Unit 2 Basic Skills for Interpreting PPT(课件）《商务英语》（航空工业出版社）

Unit 2 Basic Skills for Interpreting Unit aims To help you get a clear understanding of the differences between Chinese and English in syntax, ways of expression, and logic in narration; 1 2 3 To help you master skills for interpreting, including public speaking, prediction, cross-cultural awareness, and translation methods; To help you improve cross-cultural communication awareness; 4 To encourage you to carry forward craftsmanship. 1 3 Warm up 1. How would you translate the underlined sentences as a translator? Please vote for your choice. (1) In this small town, almost everyone knew Mr. Smith ,the onetime boss of a prestigious company called Smith & Sons. A. 在这个小城里，几乎每个人都认识史密斯先生，他曾是一家享有盛誉的公司老板，公司名叫“史密斯父子”。 B. 这座小城里几乎人人都认识史密斯先生，他曾是著名公司“史密斯父子”的老板。 Warm up (2) It's necessary to guarantee women full equality of rights in social life as a whole. A. 有必要保障妇女充分平等的权利，在整个社会生活中都要保障这样的权利。 B. 在整个社会生活中保障妇女充分平等的权利是很有必要的。 Warm up 2. If you need to interpret the above sentences on the spot immediately, which version is also acceptable? Knowledge and skills input I. Comparison between Chinese and English Long and complicated sentences frequently appear in English, but in Chinese, it’s not the custom to include long attributives and adverbials, especially in oral speech or daily conversation. That’s why we need to rearrange sentence structure on the basis of a clear understanding of the source language structure and its meaning, and then adopt some skills to break away from the original structure so as to produce accurate and easy-to-understand interpretation which suits target language speakers’ habits. 1. Syntax and ways of expression 6 Knowledge and skills input 1. Syntax and ways of expression 英语：形合 hypotaxis （重主语、结构，显性逻辑衔接—多长句和长句） 汉语：意合 parataxis （重主题，结构较松散，隐性逻辑衔接—多单句、短句、无主句） I. Comparison between Chinese and English 7 Nothing inspired us more [1]// as we watched the breathtaking performances of the gymnasts [2]// than the final jump of Cheng Fei [3]// that put the Chinese girls on the champion’s stand[4]//. 当我们观看体操运动员扣人心弦的比赛表演时[2]//， 最鼓舞我们的莫过于程菲的最后一跳[1]+[3]//， 正是这一跳使中国队的女孩们登上了冠军领奖台[4]//。 Example Knowledge and skills input 2. Logic in reason and narration I. Comparison between Chinese and English In Chinese, key information does not appear till the end, whereas in English, central information usually comes the first followed by secondary information. In rendering these sentences, we have to take the difference of these two languages into consideration and make some adjustments to the sequence of the sentence. 9 在这个美丽的金秋时节[1]//， 我很高兴[2]//， 能在古老又充满现代活力的[3]// 中国古都南京[4]//， 迎来[5]// 参加“2019年中国东部论坛”的[6]// 各位嘉宾[7]//。 In this beautiful golden fall[1]//, I'm extremely happy[2]// to welcome[5]// the distinguished guest[7]// to China East Forum 2019[6]// in the ancient capital of China, Nanjing[4]//, an age-old and mysterious city full of dynamism of the modern era[3]//. Example Asia, a vast continent with a long history and increasing straegic importance, is one of the cradles of human civilization and has made brilliant contributions to human progress and scientific and cultural development. 亚洲是一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲。她是人类文明的摇篮之一，对人类文明的进步和科学文化的发展作出过辉煌的贡献。 Task 1 Read the following two groups of Chinese and English sentences and make a companion between their differences in syntax , logic in relation and narration. 西安为陕西省会，位于陕西省的中心，是我国中西部主要的工业、科技文化、教育和商业中心。全市辖七区六县，面积9998平方公里，人口670万。 Located in the heart of Shaanxi, Xi'an, the capital of the province, is a major center of industry, science, technology, culture, education and commerce in central and western China. The city, which covers an area of 9,988 square kilometers and has a population of 6.7 million, exercises jurisdiction over seven districts and six counties. II. Translation techniques(Micro skills) 1. Amplification 增译法 Adding some necessary words in order to make the meaning clear and correct. Lexical amplifications— adding words that are“omitted” in source sentences, while its meaning is expressed clearly through the context. Syntactic amplifications— adding the syntactic component omitted in the source sentences to complete the meaning. (1) Lexical amplification Example 1: Lily watched a horror movie with her roommate. 参考译文: 莉莉和她的室友看了一部恐怖电影。 Unlike in English, the form of a Chinese verb never changes, regardless of whether it is present, past, or future tense. Therefore, in E-C translation or interpreting, we add a time adverb or an aspect particle to indicate past, present, or future, such as “昨天, 此时此刻, 下周, 曾, 已经, 过, 了, 正在, 着，将, 就, 要, 会, 便” , etc. adding words which indicate tense 英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化，表达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时此刻、下周、２0年前等，还要借助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了／正在、着、／将、就、要、会、便”被用来表示过去／现在／将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 (1) Lexical Amplification Example 2： Unemployment is very serious due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 译文：由于新冠肺炎疫情失业现象非常严重。 译文：新冠肺炎疫情蔓延，导致失业现象（情况）非常严重。 Most English abstract nouns express abstract nature, state, degree, characteristics, action process, skills, etc. Therefore, in E-C translation or interpreting, we add “化”、“论”，“性”，“现象”，“态度” and category words to concertize the meaning. Adding concrete nouns after abstract nouns (1) Lexical Amplification Example 3: The advantages of the villa are bright, spacious and fashionable. 译文：这栋别墅有三大优点:明亮、宽敞、样式新颖。 我们不支持结婚大办宴席。 译文: We are against the tradition of giving lavish feasts at wedding. In both English and Chinese, the idiomatic use of summarizing words are different. Therefore, in E-C and C-E translation and interpreting, summarizing words are added to make the meaning clear. Adding summarizing words (1)Lexical Amplification Example 4: Flowers bloomed in the garden. 译文: 花园里开满了朵朵鲜花。 Unlike in English, the form of a Chinese noun never changes. Therefore, in E-C translation and interpreting, adding overlapping words, numerals or some other words is a good way to make the meaning clearer, which also has a rhetorical effect. Adding words which indicate the plural form Task 2 Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English. (1) The mountains were covered with snow. (2) Oxidation will make metals rusty. (3) China and US agreed to push forward full cooperation in the fields of finance and trade. (4) We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. （5）要提倡顾全大局。 Keys (1)The mountains were covered with snow. 参考译文：群山白雪皑皑。 (2) Oxidation will make metals rusty. 参考译文：氧化作用（氧化反应）会使金属生锈。 (3)China and US agreed to push forward full cooperation in the fields of finance and trade. 参考译文：中美双方同意全面推进金融和贸易的合作。 Keys (4) We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 参考译文：我们取得了一些成就，但还要防止自满情绪。 参考译文：满招损谦得益/谦必胜骄必败。 (5) 要提倡顾全大局。 参考译文：We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole into consideration. (2) Syntactic amplification Example 1: They talked of the weather, of movies, of journey—of everything but their academic performance. 参考译文: 他们谈到天气、谈到电影，谈到旅途——只是不谈学习成绩。 In English, omitting one or several words and phrases is commonly used to avoid repetition and redundancy. Therefore, in E-C translation and interpreting, adding the words omitted in the original text will make the Chinese clearer and more vivid. Adding the omitted part of the original text (2) Syntactic Amplification Example2: Chinese: 西北部地区地域辽阔，交通不发达，首要任务是修路。 English: Since the northwest region covers a vast area with poor transport facilities, our top priority is to build roads. On the one hand, connecting words are often used in English to indicate the logic between parts of a sentence or between sentences, while Chinese uses meaning and forms. Therefore, in C-E translation and interpreting, connecting words need to be added to make the meaning clearer. On the other hand, in some cases, there are no words expressing logical relations in the original English text, but the implicit logical relations can be judged based on the context. Under this circumstance, in E-C translation and interpreting, adding related connecting words is a good way to indicate the logical relations such as concession, assumption and cause and effect. Adding connecting words Task 3 Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English. (1) We won't retreat, we never have and never will. (2) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. (3) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. Keys (1) We won't retreat, we never have and never will. 参考译文：我们不后退，我们从未后退过，将来也绝不后退。 (2) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 参考译文: 从别人的失败中吸取教训要比从自己的失败中吸取教训更为明智。 (3) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. 参考译文：即使是最强大的人也不能改变自然法则。 2. Omission 省译法 As is in the case of C-E and E-C interpreting, though an interpreter is not supposed to subtract any meaning from the original, he or she often finds it desirable to leave out some words to ensure smooth rendition in the target language. As a matter of fact, one of the crucial techniques in SI is to leave out some words without any lessening or weakening of the meaning of the original, as indicated earlier. English, as a language of hypotaxis, combines different parts of the sentence by lots of functional words, such as connectives, prepositions, relative words, etc. However, as a language of parataxis, Chinese organizes sentence by word order, intonation and so on. Therefore, in interpreting from English to Chinese, the functional words in English are usually omitted, which can better reflect the characteristics of conciseness and explicitness of Chinese language. 2. Omission 省译法 e.g. China has greatly increased its overall strength. 中国极大地增强了它的综合国力。 中国综合国力大增。 2. Omission 省译法 汉译英时还会省略中文中一些重复的句子成分，减词不减意，以贴合目标语的表达习惯。 e.g. 为了推动中日贸易关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解日本，日本也需进一步了解中国。 参考译文：In order to promote the development of Sino- Japanese trading relationship, China needs to know about Japan better and vice versa. In order to promote the development of Sino- Japanese trading relationship, China and Japan need to get a better understanding of each other. / China and Japan need to know about each other better. Task 4 Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English. (1) 为了推动中日贸易关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解日本，日本也需进一步了解中国。 (2) 阅读锻炼人的眼睛，说话锻炼人的舌头，然而写作锻炼一个人的思维。 (3) 应用外语学院的新生报到人数，2018年为3112人，2019年为3400人，2020年为3698人，2021年为3704人。 (4) Don't put your hands in your pocket. (5) As it is late, you'd better go home. (6) I won't go if you are not going. Keys (1) 为了推动中日贸易关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解日本，日本也需进一步了解中国。 参考译文：In order to promote the development of Sino- Japanese trading relationship, China needs to know about Japan better and vice versa. 参考译文：In order to promote the development of Sino- Japanese trading relationship, China and Japan need to get a better understanding of each other. / China and Japan need to know about each other better. (2) 阅读锻炼人的眼睛，说话锻炼人的舌头，然而写作锻炼一个人的思维。 参考译文：Reading exercises one's eyes; speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's mind. Keys (3) 应用外语学院的新生报到人数，2018年为3112人，2019年为3400人，2020年为3698人，2021年为3704人。 参考译文：The number of registered freshmen at School of Foreign Languages was 3,112 in 2018, 3,400 in 2019, 3,698 in 2020 and 3,704 in 2021. (4) Don't put your hands in your pocket. 参考译文：别把手放在口袋里。 (5) As it is late, you'd better go home. 参考译文：时间不早了，你该回家了。 (6) I won't go if you are not going. 参考译文：你不去，我也不去。 3. Conversion 词类转换法 The technique of conversion refers to a word belonging to a certain part of speech is converted into a different part of speech in the target language to suit the custom of target language. Conversion is the technique which is frequently adopted in E-C and also C-E interpreting. Due to the differences of ways of expression between the two languages, as well as the need of syntactic linearity in sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting, adopting the technique of conversion properly can attain smoothness in the target language. conversion 英语：常用名词表达汉语中的动词概念，如以-ment, -tion, -ance, -er等后缀结尾的名词。 汉语：动词使用较普遍，两个或两个以上的动词连用。 e.g. This is an obvious violation of the purposes and principles of the U.N. Charter. 译文: 这显然违反了联合国的宗旨与原则。 Nouns Verbs Task 5 Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English. (1) I'm afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. (2) The company gained $3 million by the sale of the land. (3) Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. (4) An acquaintance of the past is helpful to the acquaintance of the present, which is in turn helpful to the prediction of the future. (5) 一想到女儿，她就高兴不已。 (6) 坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础。 Keys (1) I'm afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 参考译文：恐怕我无法教会你游泳，我弟弟比我教的好。 (2) The company gained $3 million by the sale of the land. 参考译文：该公司出售这块土地获利了300万美元。 (3) Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 参考译文：这些材料的特点是绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 Keys (4) An acquaintance of the past is helpful to the acquaintance of the present, which is in turn helpful to the prediction of the future. 参考译文：了解过去有助于了解现在，了解现在有助于预知未来。 (5) 一想到女儿，她就高兴不已。 参考译文：She is overjoyed at the thought of her daughter. 参考译文：She is extremely happy at the thought of her daughter. (6) 坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础。 参考译文：Adherence to the principle of One China is the basis for peaceful reunification. Conversion 英语：搭配灵活，词汇意义丰富 汉语：介词仍兼有动词词性 It’s our goal that people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty. 参考译文: 我们的目标是让不发达地区的人们最终摆脱贫困。 Prepositions Verbs Conversion Adjectives Verbs 英语：stative language 多用名词、介词表意 汉语：dynamic language 动词驱动语义 e.g. She's a good public speaker. 参考译文：她很擅长公共演讲。 Task 6 Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English. (1) We should advice you to get in touch with them for your requirements. (2) Are you in or against the proposal? (3)The new contract would be valid for two years. (4)他的报告不切要领，我看不懂。 (5)问题正在讨论中，写字楼也在建造着。 Keys (1) We should advice you to get in touch with them for your requirements. 参考译文：我们建议您联系他们，提出自己的要求。 (2) Are you in or against the proposal? 参考译文：您支持还是反对这个提议？ (3)The new contract would be valid for two years. 参考译文：新合同的有效期限为两年。 Keys (4) 他的报告不切要领，我看不懂。 参考译文：His report is beside the point and beyond my comprehension. (5) 问题正在讨论中，写字楼也在建造着。 参考译文：One the one hand, the problem is under discussion, on the other hand, the office buildings are under construction. Conversion 通常把表示特征或性质的形容词译成英语的名词或动词。 e.g. 出访欧洲很成功。 译文：The visit to Europe was a success. Nouns Adjectives Task 7 Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English. (1) This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route. (2) Without the gas pipe line, the movement of large volumes of gases over great distances would be an economic impossibility. (3) In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment. (4) 店主热情的款待掩盖了他的窘迫。 Keys (1) This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route. 参考译文：就确定最佳工艺流程而言，这次实验是绝对必要的。 (2) Without the gas pipe line, the movement of large volumes of gases over great distances would be an economic impossibility. 参考译文：如果没有煤气管道，远距离输送大量煤气从经济角度来看是不可行的。 (3) In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment. 参考译文：作者在文中对人类忽视周边环境的行为作出了批评。 (4) 店主热情的款待掩盖了他的窘迫。 参考译文：The shop owner covered up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality. “An interpreter must be a well-trained public speaker.” III. Public speaking skills (Macro skills) 45 公共演讲技巧应注意以下三方面： 1.语言因素(Linguistic) (1) 发音不完整 (2) 发音错误 (3) 增加本来没有的音节和不必要的短语 (4) 同时发两三个单词的音 翻译时一定要尽量做到语言干净，也就是说一旦开口说话就要保持清晰流畅，避免错误开头(false start)； 一旦开始一个句型就坚持下去，尽量不要替换； 避免不必要的自我修正或重复，避免口头禅或表示犹豫迟疑的填补词语，如“这个这个”，“就是说”，“那么呢”，或uh, well, I mean等。 2.非语言因素（Nonlinguistic） (1) 音量（volume）、说话频率（rate）、音高（pitch）、发音和语调（pronunciation & intonation） (2) 着装与形象（dress&appearance）、肢体语言（body language）及眼神交流（eye contact） 3.克服现场恐惧（Overcoming stage fright） 初入职场的译员经常会觉得翻译时“心发慌、嘴发紧”，平时熟悉的内容也有可能会译得一塌糊涂，这主要是心理素质欠佳所造成的。译员需具备良好的心理素质，要能做到“处乱不惊、情绪稳定”，还要有较强的情绪控制能力，在任何情况下都要保持镇定。如果情绪不稳定，就会出现怯场现象，影响听力理解和翻译质量，甚至会 “大脑空白”。要保持良好的心理素质，主要依靠平时训练。基础打扎实了，自信心自然就有了，有了自信心，心理状态也就容易调整。 Watch a video clip about an interpreter providing interpreting service for AQA product launch. Bear the following questions in mind while watching. (1) How do you think of the interpreter’s performance? (2) Is she confident? (3) Is her voice loud enough? (4) What about her eye contact with the audience? Task 8 Prediction, also called anticipation, means predicting the potential information in interpreting. Linguistic prediction Extralinguistic prediction IV. Prediction skills (Macro skills) e.g. I'd like to extend/express, on behalf of the municipal government and all the citizens, ? “our heart-felt gratitude"or "our sincere thanks" A linguistic prediction helps reduce uncertainty and reduces processing capacity requirements in speech comprehension. “Extra-linguistic” factors refer to the speaker’s background, non-verbal communication and the subject of the interpreting event. Any information about the speaker can be helpful for the interpreter to anticipate what will be said. Hence, a full preparation before interpreting events is essential! Extralinguistic prediction Please finish the following sentences based on your prediction. (1)随着中国综合国力的 ? 和国际地位的 ? , 中国在国际舞台上越来越令人瞩目。 (2)神州5号的发射是一次壮举，它显示了中国的太空科技已经 ? 。 (3)The United States and China have made great progress in building a relationship that can ? the challenges of our time, ? global prosperity and ? the cause of peace. (4)与20年前相比，人们对全球可持续发展、对全球能源效率有了深入广泛的认识。但是，在很多地方， ? 。 (5)There are several ways to continue in higher education in the United States. There are universities, colleges, community colleges, and technical and vocational schools. Each of these kinds of higher education will be described below. ? Task 9 Cultural awareness refers to a person’s understanding of the differences between themselves and people from other cultures. As interpreters, we act as a bridge of communication and need to focus on both languages and cultures. Interpreters should render and convey the cultural meaning of the source language so as to avoid mistakes and misunderstanding between the speaker and audience. Therefore, it is vital for interpreters to get a good understanding of the speaker’s cultural background before interpreting. V. Cross culturual awareness (Macro skills) When talking about Chinese Zodiac, is the underline interpreting appropriate? A: I was born in 1996. What about you? Interpreter: 我出生于1996年。 B: 我也是。我们都属鼠。 Interpreter：Me too. We’re rats. Task 10 Exercises Interpret the following sentences into Chinese or English with the assistance of the skills for interpreting you have learned. E-C interpretation 1 Mr. Smith has combined a distinguished scientific career with considerable experience of the management of scientific projects and organizations. 参考译文： 译文1: 史密斯先生有着卓越的科学事业成就和丰富的经验，擅长管理科学项目和科学机构。 译文2: 史密斯先生不仅在科学事业上取得了卓越的成就，在科学项目和科学机构管理方面的经验也很丰富。 E-C interpretation 2 In travelling around the world I have seen many people who are similar to my fellow. I suppose people are the same everywhere. They are babies. They are children. They are adults. They grow old. They die. 参考译文：周游全球时我见过很多和我朋友们很像的人。我认为世界上的人都是相似的，他们都经历过婴儿、孩童和成人阶段，会变老，也会死去。/ 会衰老，也会死亡。 E-C interpretation 3 Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 参考译文：看电视过多会极大地损坏孩子们的视力。 参考译文：长时间看电视会极大地损害儿童视力。 E-C interpretation 4 While continuing to improve service capability in traditional areas, E-commerce is also pioneering in new service areas, which in turn creates more burgeoning businesses job opportunities. 参考译文：电子商务在不断提高传统服务业服务能力的同时，还开辟了新的服务业领域，反而衍生了更多新兴行业，创造了更多就业机会。 E-C interpretation 5 We are ready to update and expand the content and scope of China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement（中国-东盟自贸区协定）under the principle of mutual benefit and common development. 参考译文：我们愿意本着互利共赢、共同发展的原则，更新和扩充中国-东盟自贸区协定的内容与范围。 E-C interpretation 6 The target to build the China-Africa health community has laid a solid foundation for mutual trust and sincere cooperation between the people of China and Africa, and is also a concrete initiative for China and Africa to build a community with a shared future. 参考译文：建立中非卫生健康共同体这一目标已为中非两国人民的相互信任和真诚合作打下了坚实的基础，同时也为中非两国未来建立共同体提供了具体方针。 E-C interpretation 7 Over the past six decades, China has assisted Africa in its medical and health undertakings by sending more than 10,000 medical workers to nearly 50 African countries, benefiting more than 300 million patients. Chinese medical team braved the danger to aid Western Africa when the Ebola（埃博拉病毒）broke out there in 2014. Supplies were delivered by eight planes to support their anti-pandemic effort, which played a key role in helping African people defeat the outbreak of the disease. 参考译文：过去的六十年间，中国大力支持非洲医疗保健事业的发展，已向非洲近50个国家输送1万多名医护人员，为3亿患者带去福音。中国医疗团队在2014年埃博拉病毒肆虐之时勇往直前、义无反顾支援西非。医疗补给通过8架飞机运往当地，抵御病毒蔓延，对助力非洲人民战胜疫情起到了至关重要的作用。 E-C interpretation 8 Helping others is also helping oneself. Chinese medical staff has gained experience in combating infectious diseases during their aid missions in Africa. Among dozens of medical teams and technical experts assisting Hubei province and its capital city Wuhan, many used to be medical team members or medical workers who helped Africa to fight against the Ebola virus（埃博拉病毒）. 参考译文：助人者自助。中国医护人员在援助非洲的任务中积累了抗击传染病的经验。在此次支援湖北省和省会武汉市的数十只医疗团队和数十名学术专家中，很多人都曾是援非抵抗埃博拉病毒的医疗团队成员或医护人员。 C-E interpretation 1 由于实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。 参考译文：Thanks to the reform and opening-up policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. C-E interpretation 2 中国是世界上人口最多的国家之一，有14亿左右，约占世界总人口的四分之一。 参考译文：China is one of the most populous countries in the world with a population of about 1.4 billion, which makes up approximately a quarter of the world population. C-E interpretation 3 在印度已有生产并且在国际市场上成功打开了销路的产品，可以在中国生产并出口。 参考译文：Goods already manufactured in India and successfully marketed in foreign countries could be produced in and exported from China. 中国是世界上最早种植水稻的国家。浙江省余姚县河姆渡遗址(Hemudu Site)已有6000多年的历史。在这个遗址中发现的遍及400平方米的水稻遗物(remains)，证明中国是世界上最早种植水稻的国家。 参考译文：China is the first country to plant rice in the world. This is evident in the remains (relics) of rice covering an area of 400 square meters found in Hemudu Site, Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, which dates back more than 6,000 years. C-E interpretation 4 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! $$