内容正文:
专题03 形容词,副词,情态动词
考点精讲
【形容词】
考点一:形容词的一般用法
1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。
例如,It’s a cold and windy day.
2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。
例如,He looks happy today.
3.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。
例如,Would you like something hot to drink?
4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
例如,How long is the river?It’s about two hundred metres long.
5.只能作表语的形容词:afraid害怕;alone独自的;asleep睡着的;awake醒着的;alive活着的;well健康的;ill病的;frightened害怕的
例如,The man is ill.(正) The ill man is my uncle.(误)
6.只能作定语的形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的
例如,My elder brother is in Beijing.(正) My brother is elder. (误)
7.貌似副词的形容词:lonely独自的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;lovely可爱的
8.复合形容词:snow-white雪白的English-speaking说英语的;glass-topped玻璃罩的;full-time全日制的;well-known众所周知的;kind-hearted善良的;man-made人造的;take-away可以带走的;ten-year-old十岁的。
考点二:多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)——描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色)——出处——材料性质——类别——名词
A small round table一张小圆桌
A tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物
A dirty old black shirt一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣
A famous American medical school一个非常著名的美国医学院
考点三:形容词常用句型
1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。
注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good(好的),kind(友善的),nice(友好的),polite(有礼貌的),clever(聪明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懒惰的),careful(细心的),careless(粗心的),right(正确的),wrong(错误的)等。
例如,It’s very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能帮助我,真好。
It’s very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)她说这样的话,真粗鲁。
It’s foolish of him to go alone.(=He is foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。
2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。
注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困难的),easy(容易的),hard(艰难的),dangerous(危险的),safe(安全的),useful(有益的),pleasant(舒适的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不可能的)等。
例如,
It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.(=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。
It’s very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。
It’s necessary for us to get to school on time.(=To get to school on time is necessary for us.)对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。
3.表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad(高兴的),pleased(高兴的),sad(忧伤的),thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。
例如,Glad to see you.见到你非常高兴。
I’m very sad to hear the bad news.听到这个坏新闻,我非常难过。
4.表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。
例如,Lei Feng is always ready to help others.雷锋总是乐于助人。
He is sure to get to school on time.他一定会按时到校。
1.I feel we live in a climate where everyone is taught to mistrust each other and report our neighbour's _________behaviour.
A. embarrassing B. random C. genuine D. suspicious
2.Be careful with the plate; it's very ______.
A. delicate B. suitable C. organic D. rewarding
3.Mark Twain, the father of American literature, was among the most ________ public figures in the United States when he died in 1910.
A. distinct B. instinctive C. distinguished D. informative
4.This issue has became even more ________, so you have to be more careful to deal with it.
A. distinct B. vivid C. abstract D. complicated
5.The handful of foreign coins is often not _______ to buy much from the duty-free shop.
A. exceptional B. sufficient C. fascinated D. complicated
6.This pop star is very ______with young people who like his songs and style.
A.familiar B.similar C.particular D.popular
7.—Is Lucy or Lily the ______ of the twins?
—Lucy. She was born half an hour earlier.
A.younger B.older C.elder D.eldest
8.My school bag is too ______. There are lots of books in it.
A.thin B.heavy C.huge D.light
【答案】
1.答案:D
解析:考查形容词词义辨析。句意:我觉得我们生活在这样一种氛围中,每个人都被教育要互相不信任,要报告邻居的可疑行为。A.embarrassing令人尴尬的:B.random 随意的:C.genuine真正的:D.suspicious可疑的。根据句意可知,此处为形容词suspicious"可疑的",满足句意要求。故选D。
2.答案:A
解析:考查形容词词义辨析。句意:留意这个盘子。它是易碎的。A.delicate易碎的;B.suitable合适的;C.organic有机的;D.rewarding有益的,值得做的。根据空前"Be careful with the plate"可知,因为盘子易碎,所以要留意。故选A。
3.答案:C
解析:考查形容词词义辨析。句意:马克·吐温,美国文学之父,1910年去世时是美国最杰出的公众人物之一。A.distinct独特的;B.instinctive本能的;C.distinguished卓越的;D.infomative见闻广博的。根据"Mark Twain, the father of American literature,"可知,马克·吐温是美国最杰出的公众人物之一。故选C。
4.答案:D
解析:考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这个问题变得更加复杂了,所以你必须更加小心地处理它。A.distinct截然不同的:B.vivid清晰的,生动的;C.abstract 抽象的;D.complicated复杂的。根据"so you have to be more careful to deal with it."可知,问题变得更加复杂了。故选D。
5.答案:B
解析:考查形容词词义辨析。句意:少量的外币往往不足以从免税商店购买很多。A.exceptional例外的:B.sufficient足够的:C.fascinated着迷的;D.complicated复杂的。根据空前not及句中"buy much from the duty-free shop"可知,外币不足以买许多的东西。故选B。
6.答案:D
解析:考查形容词的固定搭配。be familiar with...对……熟悉;be similar to...与……类似;be particular about...对……挑剔;be popular with...受……欢迎。句意:这个流行歌星很受年轻人的欢迎,年轻人很喜欢他的歌曲和风格。故选D。
7.答案:B
解析:考查比较级的用法。句意:一露西还是莉莉是双胞胎中较大的那个?一露西。她早出生了半个小时。younger更小的;elder表示"前辈的""年纪较长的",仅用于同一家庭成员的比较;older则不限于此,elder在句中只用作定语,不作表语;older两者皆可。根据该句是主系表结构及后文的回答。故选B。
8.答案:B
解析:考查形容词词义辨析。句意:我的书包太重了,里面有很多的书。thin瘦的;heavy 重的;huge大的;light轻的。根据句意There are lots of books in it 可知,书包里有很多书,所以很重。故选B。
【副词】
考点一:副词的句法作用
副词在句中主要作状语,也可作表语、定语、补足语等。
Point 1作状语,可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句。
●The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others blindly.
教育的目的是要教会年轻人独立思考,不要盲目地听从别人。
Point 2作表语,主要表示主语的方位、方向、动作、状态等。
●People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.
人们都心怀感激,因为他们过冬的粮食收集起来了,农活结束了。
Point 3作定语,主要为表示时间或地点的副词,如here, there, in, out, up, down, below, above, upstairs, indoors
等,这些副词作定语时应后置。
●My way out couldn't be found, so I had to stay there all day long.
找不到出去的路,所以我不得不一整天都待在那里。
Point 4 作补足语,说明宾语或主语所处的位置、状态等,可作宾语补足语和主语补足语
●The boy was seen upstairs stairs. 这个男孩被看到在楼上。
●Curiosity drove Wang Peng inside 好奇心驱使王鹏走了进去。
考点二:副词的位置
Point 1程度副词和频度副词修饰动词时,一般放在被修饰的动词之前。如果实义动词前有情态动词、助动词或be动词,则放在实义动词之前,情态动词、助动词或be动词之后;修饰形容词、副词时,位于被修饰词之前。
● They seldom take exercise in the morning..他们很少在早晨锻炼。
●However, they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own fault.
然而,他们不能责备我;这件事主要是他们自己的过错。
Point 2 方式副词一般放在动词后。常见的方式副词有:
fast快地 quickly快地 quietly安静地 beautifully美丽地 slowly'慢地 well很好地;令人满意地
carefully仔细地 angrily生气地
Please could you speak more slowly??请您说慢一不好?
Point 3 连接性副词和修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词,通常位于句首。
●Thankfully, I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
谢天谢地,我成功通过了比赛,所有的辛苦最终都是值得的。
Point 4时间副词和地点副词同时出现时,时间副词常置于地点副词之后。
● I met Tom here yesterday. 我昨天在这儿遇到了汤姆。
Point 5 enough既可以作限定词又可以作副词;作限定词时,通常置于所修饰的名词之前,也可置于其后;作副词时,通常置于所修饰的形容词或副词之后。
●I just don't have enough time/time enough. 我只是时间不够充足。
●The room is large enough to take another bed. 这个房间够大,还能再放一张床。
考点三:形近副词的含义
英语中,有些副词形式相近,常见的有:
late迟;晚 lately最近;近来 hard努力地;艰难地 hardly几乎不
near在附近 nearly几乎;差不多 free免费地 freely自由地;畅通地
close紧密地 closely 严密地;接近地 high在高处;高 highly很;非常;高度地
wide广阔地;充分地 widely广泛地;普遍地 deep深深地;在深处 deeply深刻地;深沉地
●I couldn't convince him no matter how hard I tried 不管我怎么努力,都说服不了他
●The children were so excited that they could hardly speak 孩子们兴奋得几乎连话都说不出来了。
考点四:常用的连接性副词
在句中,常用逗号将连接性副词与句子其他成分隔开。
though 一般用于句末,意为“然而,可是”,表示转折。
meanwhile 意为“与此同时;在此期间”,表示两个动作同时发生。
therefore//thus/ consequently 意为“因此,所以”,表示结果。
moreover// furthermore// additionally 意为“此外”,表承接关系。
besides意为“除此之外,而且”,表示递进关系。
however意为“然而”,表示让步、转折。
instead意为“相反”,表示相反的情况。
anyway// anyhow意为“尽管如此;至少”,表示让步。
1.He doesn't spend any more money on clothing than I do, but________ he manages to look so stylish.
A. therefore B. somehow C. furthermore D. otherwise
2.Pension should be increased ________ in line with earnings or prices, whichever is the higher.
A. originally B. unusually C. bitterly D. annually
3.---You don't go to that supermarket quite often, do you?
---No, I go there ______ because it's too far away from my house.
A. eventually B. constantly C. occasionally D. frequently
4._________, the language she considered the most complex turned out to be much easier to learn than many others.
A. Literally B. Ironically C. Dramatically D. Immediately
5.The number of homeless cats and dogs has increased _________ in recent years.
A. literally B. ironically C. dramatically D. immediately
6.With the teachers helping him patiently, the boy has made progress _______.
A. instantly B. intimately C. steadily D. literally
7.We took some effective measures to change the financial condition of our company. ________, it would have got worse.
A. Otherwise B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. However
8.—I have heard that Cao Wenxuan had won the Hans Christian Anderson prize.
—Great! His books always bring me to places I might not _______ have been either in thoughts or reality.
A. regardless B. otherwise C. therefore D. anyhow
【答案】
1.答案:B
解析:考查副词。句意:他不比我在衣服上花的钱多,但是不知怎么的,他能看起来这么时尚。therefore"因此";somehow"不知怎么的";furthermore"还有";otherwise"否则"。故选B。
2.答案:D
解析:考查副词词义辨析。句意:养老金应根据收入或物价每年增加,以较高者为准。A. originally起初;B. unusually不寻常地;C. bitterly伤心地; D. annually 每年。根据后文"in line with earnings or prices, whichever is the higher"可知,此处指养老金应根据收入或物价每年增加,应用annually。故选D。
3.答案:C
解析:句意:---你不经常去超市,是吗?---不经常去,我只是偶尔去,因为超市离我们家太远。Occasionally---sometimes, but not regularly and not often偶尔;eventually ---at last, in the end最后,终于;constantly ---all the time, or very often不断地,经常地;frequently频繁地,经常地。故选A。
4.答案:B
解析:考查副词词义辨析。句意:具有讽刺意味的是,她认为最复杂的语言竟然比其他语言容易学得多。A.Literally确实地;B.Ironically讽刺的是;C.Dramatically明显地;戏剧性地,夸张地;D.Immediately立刻地。设空处在句中应为副词作状语,修饰整个句子;根据后句"the language she considered the most complex turned out to be much easier to learn than many others.(她认为最复杂的语言竟然比其他语言容易学得多)"可知,这是很具有讽刺意味的。故选B。
5.答案:C
解析:考查副词词义辨析。句意:近年来,无家可归的猫和狗的数量急剧增加。A.literally逐字地;真正地;B.ironically反讽地,讽刺地;C.dramatically剧烈地,明显地;D.immediately立刻地。设空处应为副词的形式修饰动词,根据上句"has increased已经增加",可知是急剧地增加。故选C。
6.答案:C
解析:A.instantly立即;B.intimately熟悉地;C.steadily稳定地,逐步地;D.literally字面地。根据上文"With the teachers helping him patiently, the boy has made progress"指男孩稳步进步,应用steadily。根据句意:在老师的耐心帮助下,这个男孩稳步进步。故选C。
7.答案:A
解析:考查副词词义辨析。句意:我们采取了一些有效的措施来改变公司的财务状况。否则,情况会更糟。A.Otherwise否则;B.Therefore因此;C.Meanwhile与此同时;D.However然而。根据前文"We took some effective measures to change the financial condition of our company"和后文"it would have got worse"可知,此处是指幸亏采取了有效措施否则情况会更糟。故选A。
8.答案:B
解析:考查副词词义辨析。句意:—我听说曹文轩获得了汉斯·克里斯蒂安·安德森奖。—太好了!他的书总是把我带到一些地方,否则我可能无论是在思想上还是在现实中都不会到达的地方。A.regardless不管:B.otherwise否则:C.therefore因此:D.anyhow不管怎样。结合句中"either in thoughts or reality"可知,此处指在思想和现实中我都不会去到的地方,但他的书可以把我带着去这些地方。故选B。
【情态动词】
考点一:情态动词的用法
1. 表推测及可能性。may,might,can, could, will, would表示“可能”或“预测;, shall, should用于表示“必定”;must用于表示“必定”,“必会“;ought to表“应该为”。
2.与时态相关。can为现在式,其过去式 为could;may为现在式,其过去式 为might;shall为现在式,其过去式 为should;will为现在式,其过去式 为would.
3.表示能力的用法。can表示能力,意思是"能,会",其否定式can't表示"不能"。在过去时中用could和couldn't。be able to可以表示“能力” 用于各种时态。
4.表“意愿,打算”,常用词为will, would, shall, should.在这里,would,should要比will,shall更委婉,更客气。need表“需要”;dare表示“敢”。
5.表示“请求,许可”,常用词为can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must。
6.态度。may ,can,could,shall, should, may, might, must, ought to用于表示“禁止”,“不准”;“应该”、“必须”“可以”。例如:might可以表示委婉的批评或责备。You might at least have answered my letter. 你至少可以回我一封信吗。
7.祝愿“.May you + 动词原形 ...”,意为“祝愿……”。如:May you succeed! 祝你成功!
8.情态动词与虚拟语气.常见于should+动词原形;情态动词+have 过去分词。
备注:Should 在虚拟语气中要省略,为情态动词要保持。
考点二:考点与难点
1. 常见情态动词的语义和用法。包括:情态动词+动词原形;否定式;疑问句。
2. 注意中学语法不重点考核情态动词的时态,may/might可以互换,can/could有时不区分,了解be able to比can使用于更多的时态,但一般不作考查。应重视考核情态动词的逻辑含义,考生需要阅读原文,理解大概含义,而不是纯粹的语法分析。
3. must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。在阅读理解中,原文有must,答案尽量有must,但不能说“原文有must答案一定有must”。have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此, 而must 则表示主观思想必须.
4. dare/need除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。但need doing something=need to be done.作为情态动词,need一般不用于肯定句中,仅用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。在肯定句中,它用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,后面接带to的动词不定式或名词、代词作其宾语。
5. 情态动词的具有逻辑含义。如:can表示主动能力,因为能力都是主动的,不能说有能力被做,那不是你能力,而是别人的能力。Should在虚拟语气中表“可能”,作为情态动词表“应该”。so that从句+情态动词表目的。So that 从句表目的,从句中须有情态动词。
6. 表示“不能”的can't 与mustn't的区别。can't表示“不能”时,意指没有能力;mustn't表示“不能”时,意指禁止或不允许。
7. 回答must引导的一般疑问句时,如果是否定回答,一般不用mustn't,而要用needn't或 don't have to;回答表示请求的may引导的一般疑问句时,不可用may not,而要用mustn't,也可用can't;在回答could引导的表示请求的一般疑问句时,不能用could回答,而要用can。
8. 情态动词表推测,一般有肯定推测,不大确定推测和否定推测三种。肯定用must,不大确定用may/might/can/could,否定用can't.
9. “情态动词+完成式”的用法归纳:
must + have done:
用于肯定句,表示推测,意为“一定(已经)……”;
can + have done:
用于否定句或疑问句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)……”;
could + have done:
可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句,表示推测、责备或遗憾等,意为“可能……”、“本来可以……”、“本来应该……”等;
should [ought to] + have done:
可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句,表示责备或遗憾等,意为“本来应该……”;
need + have done:
用于否定句或疑问句,用于否定时意为“本来不必”,用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”;
may + have done:
用于肯定句或否定句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)……”;
might + have done:
用于肯定句或否定句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)……(此时 might 可换为 may);
另外还可以表示过来可能发生的事结果未发生,意为“本来会……”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。
10.我们可以把情态动词分为四类:
①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征:have(had) to,used to
1.If you don’t know the names of certain people, you be able to ask older relatives, thereby involving them in your research. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】might/may
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:如果你不知道某些人的名字,你可以询问年长的亲戚,从而让他们参与你的研究。空后为be动词原形,且结合句意此处表示“可以,能够”,应用情态动词may/might。故填may/might。
2.We be careful when we are making friends on the Internet. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】have to/ought to
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:当我们在互联网上交朋友时,应该小心。根据句意可知,空处应填表示“应该”或者“必须”含义的情态动词,故填have to/ought to。
3.He be at home, for the lights are on. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:他一定在家,因为灯还开着。根据句意及所给句子可知,此处使用情态动词must,表对当前状态的推测,意为“一定”。故填must。
4.The little boy not go out in the evening. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】dare
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:这个小男孩晚上不敢出去。根据句意及所给句子可知,此处使用情态动词dare,意为“敢于”,后接动词原形。故填dare。
5.From the moment he read, he was never without a book in his hands. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】could
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:从他能读书的那一刻起,他手里随时都有一本书。分析句子可知,此处应用一般过去时。根据句意,此处指“从他能读书的那一刻起”,故空格处应填入情态动词could,意为“能,会”,表示能力,是can的过去式。故填could。
6.He be punished according to the rule. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】shall
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:按规定他一定会受到惩罚。情态动词shall,通常指按照规则或法律规定(某事)必定,一定(发生),故填shall。
7.Passengers talk to the driver while the bus is moving, because it will take his focus off the road. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】mustn't
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:当公共汽车开动时,乘客不得与司机交谈,因为这将把他的注意力从路上转移开来。根据句意及常识可知,此处表示“禁止,不允许”,应用情态动词mustn't。故填mustn't。
8.It is raining heavily outside. You as well stay here for the night.(用适当的词填空)
【答案】may/might
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:外面雨下得很大。你不妨在这儿过夜。may/might as well“不妨”,固定短语。故填may/might。
9.Hurry up! They (wait) for us now. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】must be waiting
【详解】考查情态动词和时态。句意:快点!他们肯定在等我们。根据Hurry up!并结合句意推测,对事情进行有把握的推测,用must,表示“正在等待”用现在进行时。故填:must be waiting。
10.Interested in painting, he paint with pen and paper after work, gradually cultivating himself into a self-taught painter. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】would
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:他对绘画很感兴趣,下班后常常会用笔和纸画画,逐渐把自己培养成一个自学成才的画家。根据句意gradually cultivating himself into a self-taught painter可知,此处应用would,表示过去的习惯或者反复性的动作。故填would。
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专题03 形容词,副词,情态动词
考点精讲
【形容词】
考点一:形容词的一般用法
1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。
例如,It’s a cold and windy day.
2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。
例如,He looks happy today.
3.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。
例如,Would you like something hot to drink?
4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
例如,How long is the river?It’s about two hundred metres long.
5.只能作表语的形容词:afraid害怕;alone独自的;asleep睡着的;awake醒着的;alive活着的;well健康的;ill病的;frightened害怕的
例如,The man is ill.(正) The ill man is my uncle.(误)
6.只能作定语的形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的
例如,My elder brother is in Beijing.(正) My brother is elder. (误)
7.貌似副词的形容词:lonely独自的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;lovely可爱的
8.复合形容词:snow-white雪白的English-speaking说英语的;glass-topped玻璃罩的;full-time全日制的;well-known众所周知的;kind-hearted善良的;man-made人造的;take-away可以带走的;ten-year-old十岁的。
考点二:多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)——描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色)——出处——材料性质——类别——名词
A small round table一张小圆桌
A tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物
A dirty old black shirt一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣
A famous American medical school一个非常著名的美国医学院
考点三:形容词常用句型
1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。
注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good(好的),kind(友善的),nice(友好的),polite(有礼貌的),clever(聪明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懒惰的),careful(细心的),careless(粗心的),right(正确的),wrong(错误的)等。
例如,It’s very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能帮助我,真好。
It’s very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)她说这样的话,真粗鲁。
It’s foolish of him to go alone.(=He is foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。
2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。
注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困难的),easy(容易的),hard(艰难的),dangerous(危险的),safe(安全的),useful(有益的),pleasant(舒适的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不可能的)等。
例如,
It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.(=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。
It’s very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。
It’s necessary for us to get to school on time.(=To get to school on time is necessary for us.)对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。
3.表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad(高兴的),pleased(高兴的),sad(忧伤的),thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。
例如,Glad to see you.见到你非常高兴。
I’m very sad to hear the bad news.听到这个坏新闻,我非常难过。
4.表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。
例如,Lei Feng is always ready to help others.雷锋总是乐于助人。
He is sure to get to school on time.他一定会按时到校。
1.I feel we live in a climate where everyone is taught to mistrust each other and report our neighbour's _________behaviour.
A. embarrassing B. random C. genuine D. suspicious
2.Be careful with the plate; it's very ______.
A. delicate B. suitable C. organic D. rewarding
3.Mark Twain, the father of American literature, was among the most ________ public figures in the United States when he died in 1910.
A. distinct B. instinctive C. distinguished D. informative
4.This issue has became even more ________, so you have to be more careful to deal with it.
A. distinct B. vivid C. abstract D. complicated
5.The handful of foreign coins is often not _______ to buy much from the duty-free shop.
A. exceptional B. sufficient C. fascinated D. complicated
6.This pop star is very ______with young people who like his songs and style.
A.familiar B.similar C.particular D.popular
7.—Is Lucy or Lily the ______ of the twins?
—Lucy. She was born half an hour earlier.
A.younger B.older C.elder D.eldest
8.My school bag is too ______. There are lots of books in it.
A.thin B.heavy C.huge D.light
【副词】
考点一:副词的句法作用
副词在句中主要作状语,也可作表语、定语、补足语等。
Point 1作状语,可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句。
●The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others blindly.
教育的目的是要教会年轻人独立思考,不要盲目地听从别人。
Point 2作表语,主要表示主语的方位、方向、动作、状态等。
●People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.
人们都心怀感激,因为他们过冬的粮食收集起来了,农活结束了。
Point 3作定语,主要为表示时间或地点的副词,如here, there, in, out, up, down, below, above, upstairs, indoors
等,这些副词作定语时应后置。
●My way out couldn't be found, so I had to stay there all day long.
找不到出去的路,所以我不得不一整天都待在那里。
Point 4 作补足语,说明宾语或主语所处的位置、状态等,可作宾语补足语和主语补足语
●The boy was seen upstairs stairs. 这个男孩被看到在楼上。
●Curiosity drove Wang Peng inside 好奇心驱使王鹏走了进去。
考点二:副词的位置
Point 1程度副词和频度副词修饰动词时,一般放在被修饰的动词之前。如果实义动词前有情态动词、助动词或be动词,则放在实义动词之前,情态动词、助动词或be动词之后;修饰形容词、副词时,位于被修饰词之前。
● They seldom take exercise in the morning..他们很少在早晨锻炼。
●However, they can hardly blame me; it is largely their own fault.
然而,他们不能责备我;这件事主要是他们自己的过错。
Point 2 方式副词一般放在动词后。常见的方式副词有:
fast快地 quickly快地 quietly安静地 beautifully美丽地 slowly'慢地 well很好地;令人满意地
carefully仔细地 angrily生气地
Please could you speak more slowly??请您说慢一不好?
Point 3 连接性副词和修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词,通常位于句首。
●Thankfully, I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
谢天谢地,我成功通过了比赛,所有的辛苦最终都是值得的。
Point 4时间副词和地点副词同时出现时,时间副词常置于地点副词之后。
● I met Tom here yesterday. 我昨天在这儿遇到了汤姆。
Point 5 enough既可以作限定词又可以作副词;作限定词时,通常置于所修饰的名词之前,也可置于其后;作副词时,通常置于所修饰的形容词或副词之后。
●I just don't have enough time/time enough. 我只是时间不够充足。
●The room is large enough to take another bed. 这个房间够大,还能再放一张床。
考点三:形近副词的含义
英语中,有些副词形式相近,常见的有:
late迟;晚 lately最近;近来 hard努力地;艰难地 hardly几乎不
near在附近 nearly几乎;差不多 free免费地 freely自由地;畅通地
close紧密地 closely 严密地;接近地 high在高处;高 highly很;非常;高度地
wide广阔地;充分地 widely广泛地;普遍地 deep深深地;在深处 deeply深刻地;深沉地
●I couldn't convince him no matter how hard I tried 不管我怎么努力,都说服不了他
●The children were so excited that they could hardly speak 孩子们兴奋得几乎连话都说不出来了。
考点四:常用的连接性副词
在句中,常用逗号将连接性副词与句子其他成分隔开。
though 一般用于句末,意为“然而,可是”,表示转折。
meanwhile 意为“与此同时;在此期间”,表示两个动作同时发生。
therefore//thus/ consequently 意为“因此,所以”,表示结果。
moreover// furthermore// additionally 意为“此外”,表承接关系。
besides意为“除此之外,而且”,表示递进关系。
however意为“然而”,表示让步、转折。
instead意为“相反”,表示相反的情况。
anyway// anyhow意为“尽管如此;至少”,表示让步。
1.He doesn't spend any more money on clothing than I do, but________ he manages to look so stylish.
A. therefore B. somehow C. furthermore D. otherwise
2.Pension should be increased ________ in line with earnings or prices, whichever is the higher.
A. originally B. unusually C. bitterly D. annually
3.---You don't go to that supermarket quite often, do you?
---No, I go there ______ because it's too far away from my house.
A. eventually B. constantly C. occasionally D. frequently
4._________, the language she considered the most complex turned out to be much easier to learn than many others.
A. Literally B. Ironically C. Dramatically D. Immediately
5.The number of homeless cats and dogs has increased _________ in recent years.
A. literally B. ironically C. dramatically D. immediately
6.With the teachers helping him patiently, the boy has made progress _______.
A. instantly B. intimately C. steadily D. literally
7.We took some effective measures to change the financial condition of our company. ________, it would have got worse.
A. Otherwise B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. However
8.—I have heard that Cao Wenxuan had won the Hans Christian Anderson prize.
—Great! His books always bring me to places I might not _______ have been either in thoughts or reality.
A. regardless B. otherwise C. therefore D. anyhow
【情态动词】
考点一:情态动词的用法
1. 表推测及可能性。may,might,can, could, will, would表示“可能”或“预测;, shall, should用于表示“必定”;must用于表示“必定”,“必会“;ought to表“应该为”。
2.与时态相关。can为现在式,其过去式 为could;may为现在式,其过去式 为might;shall为现在式,其过去式 为should;will为现在式,其过去式 为would.
3.表示能力的用法。can表示能力,意思是"能,会",其否定式can't表示"不能"。在过去时中用could和couldn't。be able to可以表示“能力” 用于各种时态。
4.表“意愿,打算”,常用词为will, would, shall, should.在这里,would,should要比will,shall更委婉,更客气。need表“需要”;dare表示“敢”。
5.表示“请求,许可”,常用词为can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must。
6.态度。may ,can,could,shall, should, may, might, must, ought to用于表示“禁止”,“不准”;“应该”、“必须”“可以”。例如:might可以表示委婉的批评或责备。You might at least have answered my letter. 你至少可以回我一封信吗。
7.祝愿“.May you + 动词原形 ...”,意为“祝愿……”。如:May you succeed! 祝你成功!
8.情态动词与虚拟语气.常见于should+动词原形;情态动词+have 过去分词。
备注:Should 在虚拟语气中要省略,为情态动词要保持。
考点二:考点与难点
1. 常见情态动词的语义和用法。包括:情态动词+动词原形;否定式;疑问句。
2. 注意中学语法不重点考核情态动词的时态,may/might可以互换,can/could有时不区分,了解be able to比can使用于更多的时态,但一般不作考查。应重视考核情态动词的逻辑含义,考生需要阅读原文,理解大概含义,而不是纯粹的语法分析。
3. must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。在阅读理解中,原文有must,答案尽量有must,但不能说“原文有must答案一定有must”。have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此, 而must 则表示主观思想必须.
4. dare/need除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。但need doing something=need to be done.作为情态动词,need一般不用于肯定句中,仅用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。在肯定句中,它用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,后面接带to的动词不定式或名词、代词作其宾语。
5. 情态动词的具有逻辑含义。如:can表示主动能力,因为能力都是主动的,不能说有能力被做,那不是你能力,而是别人的能力。Should在虚拟语气中表“可能”,作为情态动词表“应该”。so that从句+情态动词表目的。So that 从句表目的,从句中须有情态动词。
6. 表示“不能”的can't 与mustn't的区别。can't表示“不能”时,意指没有能力;mustn't表示“不能”时,意指禁止或不允许。
7. 回答must引导的一般疑问句时,如果是否定回答,一般不用mustn't,而要用needn't或 don't have to;回答表示请求的may引导的一般疑问句时,不可用may not,而要用mustn't,也可用can't;在回答could引导的表示请求的一般疑问句时,不能用could回答,而要用can。
8. 情态动词表推测,一般有肯定推测,不大确定推测和否定推测三种。肯定用must,不大确定用may/might/can/could,否定用can't.
9. “情态动词+完成式”的用法归纳:
must + have done:
用于肯定句,表示推测,意为“一定(已经)……”;
can + have done:
用于否定句或疑问句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)……”;
could + have done:
可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句,表示推测、责备或遗憾等,意为“可能……”、“本来可以……”、“本来应该……”等;
should [ought to] + have done:
可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句,表示责备或遗憾等,意为“本来应该……”;
need + have done:
用于否定句或疑问句,用于否定时意为“本来不必”,用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”;
may + have done:
用于肯定句或否定句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)……”;
might + have done:
用于肯定句或否定句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)……(此时 might 可换为 may);
另外还可以表示过来可能发生的事结果未发生,意为“本来会……”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。
10.我们可以把情态动词分为四类:
①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征:have(had) to,used to
1.If you don’t know the names of certain people, you be able to ask older relatives, thereby involving them in your research. (用适当的词填空)
2.We be careful when we are making friends on the Internet. (用适当的词填空)
3.He be at home, for the lights are on. (用适当的词填空)
4.The little boy not go out in the evening. (用适当的词填空)
5.From the moment he read, he was never without a book in his hands. (用适当的词填空)
6.He be punished according to the rule. (用适当的词填空)
7.Passengers talk to the driver while the bus is moving, because it will take his focus off the road. (用适当的词填空)
8.It is raining heavily outside. You as well stay here for the night.(用适当的词填空)
9.Hurry up! They (wait) for us now. (所给词的适当形式填空)
10.Interested in painting, he paint with pen and paper after work, gradually cultivating himself into a self-taught painter. (用适当的词填空)
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