1.1 第4节 议论文-2024年初中学业水平考试英语总复习

地第一部分语篇知识 第四节议论文 ◆知识要领◆ 续表 一、写作目的 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。 它通过许多个别的事例或分论点， 归纳论证 议论文(Argumentation)亦称说理文，是运 然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从 用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主 而得出一个一般性的结论 张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解， 论 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。 证 或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己 通常分为类比法和对比法两类。 方 类比法是将性质或特点在某一方 的观点为主要目的。 法 比较论证 面相同或相近的不同事物加以比 二、结构特征 较而引出结论的方法。对比法是 通过性质或特点在某一方面相反 1.总分式结构 或对立的不同事物的比较来证明 这种关系有三种基本形式： 论点的方法。 (1)先总后分： 四.基本语言特点 (2)先分后总： 议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密。英 (3)先总说，后分说，再总说。 语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说 2.并列式结构 明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多 文章被分成若干部分，从若干方面人笔，不 用现在时：被动语态和虚拟语气常用：强调语言 分主次、以几个并列的层次论证中心论点的结 表达的客观性：尽可能指明信息来源，等等。 构方式。 英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑 3.递进式结构 性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和 文章各层次之间是层层深入，步步推进的 连接词，常用的包括：since(既然)，therefore(因 关系。论证论点之时，一般是由小到大，由浅入 而)，in that case(在那种情况下)，because(因 深，把道理说深说透。 为)，so(所以)。 4.对照式结构 在论证思路中，把两种事物（或意见）加以 五、信息组织方式 对比，或者是用另一种事物（或意见）来烘托某 议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。 一种事物（或意见）。 论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论 三、论证方法 证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持 议论文的论证方法有演绎论证、归纳论证、 和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、 比较论证等。 事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运 用论据的手法。 论 是从已知的一般原理和规律出发， 证 推知个别事物本质的论证方法。 例题评析 方 演锋论证 它一般是先提出一个总论点，然后 法 分别进行论述，分析各个分论点， (2023·湖南长沙·中考真题)Itis 最后得出结论。 commonly believed that children are too young 15 初中学业水平考试总复习·英语》 to fully appreciate(欣赏)the experience and C.It accepts both the elderly and pre-school knowledge of their elders,while many think kids. that old people don't understand the young. 2.In the writer's opinion(观点)，what problem But actually(事实上)，both groups have a lot is the world facing? to learn from each other. A.There are more and more old people. James Smith runs the Smith's Care Home B.The world's population is dropping in my city,.It is mainly an organization(机构) rapidly. for serving the elderly.But not all of its C.The world is short of care homes for old visitors are old people.The home also includes people. a childcare center for pre-school kids.There is 3.What does the underlined word“mystery” a playground in the care home,where the mean in Paragraph 4? elderly can play with the kids.In this way, A.笑话 B.悲剧 C.谜团 they can learn more about each other,and 4.How does the writer develop his/her idea in respect(尊重)and understand one another. this text? I suppose this is quite an interesting idea. A.By giving examples. For one thing,we live in a world where there B.By listing numbers. are more and more old people.The world is C.By raising questions. facing this problem and its population ages.It 5.What is the main purpose of the text? will be important for young people to be able A.To explain why the world's population to understand and care for the elderly in the ages. coming years. B.To encourage different generations to Regretfully,my own grandparents weren't learn from each other. around when I was little,as they had already C.To show that older generations'ways of passed away.I never got to learn what the world thinking are incorrect. was like through their eyes,or what kinds of 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章认 problems they might have faced when they were 为人们普遍认为孩子太小，不能完全理解长辈 my age.To me,their lives will always be a 的经验和知识，而许多老人也不理解年轻人。 mystery-hard to understand or explain. 但实际上，两代人之间可以互相学习。文章以 However,I think I can still learn from other 史密斯照顾之家为例，介绍了一种让老人和孩 people of older generations ()I might find 子共同玩耍、互相学习的方式。文章认为这种 some of their ideas out of date,and they might 方式有助于两代人之间的相互尊重和理解。同 believe that my generation's way of thinking is 时，作者也分享了自己小时候没有机会了解长 strange or incorrect.But we can still learn from 辈的想法和感受，认为这是一个遗憾。但作者 each other anyway. 认为可以从其他老一辈人那里学习。最后，作 1.What is special about the Smith's Care 者总结说两代人之间可以互相学习。 Home? 1.C【解析】本题是细节理解题。根据 A.It is only a childcare center actually. 第二段第一至四句“James Smith runs the B.The elderly look after kids carefully there. Smith's Care Home in my city.It is mainly an 16 心第一部分语篇知识●。 organization(for serving the elderly.But 祖父母的生活难以理解或解释，这是因为（外） not all of its visitors are old people.The home 祖父母已经去世了，他们的生活永远成了一个 also includes a childcare center for pre-school 谜。由此可推知，画线词应意为“谜团”。故 kids.”可知，Smith's Care Home这个机构的特 选C。 殊之处在于它的服务对象不仅包括老年人，还 4.A【解析】本题是写作手法题。通读 包括学龄前儿童。故选C。 全文尤其是第二段和第四段内容可知，作者是 2.A【解析】本题是细节理解题。根据 通过Smith's Care Home以及自己（外）祖父母 第三段第二、三句“For one thing,we live in a 的例子来阐明自己的观点的。故选A。 world where there are more and more old 5.B【解析】本题是写作意图题。通读 people.The world is facing this problem and 全文尤其是第一段最后一句“But actually(事 its population ages.”可知，世界正面临着老年 实上)，both groups have a lot to learn from 人越来越多的问题。故选A。 each other.”可知，本文主要想表明老年人和年 3.C【解析】本题是词义猜测题。根据 轻人这两个群体有很多可以相互学习的地方。 第四段尤其是最后一句中的“hard to 由此可推知，本文的主要目的是鼓励不同代的 understand or explain”可知，对作者来说，（外） 人相互学习。故选B。 课时训练 【基础练习】 阅读理解。阅读下面一篇材料，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出最佳答案。 (2o22·贵阳市·中考真题)There are two paths(路)in life:Should and Must..We arrive at these crossroads over and over again.And each time,we get to choose. Should is how others want us to show up in the world-what we should or shouldn't do. When we choose Should,the risk is small. Must is who we are,what we believe,and what we do when we are alone with our truest self. Must is why Van Gogh painted his whole life without ever receiving public recognition().Must is why Reyna Marder Gentin started to write for the first time after 23 years of being a lawyer. Choosing Must sounds fantastic,right?But Must is scary,hard,and a lot like jumping off a high building where you can't see anything down below.How can we actually choose Must? Ask yourself,"What is my Must?"If you don't know the answer,write down your biggest, most impossible dreams!Don't worry!It's just the first step. Now,think about what's actually in your way.Is it your parents?Maybe they're just worried that you haven't thought it through.Try to make a practical plan for what you want to do.Your parents may find it a good one.Is it money?Well,the best way to make money is to do what you love because it's very likely that you will pay great attention to it.Choosing Must doesn't mean we need to give up everything we already have.It's about changing one small thing at a time. If you believe that you have something special inside of you,it's about time you gave Must a try-today. 17 鱼初中学业水平考试总复习·英语川 1.What happens if we choose the path of "Should"? A.We don't need to take great risks B.We have to give up what we have. C.We'll have a clear picture of ourselves. 2.The writer develops his idea in Paragraph 3 by A.listing numbers B.asking questions C.giving examples 3.What should we do if we choose the path of"Must"? A.Try to make a practical plan. B.Turn to other people for help. C.Change many things at a time. 4.The writer wrote this passage to encourage us to A.take others'advice B.be our truest self C.communicate with parents 【提升练习】 阅读理解。阅读下面一篇材料，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 (2o22·内蒙古包头市·中考真题)When we think of the most respected awards in the world,the Nobel Prize(诺贝尔奖)must be on the list.. Created by Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel in 1895,the prize recognizes achievements in sciences and the people behind them.Every year in October,the announcement of winners catches the world's attention. But what is the importance behind this award?According to founder Nobel himself,the prize is for people who have provided "the greatest benefit to humankind". A number of Nobel Prizes have rewarded discoveries that have led to cures for diseases and health problems.A lot of parts in telephones,computers and telecommunication systems are also the fruits of Nobel Prize-awarded work.Other prizes have recognized those who have helped to create a more peaceful world. The individuals selected and the contributions they made show how science,literature and peace efforts improve and change the world and better our lives. In the series of books about the Nobel Prize,the author says,"Many everyday things would be impossible without the work of the winners of the Nobel science prizes. In recent years,Chinese people have paid more attention to the results of the Nobel Prize. Chinese scientists and writers are known to the world by their achievements,such as 2012 Nobel literature prize winner Mo Yan,and Tu Youyou,China's first Nobel winner in physiology or medicine in 2015.It's an uplifting thing.Not only for the individual achievements,but also for the national confidence. 18 心第一部分语篇知识●▲ The Paper noted that the prize can encourage the young generation to do scientific research. Do you have any ideas about this? 1.What does the underlined word "uplifting"in Paragraph 8 probably mean? A.Encouraging. B.Rising. C.Clear. D.Right. 2.What is the main idea of the text? A.Introduce the history of the Nobel Prize. B.People pay more attention to the Nobel Prize winners. C.The Nobel Prize changes the world and benefits humankind. D.The Nobel Prize is for people who help to create a peaceful world. 3.Where is the text probably from? A.A guidebook. B.A notice. C.A novel. D.A newspaper. 4.Which one of the following is most probably to be discussed next? A.The introduction of Mo Yan and Tu Youyou. B.How to put the scientific fruits to the market. C.Inventors should be respected and rewarded. D.Ways the young could do scientific research. 19故选B。 ;small.”可知，当我们选择“Should'”时风险是比较小 【提升练习】 !的。故选A。 阅读理解 2.C解析：本题是写作手法题。文章第三段 【文章大意】这是一篇书店促销活动的广告，介中列举了Van Gogh和Reyna Marder Gentin的事 绍了一些新书的信息和购买折扣。文章列举了四本！例，来证明其观点。由此可知，作者在第三段通过举 书，这些书涵盖了中国不同历史时期的服饰文化，北！例子的方式来阐明自己的观，点。故选C。 京风物，年轻人成长故事以及中国历史文化的民间： 3.A解析：本题是细节理解题。根据倒数第 故事。 二段第四句“Try to make a practical plan for what l,A解析：本题是细节理解题。根据“Chinese:you want to do.”可知，如果我们速择了“Must”这条 Clothing(Y50)t·s written by Hua Mei,a:路，就要尝试为我们想要做的去制定一个切实可行 professor of a university.”可知《中国服饰》这本书！的方案。故选A. 是华梅写的。故选A, 4,B解析：本题是写作意图题。通读全文尤 2.C解析：本题是细节理解题。根据“Ir'sa:其是最后一段“If you believe that you have great gift for kids who love picture books with:something special inside of you,it's about time you colorful houses,cars and flowers..”可知《北京一角》；gave Must a try一today..”可知，作者写这稿文章是 这本书适合喜欢图画的孩子们。故选C。 :为了鼓励我们做最真实的自己。故选B。 3.D解析：本题是细节理解题。根据“The 【提升练习】 book tells us some stories about choices and 阅读理解 growth.It records the real lives of eleven young 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述 people,,”可知The Brightest from the Best这本书介：了诺贝尔奖的存在鼓励了获奖者们为社会带来的正 绍了年轻人的真实故事，记录了选择和成长的故事，：面影响一改变世界，造福人类。 故选D 1.A解析：本题是词义猜测题。根据第入段 4.B解析：本题是推理判断题。根据“Chinese!最后一句“Not only for the individual Clothing(Y50)""A Little Bit of Beijing (Y60)":achievements,but also for the national confidence." “The Brightest from the Best(￥4O)”和“Stories of可推知，画线词所在句应表示这是一件令人振奋的 Chia(￥30)”可知这四本书一共180元，根据“You!事情。画线词“uplifting”意为“振奋人心的”，与A will get50%off if you buy three or more books;项意思相近。故选A. together..”可知买三本以上半价，也就是90元。故： 2.C解析：本题是主旨大意题。本文主要阐 选B。 :迷了诺贝尔奖的存在鼓励了获奖者们为社会带来的 5.A解析：本题是主旨大意题。根据“Here is·正面影响一玫变世界，造福人类。故选C, the information about some new books..”可知本文： 3.D解析：本题是文章出处题。根据最后一 主要是一些书的介绍。故选A。 ;段第一句“The Paper noted that the prize can 第四节议论文 encourage the young generation to do scientific 【基础练习】 !research.”可推知，这篇文章可能摘自一份报纸。故 阅读理解 :选D 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕： 4.D解析：本题是推理判断题。根据最后一 如何走好“必须之路”进行论述，鼓励大家要积极行：段“The Paper noted that the prize can encourage the 动，勇于尝试，忠于自已的内心。 young generation to do scientific research.Do you L,A解析：本题是细节理解题，根据第二段；have any ideas about this?”可推知，文章接下来可能 最后一句“When we choose Should,the risk is!会讨论年轻人微科学研究的方法。故选D. —231