北京市部分区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语汇编：阅读理解

北京市部分区2023-2024学年高一下学期英语期末试题汇编 阅读理解 北京市朝阳区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Do these look like skates? They’re Moonwalkers, battery-powered shoes with wheels. They are billed as “the world’s fastest shoes”. How do Moonwalkers work? Fix Moonwalkers to your shoes, power them on, and begin walking. The artificial intelligence sottware driving Moonwalkers measures and adjusts (调整) on-the-fly to both the terrain (地形) you’re on and the way you walk, providing safe and enjoyable walking experience. Moonwalkers move only when you do. They sense when you’re speeding up or slowing down. LOCK mode allows you to go up and down stairs confidently. Why do you choose Moonwalkers? ·Walk at the speed of a run: Get to where you’re going in less than half the time it normally takes. With a top speed of 7 mph, Moonwalkers improve every step. ·Expand (扩大) your footprint: Moonwalkers make walking many city blocks, even further, no sweat. ·Less stress: Less walking equals less stress on your body. Moonwalkers feature a user-friendly system that helps you naturally maintain mobility and balance. ·Freedom to go anywhere: Tested on dirt and much more, Moonwalkers can handle our current city and allow you to walk a hill like it’s nothing. Also, Moonwalkers can survive walking through rain. Despite their wide uses, they are not roller skates, so they do not freewheel, ever. What is the maximum user weight? Moonwalkers can support a maximum user weight of 220lbs (100kg). If you weigh more than 220lbs, you can still use Moonwalkers but will experience slightly reduced performance in certain edge cases. 31．What can we know about Moonwalkers? A．They are powered by walking. B．They help with stair climbing. C．They are assisted by technology. D．They can replace ordinary shoes. 32．With Moonwalkers, users may ________. A．walk as fast as they like B．practise their skating skills C．challenge their senses of balance D．travel further with less tiredness 33．According to the passage, which of the following might affect the Moonwalkers’ function? A．The hilly terrain. B．The rainy weather. C．The user weight. D．The walking distance. B Steph put some flowers “borrowed” from her neighbour Mrs Robinson’s garden next to her cold breakfast and costly plates, and took a photo. She wanted to brighten the colours on her picture. Choosing a filter (滤镜), she noticed TrueBeauty downloaded before. Her picture looked perfect with that filter. She posted it on the social media for her 15k followers, hoping they would wish to have the same life as she showed. Then she threw away the food now that it was cold. Steph was surprised to get so few likes and so many negative comments. She looked again at the picture she had posted. Her picture showed a horrible breakfast with flies all over them and the flowers were dead. She tried to delete (删除) the photo, but she couldn’t. Just then, she received a message. Steph read: Dear User,I know that each of you truly cares about showing yourself. Are you as beautiful on the inside as on the outside? If you want your pictures to show the real you, it’s time to be as beautiful in real life as on your social media. Love, True BeautyPS. You can’t remove the filter or delete the pictures you posted using it. After the first time you use TrueBeauty, it will change all your photos from that moment on! Steph made her account private to hide the ugly pictures. She didn’t want to do anything if she couldn’t post photos of her life. With nothing to do, she went downstairs, past Mrs Robinson’s garden. She noticed the smell of the flowers for the first time. Lovely! Then she saw Mrs Robinson watering the plants. She offered to help. A couple of hours later, they were done with the work. Steph had enjoyed herself a lot. They took a picture, standing together in front of the roses and smiling. Later that evening Steph looked at the picture on her phone. She changed the colours a little bit. The roses looked beautiful anyway, with or without any changes. Nothing could improve the smiles on her and Mrs Robinson’s faces. A really beautiful picture! She posted this picture. It looked exactly the same online! She made her account public again and added some text to the photo: Beauty in the garden. 34．Why did Steph post the filtered picture online? A．To show off her life. B．To try out a new filter. C．To share her tasty breakfast. D．To teach photography skills. 35．What can we learn about TrueBeauty? A．It improves the ugly pictures. B．It calls on us to behave honestly. C．It advises us to hide comments. D．It cares about its users’ feelings. 36．How did Steph feel about gardening with Mrs Robinson? A．Uplifted. B．Confused. C．Confident. D．Lucky. 37．What would the author most possibly write next? A．Steph no longer posted her life on social media. B．Steph successfully removed the TrueBeauty app. C．Steph learned to improve her appreciation of beauty. D．Steph inspired her followers to value their inner self. C Whether picturing your next vacation or an ideal mark for an important exam, it is enjoyable to let your mind wander into daydreaming. Also daydreaming allows us to move mentally in time and space, rehearsing (预演) different possible scenes of the future. However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships. Psychologists call repetitive actions that hold back an individual’s ability to cope with daily life “maladaptive behaviours”. In recent years, Somer has teamed up with others to explore the behaviour. One of their studies compared 340 maladaptive daydreamers with the control group. The former reported that their daydreams were hard to control and disturbed their lives. They spent an average of 56 percent of their waking hours in fantasy worlds featuring imaginary characters and detailed plots (情节). Unlike regular daydreams, theirs often involved rocking from side to side or uncontrollable facial expressions. Other research suggests that maladaptive daydreams can take many forms, from amusing to serious, but they tend to be more emotionally intense than regular daydreams. Exploring this behaviour further, Somer’s team asked 77 people to keep a diary of the emotions associated with their maladaptive daydreaming. This revealed that it brought increases in negative emotions, along with signs of depression, social anxiety and general anxiety. The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction. The scientists who first proposed this in 2018 pointed out that, like many addictive tendencies, it offers a momentary escape from stressful thoughts and unfavourable realities. “Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested. Monitoring the behaviour, its conditions and emotional consequences (后果) may help individuals control it. Also, practising mindfulness meditation may be helpful in staying in the present rather than escaping to fantasy worlds. Other techniques involve recording occurrences of maladaptive daydreaming and possible causes in a journal, and rewarding personal milestones in preventing these fantasies. Noam, an Israeli student who has been struggling with maladaptive daydreaming, is proof that maladaptive daydreaming can be managed. Just two months after starting treatment with Somer, his daily daydreaming has fallen from 16 hours to around 7 hours. “I really want to get better, to take pleasure in my life as it is and to love only the people who are part of my life and deserve my care,” he says. 38．What can we learn from the passage? A．Regular daydreams take a wider range of forms. B．Maladaptive daydreaming is more likely to be habitual. C．More detailed imaginary plots lead to better daydreaming. D．Fewer emotional changes are seen in maladaptive daydreams. 39．As for maladaptive daydreaming, which would Somer agree with? A．Experts should take it seriously. B．It can lead us to preview future events. C．It provides us with an access to relieving stress. D．Keeping a journal has proved to be its reliable cure. 40．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To make a comparison between two kinds of daydreaming. B．To present the findings of studies on maladaptive daydreaming. C．To introduce approaches to managing maladaptive daydreaming. D．To attach importance to dealing with the dark side of daydreaming. D Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. The history of science is full of competition. Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. Despite the fame of these competitions, scientists know little about how credit is shared among competing discoveries. Theoretical models analysing patent (专利) races, for instance, often suppose that to the winner go all the advantages. In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all. The cost of being scooped was moderate. Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first. As a share of total citations out of a 100, the first paper would receive 58 and the second 42. But when questioned about the effects of being scooped, scientists were much more negative than those data show. They predicted that, out of 100 citations, a scooped paper would receive just 29. But not all scientists were put at a disadvantage equally for coming second. When research teams at leading universities were beaten by a team at a lower-profile college, the second-placed team got slightly more citations. And the teams at top departments took an even larger share of citations when they did the scooping. “But the psychological effects of being scooped cannot be ignored,” says Venki Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist in Cambridge. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, his group raced several teams to determine the structure of the ribosome, a cell machine that produces proteins. In September 2000, a team led by Ada Yonath at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, published the structure of a ribosome subunit in Cell that Ramakrishnan’s team had also characterized. Ramakrishnan’s study came out weeks later in Nature. “For that month, I and my lab were pretty depressing,” says Ramakrishnan. The researchers worried that they wouldn’t receive proper recognition for their work. That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. Ramakrishnan’s paper has roughly twice as many citations as the one that scooped it. In the long run, it didn’t matter. 41．Why does the author mention the book On the Origin of Species? A．To stress the value of scooping. B．To show discovery races are common. C．To illustrate fame comes from discoveries. D．To explain why winners get the advantages. 42．What does the underlined word “moderate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Minor. B．High. C．Unclear. D．Controlled. 43．As for Ramakrishnan’s concerns on being scooped, the author considers it ________. A．understandable B．unacceptable C．unnecessary D．unexpected 44．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Scooped in Science: Scientists’ Bad Dream B．Scientific Discoveries: Citations Matter or Not? C．Scientific Discoveries: Should Winners Take All? D．Scooped in Science: Credit Will Come Your Way 北京市石景山区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 第一节（共14小题;每小题2分,共28分） 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone’s life? If yes, don’t care about sex or age! Come and join us, then you’ll make it! Position: Volunteer Social Care Assistant（No Pay with Free Meals） Place: Manchester Hours: Part Time We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives! Only 4 days left. Don’t miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others! Role: You will provide people with learning disabilities with all aspects of their daily lives. You will help them to develop new skills. You will help them to protect their rights and their safety. But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued. Skills and Experience Required: You will have the right values and great listening skills. You will be honest and patient. You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you’ll have to help those people with different learning disabilities. Previous care-related experience will be a great advantage for you. 21. The text is meant to______. A. present a document B. carry an advertisement C. leave a note D. send an invitation 22. The volunteers’ primary responsibility is to help people with learning disabilities ______. A. to get some financial support B. to properly protect themselves C. to learn some new living skills D. to realize their own importance 23. Which of the following can first be chosen as a volunteer? A. The one who can drive a car. B. The one who can communicate in English. C. The one who has done similar work before. D. The one who has patience to listen to others. B Andy rode slowly to school, daydreaming about the fishing trip his father had promised. He was so absorbed in his thoughts that he didn’t notice anything around him. He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him. With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings（蜇）. The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. Suddenly, his father’s words came to him. “When you are in a tight situation, don’t panic. Use your brain and think your way out of it.” He saw smoke rising from the chimney of the Nelson family home on a nearby hill and remembered that bees dislike smoke. However, he realized he couldn’t reach the house in time. Then, he spotted a small dam used by Mr. Nelson to irrigate（灌溉）his garden. Without hesitating, Andy jumped off his bike and dived into the cool water, sinking below the surface to escape the bees. When he finally came up for air, the bees were gone. Exhausted, Andy climbed out of the dam, struggled up the hill, and rang the Nelsons’ doorbell. Mrs. Nelson brought him inside and called his mother. Relieved, his mother said, “You’ll really need that fishing break to help you recover. Thank goodness you didn’t panic!” But Andy was already lost in his dream about catching fish the next day. 24. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier? A. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip. B. He was going fishing with his father. C. He was listening to a strange sound. D. He was riding to school quickly. 25. Why was Andy particularly afraid of the bees? A. He had never seen bees before. B. He thought bees were a little bit poisonous. C. He was especially afraid of the small insects. D. He had been hospitalized from a sting before. 26. How did Andy avoid the bees in the end? A. He asked Mr. Nelson for help. B. He hid himself under the water. C. He rushed into the Nelson house. D. He rode off in the opposite direction. 27. Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees? A. No pains, no gains. B. Once bitten, twice shy. C. Where there is a will, there is a way. D. In time of danger, one’s mind works fast. C Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.” People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic（社会经济的）backgrounds gave and took,” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.” Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip（片段）shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill and pinned it to the board. “What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges said. “There’s a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.” Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could. While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet. “After all, everyone has bad days and good days,” he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.” 28. What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Money spent without hesitation. B. Money not legally made. C. Money offered without conditions. D. Money not tied together. 29. What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride? A. Women tended to be more sociable. B. The activity attracted various people. C. Economic problems were getting worse. D. Young couples needed financial assistance. 30. Why did Bridges carry out the project? A. To promote kindness and sympathy. B. To earn himself a good reputation. C. To raise money for his company. D. To do a test on people’s morals. D The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones, writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic（怀旧的）skill. However, while today`s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life. Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand. Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published last year, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate. In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active, which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas,” Berninger said. “Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe（转换）those words in the mind into written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. “Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words,” says Berninger, “but also to spot（发现）spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.” “In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.” 31. What makes writing by hand a thing of the past? A. The lack of practice in handwriting. B. The increasing use of blackboards in classrooms. C. The use of new technologies like computers and smartphones. D. The belief that handwriting skills are unnecessary for success. 32. Which of the following best shows the role of spelling? A. Spelling improves one’s memory of words. B. Spelling ability is closely related to writing ability. C. Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas. D. Spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas. 33. What does the underlined expression “mind’s eye” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Window. B. Spirit. C. Imagination. D. Picture. 34. What conclusion could be drawn from the passage? A. Handwriting still has a place in today’s classrooms. B. Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching. C. Computers can help people with their choice of words. D. Functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade. 北京市西城区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 A Four Best City Walks in the USWisdom Tree Hike in Los Angeles This is probably the most popular city walk in LA—a journey to the only tree to survive the 2007 Barham fire. The Wisdom Tree is at the top of Burbank Peak, which gives you great views all over Los Angeles. The walk: Head up Wonder View Drive from Lake Hollywood Drive, and you will reach a gate at the end of the paved area. After you pass through, you’ll get to a wide-open area and the trail to the Wisdom Tree is to your right.SoHo/TriBeCa Walking Tour in New York City Heading down to SoHo and TriBeCa will give you the feeling of being in another city within NYC. The small side streets hide interesting buildings and unique shops, as well as historic spots. The walk: Head south from the Broadway-Lafayette Street subway station, and get lost among the art galleries, with a first sweet stop at the Museum of Ice Cream. Next, explore the Prince Street shops, then head east to Greene Street. Here, you can find some of the finest examples of cast-iron architecture in the city.The Boardwalk Trail in Austin In Austin, you’ll be charmed by art. The Boardwalk Trail aims to build a 7,250-foot walkway filled with works of art and fantastic views of the city. Don’t miss the 36 bronze belts designed by artist Ken Little, with country music song lyrics written on each. The walk: You can access the Boardwalk Trail from several points. The full trail is 10 miles long, where you can enjoy the peaceful waterside views and the skyline of Austin at sunset.Art Walk in Denver Denver is a great destination in itself, with lots of cultural attractions, live music and excellent restaurants. The city’s Art District on Santa Fe (ADSF) has a delightful 2.7-mile path that leads you to art galleries and excellent food and drink stops. The walk: From the charming Victorian house where you can admire the violins and guitars handcrafted by artists, make your way north to the Sunken Gardens, then the streets busy with art galleries and shops. Every first Friday of the month, the ADSF puts on an organized Art Walk on Santa Fe Drive. Art lovers have an opportunity to connect and share the experience of immersing (使沉浸) themselves in Denver’s art scene. 16．Which city walk can offer a bird’s eye view of a city? A．Art Walk in Denver. B．The Boardwalk Trail in Austin. C．Wisdom Tree Hike in Los Angeles. D．SoHo/TriBeCa Walking Tour in New York City. 17．What do the city walks in Austin and Denver have in common? A．Visitors can enjoy live music. B．Visitors can appreciate art works. C．Visitors can enjoy peaceful waterside views. D．Visitors can appreciate hand-made musical instruments. 18．Where is this passage probably taken from? A．A tourist brochure. B．An art review. C．An environmental journal. D．A geography textbook. B The first time Terry attended a meeting of the Tahquamenon Sportsmen’s Club, they made him vice president—and he wasn’t even a member. By his second visit, the few members left in the dying organization had put him in charge of the whole thing. The club began in the 1920s. Back then, hunting and fishing were pastimes in rural areas. The culture, however, is different now. When Terry took over the century-old club, it was on its last legs. Only a couple dozen members remained, and most were older than its new 68-year-old president. They were no longer doing the things they’d been known for. Worst of all, their famous fishing tackle party had been canceled twice, once just because they simply didn’t have enough members to pull it off. He wanted to push hard to keep the organization going, because it is one of the things that make up the heart and soul of Newberry. He had to look for new members. He needed to broaden the club’s offerings to attract younger people. More than anything else, he had to make sure the tackle party for kids took place once again. Little by little, Terry’s efforts worked. People began asking about memberships. Some sent contributions. Others offered their time. A local company donated new siding for the clubhouse. Someone else said they would put a new roof on it. Someone came and mowed the lawn (草坪) when it got long in the summer. Others cleared the snow in the winter. All over town, people and businesses promised to help the club survive and succeed. On the day of the annual Kids Tackle Party, hundreds of kids and their families appeared. Terry started the event with a speech. A local fishing expert gave tips on how to catch fish. Then, one at a time, each of the 245 kids was called by name, and every one of them got a fishing pole and a tackle box. It took more than three hours to get through everyone who showed up. It was a big event, one that came close to dying, but was finally back. Terry fought to keep the club and party for kids, a longtime tradition in the Newberry community, going. Traditions are dying these days, but he was able to get people to hold onto this one. 19．When Terry took over the club, ________. A．he was the youngest member B．hunting was a popular pastime C．the culture of the club remained D．the club was struggling to survive 20．To keep the organization going, what did Terry put at the top of his to-do list? A．Broadening people’s minds in Newberry. B．Searching for help from his neighborhood. C．Ensuring the return of the tackle party for kids. D．Offering appealing activities to attract new members. 21．What did the townspeople do to help the club? A．They grew grass. B．They removed the snow. C．They donated fishing poles. D．They fixed the clubhouse roof. 22．What can we learn from the story? A．Interest does not lie. B．The discovery of tradition matters. C．Sometimes hard work doesn’t pay off. D．A hero shows up during challenging times. C In the 1970s, a gorilla (大猩猩) known as Koko became world-famous when scientists taught her to use human sign language to communicate with people. There were numerous attempts in the mid-1900s to teach human language to nonhumans, such as Koko. But what we should have been thinking about was their abilities to engage in complex communication on their own terms instead of trying to teach an animal to talk to us in human language. Today scientists are trying to figure out how living things already share information using their particular methods. This new field of study is known as digital bioacoustics, and it involves using tools to understand the production of sounds and their effects on living things. Scientists in this field are using sensors, which are devices that pick up and record information on physical or chemical conditions. Some are also using artificial intelligence (AI) technology, an approach that uses algorithms (算法). The same algorithms that we use in tools such as Google Translate to translate documents can also be used to find patterns in nonhuman communication. Jeremy of Tel Aviv University studied nearly two dozen Egyptian fruit bats for two and a half months and recorded their vocalizations. His team adapted a voice-recognition program to study 15,000 of the sounds. The algorithm matched specific sounds with specific things the bats were doing. Using this program, the researchers were able to classify most of the bats’ sounds. Jeremy and other researchers have found that bats have a much more complex language than we previously understood. Bats argue over food; they distinguish (区分) between genders when they communicate with one another and they have individual names, or “signature calls”. That’s a great example of how AI is able to find these patterns from information gathered by sensors and microphones. AI reveals things that we can’t hear with our human ears alone because most bat communication happens above our hearing range, and because bats speak much faster than we do, we have to slow it down to listen to it. So we cannot listen like a bat, but our computers can. And our computers can also speak back to the bat by producing specific patterns. Digital bioacoustics is like an amazing hearing aid. It lets us listen to animals with both our digitally enhanced (增强的) ears and our imagination. This is slowly opening our minds not only to the wonderful sounds that nonhumans make, but to a fundamental set of questions about the so-called divide between humans and nonhumans, as well as our connection to other species. It’s also opening up new ways to think about protecting living things and our relationship with the planet. It’s pretty meaningful. 23．Regarding scientists’ efforts to teach animals human language, the author feels ________. A．negative B．unconcerned C．uncertain D．supportive 24．Scientists in digital bioacoustics are trying to study ________. A．how animals use different tools to share information B．how animals are affected by the production of sounds C．how animals are taught to talk in human sign language D．how animals communicate with one another using sounds 25．What can we learn about AI applied in digital bioacoustics? A．It pairs certain animals’ sounds with their behaviors. B．It slows down animals’ sounds within humans’ hearing range. C．It adapts voice-recognition programs to analyze animals’ sounds. D．It translates specific nonhuman sound patterns into human language. 26．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．animals can be classified according to their sound patterns B．scientists need to keep studying how animals produce sounds C．digital bioacoustics may inspire humans to rethink their relationship with animals D．the focus of digital bioacoustics should be the divide between humans and nonhumans D Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives. And when we do try to think back to our earliest memories, it’s often unclear whether they are the real thing or just recollections based on photos or stories told to us by others. The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it. At first glance, it may seem that the reason we don’t remember being babies is that babies don’t have a fully developed memory. But babies as young as six months can form both short-term memories that last for minutes and long-term memories that last weeks. In one study, six-month-olds who learned how to press a button to operate a toy train remembered how to perform this action for two to three weeks after they had last seen the toy. Preschoolers can remember events that go years back. Of course, memory capabilities at these ages are not adult-like. In fact, developmental changes in basic memory processes have been put forward as an explanation for childhood amnesia. These basic processes involve several brain regions and include forming, maintaining and then later retrieving (检索) the memory. For example, the hippocampus, thought to be responsible for forming memories, continues developing until the age of seven. The typical boundary for the offset of childhood amnesia—three and a half years—changes with age. Children and teenagers have earlier memories than adults do. This suggests that the problem may be less with forming memories than with maintaining them. But this does not seem to be the whole story; language also plays a role. From the ages of one to six, children progress from the one-word stage of speaking to becoming fluent in their native language(s), so there are major changes in their verbal (言语的) ability that overlap with the childhood amnesia period. This includes using the past tense, and memory-related words such as “remember” and “forget”. It’s true to some extent that a child’s ability to verbalize about an event at the time that it happened predicts how well they remember it months or years later. One lab group conducted this work by interviewing young children brought to accident and emergency departments for common childhood injuries. Those over 26 months, who could verbalize about the event at the time, recalled (回忆起) it up to five years later, while those under 26 months, who could not talk about it, recalled little or nothing. Even if we can’t clearly remember specific events from when we were very young, their accumulation, however, leaves lasting tracks that influence our behavior. The first few years of life are forgettable and yet powerful in shaping the adults that we become. 27．According to the passage, childhood amnesia refers to ________. A．inability to recall early childhood experiences B．difficulty children have forming memories C．concern about the truth of early memories D．loss of memory abilities in the childhood 28．What do the words “overlap with” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Have a lot in common with. B．Happen at the same time as. C．Play an important role in. D．Are closely related to. 29．What may the results of the interview mentioned in Paragraph 5 suggest? A．Children start to form long-term memories at 26 months. B．Children’s ability to recall specific events increases with age. C．Preverbal memories may be lost if they are not translated into language. D．Injuries probably influence how well children verbalize about events. 30．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Childhood amnesia: How memory works in kids B．The brain and memory: How memories are formed C．Verbal ability: Why it matters in the memory process D．The forgotten childhood: Why early memories disappear 北京市昌平区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题 第一节 (共14小题；每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Creative teens with a passion for storytelling may just find their calling in the exciting world of film. There are plenty of opportunities in this industry, from producing to editing to directing to technical work. Curious about whether film-making is the path for you? Through these programs designed for high school students, you can find out. Summer Arts Institute This free four-week program for students in grades 10 through 12 is not to be missed. Participants (参与者) can major in several creative fields, including film. Students selected for the program work with professional artists to build skills and gain hands-on experience. The program ends with an exhibition of participants' work. Cinematic Arts Program The oldest film school encourages high school students to learn about the world of filmmaking, screenwriting, computer animation, or the film/television business through these six-week summer sessions. Students take real college-level courses. Teen Filmmaking Camps In summer film camps, students will write, shoot, direct and edit their own films. In this program designed for teens with little to no film experience, students receive in-class instruction and take part in on-set production, learning all about the exciting world of storytelling through film. The program ends with a screening of the participants' works. Museum of Media Teen Council The MoM Teen Council is a two-month job development program for teens interested in the media arts who want a look at how good films are born and how a media museum works. Participants help the museum shape its program offerings. They can build leadership skills and teamwork. They also get real-world project management experience by organizing events like the museum's Film Festival. 21. Which program offers college-level courses? A. Summer Arts Institute. B. Cinematic Arts Program. C. Teen Filmmaking Camps. D. Museum of Media Teen Council. 22. What will students of the MoM Teen Council get? A. A film directed by themselves. B. A free six-week summer camp. C. Chances of working with artists. D. Project management experience. 23. What is the shared goal of the four programs? A. To seek local partners. B. To carry out summer camps. C. To find out creative high schoolers. D. To help teens know about filmmaking. B In his little house, Jase was writing a letter to Santa weeks before Christmas. “Dear Santa, Could you give me superpowers this year? Then I can be a superhero and save lives. I can be a firefighter! Please realise my wish!” Weeks later, it was finally Christmas. When he ran down the stairs, he saw lots of parcels under a tall Christmas tree in the living room. He stopped dead before the tree, looking for his present. “A fire truck!” he shouted loudly. “Santa gave me superpowers! I'll become a firefighter!” Jase had learned at school that firefighters were true heroes who saved people from danger. So the little boy wished to be a firefighter. He was so happy that he spent the whole day driving his toy truck. That evening, he couldn't sleep. He took his truck down to the living room and drove it around. Suddenly, he felt something strange. When he turned around, he saw smoke from the Christmas tree. His parents had forgotten to put out some candles, which had caught the tree's back and the curtains on fire. The fire was spreading fast. “Mom! Dad! There's a fire in our house!” he shouted as he rushed upstairs and woke up his sisters. Milly woke up and ran downstairs with him, but Rosie was asleep, so he carried her in his arms. He then put his sisters in the truck and rushed to his parents' room. “What's wrong, Jase?” his mom asked. “Wait, what's that smoke?” “There's a fire!” Jase shouted. The couple took the kids and rushed out of the house. They called 911, and firefighters arrived on the scene. Because the space was small, the whole house was in flames (火焰) in no time. One of the firefighters patted Jase's shoulder and said, “Good job!” Jase smiled and said, “Thank you, sir. Not all heroes wear capes (斗篷)! I will become a real superhero like you someday.” And today, Jase has helped several families from such events, and he's indeed a superhero, a firefighter. 24. What did Jase want for Christmas gift? A. A new cape. B. A toy truck. C. Superpowers. D. Gifts from firefighters. 25. What action did Jase take upon seeing the fire? A. He called 911. B. He ran out of the house. C. He tried to put out the fire. D. He managed to save his families. 26. Which of the following words can best describe Jase? A. Calm and brave. B. Curious and humorous. C. Kind and hard-working. D. Honest and quick-thinking. 27. What can we learn from the passage? A. No pains, no gains. B. Practice makes perfect. C. Heroes come in all shapes and sizes. D. Everything comes to those who wait. C Some environmentalists claim that attempts to create a recycling economy for plastics are sure to fail, but the arguments can be not true. In 1980, Disney World in Orlando. Florida, started to work on a new way to generate power for the theme park, cutting its use of oil, the price of which had increased. The Solid Waste Energy Conversion Plant took rubbish, including plastic, and used a method called pyrolysis (热解) to turn it into burnable gases. It opened in 1982, but closed a year later, as the cost of running it went up. Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic. Their argument is false. The failure of Disney's plant had more to do with a later fall in oil prices than technological or environmental problems. Pyrolysis has improved a lot since the 1980s. And in any case, Disney's plant was designed to produce fuel, which isn't classed as advanced recycling. As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game change r that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil. It isn't a magic recipe. There are problems around such plants generating toxic (有毒的) waste, their energy use and the continuation of traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives (替代物). Environmentalists are right to argue that we would be better off gradually getting rid of plastics altogether. But practical considerations mean they aren't going away any time soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than the alternatives. There is a serious discussion to be had around advanced recycling, not least whether it should be factored into an upcoming global agreement on plastic pollution. Let's just make sure it is based on the facts, not Disney stories. 28. As for refusing the new tech with the Disney story, the author is A. worried B. disapproving C. uncertain D. unconcerned 29. What can we learn from this passage? A Plastics would be soon stopped using. B. Plants with new tech don't produce toxic waste. C. The new tech features recycling all plastics. D. Disney's plant turned plastic waste into new plastic. 30. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To argue for advanced recycling. B. To stress benefits of reducing plastics. C. To present failure of recycling economy. D. To discuss the problems of reusing waste. D What Is A Sand Battery? Generally, when one pictures a battery, one imagines the lithium battery(锂电池) in various high-tech forms. Yet in 2022, Polar Night Energy launched the world's first commercial sand battery, capable of storing 500-600℃ in heat energy for months. With the environmental concern of mining for lithium batteries, investors and companies are looking for alternatives, and sand batteries are one of them. The concept for a sand battery is simple: storing large amounts of heat in sand or sand-like materials for later use. The advantage of sand is its ability to store large amounts of heat in a small volume, its large quantity, and its low cost. Sand batteries serve as storage for spare wind and solar power and extra energy when demand is low. They can provide heated water as well as heated air to homes and industries that would otherwise use fossil fuels. The heat can also be changed back to electricity using a steam turbine (蒸气涡轮). This technique dates back centuries. Ancient Egyptian homes were made of sand mixed with mud and straw that would keep the heat of the hot desert sun and then release it slowly during the cool nights. Many native Americans used mud to build houses for the same reason. They would also store heat from campfires in rocks wrapped (包裹) in leather skin and use these rocks for heating their beds at night. This ancient wisdom can now be applied to modern solutions through sand batteries. Now, Polar Night Energy, working with the heating company Lovisan Lämpð, will launch a sand battery 10 times the size and capable of storing up to100megawatts hour of heat. This battery will eliminate the need for oil-based energy for the entire town of Pornainen; Finland, and keep 160 tonnes of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere annually. According to the Washington Post, more than $900 million has been invested in clean storage technologies in the past three years, a number that is expected to reach $3 trillion by 2040. This money is being directed towards various small companies that are investigating natural batteries. There are challenges to overcome before this technology can be adopted widely. It remains to be seen whether natural batteries can be a steady source of energy. Furthermore, because it's an emerging industry, natural battery projects will need to be built from scratch, meaning only developed countries can afford to use them. Despite this, sand and other natural battery solutions are an exciting step forward towards a green future. 31. The idea of sand batteries is . A. to process fossil fuels for industries B. to change solar energy into electricity C. to store energy in special materials as heat D. to generate wind energy when it is necessary 32. What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A. The advantages of sand batteries. B. The inspiration of sand batteries. C. The application of sand batteries. D. The development of sand batteries. 33. What does the word “eliminate” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A. Meet. B. Remove. C. Create. D. Ignore. 34. What can we learn about sand batteries? A. They are a high-tech form of lithium battery. B. They can be widely used across the world soon. C. They are a steady source of energy for a green future. D. They can provide heat and power for homes or-industries. 北京市东城区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 第一节（共10小题；每小题2分，共20分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Tyler Dison had just finished his night shift (夜班) when a call came across the radio. An apartment near the police station had caught fire and the dispatcher (调度员) reported a 3-year-old child trapped inside. Though firefighters were on the way, Tyler knew he could get there sooner. And so, the 25-year-old police officer raced to the scene determined to help. “I must save this child at all costs,” he thought. When Tyler Dison arrived at the apartment building, he saw fire flames shooting out of the windows. The police officer gave no thought to his own safety. Instead, he rushed into the flames. Rushing into the apartment filled with flames and thick, black smoke. Tyler immediately began searching for the child. The heat was unbearable but the brave officer refused to give up until, at last, he located the child. Officer Dison raced out with the 3-year-old boy in his arms, taking the child to his police car. The brave hero then drove to meet the ambulance (救护车) halfway so the boy could receive medical attention as quickly as possible. “If I hadn’t done something, that baby would have died,” Officer Dison explained. “His breathing was very shallow, and he wasn’t really responding.” Officer Dison got burned in his arm. However, it didn’t matter to Tyler Dison. All he cared about was saving the 3-year-old. And thanks to his courage, the little boy got the help he needed and is going to be just fine. “I’m so happy that baby is doing OK,” Tyler said. “I grew up in this town, I want to protect it always.” The call Tyler Dison received that day was unlike any one he had ever experienced. Even so, when he arrived at the scene, Tyler’s past training and his deep desire to save lives told him just what to do. 33．What did Tyler Dison choose to do after he received the call? A．Call the ambulance. B．Join the firefighters. C．Rush to the fire scene. D．Finish his night shift. 34．The boy’s life was finally saved because ______. A．he refused to give up hope B．he received treatment in time C．Dison helped him get his breath back D．Dison wasted no time putting out the fire 35．What are the best words to describe Tyler Dison? A．Responsible and honest. B．Brave and adventurous. C．Courageous and selfless. D．Independent and humorous. B Nowadays, the streaming music field is filled with seemingly similar services and interchangeable functions. However, a deeper dive shows that many of the highest-rated streaming music apps include a wide range of features. We’ve tested the notable names to help you narrow down your choices. Why We Picked ItLiveOne features a deep well of quality listening material, which includes informative DJs, numerous podcasts (播客) radio theatres, and concert streams.Who It’s For Rock music fans will dig LiveOne, which focuses on the live music experience. If your favorite band is coming to town, you can purchase tickets to see a show in person or enjoy the show via live stream on your mobile phone. Why We Picked ItBy joining live radio, in-studio artist interviews, and traditional streaming audio together, SiriusXM owns its secret to success. An extremely generous three-month tryout lets you explore the service’s offerings before paying cash.Who It’s For SiriusXM is the perfect service for radio lovers who want to pursue life style and new shows. There’s a comforting nostalgia (怀旧) that comes from surfing channels on the radio, and SiriusXM brings that old-school memories to your vehicle or mobile device. Why We Picked ItThe music streaming industry is a particularly competitive field, so Deezer, which entered the scene in 2016, has its competitiveness. Still, Deezer is a well-rounded package that offers music, live radio show, and podcasts, as well as a few interesting parts to make the service worth your while.Who It’s For One of Deezer’s most interesting features is its ability to import MP3 files. If you have your favorite music files saved on a computer, you can upload them to your account via Deezer’s website. Why We Picked ItThere’s no shortage of streaming music services that highlight trending music. When it comes to classical music, however, many services fall short. Idagio offers a large record of high-quality classical music, as well as live-streamed concerts and interviews.Who It’s For There are plenty of music streaming services with classical tunes, but Idagio has the type-specific tools you need to find the music you want. 36．If you want to experience live-streamed classical music, you can download ______. A．LiveOne B．SiriusXM C．Deezer D．Idagio 37．What makes SiriusXM different from others? A．It provides live radio show. B．It offers short-term free use. C．It is popular with old schools. D．It can be used on mobile phones. 38．The passage is intended to ______. A．introduce the music on music apps B．share the features of different music apps C．rate services on the four popular music apps D．give instructions on the download of music apps C Arseny Moskvichev dreams of the day he can have a meaningful conversation with artificial intelligence. But the problem is that Large Language Models (LLMs) are complete amnesiacs. “Even the most advanced chatbots can only process about 16,000 words of text within a prompt (提示框) when in conversation with a human user,” says the cognitive and computer scientist. “They only have so much context they can attend to. If you’re out of this context, they forget everything you spoke about with them. And they can’t connect the information they receive during different ‘conversations’ with a human, or build a storyline.” To help chatbots improve their comprehension of the deep complexities (复杂性) of context, Moskvichev and his colleagues are teaching them to read novels, the way we might learn to read them in high school literature classes. The act of reading a novel might seem like an entertaining (娱乐的) pastime, but it requires intelligence. We use memory and complex comprehension to follow multiple characters through plots, scene changes, and narrative. The average novel averages around 80,000 words. All those words gradually build a story we hold and examine in our minds. But such skills are currently out of reach to LLMs, which can process text but cannot be said to read the way we do. Moskvichev and his group built a new database from 1,500 books. They train LLMs in reading comprehension by having the AI read a book in the database, analyzing long stretches of text, then asking it to find a correct scene summary from a pool of options. As a training tool the database offers more than a million questions for LLMs to practice on. However, to accurately summarize a book requires someone to read it, and design the training questions. “It’s very expensive to collect a data set of this type,” Moskvichev says. It is here that the scientists showed their power of creative imagination—they got ChatGPT-3.5 to summarize short book sections. It is an example of a machine being used to train a more powerful machine. While Moskvichev and his group have found the LLMs still make mistakes about half of the time, they have observed significant improvement in trained LLM performance versus untrained. “There’s still room for improvement,” Moskvichev says. 39．The underlined word “amnesiacs” in Para 1 refers to the people who ______. A．tend to forget things B．are poor at giving speech C．stick to one’s own opinion D．have trouble analyzing texts 40．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．What is related to humans and AI needs deep comprehension. B．What matters to AI may be of the same importance for humans. C．What humans do to relax themselves can be a big trouble for AI. D．What humans and AI share may be some seemingly simple skills. 41．For Moskvichev and his group, what is the challenge of building training tools for chatbots? A．Raising narrative ability. B．Seeking suitable novels. C．Designing training tools. D．Finding human resources. 42．What is Moskvichev’s attitude toward LLMs’ future? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Worried. D．Changing. 参考答案 北京市朝阳区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 31．C 32．D 33．C 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一款名为Moonwalkers的鞋子的情况。 31．细节理解题。根据How do Moonwalkers work?部分第一段中“The artificial intelligence sottware driving Moonwalkers measures and adjusts (调整) on-the-fly to both the terrain (地形) you’re on and the way you walk, providing safe and enjoyable walking experience.(驱动Moonwalkers的人工智能软件会根据你所处的地形和行走方式进行测量和调整，为你提供安全和愉快的行走体验)”可知，Moonwalkers得到了技术的帮助。故选C。 32．细节理解题。根据Why do you choose Moonwalkers?部分中“·Expand (扩大) your footprint: Moonwalkers make walking many city blocks, even further, no sweat.(·扩大你的足迹：Moonwalkers可以让你走很多街区，甚至更远，毫不费力)”可知，有了Moonwalkers，用户可以在不那么疲劳的情况下走得更远。故选D。 33．细节理解题。根据最后一段“If you weigh more than 220lbs, you can still use Moonwalkers but will experience slightly reduced performance in certain edge cases. (如果你的体重超过220磅，你仍然可以使用月球漫步者，但在某些极端情况下，性能会略有下降)”可知，用户体重会影响Moonwalkers的功能。故选C。 34．A 35．B 36．A 37．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了曾经爱慕虚荣的斯蒂芬收到了TrueBeauty的信息，要求她展示真实的自我，于是她和罗宾逊太太一起做园艺振奋精神，玩的很高兴。 34．细节理解题。根据第一段“Her picture looked perfect with that filter. She posted it on the social media for her 15k followers, hoping they would wish to have the same life as she showed. Then she threw away the food now that it was cold.(她的照片用那个滤镜看起来很完美。她在社交媒体上为她的1.5万名粉丝发布了这张照片，希望他们也能过上和她一样的生活。然后她扔掉了食物，因为它已经冷了)”可知，斯蒂芬把这张添加滤镜的照片上传到网上是为了炫耀她的生活。故选A。 35．细节理解题。根据表格中“PS. You can’t remove the filter or delete the pictures you posted using it. After the first time you use TrueBeauty, it will change all your photos from that moment on!( PS：你不能删除滤镜，也不能删除你用它发布的照片。在你第一次使用TrueBeauty之后，它将从那一刻起改变你所有的照片！)”可知，TrueBeauty要求我们诚实行事。故选B。 36．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Then she saw Mrs Robinson watering the plants. She offered to help. A couple of hours later, they were done with the work. Steph had enjoyed herself a lot. They took a picture, standing together in front of the roses and smiling.(然后她看见罗宾逊太太在给植物浇水。她主动提出帮忙。几个小时后，他们完成了工作。斯蒂芬玩得很开心。他们一起站在玫瑰前，微笑着照了相)”可知，斯蒂芬觉得和罗宾逊太太一起做园艺振奋精神。故选A。 37．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Later that evening Steph looked at the picture on her phone. She changed the colours a little bit. The roses looked beautiful anyway, with or without any changes. Nothing could improve the smiles on her and Mrs Robinson’s faces. A really beautiful picture! She posted this picture. It looked exactly the same online! She made her account public again and added some text to the photo: Beauty in the garden.(那天晚上晚些时候，斯蒂芬看着手机里的照片。她稍微改变了一下颜色。不管有没有变化，玫瑰看起来都很漂亮。什么也不能使她和罗宾逊太太脸上的笑容更加灿烂。真是一幅美丽的画！她发了这张照片。在网上看起来一模一样!她再次公开了自己的账户，并在照片上加上了一些文字：花园里的美人)”可知，作者接下来最有可能写斯蒂芬鼓励她的追随者重视内心的自我。故选D。 38．B 39．A 40．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了不适应白日梦会导致负面情绪的增加，以及行为成瘾等问题。 38．细节理解题。根据第四段“The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction.(研究还发现，不适应白日梦是一种行为成瘾)”可知，不适应白日梦更可能成瘾。故选B。 39．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested.(“许多专业人士反对把不适应白日梦当作疾病来对待，”萨默说。正如你所期望的那样，这种疾病尚未得到广泛认可，治疗和管理方案仍在开发和测试中)”可知，对于不适应白日梦，萨默认为专家们应该认真对待。故选A。 40．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships.(然而，当白日做梦的好处逐渐显现的时候，心理学家Eli Somer发现，他的一些病人的幻想取代了真实的社会交往，结果削弱了他们维持日常关系的能力)”结合文章主要说明了不适应白日梦会导致负面情绪的增加，以及行为成瘾等问题。可知，文章的主要目的是重视处理白日梦的阴暗面。故选D。 41．B 42．A 43．C 44．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学界存在发现竞争的情况，有些人担心被他人抢先发表了发现，但事实上这是不必要的担心。 41．推理判断题。根据第二段中第一句话“The history of science is full of competition. (科学史充满竞争。)”和“Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. (查尔斯·达尔文在收到阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士的手稿后，匆忙出版了他的《物种起源》一书，手稿中详细描述了艾萨克·牛顿、戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨和他们的支持者为谁发明了微积分而争论不休。)”可知，作者提到《物种起源》这本书是为了表明发现竞赛很常见。故选B。 42．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all.(然而，在现实世界中，科学发现的荣誉不太可能是赢家通吃的)”以及后文“Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first.(第二公开的结构被发表的可能性只有2.5%，尽管它们往往出现在不太知名的期刊上，而不是首先发表的结构)”可知，上文提到科学发现的荣誉不太可能是赢家通吃的，说明被抢先的代价较小。故划线词意思是“较小的”。故选A。 43．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. (但事实并非如此。Ramakrishnan和Yonath的团队都因发现核糖体而受到赞誉，两位科学家各自分享了2009年诺贝尔化学奖的三分之一)”可推知，至于罗摩克里希南担心被抢先，作者认为没有必要，这是因为他们的团队都因为发现核糖体而受到赞誉。故选C。 44．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge.(被抢先发现是科学家最不希望发生的事。位于剑桥的麻省理工学院(MIT)的经济学家卡罗琳·斯坦说：“你率先获得了一个有意义的优势，但被抢先可能并不像人们所担心的那样具有破坏性。”)”结合文章主要说明了科学界存在发现竞争的情况，有些人担心被他人抢先发表了发现，但事实上这是不必要的担心。可知，D选项“科学被抢先发表：声誉总会找上你”最符合文章标题。故选D。 北京市石景山区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C 32. B 33. C 34. A 北京市西城区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 16．C 17．B 18．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文，文章主要讲的是美国最好的四个城市步道。 16．细节理解题。根据文章Wisdom Tree Hike in Los Angeles部分“The Wisdom Tree is at the top of Burbank Peak, which gives you great views all over Los Angeles.( Wisdom Tree位于伯班克山顶，在那里你可以看到整个洛杉矶的美景。)”可知，洛杉矶的Wisdom Tree Hike可以看到一个城市的全景。故选C项。 17．细节理解题。根据文章The Boardwalk Trail in Austin部分的“In Austin, you’ll be charmed by art.(在奥斯汀，你会被艺术所吸引。)”以及Art Walk in Denver部分的“Denver is a great destination in itself, with lots of cultural attractions, live music and excellent restaurants. The city’s Art District on Santa Fe (ADSF) has a delightful 2.7-mile path that leads you to art galleries and excellent food and drink stops.(丹佛本身就是一个伟大的目的地，有许多文化景点，现场音乐和一流的餐馆。这座城市的圣达菲艺术区(ADSF)有一条令人愉快的2.7英里小路，可以通往艺术画廊和美味的美食和饮料站。)”可知，Austin and Denver的共同之处在于在这两个地方的游客可以欣赏艺术作品。故选B项。 18．推理判断题。根据文章标题“Four Best City Walks in the US(美国最好的四个城市步道)”以及全文内容可知文章主要介绍了美国最好的四个城市步道，所以最有可能出自旅游手册。故选A项。 19．D 20．C 21．B 22．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲的是Terry接管了一个濒临灭亡的俱乐部，经过努力让它重新恢复生机的故事。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“By his second visit, the few members left in the dying organization had put him in charge of the whole thing.(到他第二次去的时候，这个垂死的组织里剩下的几个成员已经让他掌管了整个组织。)”以及文章第二段“When Terry took over the century-old club, it was on its last legs.(Terry接手这家百年俱乐部时，它已奄奄一息。)”可知，当Terry接管俱乐部时，俱乐部正在为生存而挣扎。故选D项。 20．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“More than anything else, he had to make sure the tackle party for kids took place once again.(最重要的是，他必须确保孩子们的钓鱼派对再次举行。)”可知，为了保证俱乐部的运转，Terry把确保孩子们的钓鱼派对的回归放在了他待办事项清单的首位。故选C项。 21．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Someone came and mowed the lawn (草坪) when it got long in the summer. Others cleared the snow in the winter.(当草在夏天变长时有人来修剪草坪，其他人则在冬天清理积雪。)”可知，为了帮助俱乐部，镇上的人帮助俱乐部清除积雪。故选B项。 22．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Terry fought to keep the club and party for kids, a longtime tradition in the Newberry community, going. Traditions are dying these days, but he was able to get people to hold onto this one.( Terry努力让俱乐部和孩子们的聚会继续下去，这是纽伯里社区的一个长期传统。如今，传统正在消亡，但他能让人们坚持下去。)”以及文章其他段落的内容可知，文章主要讲的是Terry拯救了濒临灭亡的钓鱼派对，所以从故事中我们可以得出，英雄总是出现在挑战性的时期。故选D项。 23．A 24．D 25．A 26．C 27．A 28．B 29．C 30．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“童年失忆症”这一现象，分析了背后的原因以及相关研究。 27．细节理解题。根据第一段“Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives. And when we do try to think back to our earliest memories, it’s often unclear whether they are the real thing or just recollections based on photos or stories told to us by others. The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it.(我们大多数人对生命的前三到四岁没有任何记忆。当我们试图回想起我们最早的记忆时，往往不清楚它们是真实的，还是仅仅是基于照片或别人告诉我们的故事的回忆。这种现象被称为“童年失忆症”，一个多世纪以来一直困扰着心理学家，我们仍然没有完全理解它)”可知，童年健忘症是指无法回忆起童年早期的经历。故选A。 28．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives.(我们大多数人对生命的前三到四岁没有任何记忆)”以及划线词上文“From the ages of one to six, children progress from the one-word stage of speaking to becoming fluent in their native language(s), so there are major changes in their verbal (言语的) ability that”可知，大多数人对生命的前三到四岁没有任何记忆，这时因为从1岁到6岁，孩子们从一个单词的说话阶段发展到流利地说母语，所以他们的语言能力发生了重大变化，与儿童失忆症时期同时发生。故划线词意思是“与……同时发生”。故选B。 29．细节理解题。根据第五段“Those over 26 months, who could verbalize about the event at the time, recalled (回忆起) it up to five years later, while those under 26 months, who could not talk about it, recalled little or nothing.(超过26个月的婴儿当时可以用语言描述这件事，五年后他们还能回忆起这件事，而26个月以下的婴儿不能谈论这件事，几乎什么也记不起来)”可知，访谈结果可能表明如果不将言语前的记忆翻译成语言，可能会丢失。故选C。 30．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it.(这种现象被称为“童年失忆症”，一个多世纪以来一直困扰着心理学家，我们仍然没有完全理解它)”结合文章主要介绍了“童年失忆症”这一现象，分析了背后的原因以及相关研究。可知，D选项“被遗忘的童年：为什么早期记忆会消失”最符合文章标题。故选D。 北京市昌平区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题 21. B 22. D 23. D 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. B 33. B 34. D 北京市东城区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. D 37. B 38. B 39. A 40. C 41.D 42. A 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$