语法专题1：名词 核心考点精讲精练 讲义-2025届高考英语一轮复习

2025年高考英语一轮复习 专题1：名词 核心考点精讲精练（原卷版） 【考点梳理】 一、概念：表示人、事、 物、地点或抽象概念的统一名称。 名词分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，单数名词表示一个可数事物，复数名词表示两个或两个以上的可数事物 二、分类 英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类： 专有名词是人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称 包括：人名、地名、国家名、机构名、书名、电影名等。 ①表示人名的名词 Jenny珍妮 Mr Green格林先生 ②表示国名，地名，山河，沙漠名的名词 China中国 the Great Wall长城 the UK英国 (其中虚词the不大写) ③表示特定机构的名词 National Basketball Association (NBA)全美篮球协会 Bank of China中国银行 World Trade Organization (WTO)世界贸易组织 ④表示星期,月份，节日的名词 Monday星期一Sunday星期日August八月October十月 Mother's Day母亲节 Christmas Day圣诞节 the Dragon Boat Festival端午节(其中虚词the不大写) ⑤表示报刊,著作的名词 New York Times纽约时报 Alice jin Wonderland爱丽丝梦游仙境 考点一 可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加－s students，teachers，doc tors，tables 以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加－es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s, 如stomachs） glasses，dishes，boxes，watches 以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加－es families，babies，armies，bodies 以元音字母＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys，pianos，photos 以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives 少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs 以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos 有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes 注意： ①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。 但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos (volcanoes)火山。 ②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves， 树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，须先将f或fe变为v再加-es变成复数， 即：树叶 leaf - leaves, 半数half--halves, 自己self—selves; 妻子 wife--wives, 刀knife -- knives, 长条面包loaf—loves; 架 shelf --shelves, 狼wolf --wolves, 小偷 thief—thieves; 生命life-lives。 相信证据在悬崖的顶房。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，直接在词尾加-s构成，即： 相信（belief -beliefs）；悬崖（cliff - cliffs）证据（proof - proofs）上顶房（即房顶、屋顶 roof - roofs） 码头侏儒围围巾，手绢复数变二心。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，以上两种情况均可，即：码头（wharf）侏儒（dwarf）围围巾（scarf），手绢（handkerchief）复数变二心（即以上两种情况均可。 ③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors (2)不规则变化 ①常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。 ②自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子→children　man男人→men　tooth牙→teeth　foot脚，英尺→feet　mouse老鼠→mice　phenomenon现象→phenomena　medium传播媒介→media 即时检测 1．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health (expert) are reaching back to an old approach. 2．（24-25高一上·全国·单元测试）Mickey is one of the most famous Disneyland cartoon （character）. 3．（24-25高一上·全国·单元测试）I can fluently speak different （dialect） of Chinese. 考点二 不可数名词具体化 (1) 通常只用作不可数名词的名词： advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。 (2)不可数名词具体化 ①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。 ②物质名词具体化 drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料　coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡　chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔　hair 头发→a hair 一根头发 ③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如： Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。 即时检测 4．（24-25高二上·全国·课堂例题）He decided to leave only after much (persuade). 5．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）The right choice, on the other hand, can offer the illusion of height and (slim). 考点三 名词所有格 (1)－’s所有格 ①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。 Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。 Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。 ②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室 (2)of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 the content of the novel小说的内容 the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字 (3)双重所有格 指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。 a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧) a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) 即时检测 6．（2024高三上·全国·专题练习）Owning a lovable, cuddly pet can unquestionably make one’s home life better and apparently, it can affect pet (owner) professional lives as well. 7．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）It is believed that (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. 考点四 名词的语法功能 1.作主语 The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。 His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。 2.作宾语 （1）作及物动词的直接宾语 I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。 Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？ （2）作及物动词的间接宾语。 I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。 She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。 （3）作介词的宾语。 After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。 Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？ 3.作表语 It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。 She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。 4.作宾语的补足语 They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词） The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。 5.作定语 （1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。 college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛 Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！ He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。 （2）名词所有格作定语。 students’ books学生用书 China’s capital中国的首都 the world’s population世界人口 （3）man，woman，gentleman作定语 man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。 He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。 There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。 （4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语 某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。 arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系 （5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。 Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部 （6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。 a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语) （7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。 women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机 girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友 mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头 （8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性 gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金) 6.作状语 时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。 The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里 Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。 即时检测： 8．（23-24高一上·全国·单元测试）Dark thoughts about your physical (appear) can hang over you all the time like a rain cloud. 9．（23-24高一上·全国·单元测试）Her doctor says she will make a full (recover) in a day or two. 10．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）All the (suffer) will pass and we should be positive about future. 【达标训练】 一、单句语法填空 1．She responded with a “Thank you” in (respond) to the stranger’s kindness. 2．To his , we were not at/by his achievements.(amaze) 3．Some are happy just to sit under the branches of the trees and enjoy the (beautiful) of the world around them. 4．The main (attract) of Beijing resides in its beautiful scenery. 5． (expert) say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. 6．A man’s life is , but there is no to serving the people. I will devote my life to the work of serving the people. (limit) 7．So far the has more than 20 books, most of which are well received by readers. (publish) 8．This new railway this area in many ways. It is to the people living in this area. For the of more people, we should build more railways. (benefit) 9．Mr Smith gave a (describe) of what he had seen in China. 10． (wise) is knowing what to do next. 11．Through all the (effort), the city began to breathe again. 12．Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer (injury). 13．The (compare) of her life to a sea voyage simplifies her experience. 14．The damage caused by the tsunami would make it difficult to deliver food and supplies to (survive)． 15．An once told me June 8th was named by the UN in 2009 as World Oceans Day.(official) 16．The doctors have set out their (argue) against the proposals. 17．It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and work. 18．There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late (eighty). 19． The junk floats around (hundred) of kilometers above the earth. Experts say the main worry is that such debris will hit a space station, satellite or other equipment. 20．I have to wash all the (plate) after meals. 二、语法填空 Red envelopes have played 21 important part in Chinese New Year for as long as anyone can remember. So what’s the story behind the red envelopes during Chinese New Year? One popular story 22 (date) back to the Qin Dynasty, when the elderly would thread coins onto a red string. This money 23 (call) yasui qian in Chinese, meaning “ money protecting oneself from evil spirits ” , and was believed to protect elder people from sickness and 24 (die). As the printing press became more common, the yasui qian was replaced 25 red envelopes. Another legend tells of a village 26 a demon (恶魔)would terrorize children at night. It was believed that the demon would touch the children’s heads while they were asleep, 27 (cause) serious illness. From there, a theory emerged that when they prayed, the god would send eight fairies to protect the child. The fairies would disguise(伪装) 28 (they) as eight coins and hide under the child’s pillow. When the demon got close, the coins would begin to shine very 29 (bright) , blinding the demon. Word began to spread and the villagers started giving red envelopes 30 (fill) with coins to each other to put under their pillows at night. As time passed, red envelopes became a way to bring good luck and prosperity to the receiver. 【能力提升】 阅读理解 A Catch Our Star Attractions! Bird Paradise Park2 Sunbird Terrace Hills, Shenzhen 628628 Open daily from 9am-6pm Don’t miss the chance to see 5000 birds fly, swim and roam FREELY in their special habitats! Sunbird Loft   This 9-storey high enclosure offers a 360° view of lush greenery. Experience our friendly, colourful sunbirds eating right out of your hands! Splish Splash WaterfallAdmire this man-made waterfall with over 600 free-flying birds. Get up close to these beautiful birds as they flock to you to feed on their favourite food. Admission Price:Please donate whatever amount you wish. Bird ShowsTime: 10am, 1pm& 3pm Venue: Amphitheatre Watch the birds perform clever tricks! Shows are subject to weather conditions. Penguin WalkHome to nearly 100 penguins, this exhibit also includes a separate outdoor enclosure for the endangered African penguins. Breeding and Research LabGo behind the scenes to our bird nursery, where eggs and chicks receive expert care. See how we nurture our adorable birds! Here’s what our visitor, Mr Ahmed has to say... When I was little, my father, who loves nature, would often take me to Bird Paradise Park. We never missed the bird shows and were awed by the birds’ show-stop ping antics. I loved watching the interactive feeding sessions and learning more about the birds. Now that I’m a father myself. I make it a point to bring my family here. Though my sons do not share my passion for feeding the birds, they’re always thrilled by the bird shows. I’m glad that the park is starting a campaign on saving the Blue Parrots from extinction. This park is fully funded by the Tan Foundation—a community effort to educate the public about wildlife conservation. 1．Which of the following educates visitors about the life cycle of birds? A．Bird Shows. B．Sunbird Loft. C．Penguin Walk. D．Breeding and Research Lab. 2．What do Mr. Ahmed’s sons like to do in the bird park? A．Enjoy the waterfall. B．Save the parrots. C．Feed the birds. D．Watch bird shows. 3．What do we know about the bird park? A．Its admission price is not a fixed amount. B．It wants the public to feed rare blue parrots. C．It is a theme park built by the Tan Foundation. D．It raises funds from the sale of the bird shows. B Ms. McIntyre, 38, worked as a publisher. She suffered brain cancer and her health got worse despite some medical treatment. But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay. Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. The group can pay off medical bills for about 100 times less money than they cost. In other words, for every 100 donated, the group can pay off 10,000 in unpaid medical bills. Unfortunately, Ms. McIntyre passed away before long. Mr. Gregory posted a message for Ms. McIntyre on her social media accounts. “If you’re reading this, I have passed away,” the post began. Then the post explained, “To celebrate my life, I’ve arranged to buy up others’ medical debts and then destroy the debts.” The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. Mr. Gregory planned a special event in December to celebrate Ms. McIntyre’s life and to announce how many millions of dollars of medical debts her efforts had paid for. 4．Why did Ms. McIntyre feel luckier than some other people? A．The doctors eventually cured her. B．Her disease didn’t become worse. C．She had security about medical care. D．She had a decent job before being ill. 5．How did Ms. McIntyre and her husband help others? A．By paying for their daily debts. B．By giving away money to them. C．By purchasing medical insurance for them. D．By ridding them of debts from treatments. 6．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The couple’s anticipation. B．The public involvement. C．The operation of a website. D．The increase of medical debts. 7．Which of the following words can best describe Ms. McIntyre? A．Influential and understanding. B．Humorous and elegant. C．Cautious and promising. D．Enthusiastic and adaptable. C The Internet offers us an opportunity to know more people (without actually needing to “know them”), with very little effort. But are online friendships the same as in-real-life (IRL) friendships? How people see online friendships and IRL friendships depends on their age. While digital immigrants (such as I) support scientist John Suler’s belief that people “separate their online lives from their offline lives”, the digital natives growing with Facebook and Instagram find differences between online and offline friendships more unclear. The Pew Research Center (PRC) finds that 57% of American teens make new friends online. But, it also finds that most “digital friendships” stay in the digital space with only 20% of teens having met an online friend in person. It seems that real-time friendships are considered more valuable than digital friendships even among the digital natives. Best friends meet most often at schools and homes, although online meetings come a close third. The reason why online friendships are placed below IRL friendships is the absence of physical intimacy (亲密). So, is the Internet bad for relationships? Obviously not. But for the net, I could have never kept in touch with or met my high school friend after a quarter of a century. But even if there is no physical separation, the digital native seems to find online interactions with real-life friends beneficial. 83% of teen social media users believe that social media makes them feel more connected to their friends’ lives. 78% of online gaming teens (mostly boys) feel more connected to existing friends with whom they play games. However, online interactions can have an adverse effect on existing relationships. 68% of teen social media users report having experienced unpleasant feelings toward their friends on social media and 26% of all teens have had an argument with a friend over something that happened online or over text messages. The Internet is undoubtedly an invaluable link between people separated by distance. But this link must be based on intimacy and familiarity and a balance of online and offline interactions will pave the way for better relationships in the world. 8．Which of the following may digital natives agree with? A．Online friendships are long-lasting. B．Online friendships just remain digital. C．Online friendships clearly differ from IRL ones. D．Online friendships are less valuable than IRL ones. 9．What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A．Why many teens choose online friendships. B．How real-life friends make online interactions. C．The influence of online interactions on teens’ lives. D．The benefits of online interactions to IRL friendships. 10．What does the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Lasting. B．Harmful. C．Decisive. D．Noticeable. 11．What opinion does the author express in the last paragraph? A．The Internet is good for people’s relationships. B．Good relationships don’t exist without intimacy. C．It is good to balance online and offline communication. D．Honesty matters to both online and offline communication. D In some parts of the world people are likely to plan for the future, while in others people are more likely to live in the moment. In some societies people prefer more personal space; in others they are comfortable being in close quarters in public. There are a number of theories about where cultural differences between societies come from. In a growing number of cases, researchers have found that human culture an be shaped by key features of the environments in which people live. Ecology includes basic physical and social characteristics of the environment—such factors as how rich a place is in resources, how common infectious (传染性的) diseases are, how heavily populated a place is, and how much threat there is to human safety. Variables like temperature and the availability of water can be key ecological features. For over 200 societies, our lab at Arizona State University gathered comprehensive data on nine key features of ecology— such as rainfall, temperature, infectious disease and natural resources —and dozens of aspects of human cultural variation— including values, strength of social norms (社会规范), personality, motivation and institutional characteristics. With this information, we created the EcoCultural Dataset. Using this dataset, we were able to generate a range of estimates for just how much of human cultural variation can explained by ecology. We ran a series of statistical models looking at the relationship between our ecological variables and each of the 66 cultural outcomes we tracked. For each of the cultural outcomes, we calculated the average amount of the cultural diversity across societies that was explained by this combination of nine different ecological factors. We found that nearly 20% of cultural variation was explained by the combination of these ecological features. Importantly, our statistical estimates take into account common issues in cross-cultural research. There will likely be unmeasured similarities between societies with shared historical roots and traditions. Ecology isn’t the only reason people around the world think and behave differently. But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures. 12．Which best explains why people are comfortable being in close quarters in public? A．They are friendly to each other. B．They like staying in public places. C．They enjoy spending time with others. D．They live in a place with cold temperatures. 13．What do we know about the EcoCultural Dataset? A．It’s a combination of humans and nature. B．It’s a combination of ecology and culture C．It’s a comparison between theory and practice. D．It’s a comparison between ecology and culture. 14．What did the author's lab want to find out? A．Where cultural differences come from. B．Whether ecological features affect culture. C．How strong the ecology-culture connection is. D．Why cultural differences between societies exist. 15．What is the conclusion of the author’s study? A．Shared traditions lead to cultural similarities. B．There are cultural differences between societies. C．Cultures are shaped by the environments people live in. D．Cultural differences partly come from ecological factors. 七选五 Imagine you buy a new shirt and do not intend to buy a new jacket. You were perfectly happy with it until you wore it with the new shirt. However, you imagine that the new shirt makes the old jacket look worn. Then you can’t help buy a new jacket or even more to better fit the shirt. 16 The simplest description of it is the scenario of buying something new and replacing our old possessions with items to match the new one, even if that means an empty bank account. 17 Become aware it is happening. Observe when you are being drawn into consumption not because you are in actual need of an item, but only because something new has been introduced. 18 A store may be having a great sale on a new outfit—but if the new outfit forces you to buy a new pair of shoes or handbag to match, it just became a more expensive purchase than originally assumed. Avoid unnecessary new purchases. Realize the Diderot Effect is a significant force and overcoming it is very difficult. You may avoid replacing those end tables at first, but eventually, at some point down the road, you are going to break down and buy new ones that better match the new couch. 19 But the best way to overcome the Diderot Effect is to never allow it to overpower you in the first place. Remind yourself that possessions do not define you. 20 Your possessions do not define you or your success—no matter what marketers will try to tell you. A．Analyze and predict the full cost of future purchases. B．Buy things for their usefulness rather than their status. C．We actually can employ this mind trick in the following ways. D．The true abundance of life is not found in the things that you own. E．Then how can we resist this pattern of unnecessary consumerism? F．The phenomenon can be owed to the so-called “Diderot Effect”. G．There are times when we have a proper need to buy new things, admittedly. ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年高考英语一轮复习 专题1：名词 核心考点精讲精练（解析版） 【考点梳理】 一、概念：表示人、事、 物、地点或抽象概念的统一名称。 名词分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，单数名词表示一个可数事物，复数名词表示两个或两个以上的可数事物 二、分类 英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类： 专有名词是人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称 包括：人名、地名、国家名、机构名、书名、电影名等。 ①表示人名的名词 Jenny珍妮 Mr Green格林先生 ②表示国名，地名，山河，沙漠名的名词 China中国 the Great Wall长城 the UK英国 (其中虚词the不大写) ③表示特定机构的名词 National Basketball Association (NBA)全美篮球协会 Bank of China中国银行 World Trade Organization (WTO)世界贸易组织 ④表示星期,月份，节日的名词 Monday星期一Sunday星期日August八月October十月 Mother's Day母亲节 Christmas Day圣诞节 the Dragon Boat Festival端午节(其中虚词the不大写) ⑤表示报刊,著作的名词 New York Times纽约时报 Alice jin Wonderland爱丽丝梦游仙境 考点一 可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加－s students，teachers，doc tors，tables 以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加－es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s, 如stomachs） glasses，dishes，boxes，watches 以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加－es families，babies，armies，bodies 以元音字母＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys，pianos，photos 以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives 少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs 以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos 有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes 注意： ①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。 但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos (volcanoes)火山。 ②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves， 树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，须先将f或fe变为v再加-es变成复数， 即：树叶 leaf - leaves, 半数half--halves, 自己self—selves; 妻子 wife--wives, 刀knife -- knives, 长条面包loaf—loves; 架 shelf --shelves, 狼wolf --wolves, 小偷 thief—thieves; 生命life-lives。 相信证据在悬崖的顶房。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，直接在词尾加-s构成，即： 相信（belief -beliefs）；悬崖（cliff - cliffs）证据（proof - proofs）上顶房（即房顶、屋顶 roof - roofs） 码头侏儒围围巾，手绢复数变二心。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，以上两种情况均可，即：码头（wharf）侏儒（dwarf）围围巾（scarf），手绢（handkerchief）复数变二心（即以上两种情况均可。 ③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors (2)不规则变化 ①常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。 ②自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子→children　man男人→men　tooth牙→teeth　foot脚，英尺→feet　mouse老鼠→mice　phenomenon现象→phenomena　medium传播媒介→media 即时检测 1．（2024高三·全国·专题练习）So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health (expert) are reaching back to an old approach. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】experts 【详解】考查名词复数。句意：因此，为了改变这种明显的现代行为，立法者和公共卫生专家正在回归旧方法。expert“专家”，可数名词，此处和lawmakers并列作主语，使用名词复数形式，故填experts。 2．（24-25高一上·全国·单元测试）Mickey is one of the most famous Disneyland cartoon （character）. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】characters 【详解】考查名词复数形式。句意：米奇是迪斯尼乐园最著名的卡通人物之一。由空前one of the可知，此处为名词复数形式，表示“……的其中之一”。故填characters。 3．（24-25高一上·全国·单元测试）I can fluently speak different （dialect） of Chinese. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】dialects 【详解】考查名词复数形式。句意：我能流利地说汉语的不同方言。由空前 different可知，此处为名词复数形式。故填dialects。 考点二 不可数名词具体化 (1) 通常只用作不可数名词的名词： advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。 (2)不可数名词具体化 ①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。 ②物质名词具体化 drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料　coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡　chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔　hair 头发→a hair 一根头发 ③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如： Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。 即时检测 4．（24-25高二上·全国·课堂例题）He decided to leave only after much (persuade). (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】persuasion 【详解】考查名词。句意：经过多次劝说，他才决定离开。空处作after的宾语，空前有much修饰，persuade的名词形式persuasion“说服，劝服”符合题意，是不可数名词。故填persuasion。 5．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）The right choice, on the other hand, can offer the illusion of height and (slim). (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】slimness 【详解】考查名词。句意：另一方面，正确的选择可以给人一种身高和苗条的错觉。空处和名词height并列作of的宾语，应用名词slimness“苗条”，为不可数名词，故填slimness。 考点三 名词所有格 (1)－’s所有格 ①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。 Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。 Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。 ②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室 (2)of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 the content of the novel小说的内容 the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字 (3)双重所有格 指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。 a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧) a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) 即时检测 6．（2024高三上·全国·专题练习）Owning a lovable, cuddly pet can unquestionably make one’s home life better and apparently, it can affect pet (owner) professional lives as well. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】owners’ 【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：养一只可爱可爱的宠物无疑会让家庭生活更美好，显然，它也会影响宠物主人的职业生涯。owner意为“主人”，和professional lives构成所属关系，应用所有格形式。故填owners’。 7．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）It is believed that (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】today’s 【详解】考查名词所有格。句意：据信，如今的儿童和青少年摄入的糖是建议摄入量的三倍，这使他们患糖尿病的风险更高。根据句意以及空后名词children名词可知，此处为名词所有格形式today’s，作定语。故填today’s。 考点四 名词的语法功能 1.作主语 The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。 His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。 2.作宾语 （1）作及物动词的直接宾语 I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。 Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？ （2）作及物动词的间接宾语。 I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。 She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。 （3）作介词的宾语。 After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。 Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？ 3.作表语 It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。 She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。 4.作宾语的补足语 They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词） The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。 5.作定语 （1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。 college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛 Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！ He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。 （2）名词所有格作定语。 students’ books学生用书 China’s capital中国的首都 the world’s population世界人口 （3）man，woman，gentleman作定语 man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。 He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。 There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。 （4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语 某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。 arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系 （5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。 Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部 （6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。 a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语) （7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。 women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机 girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友 mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头 （8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性 gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金) 6.作状语 时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。 The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里 Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。 即时检测： 8．（23-24高一上·全国·单元测试）Dark thoughts about your physical (appear) can hang over you all the time like a rain cloud. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】appearance 【详解】考查名词。句意：关于你外表的负面想法会像一片雨云一样一直笼罩着你。此处应用名词appearance作宾语，此处指你的外表，为单数意义，故填appearance。 9．（23-24高一上·全国·单元测试）Her doctor says she will make a full (recover) in a day or two. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】recovery 【详解】考查名词。句意：她的医生说她将在一两天内完全康复。空处用于不定冠词a和形容词full之后，应用名词recovery，作动词make的宾语。故填recovery。 10．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）All the (suffer) will pass and we should be positive about future. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】suffering(s) 【详解】考查名词。句意：所有的痛苦都会过去，我们应该对未来持积极态度。作主语，应用名词suffering，可用单数可用复数。故填sufferings/suffering。 【达标训练】 一、单句语法填空 1．She responded with a “Thank you” in (respond) to the stranger’s kindness. 【答案】response 【详解】考查名词。句意：作为对陌生人好意的回应，她说了句“谢谢”。空格处用名词作宾语，respond的名词是response，意为“回应”，是不可数名词，in response to意为“作为对……的回应”，因此空格处是response。故填response。 2．To his , we were not at/by his achievements.(amaze) 【答案】 amazement amazed amazing 【详解】考查名词和形容词。句意：令他吃惊的是，我们对他惊人的成就并不感到惊奇。to one’s amazement是固定短语，意为“令某人惊奇的是”；提示词在第2空处作表语，表明主语we的心理状态，用-ed形容词amazed，意为“惊奇的，惊讶的”；在第3空处作定语，修饰名词achievements，表示其属性，用-ing形容词amazing，意为“惊人的，令人诧异的”。故填amazement；amazed；amazing。 3．Some are happy just to sit under the branches of the trees and enjoy the (beautiful) of the world around them. 【答案】beauty 【详解】考查名词。句意：有些人只是很高兴坐在树枝下，享受周围世界的美丽。本空应将形容词beautiful转换为名词beauty“美丽”，作enjoy的宾语。故填beauty。 4．The main (attract) of Beijing resides in its beautiful scenery. 【答案】attraction 【详解】考查名词。句意：北京最吸引人的地方在于它的美丽风景。作主语，应用名词attraction，根据后文resides可知为单数。故填attraction。 5． (expert) say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. 【答案】Experts 【详解】考查名词的数。句意：专家表示，这是一项非常有价值的社会实践，能带来巨大的利益。此处应用名词expert作主语，表示“专家”，为可数名词。句子用的是一般现在时，由谓语动词say可知，主语应是复数，单词位于句首，首字母大写。故填Experts。 6．A man’s life is , but there is no to serving the people. I will devote my life to the work of serving the people. (limit) 【答案】 limited limit limited limitless 【详解】考查形容词、名词。句意：人的生命是有限的，但是为人民服务是没有限制的。我将把我的一生奉献给为人民服务这一无限的工作中去。①空用形容词limited“有限的”，作表语。②空用名词limit“限制”，作主语。③空用形容词limited“有限的”，修饰名词life，作前置定语。④空用形容词limitless“无限制的”，修饰名词work，作前置定语。故填①limited；②limit；③limited；④limitless。 7．So far the has more than 20 books, most of which are well received by readers. (publish) 【答案】 publisher published 【详解】考查名词和动词时态。句意：到目前为止，出版商已经出版了20多本书，其中大部分受到了读者的好评。第一空用于定冠词the之后，应用名词形式publisher，表示“出版商”，作句子主语，第二空作主句谓语，应用动词形式publish，使用过去分词形式，与空前的has构成现在完成时，符合题意。故填①publisher，②published。 8．This new railway this area in many ways. It is to the people living in this area. For the of more people, we should build more railways. (benefit) 【答案】 benefits beneficial benefit 【详解】考查动词、形容词和名词。句意：这条新铁路在很多方面都有利于这个地区。这对居住在这个地区的人们是有益的。为了更多人的利益，我们应该修建更多的铁路。第一空作句子谓语，应用动词形式benefit，根据后句中is可知，句子描述现在的情况，应用一般现在时，主语This new railway是单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式benefits；第二空作句子表语，应用形容词形式beneficial，be beneficial to表示“对……有益处”；第三空用于定冠词the之后，应用名词形式benefit，作介词for的宾语。故填①benefits，②beneficial，③benefit。 9．Mr Smith gave a (describe) of what he had seen in China. 【答案】description 【详解】考查名词。句意：史密斯先生描述了他在中国所看到的情况。根据上文不定冠词，可知应填名词description，作宾语。故填description。 10． (wise) is knowing what to do next. 【答案】Wisdom 【详解】考查名词。句意：智慧就是知道接下来该做什么。空处需要名词作主语。wise的名词形式为wisdom“智慧”。该名词位于句首，首字母大写。故填Wisdom。 11．Through all the (effort), the city began to breathe again. 【答案】efforts 【详解】考查名词。句意：经过所有的努力，这座城市又开始复苏了。effort为名词“努力”，该名词可数。根据空前的all可知，空处需要该名词的复数形式。故填efforts。 12．Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer (injury). 【答案】injuries 【详解】考查名词复数。句意：研究表明，竞走与跑步有许多健身益处，同时最有可能减少受伤。此处作宾语，应用名词，fewer后面应用可数名词复数形式，即injuries。故填injuries。 13．The (compare) of her life to a sea voyage simplifies her experience. 【答案】comparison 【详解】考查名词。句意：把她的生活比作一次航海简化了她的经历。由空前The定冠词可知，此处为名词形式，和of后的名词形成所属关系，作句子的主语成分。故填comparison。 14．The damage caused by the tsunami would make it difficult to deliver food and supplies to (survive)． 【答案】survivors 【详解】考查名词。句意：海啸造成的破坏将使向幸存者运送食物和物资变得困难。分析句子可知，此空应填名词作介词后宾语，survivor表“幸存者”，为可数名词，符合句意。且这里指不止一个幸存者，所以应用复数形式。故填survivors。 15．An once told me June 8th was named by the UN in 2009 as World Oceans Day.(official) 【答案】 official officially 【详解】考查名词和副词。句意：一位官员曾告诉我，2009年6月8日被联合国正式命名为世界海洋日。第一空，不定冠词an修饰单数可数名词，空处需填名词official，作主语；第二空，修饰动词named，需用副词officially，作状语。故填①official；②officially。 16．The doctors have set out their (argue) against the proposals. 【答案】arguments 【详解】考查名词。句意：医生们提出了反对这些建议的理由。作宾语，应用名词argument，表示“理由”，为可数名词，根据后文proposals可知，名词应用复数形式表示不止一个。故填arguments。 17．It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and work. 【答案】 crowds from 【详解】考查名词复数、固定短语。句意：它的长度不到 7 公里，使人们在上下班时能够避开上面道路上可怕的人群。第一空，crowd含义为“人群”，是可数名词，此处表示泛指，且前无冠词，要用复数形式 crowds。第二空，travel to and from work是固定短语，表示“上下班”，故填 from。故填crowds；from。 18．There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late (eighty). 【答案】eighties 【详解】考查名词复数和固定短语。句意：在那里，我遇到了一位名叫库里安的八十多岁的老先生。in one’s eighties意为“在某人八十多岁的时候”，固定搭配。故填eighties。 19． The junk floats around (hundred) of kilometers above the earth. Experts say the main worry is that such debris will hit a space station, satellite or other equipment. 【答案】hundreds 【详解】考查名词复数。句意：这些垃圾漂浮在地球上空数百公里处。专家表示，主要担心的是这些碎片会撞击空间站、卫星或其他设备。由句意及空后处of kilometers 可知应填名词复数hundreds，hundreds of意为“数百；几百”，故填hundreds。 20．I have to wash all the (plate) after meals. 【答案】plates 【详解】考查名词。句意：我要在饭后洗所有的盘子。可数名词plate作宾语，有形容词all(所有的，全部)修饰，用复数形式。故填plates。 二、语法填空 Red envelopes have played 21 important part in Chinese New Year for as long as anyone can remember. So what’s the story behind the red envelopes during Chinese New Year? One popular story 22 (date) back to the Qin Dynasty, when the elderly would thread coins onto a red string. This money 23 (call) yasui qian in Chinese, meaning “ money protecting oneself from evil spirits ” , and was believed to protect elder people from sickness and 24 (die). As the printing press became more common, the yasui qian was replaced 25 red envelopes. Another legend tells of a village 26 a demon (恶魔)would terrorize children at night. It was believed that the demon would touch the children’s heads while they were asleep, 27 (cause) serious illness. From there, a theory emerged that when they prayed, the god would send eight fairies to protect the child. The fairies would disguise(伪装) 28 (they) as eight coins and hide under the child’s pillow. When the demon got close, the coins would begin to shine very 29 (bright) , blinding the demon. Word began to spread and the villagers started giving red envelopes 30 (fill) with coins to each other to put under their pillows at night. As time passed, red envelopes became a way to bring good luck and prosperity to the receiver. 【答案】21．an 22．dates 23．was called 24．death 25．with 26．where 27．causing 28．themselves 29．brightly 30．filled 【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了红包的来历。 21．考查冠词。part是可数名词单数形式，且important 的发音以元音音素开头，play an important part in... 意为“在……中发挥重要作用”。故填an。 22．考查时态。date back to意为“始于(某时期)，追溯到……年代”，根据上下文可知，该短语常用一般现在时,没有被动语态和进行时。故填dates。 23．考查时态和语态。根据下文中的 “ and was believed o protect elder people ”可知，空处应用一般过去时；This money和call之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。故填was called。 24．考查名词。根据空前的名词sickness和and可知，death与名词sickness是并列的关系，应填名词形式。故填death。 25．考查介词。此处为“replace A with B ”结构的被动形式，意为“用B替换A”。故填with。 26．考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词 a village，它是表示地点的名词，且定语从句中缺少地点状语，所以要且关系副词引导该从句，故填 where。 27．考查非谓语动词。句意：人们相信恶魔会在孩子们睡着的时候摸他们的头，结果引起严重的疾病。根据语境可知，此处是表示顺理成章的结果，应用动词-ing形式作结果状语。故填causing。 28．考查代词。此处指仙女们把自己伪装成八个硬币。当主语和宾语是同一个人或物时，宾语要用其反身代词作宾语。故填themselves。 29．考查副词。根据空前的动词shine和very可知,此处应用副词brightly修饰动词shine。故填brightly。 30．考查非谓语动词。red envelopes与fill之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，意思是“被装满了硬币的信封”，所以应用动词-ed形式作后置定语。故填filled。 【能力提升】 阅读理解 A Catch Our Star Attractions! Bird Paradise Park2 Sunbird Terrace Hills, Shenzhen 628628 Open daily from 9am-6pm Don’t miss the chance to see 5000 birds fly, swim and roam FREELY in their special habitats! Sunbird Loft   This 9-storey high enclosure offers a 360° view of lush greenery. Experience our friendly, colourful sunbirds eating right out of your hands! Splish Splash WaterfallAdmire this man-made waterfall with over 600 free-flying birds. Get up close to these beautiful birds as they flock to you to feed on their favourite food. Admission Price:Please donate whatever amount you wish. Bird ShowsTime: 10am, 1pm& 3pm Venue: Amphitheatre Watch the birds perform clever tricks! Shows are subject to weather conditions. Penguin WalkHome to nearly 100 penguins, this exhibit also includes a separate outdoor enclosure for the endangered African penguins. Breeding and Research LabGo behind the scenes to our bird nursery, where eggs and chicks receive expert care. See how we nurture our adorable birds! Here’s what our visitor, Mr Ahmed has to say... When I was little, my father, who loves nature, would often take me to Bird Paradise Park. We never missed the bird shows and were awed by the birds’ show-stop ping antics. I loved watching the interactive feeding sessions and learning more about the birds. Now that I’m a father myself. I make it a point to bring my family here. Though my sons do not share my passion for feeding the birds, they’re always thrilled by the bird shows. I’m glad that the park is starting a campaign on saving the Blue Parrots from extinction. This park is fully funded by the Tan Foundation—a community effort to educate the public about wildlife conservation. 1．Which of the following educates visitors about the life cycle of birds? A．Bird Shows. B．Sunbird Loft. C．Penguin Walk. D．Breeding and Research Lab. 2．What do Mr. Ahmed’s sons like to do in the bird park? A．Enjoy the waterfall. B．Save the parrots. C．Feed the birds. D．Watch bird shows. 3．What do we know about the bird park? A．Its admission price is not a fixed amount. B．It wants the public to feed rare blue parrots. C．It is a theme park built by the Tan Foundation. D．It raises funds from the sale of the bird shows. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了鸟类天堂公园的一些看点及参观信息。 1．细节理解题。根据Breeding and Research Lab部分“Go behind the scenes to our bird nursery, where eggs and chicks receive expert care. See how we nurture our adorable birds!”（到幕后参观我们的鸟类保育室，在那里鸟蛋和雏鸟得到专家的照顾。看看我们是如何养育我们可爱的小鸟的!）可知，在培育和研究实验室可以看到小鸟是如何成长的，即鸟类的生命周期。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据Here’s what our visitor, Mr Ahmed has to say...部分“Though my sons do not share my passion for feeding the birds, they’re always thrilled by the bird shows.”（虽然我的儿子们不像我那样热衷于喂鸟，但他们总是对鸟类表演感到兴奋。）可知，Mr. Ahmed的儿子们喜欢看鸟类表演。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据Admission Price部分“Please donate whateveramount you wish.”（你愿意捐多少就捐多少。）可知，它的入场费完全看个人意愿，不是固定的。故选A项。 B Ms. McIntyre, 38, worked as a publisher. She suffered brain cancer and her health got worse despite some medical treatment. But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay. Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. The group can pay off medical bills for about 100 times less money than they cost. In other words, for every 100 donated, the group can pay off 10,000 in unpaid medical bills. Unfortunately, Ms. McIntyre passed away before long. Mr. Gregory posted a message for Ms. McIntyre on her social media accounts. “If you’re reading this, I have passed away,” the post began. Then the post explained, “To celebrate my life, I’ve arranged to buy up others’ medical debts and then destroy the debts.” The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. Mr. Gregory planned a special event in December to celebrate Ms. McIntyre’s life and to announce how many millions of dollars of medical debts her efforts had paid for. 4．Why did Ms. McIntyre feel luckier than some other people? A．The doctors eventually cured her. B．Her disease didn’t become worse. C．She had security about medical care. D．She had a decent job before being ill. 5．How did Ms. McIntyre and her husband help others? A．By paying for their daily debts. B．By giving away money to them. C．By purchasing medical insurance for them. D．By ridding them of debts from treatments. 6．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The couple’s anticipation. B．The public involvement. C．The operation of a website. D．The increase of medical debts. 7．Which of the following words can best describe Ms. McIntyre? A．Influential and understanding. B．Humorous and elegant. C．Cautious and promising. D．Enthusiastic and adaptable. 【答案】4．C 5．D 6．B 7．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了身患绝症的出版商McIntyre女士与其丈夫捐赠善款，通过RIP医疗债务组织帮助他人清偿巨额医疗账单的故事。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“But she realized that in a way, she was luckier than some other people. She had insurance to help pay for her medical care. (但她意识到，在某种程度上，她比其他人幸运。她有保险来帮助支付医疗费用)”可知，麦金太尔女士觉得自己比其他人幸运，这是因为她有医疗保险帮助支付医疗费用，她有医疗保障。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Though her health was failing, Ms. McIntyre decided to help pay off the medical debts of as many people as she possibly could. The couple began donating money to a group called RIP Medical Debt, which is committed to working to pay off the unpaid medical debts of others. (尽管她的健康状况正在恶化，麦金太尔女士还是决定尽可能多地帮助人们偿还医疗债务。这对夫妇开始向一个名为RIP医疗债务的组织捐款，该组织致力于偿还他人未付的医疗债务)”可知，麦金太尔女士和她的丈夫通过偿还他人未付的医疗债务帮助别人。故选D。 6．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000. Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. (这对夫妇在一个网站上设立了一个页面，为此目的筹集资金。他们原本希望筹集约2万美元。尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，本段主要介绍了公众参与筹集资金，即公众参与。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段“But Ms. McIntyre and her husband, Mr. Gregory, knew that many people with cancer face tough decisions because of the costs of medical care and wind up owing far more than they can pay. (但麦金太尔女士和她的丈夫格雷戈里先生知道，许多癌症患者由于医疗费用而面临艰难的决定，最终欠款远远超过他们的承受能力)”可知，麦金太尔女士能够理解他人的处境，根据第四段“Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts. (尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，麦金太尔女士很有影响力，由此可知，麦金太尔女士有影响力和理解他人的。故选A。 C The Internet offers us an opportunity to know more people (without actually needing to “know them”), with very little effort. But are online friendships the same as in-real-life (IRL) friendships? How people see online friendships and IRL friendships depends on their age. While digital immigrants (such as I) support scientist John Suler’s belief that people “separate their online lives from their offline lives”, the digital natives growing with Facebook and Instagram find differences between online and offline friendships more unclear. The Pew Research Center (PRC) finds that 57% of American teens make new friends online. But, it also finds that most “digital friendships” stay in the digital space with only 20% of teens having met an online friend in person. It seems that real-time friendships are considered more valuable than digital friendships even among the digital natives. Best friends meet most often at schools and homes, although online meetings come a close third. The reason why online friendships are placed below IRL friendships is the absence of physical intimacy (亲密). So, is the Internet bad for relationships? Obviously not. But for the net, I could have never kept in touch with or met my high school friend after a quarter of a century. But even if there is no physical separation, the digital native seems to find online interactions with real-life friends beneficial. 83% of teen social media users believe that social media makes them feel more connected to their friends’ lives. 78% of online gaming teens (mostly boys) feel more connected to existing friends with whom they play games. However, online interactions can have an adverse effect on existing relationships. 68% of teen social media users report having experienced unpleasant feelings toward their friends on social media and 26% of all teens have had an argument with a friend over something that happened online or over text messages. The Internet is undoubtedly an invaluable link between people separated by distance. But this link must be based on intimacy and familiarity and a balance of online and offline interactions will pave the way for better relationships in the world. 8．Which of the following may digital natives agree with? A．Online friendships are long-lasting. B．Online friendships just remain digital. C．Online friendships clearly differ from IRL ones. D．Online friendships are less valuable than IRL ones. 9．What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A．Why many teens choose online friendships. B．How real-life friends make online interactions. C．The influence of online interactions on teens’ lives. D．The benefits of online interactions to IRL friendships. 10．What does the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Lasting. B．Harmful. C．Decisive. D．Noticeable. 11．What opinion does the author express in the last paragraph? A．The Internet is good for people’s relationships. B．Good relationships don’t exist without intimacy. C．It is good to balance online and offline communication. D．Honesty matters to both online and offline communication. 【答案】8．D 9．D 10．B 11．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了在线友谊与现实生活中的友谊之间的区别和联系，以及互联网对人际关系的影响。 8．细节理解题。根据第三段“It seems that real-time friendships are considered more valuable than digital friendships even among the digital natives.(只有20%的青少年见过网友。即使在数字原住民中，实时友谊似乎也被认为比数字友谊更有价值。)”可知，数字原住民也认为实时友谊（IRL友谊）比数字友谊更有价值。故选D。 9．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“So, is the Internet bad for relationships? Obviously not. But for the net, I could have never kept in touch with or met my high school friend after a quarter of a century. But even if there is no physical separation, the digital native seems to find online interactions with real-life friends beneficial. 83% of teen social media users believe that social media makes them feel more connected to their friends’ lives. 78% of online gaming teens (mostly boys) feel more connected to existing friends with whom they play games.(那么，网络对人际关系有害吗？显然不是。如果没有网络，我可能永远不会和我的高中朋友保持联系，或者在四分之一个世纪后见到他们。但是，即使没有物理隔离，数字原生代似乎也会发现与现实生活中的朋友进行在线互动是有益的。83%的青少年社交媒体用户认为，社交媒体让他们感觉与朋友的生活联系得更紧密。78%的在线游戏青少年(主要是男孩)觉得与他们一起玩游戏的现有朋友更有联系。)”可知，本段主要讲述了网络对人际关系的积极影响。故选D。 10．词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文“68% of teen social media users report having experienced unpleasant feelings toward their friends on social media and 26% of all teens have had an argument with a friend over something that happened online or over text messages.(68%的青少年社交媒体用户报告说，他们在社交媒体上对朋友产生了不愉快的感觉，26%的青少年曾因为网上或短信上发生的事情与朋友发生过争吵。)”可推测，在线互动可能会对现有的关系产生不利影响。划线词adverse的意思为“不利的”。选项A“Lasting(持久的)”；选项B“Harmful (有害的)”；选项C“Decisive (果断的)”；选项D“Noticeable (显而易见的)”。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The Internet is undoubtedly an invaluable link between people separated by distance. But this link must be based on intimacy and familiarity and a balance of online and offline interactions will pave the way for better relationships in the world.(毫无疑问，互联网是连接相隔遥远的人们的宝贵纽带。但这种联系必须建立在亲密和熟悉的基础上，线上和线下互动的平衡将为世界上更好的关系铺平道路。)”可知，作者在最后首先强调了互联网作为人们之间无价联系的重要性，并说明这种联系必须建立在亲密和熟悉的基础上。最后，作者提出了一个解决方案，即平衡线上和线下的交流，以促进世界上更好的关系。所以作者在最后一段既强调了互联网在人际关系中的积极作用，又提出了实现更好关系的具体方法。故选C。 D In some parts of the world people are likely to plan for the future, while in others people are more likely to live in the moment. In some societies people prefer more personal space; in others they are comfortable being in close quarters in public. There are a number of theories about where cultural differences between societies come from. In a growing number of cases, researchers have found that human culture an be shaped by key features of the environments in which people live. Ecology includes basic physical and social characteristics of the environment—such factors as how rich a place is in resources, how common infectious (传染性的) diseases are, how heavily populated a place is, and how much threat there is to human safety. Variables like temperature and the availability of water can be key ecological features. For over 200 societies, our lab at Arizona State University gathered comprehensive data on nine key features of ecology— such as rainfall, temperature, infectious disease and natural resources —and dozens of aspects of human cultural variation— including values, strength of social norms (社会规范), personality, motivation and institutional characteristics. With this information, we created the EcoCultural Dataset. Using this dataset, we were able to generate a range of estimates for just how much of human cultural variation can explained by ecology. We ran a series of statistical models looking at the relationship between our ecological variables and each of the 66 cultural outcomes we tracked. For each of the cultural outcomes, we calculated the average amount of the cultural diversity across societies that was explained by this combination of nine different ecological factors. We found that nearly 20% of cultural variation was explained by the combination of these ecological features. Importantly, our statistical estimates take into account common issues in cross-cultural research. There will likely be unmeasured similarities between societies with shared historical roots and traditions. Ecology isn’t the only reason people around the world think and behave differently. But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures. 12．Which best explains why people are comfortable being in close quarters in public? A．They are friendly to each other. B．They like staying in public places. C．They enjoy spending time with others. D．They live in a place with cold temperatures. 13．What do we know about the EcoCultural Dataset? A．It’s a combination of humans and nature. B．It’s a combination of ecology and culture C．It’s a comparison between theory and practice. D．It’s a comparison between ecology and culture. 14．What did the author's lab want to find out? A．Where cultural differences come from. B．Whether ecological features affect culture. C．How strong the ecology-culture connection is. D．Why cultural differences between societies exist. 15．What is the conclusion of the author’s study? A．Shared traditions lead to cultural similarities. B．There are cultural differences between societies. C．Cultures are shaped by the environments people live in. D．Cultural differences partly come from ecological factors. 【答案】12．D 13．B 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了生态文化数据集表明了环境塑造了我们的文化。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段“Variables like temperature and the availability of water can be key ecological features.(温度和水的可用性等变量可能是关键的生态特征)”以及最后一段“But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures.(但我们的研究表明，至少在某种程度上，我们的环境塑造了我们的文化)”可知，生活在一个温度很低的地方最能解释为什么人们在公共场合会觉得近距离接触很舒服。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段“For over 200 societies, our lab at Arizona State University gathered comprehensive data on nine key features of ecology— such as rainfall, temperature, infectious disease and natural resources —and dozens of aspects of human cultural variation— including values, strength of social norms (社会规范), personality, motivation and institutional characteristics. With this information, we created the EcoCultural Dataset.(我们在亚利桑那州立大学的实验室收集了200多个社会的综合数据，涉及生态的九个关键特征——如降雨、温度、传染病和自然资源——以及人类文化差异的几十个方面——包括价值观、社会规范的强度、个性、动机和制度特征。有了这些信息，我们创建了生态文化数据集)”可知，生态文化数据集是生态和文化的结合。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段“Using this dataset, we were able to generate a range of estimates for just how much of human cultural variation can explained by ecology.(利用这个数据集，我们能够对人类文化差异有多少可以用生态学来解释产生一系列的估计)”可知，作者的实验室想知道生态与文化的联系有多强。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ecology isn’t the only reason people around the world think and behave differently. But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures.(生态并不是世界各地人们思维和行为不同的唯一原因。但我们的研究表明，至少在某种程度上，我们的环境塑造了我们的文化)”可知，作者的研究结论是文化差异部分来自生态因素。故选D。 七选五 Imagine you buy a new shirt and do not intend to buy a new jacket. You were perfectly happy with it until you wore it with the new shirt. However, you imagine that the new shirt makes the old jacket look worn. Then you can’t help buy a new jacket or even more to better fit the shirt. 16 The simplest description of it is the scenario of buying something new and replacing our old possessions with items to match the new one, even if that means an empty bank account. 17 Become aware it is happening. Observe when you are being drawn into consumption not because you are in actual need of an item, but only because something new has been introduced. 18 A store may be having a great sale on a new outfit—but if the new outfit forces you to buy a new pair of shoes or handbag to match, it just became a more expensive purchase than originally assumed. Avoid unnecessary new purchases. Realize the Diderot Effect is a significant force and overcoming it is very difficult. You may avoid replacing those end tables at first, but eventually, at some point down the road, you are going to break down and buy new ones that better match the new couch. 19 But the best way to overcome the Diderot Effect is to never allow it to overpower you in the first place. Remind yourself that possessions do not define you. 20 Your possessions do not define you or your success—no matter what marketers will try to tell you. A．Analyze and predict the full cost of future purchases. B．Buy things for their usefulness rather than their status. C．We actually can employ this mind trick in the following ways. D．The true abundance of life is not found in the things that you own. E．Then how can we resist this pattern of unnecessary consumerism? F．The phenomenon can be owed to the so-called “Diderot Effect”. G．There are times when we have a proper need to buy new things, admittedly. 【答案】16．F 17．E 18．A 19．G 20．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了如何抵制不必要的消费主义模式（狄德罗效应）。 16．根据上文“Imagine you buy a new shirt and do not intend to buy a new jacket. You were perfectly happy with it until you wore it with the new shirt. However, you imagine that the new shirt makes the old jacket look worn. Then you can’t help buy a new jacket or even more to better fit the shirt.”（假设你买了一件新衬衫，但不打算买一件新夹克。你本来对它很满意，直到你把它和新衬衫一起穿。然而，你想象新衬衫使旧夹克看起来很破旧。然后你会忍不住买一件新夹克，甚至更多的衣服来更好地搭配这件衬衫。）可知，选项总结上文的现象叫什么。故F选项“这种现象可以归因于所谓的“狄德罗效应”。”切题。故选F项。 17．根据上文“The simplest description of it is the scenario of buying something new and replacing our old possessions with items to match the new one, even if that means an empty bank account.”（最简单的描述就是买新东西，用新东西替换旧东西，即使这意味着银行账户空了。）可知，选项承接上文，总起下文的各个标题。故E选项“那么我们如何抵制这种不必要的消费主义模式呢?”切题。故选E项。 18．根据下文“A store may be having a great sale on a new outfit—but if the new outfit forces you to buy a new pair of shoes or handbag to match, it just became a more expensive purchase than originally assumed.”（一家商店的一套新衣服可能正在大减价，但如果这套新衣服迫使你去买一双新鞋或一个新手袋来搭配，那么它的购买成本就会比原先想象的要高。）可知，本段主要在说要考虑采购的全部成本。故A选项“分析和预测未来采购的全部成本。”为本段的标题。故选A项。 19．根据上文“You may avoid replacing those end tables at first, but eventually, at some point down the road, you are going to break down and buy new ones that better match the new couch.”（一开始你可能会避免更换那些茶几，但最终，在这条路上的某个时刻，你会让步，买一个更适合新沙发的新桌子。）根据下文“But the best way to overcome the Diderot Effect is to never allow it to overpower you in the first place.”（但克服狄德罗效应的最好方法是，从一开始就不要让它压倒你。）可知，选项承接上文说明需要买新东西的必然性且与下文为转折关系。故G项“不可否认，有时候我们确实需要买新东西。”切题。故选G项。 20．根据上文“Remind yourself that possessions do not define you.”（提醒自己，财产并不能定义你。）可知，选项承接上文进一步说明且与下文为并列关系。上下文话题一致。故D选项“生活的真正丰富不在于你拥有的东西。”切题。故选D项。 ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$