zero-tolerance policies and opting for a more casual approach to how their employees connect with one another. That said, however, office romance is still a complex issue, and it should be treated with gravitas. 13．Who is this article aimed at? A．companies B．employees considering a relationship with a colleague C．employees who are not in a relationship with a colleague D．all of the above 14．Which of the following do employees need to decide before starting an office romance? A．what their dating policy will be B．whether the advantages of it outweigh the disadvantages C．whether to inform the company D．whether to follow the company’s dating rules 15．In paragraph 4, line 5, what does the author mean by the phrase “keep your relationship on the down low” A．hiding your relationship B．making an example out of your relationship C．protecting your relationship D．creating rumors about relationships 16．In which of the positions [1], [2], [3] or [4] does the following sentence best belong? “It is, of course, it is not surprising that relationships do form in the workplace.” A．[1] B．[2] C．[3] D．[4] 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．A 16．B 【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。作者认为办公室恋情对于企业和员工个人造成一定的负面影响，呼吁企业和个人要慎重对待办公室恋情这个复杂的难题。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Dating in the workplace is, if not a taboo, certainly a conundrum not only for businesses, but also for the employees who find themselves falling for a co-worker.”（在工作场所约会，如果不是禁忌的话，肯定也是一个难题——不仅对企业而言，对那些发现自己爱上了同事的员工也是如此。）可知，办公室恋情这个问题不仅涉及企业也涉及企业的员工，所以这篇文章是针对企业和员工的。故选D项。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“As for employees, there are two things to consider when you find yourself romantically interested in one of your colleagues: first of all, is it worth it?”（对于员工来说，当你发现自己对同事产生了浪漫的兴趣时，有两件事需要考虑：首先，这值得吗？）及“And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy? If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job ”（第二，你们公司约会的政策是什么？如果他们有零容忍政策，不要拿你的工作冒险）可知，员工在开始办公室恋情前一定要权衡利弊，也就是要考虑这样做的结果是否利大于弊。故选B项。 15．词义猜测题。根据上文“And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy? If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job ”（第二，你们公司约会的政策是什么？如果他们有零容忍政策，不要拿你的工作冒险）推知，下文“or assume you will be able to keep your relationship on the down low”意为“或者也不要以为你可以影藏你们的关系”，由此可知，划线部分意为“隐藏关系”符合句意。故选A项。 16．推理判断题。根据第二段“Most people spend 30 to 45 hours in the office each week-and with team-bonding activities, work celebrations and Friday drinks, it’s normal for colleagues to build a bond with one another, especially if they find that they have more things in common than just their employer.”（大多数人每周在办公室的时间有30-45个小时并且通过团队活动、工作庆祝和周五的酒会，同事之间建立联系很正常，尤其是当他们发现自己的共同点不仅仅是谈论他们的雇主的时候。）可知，这具体解释了办公室恋情容易发生的原因和题目所给的句子“It is, of course, it is not surprising that relationships do form in the workplace.”(当然，在工作场合发生办公室恋情一点也不稀奇。)形成了因果关系。故选B项。 （2024年宝山区二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. It's possible to procrastinate by binge-watching (大量观看) your favorite show or doing other mindless activities, but procrastination doesn't always look like laziness. Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists. In order to overcome procrastination, you must first understand why you procrastinate. Perhaps you are a perfectionist, so you find not completing a task less upsetting than doing it badly. Perhaps the task is complicated or confusing, and you don't know where to begin. Or perhaps you are waiting to feel inspired to complete the task or believe that you become better under pressure. Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. You probably tend to overestimate how quickly you can finish tasks and how motivated you will feel later. Most work does not need to wait until you feel inspired, and if you begin the task, feelings of inspiration may follow. Further, research shows that despite some people's perceptions (感知), most individuals do not actually produce better work under pressure. If you are procrastinating because a task seems too overwhelming or too complicated, break it up into smaller pieces that feel more manageable. This can mean doing a part of the task, or dedicating a set amount of time - say, 15 minutes - to working on it. It may help to think about why the task is important. How will it contribute to your goals? How will it affect other people? What negative consequences could come from not doing it in a timely manner? Scheduling when you will work on tasks can be helpful as well, and so can ruthlessly eliminating distractions. You may need to put away your phone or go to a quiet room. Overcoming procrastination is a challenge, but doing so leads to benefits in many areas of life. 63. The word procrastinate in the second paragraph most probably means ______. A. keep off B. get off C. put off D. take off 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 65. What can we conclude from the passage? A. Nobody can entirely avoid procrastination in his personal life. B. Doing easier or unimportant tasks can make us more productive. C. The more pressure we have, the more productive we will become. D. It's generally more subjective than objective to procrastinate in life. 66. The best title for the passage may be ______. A. The challenges of procrastination and strategies to solve it B. The reasons of procrastination and the ways of avoiding it C. The advantages and disadvantages of procrastination in life D. The causes and process of procrastination in communication 【答案】63. C 64. A 65. D 66. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了导致拖延症的原因和避免它的方法。 【63题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists.(有些人拖延是为了逃避困难的任务，而去做更容易但不那么重要的任务。这会让他们觉得自己很有效率，即使他们忽略了待办事项清单上最重要的事情)”可知，人们为了避免困难任务而去做其他无关紧要的事情，这是在“拖延”，与put off这个短语的含义非常匹配，故选C。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness.(但有些人比其他人更经常这样做，这可能会导致灾难性的后果。经常推迟困难或不愉快的任务会导致学习成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，还会带来经济上的后果，比如滞纳金。拖延症还会损害人际关系，甚至影响你的健康，因为它会增加压力水平，有时会导致疾病) ”可知，拖延可能导致的后果包括：在学校成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，以及经济上的后果(例如滞纳金)，损害人际关系，影响健康甚至会导致疾病。由此可知，拖延可能导致的后果有五种。故选A。 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“In order to overcome procrastination, you must first understand why you procrastinate. Perhaps you are a perfectionist, so you find not completing a task less upsetting than doing it badly. Perhaps the task is complicated or confusing, and you don't know where to begin. Or perhaps you are waiting to feel inspired to complete the task or believe that you become better under pressure.(为了克服拖延症，你必须首先了解自己为什么会拖延。也许你是一个完美主义者，所以你觉得没有完成一项任务比把它做得不好更令人沮丧。也许这个任务很复杂或令人困惑，你不知道从哪里开始。或者你正在等待灵感来完成任务，或者相信你在压力下会变得更好)”和第四段的“Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. You probably tend to overestimate how quickly you can finish tasks and how motivated you will feel later. Most work does not need to wait until you feel inspired, and if you begin the task, feelings of inspiration may follow. Further, research shows that despite some people’s perceptions, most individuals do not actually produce better work under pressure.(纠正你的想法可以帮助你克服拖延症。你可能倾向于高估自己完成任务的速度以及之后的动力。大多数工作不需要等到你感到灵感，如果你开始任务，灵感的感觉可能随之而来。此外，研究表明，尽管有些人有这样的看法，但大多数人实际上并没有在压力下做出更好的工作)”可知，拖延的程度取决于个人的主观感受和态度，而不是客观事实。拖延的主观性意味着每个人对任务的看法和应对方式都可能不同，挑战在于克服个人心理障碍和行为模式。由此推知，拖延倾向在生活中通常更具主观性而非客观性。故选D。 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段的“It’s possible to procrastinate by binge-watching your favorite show or doing other mindless activities, but procrastination doesn't always look like laziness. Some people procrastinate to avoid difficult tasks by working on easier but less important tasks. This can make them feel productive even as they neglect the most important items on their to-do lists.(你可能会因为大量观看喜欢的节目或做其他不需要动脑的事情而拖延，但拖延并不总是看起来像懒惰。有些人拖延是为了逃避困难的任务，而去做更容易但不那么重要的任务。这会让他们觉得自己很有效率，即使他们忽略了待办事项清单上最重要的事情)”和第四段的“Correcting your thinking can aid you in overcoming procrastination. (纠正你的想法可以帮助你克服拖延症)”可知，文章主要讲述了拖延症的原因和避免它的方法。故选B。 （2024年徐汇区二模） Both my parents worked for 30-plus years for their employers — they had lifelong careers at a single company. Growing up, they taught me the importance of “loyalty” and “commitment”. But in a rapidly changing world, the concept of a job for life has become as rare as a dial-up internet connection. This shift from stable, long-term employment and single-employer careers to a world where frequent job changes are the norm comes directly from globalisation, rapid technological advancements and the changing ideas about work. Globalisation has turned the world economy into a giant, interconnected web. This has made job markets fiercely competitive and talent and opportunities in the labour market more diverse and digitally accessible. Jobs can be widely publicised and explored online and are no longer tied to your city of birth. Add to this the rapid technological progress. We now live in a world where the skills you learned yesterday might not be enough for today’s job market. The job market is transforming, with new careers emerging as automation and artificial intelligence (AI) advances. Risks and price policies can be efficiently assessed using AI, making insurance underwriters redundant while advanced software in banking and finance mean data analysis can be automated. Online booking has reduced demand for travel agents and desktop publishers are being replaced by user-friendly software, which allows people to create their own materials. These changes highlight the need for professionals to update their skills and adapt to a technologically evolving job market. As a result, career paths have become fluid and multi-directional. It’s no longer just about climbing the corporate ladder and getting a regular paycheck; it’s about exploring different paths, switching jobs and industries and sometimes even venturing into freelancing and the gig economy. Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. Career paths are now a kaleidoscope (万花筒) of experiences and opportunities. Instead of a career identity being about a company brand, it is about skills, experiences and the meaningfulness of the work. This transformation means career decision-making is more intricate, considering personal aspirations, market trends and family considerations. 63. What factors have contributed to the shift in job market dynamics? A. Increased reliance on desktop publishing software. B. Changing ideas about loyalty and commitment. C. The decreasing demand for travel agents due to online booking systems. D. Globalization, rapid technological advancements, and evolving work concepts. 64. What skills are highlighted as essential for professionals in the evolving job market? A. Skills related to desktop publishing. B. Skills that were relevant yesterday. C. Skills in data analysis and adaptability. D. Skills in insurance underwriting. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 66. The best title for the passage is________. A. Forget About a Job for Life B. Learn More as Much as You Can C. Benefit from Long-term Employment D. The Impact of Globalization 【答案】63. D 64. C 65. B 66. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为，随着时代的发展，终身工作的概念已经过时，我们应该更加重视个人成长和认同，适应现在千变万化的职业道路，并从各个角度论述了这个观点。 【63题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“This shift from stable, long-term employment and single-employer careers to a world where frequent job changes are the norm comes directly from globalisation, rapid technological advancements and the changing ideas about work.(从稳定、长期的雇佣和单一雇主的职业生涯，到频繁换工作成为常态的世界，这种转变直接来自全球化、快速的技术进步和工作观念的变化)”可知，全球化、快速的技术进步和工作观念的变化促成了就业市场动态的变化。故选D。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“The job market is transforming, with new careers emerging as automation and artificial intelligence (AI) advances. Risks and price policies can be efficiently assessed using AI, making insurance underwriters redundant while advanced software in banking and finance mean data analysis can be automated.(随着自动化和人工智能（AI）的进步，新的职业出现，就业市场正在发生变化。使用人工智能可以有效地评估风险和价格政策，使保险承销商变得多余，而银行和金融领域的先进软件意味着数据分析可以自动化)”和第六段“Online booking has reduced demand for travel agents and desktop publishers are being replaced by user-friendly software, which allows people to create their own materials. These changes highlight the need for professionals to update their skills and adapt to a technologically evolving job market.(在线预订减少了对旅行社的需求，桌面出版商正被用户友好的软件所取代，这些软件允许人们创建自己的材料。这些变化凸显了专业人士需要更新他们的技能，以适应技术不断发展的就业市场)”可知，在不断变化的就业市场中，专业人士最重要的技能是数据分析能力和适应能力。故选C。 【65题详解】 细节理解题。根据第九段最后两句“Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded.(员工在那里工作时忠于雇主及其利益。但他们也寻求共同成长，并期望得到认可和回报)”可知，文章建议员工在现代工作场所应该通过强调个人成长和认可来对待忠诚。故选B。 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Both my parents worked for 30-plus years for their employers — they had lifelong careers at a single company. Growing up, they taught me the importance of “loyalty” and “commitment”.(我的父母都为他们的雇主工作了30多年——他们一生都在一家公司工作。从小到大，他们教会了我“忠诚”和“承诺”的重要性。)”，第二段第一句“But in a rapidly changing world, the concept of a job for life has become as rare as a dial-up internet connection.(但在一个瞬息万变的世界里，终身工作的概念已经变得像拨号上网一样罕见)”和最后一段“Career paths are now a kaleidoscope (万花筒) of experiences and opportunities. Instead of a career identity being about a company brand, it is about skills, experiences and the meaningfulness of the work. This transformation means career decision-making is more intricate, considering personal aspirations, market trends and family considerations.(职业道路现在是一个千变万化的经历和机会。职业身份不是关于公司品牌，而是关于技能、经验和工作的意义。这种转变意味着职业决策更加复杂，需要考虑个人抱负、市场趋势和家庭因素)”可知，文章主要是讲随着时代的发展，终身工作的概念已经过时，我们应该更加重视个人成长和认同，适应现在千变万化的职业道路。故选A。 （2023年1月·上海高考真题） 外刊来源： To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【答案】63-66CABD 【导读】文章主要大意：本文主要介绍了地质学家通过研究化石来确定地层岩石的年代，并解释了化石在确定地球历史发展和时间上的重要作用。文章还指出了恐龙只是地球上生物化石中的一小部分，大部分化石是由动植物微观遗骸和贝壳类动物组成。最后，文章提到了早期地质学家通过化石研究地层岩石和制作地质图的重要贡献。 【解析】 63.C【解析]根据文章第一段第一句To tell the age of most layered rocks,scientists study the fossils these rocks contain.可知，此处句意为:“为了告诉大多数层状岩石的年龄，科学家们研究了这些岩石所包含的化石”，即科学家研究层状岩石的目的是研究其年龄，换言之就是在研究层状岩石的存在时间，故选C。 64.A【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句The reasons for and the rapidity of their extinction are a matter of intense debate among scientists.可知，恐龙灭绝的原因和速度是科学家们激烈争论的问题，换言之，恐龙灭绝之谜至今仍然未有答案，A项表述正确:根据文章第二段第三句These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous.可知，恐龙在晚三叠世至晚白垩世的一百多万年间是地球上的主要动物，B项表述有误:根据文章第二段倒数第二句By around 65 million years ago all dinosaurs were extinct.可知，大约到了6500万年前，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，C项表述有误:根据第二段第一句The word“fossil”makes many people think of dinosaurs.以及下文相关内容可推知，恐龙和化石之间存在一定关联，D项表述有误。故选A。 65.B【解析】根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils.可知，威廉·史密斯经常可以通过检查被山坡岩石侵蚀的化石或者挖一个小洞寻找化石来判断地表以下可能有什么样的岩石，结合选项分析，B项表述正确，故选B。 66.D【解析]根据文章标题以及整篇文章讲述的相关内容可知，本文讲述的内容与与“化石和岩石”相关，再根据相关选项分析，可以排除A项和C项，而B项是文章所举的一个相对典型的例子，相比之下D项表述符合文章讲述的内容，故选 D。 （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 【答案】63-66 DADB 【导读】本文主要介绍了商业创新的概念和过程。商业创新是指组织引入新的想法、工作流程、方法、服务或产品的过程，其目的是创造价值，包括创造新的收入机会、提高效率、提高生产力或者性能等，从而实现核心业务目标和倡议。商业创新应该使整个组织都能够实现目标，并且可以带来竞争优势。商业创新与发明密切相关，但这两个术语并不完全等同。商业创新分为革命性和进化性，前者对产品、服务、流程等进行彻底改变，后者则是通过小步迭代来实现改进。商业创新既有好处又有风险，组织必须衡量风险并权衡收益。 【详解】 63.D【解析】结合语境以及该词之后的并列词语 feasibility and desirability可推知此处表述的是关于“领导者对于头脑风暴所提创意可行性的考虑”，其中 viability有“生存能力，耐用性 可行性”之意，结合选项分析，Practicability一词也有“实用性，可行性“之意，而 Persuasive 意为“有说服力的，劝诱的”，Scarcity意为“树缺的”，Generality意为“概括性的”，故选D。 64.A【解析】根据文章第二段第一句提及的 The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization可知，商业创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值，再结合下文对这种价值的具体讲述，可知A项的“为企业创造价值效益”表述正确，故选A。 65 D【解析】根据第三段内容可知，该段主要在讲述创新和发明两者概念的不同之处，再结合该段最后一句所举的“电话与智能手机”的相关例子,可推知A项表述错误:根据文章第三段第一句提及的 Innovation and invention are closely linked but the two terms are not interchangeable 可知，创新和发明紧密相连，但这两个术语不能互换，B项表述有误:C项文章未明确提及;结合文章第三段第三句提及的 The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope 可知，创新和发明的概念范围不同，D项表述正确，故选D。 66 B【解析】根据整篇文章内容分析，可知本文主要围绕 Business innovation词进行讲述，其中不仅提及了 Business innovation 一词的概念，还提出其改进的方向、实现目的以及相关的创新分类。除此以外，文章还对商业创新的积极影响和消极影响进行了简要概述。因此，结合选项分析，这篇文章讲述的主要内容是“业务创新需要考虑的因素”，即B项表述正确，故选B。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$