1.1 第2节 说明文-2024年初中学业水平考试英语总复习

初中学业水平考试总复习·英语 第二节 说明文 ·知识要领· 列说明。 一、写作目的 2.举例法 举例法是通过举例或列举阐明事理的写作 说明文(Exposition)是介绍、说明客观事 方法,可使抽象的概念形象化或具体化,常用 物的一种文体。它主要说明事物的形态、性质。 for example,for instance 等词语引l出。 成因、构造、功能等特征。 3.比较法 说明文是一种应用性很强的文体。它以说 比较法是通过对两种事物进行对比或比 明为主要表达方式来说明某个事物或阐释抽象 较,找出两者之间的共同点或对立点的写作 事理,能帮助人们快速透彻地了解说明对象,让 手法。 人们有所知,给人们一定知识。 4.定义法 二、结构特征 定义法是通过揭示概念的内涵或下定义的 说明文的结构一般由引子、正文和结束语 方式来明确概念的写作方法。 三部分组成。引子部分提出主题,正文部分对 5.顺序法 主题展开说明,结束语部分对主题作归纳总结 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进 以起到强调的效果。有时还会采用总分、递进 行说明的一种写作手法。 等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到 6.分类法 本质)进行说明。 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种 三、基本语言特点 写作手法。 1.采用客观表达,避免主观色彩。说明文 例题评析 往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍和解释 这种介绍和解释一般不随时间和空间的变化而 (2023·湖北武汉·中考真题)Whenthe 改变,所以说明文的语言特点是客观、简练、准 famous scientist Albert Einstein was 16 years old. 确、明了。 he imagined himself riding alongside a beam(束) 2.层次分明,条理清楚。说明文应该层次 of light. He used this picture in mind to help him 分明,条理清楚,语言简洁,用词具体,具有严密 when working out the “theory of relativity(相对 的逻辑性。 论)”. "Imagination is more important than 四、信息组织方式 knowledge." said Einstein. 写说明文可以按时间、空间、逻辑顺序,也 Daydreaming, called"thought experiments" 可以采取罗列、举例、比较、定义、顺序、分类等 by Einstein, can make you have wild imaginings. 方法。 like flying around in space. It lets your mind walk 1.罗列法 slowly around ideas, memories and experiences 在文章开始时提出需要说明的事物和观 that aren't happening right now. It means 点,然后常用first,second,..and finally加以罗 thinking ahead to a holiday or remembering how 6 第一部分 语篇知识 much you enjoyed a birthday party. According to B. walk slowly China's health authorities(权威机构), daydreaming C. think freely for a while each day can improve your health and D. be absent-minded creativity. 3. Guo Qiang first suggests Disappearing into a daydream lets your A. escaping from the hard time mind escape when things are difficult. It helps B. looking for new worlds you deal with worries and fears. For example C. finding time to imagine imagining how you're going to speak up in D. focusing on success class is like practicing the scene in your head. 4. What is mentioned in paragraph 4? which can make you feel calmer. Daydreaming A. The steps to daydream. also inspires creativity and lets you find new B. The things to daydream of. worlds where there are no limits(限 制)to C. The reasons for daydreaming. what you can do or who you are. Guo Qiang. D. The meanings of daydreaming. an expert in thoughts and feelings, thinks we 5. Daydreaming is talked about should all make time to daydream. "Thinking A. to remind people to have a mind break for pleasure can be a powerful tool to shape B. to suggest living at the moment our feelings,"he said. C. to find solutions to homework problems However, try not to let your mind be D. to show a science research result absent when you need to focus(聚焦) in class 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介 or cross the road. Instead, find a time wher 绍了爱因斯坦提出的“白日梦”或“思想实验”的 you don't have to focus on anything, like going 重要性。文章指出,每天花一些时间做白日梦 for a walk or brushing your teeth. Guo 可以提高健康和创造力,帮助处理忧虑和恐惧, suggests you can start by focusing on a happy 激发创造力和发现新的世界。专家建议,可以 memory or imagining a future success, like 在不需要集中注意力的时间进行白日梦,如散 scoring a goal in the World Cup. 步或刷牙时。此外,为了鼓励创造力,可以思考 To encourage creativity, think about 有趣的想法并跟随心灵的指引。研究表明,人 interesting ideas and see where your mind 们在休息后往往能提出更多问题的解决方案。 takes you. Research shows that people often 因此,下次在做作业时遇到困难时,可以停下来 come up with more solutions to problems after 做一会儿白日梦,看看会有什么样的想法出现。 they've taken a break. So next time you're 1.A【解析】本题是写作手法题。根据 stuck with homework, stop for a moment and 第一段内容尤其是第一句中的“Whenthe see where your daydreams take you. famous scientist Albert Einstein was 16 years 1. Which writing skill is used in paragraph 1? old”可知,文章开头通过爱因斯坦的例子引出 A. Giving an example. 了本文的话题,即第一段使用了举例的写作手 B. Raising a question. 法。故选A。 C. Listing numbers. 2.C 【解析】 本题是推理判断题。根据 D. Comparing facts 第二段第一句“Daydreaming...canmake you 2. Daydreaming can make people have wild imaginings, like flying around in A. fly around space.”可知,白日梦可以让你有天马行空的想 17 初中学业水平考试总复习·英语 象,例如(想象自己)在太空中飞行。由此可推 by focusing on a happy memory or imagining a 知,白日梦可以让人们自由地思考。故选C。 future success,like scoring a goal in the World 3.C【解析】本题是细节理解题。根据 Cup.”可知,Guo建议你可以通过专注于一段 第三段倒数第二句中的“GuoQiang:anexpert 快乐的回忆或是想象一个未来的成功开始。由 in thoughts and feelings, thinks we should all 此可知,第四段介绍了可以用来白日梦的内容。 make time to daydream”可知,Guo Qiang一开 故选B。 始建议人们要找时间去做白日梦。故选C。 5.A【解析】本题是推理判断题。通读 4.B【解析】 本题是段落大意题。根据 全文可知,本文主要介绍了白日梦的好处,以此 第四段最后一句“Guosuggestsyoucanstart 来提醒人们要让大脑休息一下。故选A。 课时训练 【基础练习】 阅读理解。阅读下面一篇材料,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳答案。 (2022· 天津· 中考真题)People in the office usually sit for most of the day when they work. But this is bad for a person's health. When people sit for too long every day, they don't move very much. So it is easy to start getting fat. Sitting too long is also bad for their work because it makes them want to sleep. When this happens, people may make more mistakes in their work or spend more time finishing their work. Companies need workers to be healthy, so how do they fix the problem? Some companies have different types of desks to help their workers: The first type of desk is the standing desk. The desk can be taller when a person wants to stand. It can also be shorter when the person wants to sit. Another type of desk is the walking desk. This desk is made so that a person can work while walking at the same time. Workers in the companies like the different types of desks very much. They think these desks are quite useful. 1. When people work in the office, they usually B.move A.sit C. run D.sing 2. What does the word "fix"mean in Paragraph 1? B.Solve. A.Cause. C. Bring. D. Discuss. 3. How many types of desks are mentioned in Paragraph 2? B.3. A.2. C.4. D.5. 4. What do the workers think of the different types of desks? A. They are cheap. B. They are traditional. C. They are useful. D. They are expensive. 5. The purpose of the passage is to A. tell us the reasons for sitting B. show the advantages of standing C. introduce desks that help people work better D. compare companies that provide different jobs 8 第一部分 语篇知识 【提升练习】 阅读理解。阅读下面一篇材料,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳答案。 (2022·北京·中考真题)What does it mean to be green?Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn't always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product, even after it's of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus(关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We'd better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled(回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever glass metal paper possible. packaging Location(地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us. Try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmers, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It's easy to say that a product is “green" or"all natural", but the words may be too good tobe true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don't buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces(减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy 1. The writer would suggest choosing a product that is A. over packaged B. delivered from abroad C. locally produced D. made of unnatural materials 2. The words "be taken with a grain of salt" in Paragraph 5 probably mean" A. be easily understood B. not be completely believed C. be widely spread D. not be quickly forgotten 3. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A.Buying Green B. Recycling Waste C. Keeping Healthy D. Reducing Energy Use定。故选A。 ;第二句“t's easy to say that a product is~green'or 第二节说明文 'all natural',but the words may be too good to be 【基础练习】 true.”和最后一句“After all,companies try to make 阅读理解 us believe that their products are environmentally 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍：respons-ible..”可知，作者认为说一个产品是“绿色 了久坐办公有害健康，以及一些公司为解决这一问！的”或“纯天然的“很容易，但这些词可能好得令人难 题而使用的两款有利于员工保持健康的办公桌。 :以置信。毕竟，公司会努力让我们相信他们的产品 1,A解析：本题是细节理解题。根据第一段：是对环境负责的。由此可知，画线短语应意为“不完 第一句“People in the office usually sit for most of;全相信”，与B项意思相近。故速B。 the day when they work.."可知，当人们在办公室工： 3.A解析：本题是标题概括题。文章从材科、 作时，他们通常是坐着的。故选A。 :包装、生产地点等方面介绍了如何真正环保的胸买 2.B解析：本题是词义猜测题。根据第一段产品。A项译为“绿色购买”，可以概括文章大意。 最后一句中的“Companies need workers to be;故迭Ae healthy”及第二段内容可知，公司想要员工保持健： 第三节应用文 康，因此使用两款特殊的办公桌来解决这个问题。} 【基础练习】 由此可知，画线词所在句表示他们会如何解决这个 阅读理解 问题。所以x应意为“解决”，与B项意思相近。故 【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。文章讲述了作 选B 者栽培土豆的前15天的生长记录，是关于土豆栽培 3.A解析：本题是细节理解题。根据第二段！试验的报告。 第二句中的“The first type of desk"及倒数第二句中 1.C解析：本题是推理判断题。根据标题An 的“Another type of desk'”可知，文章提到了两款办：Experiment Report on Growing Potato Plants可知， 公桌。故选A。 本文是关于土豆栽培的实验报告，应属于生物学科。 4.C解析：本题是细节理解题。根据最后一！故选C 段“Workers in the companies like the different 2.A解析：本题是细节理解题。根据文章第 types of desks very much.They think these desks一部分Things prepared可知，作者在实验之前准备 are quite useful."可知，公司的员工们认为不同美型：了三样东两：a potato that has sprouts:a flower pot 的办公桌是有用的。故选C。 !with soil;a camera to record progress。.故选A. 5.C解析：本题是目的意图题。文章主要介 3.A解析：本题是细节理解题。根据Day Six 绍了久坐办公有害能康，以及一些公司为解决这一中的内容“I finally see some new progress on Buddy 问题而使用的两款有利于员工保持健康的办公桌。：as it has grown taller.It's exciting to see new life 由此可推知，本篇文章的目的是介绍有助于人们保：ike this.”可知，作者看到土豆的生长很激动。故 持健康并更好地工作的办公桌。故选C。 选A 【提升练习】 4.B解析：本题是细节理解题。倒数第二段 阅读理解 ;中的“During these fifteen days,I have learned that 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章从材料、；growing potato plants needs plenty of water.."与B 包装、生产地点等方面介绍了如何购买绿色产品。！项表达意思一致。故选B。 1.C解析：本题是细节理解题，根据第四段： 5.B解析：本题是推理判断题。根据文章最 第五句"Try to choose local produets.”可知，作者建；后一段可知“种植植物就像在生活中尝试成功一 议选择当地生产的产品。故选C :样—这不仪雪要时间，而且需要大量的努力和耐 2.B解析：本题是词义猜测题。根据第五段：心”，这也正应了一句谚语“罗马不是一天建成的”。 —230