内容正文:
第09讲 动词
动词是历年考试的重点考查内容,考查方向主要围绕动词词义的辨析、情态动词的用法、动词的时态、被动语态等。系动词和助动词的用法等也是考查的重要趋势。
从近几年湖南省对口招生考试真题来看,动词的时态和语态在历年考试中几乎每年必考,其命题思路有三:一是直接给出标志性时间状语,考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择;二是给出时间状语,但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性,考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择,需要结合语境判断;三是没有任何时间状语,需要借助于上下文语境,才能做出正确判断。考生可根据不同情况采取“寻找时间标志词”“利用主从句时态呼应”“分析语境”等技巧解题。
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一、动词的基本形式
表示人或事物的行为和状态的词叫动词。
动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、第三人称单数(现在时)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1.动词第三人称单数形式的构成规则
一般情况下,在词尾加s
like—likes
以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的动词,加es
teach—teaches
wash—washes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i,再加es
fly—flies
study—studies
有个别的变化不规则
have—has
be—is
2.规则动词过去式的构成规则
一般在动词原形末尾直接加ed
look—looked
visit—visited
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,加d
live—lived
use—used
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i,再加ed
worry—worried
study—studied
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ed
stop—stopped
plan—planned
(注 :词尾-ed读音规则是:在清辅音后读作[t],元音和浊辅音后读作[d],在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[Id])
常见不规则动词过去式和过去分词
原形
过去式
过去分词
am,is
was
been
are
were
been
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
break
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
buy
bought
bought
can
could
catch
caught
caught
come
came
come
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fly
flew
flown
get
got
got/gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
have,has
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know
knew
known
leave
left
left
let
let
let
may
might
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
picnic
picnicked
picnicked
read
read
read
ride
rode
ridden
run
ran
run
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
shine
shined/shone
shined/shone
sing
sang
sung
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
smell
smelt
smelt
speak
spoke
spoken
stand
stood
stood
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
write
wrote
written
3.动词现在分词形式的构成规则
一般情况下,在词尾直接加ing
study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e加ing
make—making
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写末尾的辅音字母再加ing
sit—sitting
put—putting
stop—stopping
以字母ie结尾的动词,通常将ie改为y,再加ing
die—dying
lie—lying
二、动词的分类与用法
分类
特点
例句
实义动词
表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
Give me some ink, please. 请给我一些墨水。
He works hard. 他工作努力。
连系动词
本身有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份等。
He is a teacher. 他是一位老师。
They look the same. 他们看起来一样。
助动词
本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态、语气等。
I am watching TV. 我正在看电视。
I don’t speak English. 我不说英语。
情态动词
本身有一定的意义,表示人的语气和情态,不可单独作谓语,须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。
Tom can swim. 汤姆会游泳。
May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
【特例清单】
不及物动词要想接宾语,必须在不及物动词后加上适当的介词
例:The baby is smiling at us. 小孩正对着我们笑呢。
He died of hunger. 他死于饥饿。
Please listen to the teacher carefully. 请仔细听老师讲课。
· 实义动词
分类
用法
例句
及物
动词
能直接跟宾语
She bought a hook yesterday. 她昨天买了一本书。
【知识拓展】
1. 单宾语动词:即只可接一个宾语的动词,如:accept接受;discover发现;enjoy享受;forget忘记;borrow借入;buy买;catch抓;invent发明;found建造;like喜欢;find寻找;forget忘记;receive接受;see看见;say说;show展示;make做;tell告诉等。
I’m sorry that I forgot your address. 对不起,我忘了你的地址。
2. 双宾语动词:即后接间接宾语(指人)和直接宾语(指物)的动词,如:give给;buy买;pay付款;hand递;read读;return返还;sell卖等。
I am going to return him the books tomorrow afternoon. 我明天下午要把书还给他。
3. 接复合宾语的动词:后接宾语和宾补的动词,如:believe相信;find发现;hear听见,听说;keep保持;make使得;see看见等。
They kept him waiting at the door for twenty minutes. 他们让他在门口等了20分钟。
4. 接动名词作宾语的动词:如advise建议;consider考虑;finish完成;imagine想象;practise练习;suggest建议等。
She practises playing the piano every day. 她每天都练习弹钢琴。
5. 接不定式作宾语的动词:如agree同意;decide决定,下决心;hope希望;refuse拒绝;manage设法等。
Bill refused to take responsibility for the accident. 比尔拒绝对那次事故负责任。
不及物动词
不能直接跟宾语
He is waiting for you at the gate. 他在门口等着你。
【知识拓展】
常见的不及物动词:ache疼痛;appear出现;arise出现,上升,起立;arrive到达;belong属于;care关心;come来;cough咳嗽;cry哭;die死亡;disappear消失;exist存在,生存;faint昏倒,变得微弱;fall落下;flow流动;go去;happen发生;laugh笑;lie躺;listen听;live生活,居住;look看;occur发生;rise上升,起立;sit坐;smile微笑;swim游泳
2、 常见连系动词的用法
常用连系动词
词义
例句
be
是
I’m a girl with short hair.
become
成为,变得
Mike becomes interested in Chinese.
turn
变得
Mr. White’s face turned red.
get
变得
The weather is getting bad.
smell
闻起来
The flowers smell nice.
sound
听起来
The plan sounds good.
taste
尝起来
The soup tastes delicious.
stay
保持
The shop stays open till 8 pm.
grow
成长,变得
Her hair is growing white.
keep
保持
The girl keeps silent all the time.
feel
感到,摸起来
The coat feels very soft
look
看起来
My mother looks very young.
注意
1.连系动词不能单独作谓语,其后必须接形容词、名词或介词短语作表语
2.含连系动词(be除外)的句子变疑问句时一定要借助助动词do,does,did等
提拔:
分类
常用词
例句
表示主语的状态、特征和身份等
be(是),look(看起来),seem(似乎),feel(感觉),appear(出现),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)
He is a good father. 他是一位好父亲。
She looks younger than before. 她看起来比以前年轻。
表示主语从一种状态到另一种状态,但侧重于转变后的结果
turn(转变),become(成为),get(得到),grow(增长),go(去),fall(跌落),come(来),prove(证明)
Everyone will grow old. 每个人都会变老。
After a few years, the things got worse and worse. 几年后,情况变得越来越糟糕。
表示主语保持某种身份、特征或状态不变
keep(保持),remain(仍旧),stay(保持),continue(继续)
The old man stays calm. 老人保持平静。
Keep quiet while you’re going around. 参观时要保持安静。
三、情态动词的用法
情态
动词
意义及用法
例句
may
表示“请求许可”,意思是“可以,可能”,其一般疑问句的否定回答为mustn’t。
—May I go out and play football?
—No,you mustn’t.
表推测,意思是“可能”。
Mr.Li may be at home.
can
(could)
表示“能力”,意思是“能,会”,否定形式为can’t,couldn’t。
Mike can speak a little Chinese.
I could ride the bike when I was 6 years old.
用在疑问句中,表示“征求意见”,could比can的语气更委婉、客气。
Could you tell me something about your school?
表推测,常用在否定句和疑问句中。
He can’t be at home. He has gone to Japan.
can用于一般现在时及一般过去时两种时态,be able to可以用于各种时态。
He can spell these words.
He has been able to draw pictures already.
must
表示义务、命令或要求,意思是“必须,应该”,否定形式为mustn’t,意思是“不应该,不允许”,表示警告。
You must be careful next time.
You mustn’t take photos here.
表示推测,意为“必定”。
He must be in the room.
表示说话人的主观看法。
I must go home now.
must引导的一般疑问句,肯定回答时用must,have to;否定回答时用needn’t或don’t have to。
—Must I finish the homework today?
—No,you needn’t/you don’t have to.
need
表示“需要”,多用于否定句。
He needn’t worry about it.
作实义动词,后接动词不定式。
I’m very tired and I need to have a rest.
四、短语动词
类别
实例
汉义
动词+副词
add up
加起来
break out
爆发
carry on
坚持下去;继续下去
change into
转换成;变成
clean up
清除;收拾干净
clear up
整理,收拾;(天气)放晴
come back
回来;想起来
come down
落下来
come in
进入,进来
cut down
砍倒
cut off
切断
cut up
切碎
eat up
吃光,吃完
fall behind
落在……后面;输给别人
find out
发现;查明
get along
取得进展
get together
聚会,联欢
get up
起床
give away
分发;赠送
give back
归还,送回
give in
屈服
give out
分发;用完,耗尽
give up
放弃
go ahead
继续
go away
走开,离去
go on
继续
grow up
长大成人,成长
hand in
上交;交纳
hand out
分发
hold on
坚持;(打电话)别挂断
keep on
继续(进行)
let in
让……进来,放进
look ahead
向前看
look up
查找
pay back
偿还(借款等)
pick up
拾起,捡起;开车接;学会
point out
指出,标明
put off
推迟
put on
穿;戴上;上演
put up
举起;张贴
start off
出发
stay up
熬夜
take off
脱下;起飞
turn down
声音调小
turn in
上交
turn off
关闭
wake up
唤醒,醒来
watch out
当心
work out
计算出动
动词+介词
agree with
赞同,同意(某人的看法)
arrive at/in
到达
ask for
请求;询问
base on
以……为依据
belong to
属于
break into
破门而入
call for
需要;呼吁
care for
在乎,关心
come from
来自……
deal with
处理;对付
depend on/upon
依靠;相信;依赖
get over
克服
get to
到达……
go by
走过,经过
go over
仔细检查;复习
knock at
敲
laugh at
嘲笑……
learn from
向……学习
look after
照顾
look at
看……,观看……
look for
寻找
look like
看起来像
pass by
经过
point to
指向……
quarrel with
(和某人)争吵
stand for
代表(某事物);支持
stick to
坚持
talk about
谈论,议论
think about
考虑
think of
想起,想出;认为
wait for
等待
动词+副词+介词
add up to
加起来总计
catch up with
赶上
come up with
想出
get along with
相处
go on with
继续进行
keep away from
远离
keep up with
跟上;和……保持联系
look down on/upon
看不起
look forward to
盼望
look out of
朝……外看
make up of
由……组成,构成
run out of
耗尽
【注意】
对于动词+副词类的短语,如果是名词作宾语,那么这个名词既可以放在短语之间也可以放在短语的后面,但是如果是代词作宾语,则代词一定要放在短语之间。
例:He turned off all the lights when he left. 当他离开时,他关上了所有的灯。
He picked it up and gave it to me. 他捡起它,然后把它交给了我。
1)根据其后是否带宾语,实义动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语)。很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如close,begin,study,leave,work等。
如:The post office closes at 9:00 p.m.邮局晚上9点关门。(不及物动词)
Close the window,please.请关窗。(及物动词)
When will he arrive? 他什么时候到? (arrive 不带宾语,为不及物动词)
He reached Beijing yesterday.他昨天到达北京。(reach 带了宾语,为及物动词)
2)正如be动词随着主语的变化可变为am,is,are一样,实义动词在肯定句中,也要随着主语的变化而变化。
a) 当主语为第三人称单数he,she,it时,实义动词要变为相应的第三人称单数;
b) 当主语为非第三人称单数I,you(你),we,you(你们),they时,实义动词要用动词的原形;
c)在变否定句和疑问句时,不能直接在动词上变,而是要借助助动词do、does或did。
肯定句:
①I have a blue book.
②She wants to be a teacher.
③They like to play basketball.
否定句:
主语+don't/doesn't+动词原形。其中do/does为助动词,是来帮助实义动词构成否定或疑问句的,但加了do/does后,其后面的动词必须用动词原形。
①I have a blue book.(变为否定句)→I don't have a blue book.
②She wants to be a teacher.(变为否定句)→She doesn't want to be a teacher.
③They like to play basketball.(变为否定句)→They don't like to play basketball.
(注意:当含有and引导的短语在句中作谓语或宾语,我们把这类句子变否定句时,必须把and变为or。)
①He can swim and dance.(变为否定句)→He can't swim or dance.
②My father likes English and math.(变为否定句) →My father doesn't like English or math.
一般疑问句:
Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他。句中加了do/does后,其后面的动词还是必须用动词原形。
①I have a blue book.(变为一般疑问句)→Do you have a blue book?
②He has a brother.(变为一般疑问句)→Does he have a brother?
③They like to play basketball.(变为一般疑问句)→Do they like to play basketball?
特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
①Why does your sister like English best?
②When does he do his homework?
2.动词按其动作发生的方式以及动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词(持续性动词)和非延续性动词(瞬间性动词)。
(1)延续性动词(持续性动词):表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以长时间延续下去或产生持久的影响。英语中的延续性动词比较多,如study,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。
如:He worked all day in the fields.他在地里干了一天。
I waited for you for an hour.我等你等了一个钟头。
He stayed in London for over a month.他在伦敦待了一个多月。
He watched them eating.他瞧着他们吃饭。
(2)非延续性动词(瞬间性动词):还可称为终止性动词。瞬间性动词表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。这类动词及词组常见的有begin,start,finish,go,come,leave,find,arrive,reach,enter,hear,stop,open,close,become,buy,borrow,lend,happen,join,lose,die,get up,take away,put up,set out,put on,get on/off等。
如:They reached the village in the afternoon.下午他们抵达了那个村子。
I haven't finished the work yet.这项工作我还没有干完。
She stood up and left the room.她站起身走出房去。
(3)非延续性动词变为延续性动词:非延续性动词由于它所表示的动作只在瞬间完成,不能延续,所以它不能与一段时间连用,若在实际语境中需要连用一段时间,则应改为与之同义的延续性动词。
begin / start→be on die→be dead
come / go→be in borrow→keep
finish→be over leave→be away
buy→have get to know→know
join→be in / be a member of
如:运动会已经开了三天了。
误:The sports meeting has begun for three days.
正:The sports meeting has been on for three days.
他死了三年了。
误:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
3.根据其是否能用作谓语,动词可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。
(1)谓语动词在句中可用作谓语,而非谓语动词则不用作谓语,但可用作主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等。
(2)非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词三种。
如:He lives in Shanghai.他住在上海。(live 为谓语动词)
I want to go home.我想回家。(want 为谓语动词,不定式to go 为非谓语动词)
He had his hair cut.他理发了。(had 为谓语动词,过去分词cut 为非谓语动词)
He enjoyed watching TV.他喜欢看电视。(enjoy为谓语动词,动名词watching为非谓语动词)
1.—Who jumps the farthest in your school?
—Henry ______.
A.does B.jumps C.has D.is
2.How long may I______the library book,please?
A.lend B.keep C.borrow D.return
3.He______the bus and found a seat next to the window.
A.gets on B.got on C.gets off D.got off
4.The greedy innkeeper once made the poor girl ______twice a day.
A.dance B.dances C.danced D.to dance
5.The bag is light.Wang Ping can______ it by herself.
A.find B.watch C.carry D.learn
6.It______me about a quarter to go to school on foot every day.
A.pays B.spends C.costs D.takes
7.—What are you ______?
—My key.
A.look for B.finding
C.look after D.looking for
8.I can't______my pen.Can you see it?
A.look B.see C.find D.watch
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第09讲 动词
动词是历年考试的重点考查内容,考查方向主要围绕动词词义的辨析、情态动词的用法、动词的时态、被动语态等。系动词和助动词的用法等也是考查的重要趋势。
从近几年湖南省对口招生考试真题来看,动词的时态和语态在历年考试中几乎每年必考,其命题思路有三:一是直接给出标志性时间状语,考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择;二是给出时间状语,但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性,考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择,需要结合语境判断;三是没有任何时间状语,需要借助于上下文语境,才能做出正确判断。考生可根据不同情况采取“寻找时间标志词”“利用主从句时态呼应”“分析语境”等技巧解题。
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一、动词的基本形式
表示人或事物的行为和状态的词叫动词。
动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、第三人称单数(现在时)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1.动词第三人称单数形式的构成规则
一般情况下,在词尾加s
like—likes
以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的动词,加es
teach—teaches
wash—washes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i,再加es
fly—flies
study—studies
有个别的变化不规则
have—has
be—is
2.规则动词过去式的构成规则
一般在动词原形末尾直接加ed
look—looked
visit—visited
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,加d
live—lived
use—used
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i,再加ed
worry—worried
study—studied
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ed
stop—stopped
plan—planned
(注 :词尾-ed读音规则是:在清辅音后读作[t],元音和浊辅音后读作[d],在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[Id])
常见不规则动词过去式和过去分词
原形
过去式
过去分词
am,is
was
been
are
were
been
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
break
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
buy
bought
bought
can
could
catch
caught
caught
come
came
come
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fly
flew
flown
get
got
got/gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
have,has
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know
knew
known
leave
left
left
let
let
let
may
might
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
picnic
picnicked
picnicked
read
read
read
ride
rode
ridden
run
ran
run
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
shine
shined/shone
shined/shone
sing
sang
sung
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
smell
smelt
smelt
speak
spoke
spoken
stand
stood
stood
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
write
wrote
written
3.动词现在分词形式的构成规则
一般情况下,在词尾直接加ing
study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e加ing
make—making
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写末尾的辅音字母再加ing
sit—sitting
put—putting
stop—stopping
以字母ie结尾的动词,通常将ie改为y,再加ing
die—dying
lie—lying
二、动词的分类与用法
分类
特点
例句
实义动词
表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
Give me some ink, please. 请给我一些墨水。
He works hard. 他工作努力。
连系动词
本身有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份等。
He is a teacher. 他是一位老师。
They look the same. 他们看起来一样。
助动词
本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态、语气等。
I am watching TV. 我正在看电视。
I don’t speak English. 我不说英语。
情态动词
本身有一定的意义,表示人的语气和情态,不可单独作谓语,须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。
Tom can swim. 汤姆会游泳。
May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
【特例清单】
不及物动词要想接宾语,必须在不及物动词后加上适当的介词
例:The baby is smiling at us. 小孩正对着我们笑呢。
He died of hunger. 他死于饥饿。
Please listen to the teacher carefully. 请仔细听老师讲课。
· 实义动词
分类
用法
例句
及物
动词
能直接跟宾语
She bought a hook yesterday. 她昨天买了一本书。
【知识拓展】
1. 单宾语动词:即只可接一个宾语的动词,如:accept接受;discover发现;enjoy享受;forget忘记;borrow借入;buy买;catch抓;invent发明;found建造;like喜欢;find寻找;forget忘记;receive接受;see看见;say说;show展示;make做;tell告诉等。
I’m sorry that I forgot your address. 对不起,我忘了你的地址。
2. 双宾语动词:即后接间接宾语(指人)和直接宾语(指物)的动词,如:give给;buy买;pay付款;hand递;read读;return返还;sell卖等。
I am going to return him the books tomorrow afternoon. 我明天下午要把书还给他。
3. 接复合宾语的动词:后接宾语和宾补的动词,如:believe相信;find发现;hear听见,听说;keep保持;make使得;see看见等。
They kept him waiting at the door for twenty minutes. 他们让他在门口等了20分钟。
4. 接动名词作宾语的动词:如advise建议;consider考虑;finish完成;imagine想象;practise练习;suggest建议等。
She practises playing the piano every day. 她每天都练习弹钢琴。
5. 接不定式作宾语的动词:如agree同意;decide决定,下决心;hope希望;refuse拒绝;manage设法等。
Bill refused to take responsibility for the accident. 比尔拒绝对那次事故负责任。
不及物动词
不能直接跟宾语
He is waiting for you at the gate. 他在门口等着你。
【知识拓展】
常见的不及物动词:ache疼痛;appear出现;arise出现,上升,起立;arrive到达;belong属于;care关心;come来;cough咳嗽;cry哭;die死亡;disappear消失;exist存在,生存;faint昏倒,变得微弱;fall落下;flow流动;go去;happen发生;laugh笑;lie躺;listen听;live生活,居住;look看;occur发生;rise上升,起立;sit坐;smile微笑;swim游泳
2、 常见连系动词的用法
常用连系动词
词义
例句
be
是
I’m a girl with short hair.
become
成为,变得
Mike becomes interested in Chinese.
turn
变得
Mr. White’s face turned red.
get
变得
The weather is getting bad.
smell
闻起来
The flowers smell nice.
sound
听起来
The plan sounds good.
taste
尝起来
The soup tastes delicious.
stay
保持
The shop stays open till 8 pm.
grow
成长,变得
Her hair is growing white.
keep
保持
The girl keeps silent all the time.
feel
感到,摸起来
The coat feels very soft
look
看起来
My mother looks very young.
注意
1.连系动词不能单独作谓语,其后必须接形容词、名词或介词短语作表语
2.含连系动词(be除外)的句子变疑问句时一定要借助助动词do,does,did等
提拔:
分类
常用词
例句
表示主语的状态、特征和身份等
be(是),look(看起来),seem(似乎),feel(感觉),appear(出现),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)
He is a good father. 他是一位好父亲。
She looks younger than before. 她看起来比以前年轻。
表示主语从一种状态到另一种状态,但侧重于转变后的结果
turn(转变),become(成为),get(得到),grow(增长),go(去),fall(跌落),come(来),prove(证明)
Everyone will grow old. 每个人都会变老。
After a few years, the things got worse and worse. 几年后,情况变得越来越糟糕。
表示主语保持某种身份、特征或状态不变
keep(保持),remain(仍旧),stay(保持),continue(继续)
The old man stays calm. 老人保持平静。
Keep quiet while you’re going around. 参观时要保持安静。
三、情态动词的用法
情态
动词
意义及用法
例句
may
表示“请求许可”,意思是“可以,可能”,其一般疑问句的否定回答为mustn’t。
—May I go out and play football?
—No,you mustn’t.
表推测,意思是“可能”。
Mr.Li may be at home.
can
(could)
表示“能力”,意思是“能,会”,否定形式为can’t,couldn’t。
Mike can speak a little Chinese.
I could ride the bike when I was 6 years old.
用在疑问句中,表示“征求意见”,could比can的语气更委婉、客气。
Could you tell me something about your school?
表推测,常用在否定句和疑问句中。
He can’t be at home. He has gone to Japan.
can用于一般现在时及一般过去时两种时态,be able to可以用于各种时态。
He can spell these words.
He has been able to draw pictures already.
must
表示义务、命令或要求,意思是“必须,应该”,否定形式为mustn’t,意思是“不应该,不允许”,表示警告。
You must be careful next time.
You mustn’t take photos here.
表示推测,意为“必定”。
He must be in the room.
表示说话人的主观看法。
I must go home now.
must引导的一般疑问句,肯定回答时用must,have to;否定回答时用needn’t或don’t have to。
—Must I finish the homework today?
—No,you needn’t/you don’t have to.
need
表示“需要”,多用于否定句。
He needn’t worry about it.
作实义动词,后接动词不定式。
I’m very tired and I need to have a rest.
四、短语动词
类别
实例
汉义
动词+副词
add up
加起来
break out
爆发
carry on
坚持下去;继续下去
change into
转换成;变成
clean up
清除;收拾干净
clear up
整理,收拾;(天气)放晴
come back
回来;想起来
come down
落下来
come in
进入,进来
cut down
砍倒
cut off
切断
cut up
切碎
eat up
吃光,吃完
fall behind
落在……后面;输给别人
find out
发现;查明
get along
取得进展
get together
聚会,联欢
get up
起床
give away
分发;赠送
give back
归还,送回
give in
屈服
give out
分发;用完,耗尽
give up
放弃
go ahead
继续
go away
走开,离去
go on
继续
grow up
长大成人,成长
hand in
上交;交纳
hand out
分发
hold on
坚持;(打电话)别挂断
keep on
继续(进行)
let in
让……进来,放进
look ahead
向前看
look up
查找
pay back
偿还(借款等)
pick up
拾起,捡起;开车接;学会
point out
指出,标明
put off
推迟
put on
穿;戴上;上演
put up
举起;张贴
start off
出发
stay up
熬夜
take off
脱下;起飞
turn down
声音调小
turn in
上交
turn off
关闭
wake up
唤醒,醒来
watch out
当心
work out
计算出动
动词+介词
agree with
赞同,同意(某人的看法)
arrive at/in
到达
ask for
请求;询问
base on
以……为依据
belong to
属于
break into
破门而入
call for
需要;呼吁
care for
在乎,关心
come from
来自……
deal with
处理;对付
depend on/upon
依靠;相信;依赖
get over
克服
get to
到达……
go by
走过,经过
go over
仔细检查;复习
knock at
敲
laugh at
嘲笑……
learn from
向……学习
look after
照顾
look at
看……,观看……
look for
寻找
look like
看起来像
pass by
经过
point to
指向……
quarrel with
(和某人)争吵
stand for
代表(某事物);支持
stick to
坚持
talk about
谈论,议论
think about
考虑
think of
想起,想出;认为
wait for
等待
动词+副词+介词
add up to
加起来总计
catch up with
赶上
come up with
想出
get along with
相处
go on with
继续进行
keep away from
远离
keep up with
跟上;和……保持联系
look down on/upon
看不起
look forward to
盼望
look out of
朝……外看
make up of
由……组成,构成
run out of
耗尽
【注意】
对于动词+副词类的短语,如果是名词作宾语,那么这个名词既可以放在短语之间也可以放在短语的后面,但是如果是代词作宾语,则代词一定要放在短语之间。
例:He turned off all the lights when he left. 当他离开时,他关上了所有的灯。
He picked it up and gave it to me. 他捡起它,然后把它交给了我。
1)根据其后是否带宾语,实义动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语)。很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如close,begin,study,leave,work等。
如:The post office closes at 9:00 p.m.邮局晚上9点关门。(不及物动词)
Close the window,please.请关窗。(及物动词)
When will he arrive? 他什么时候到? (arrive 不带宾语,为不及物动词)
He reached Beijing yesterday.他昨天到达北京。(reach 带了宾语,为及物动词)
2)正如be动词随着主语的变化可变为am,is,are一样,实义动词在肯定句中,也要随着主语的变化而变化。
a) 当主语为第三人称单数he,she,it时,实义动词要变为相应的第三人称单数;
b) 当主语为非第三人称单数I,you(你),we,you(你们),they时,实义动词要用动词的原形;
c)在变否定句和疑问句时,不能直接在动词上变,而是要借助助动词do、does或did。
肯定句:
①I have a blue book.
②She wants to be a teacher.
③They like to play basketball.
否定句:
主语+don't/doesn't+动词原形。其中do/does为助动词,是来帮助实义动词构成否定或疑问句的,但加了do/does后,其后面的动词必须用动词原形。
①I have a blue book.(变为否定句)→I don't have a blue book.
②She wants to be a teacher.(变为否定句)→She doesn't want to be a teacher.
③They like to play basketball.(变为否定句)→They don't like to play basketball.
(注意:当含有and引导的短语在句中作谓语或宾语,我们把这类句子变否定句时,必须把and变为or。)
①He can swim and dance.(变为否定句)→He can't swim or dance.
②My father likes English and math.(变为否定句) →My father doesn't like English or math.
一般疑问句:
Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他。句中加了do/does后,其后面的动词还是必须用动词原形。
①I have a blue book.(变为一般疑问句)→Do you have a blue book?
②He has a brother.(变为一般疑问句)→Does he have a brother?
③They like to play basketball.(变为一般疑问句)→Do they like to play basketball?
特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
①Why does your sister like English best?
②When does he do his homework?
2.动词按其动作发生的方式以及动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词(持续性动词)和非延续性动词(瞬间性动词)。
(1)延续性动词(持续性动词):表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以长时间延续下去或产生持久的影响。英语中的延续性动词比较多,如study,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。
如:He worked all day in the fields.他在地里干了一天。
I waited for you for an hour.我等你等了一个钟头。
He stayed in London for over a month.他在伦敦待了一个多月。
He watched them eating.他瞧着他们吃饭。
(2)非延续性动词(瞬间性动词):还可称为终止性动词。瞬间性动词表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。这类动词及词组常见的有begin,start,finish,go,come,leave,find,arrive,reach,enter,hear,stop,open,close,become,buy,borrow,lend,happen,join,lose,die,get up,take away,put up,set out,put on,get on/off等。
如:They reached the village in the afternoon.下午他们抵达了那个村子。
I haven't finished the work yet.这项工作我还没有干完。
She stood up and left the room.她站起身走出房去。
(3)非延续性动词变为延续性动词:非延续性动词由于它所表示的动作只在瞬间完成,不能延续,所以它不能与一段时间连用,若在实际语境中需要连用一段时间,则应改为与之同义的延续性动词。
begin / start→be on die→be dead
come / go→be in borrow→keep
finish→be over leave→be away
buy→have get to know→know
join→be in / be a member of
如:运动会已经开了三天了。
误:The sports meeting has begun for three days.
正:The sports meeting has been on for three days.
他死了三年了。
误:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
3.根据其是否能用作谓语,动词可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。
(1)谓语动词在句中可用作谓语,而非谓语动词则不用作谓语,但可用作主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等。
(2)非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词三种。
如:He lives in Shanghai.他住在上海。(live 为谓语动词)
I want to go home.我想回家。(want 为谓语动词,不定式to go 为非谓语动词)
He had his hair cut.他理发了。(had 为谓语动词,过去分词cut 为非谓语动词)
He enjoyed watching TV.他喜欢看电视。(enjoy为谓语动词,动名词watching为非谓语动词)
1.—Who jumps the farthest in your school?
—Henry ______.
A.does B.jumps C.has D.is
【答案】A
【解析】“你们学校谁跳得最远?”主语是一个人,所以是第三人称单数形式does代替前面的jumps farthest in your school。
2.How long may I______the library book,please?
A.lend B.keep C.borrow D.return
【答案】B
【解析】how long提问一段时间,那么后面就必须用延续性动词。borrow是“借”的意思,动作是一瞬间完成的,所以是非延续性动词,不能选。
3.He______the bus and found a seat next to the window.
A.gets on B.got on C.gets off D.got off
【答案】B
【解析】“他上车找了个靠窗的座位。”此题是and并列两个动作“上车”“找到”。get on(上车)应该与found保持一致形式,也用过去式。
4.The greedy innkeeper once made the poor girl ______twice a day.
A.dance B.dances C.danced D.to dance
【答案】A
【解析】make作“使”解释时是使役动词。表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的动词常见的还有get(得到)、keep(保持)、let(让)、have(有,让,从事,允许,拿)等。这里的make sb.do sth.意思是“让某人干某事”。
5.The bag is light.Wang Ping can______ it by herself.
A.find B.watch C.carry D.learn
【答案】C
【解析】“书包很轻,王萍可以自己背。”选择carry表示“背,扛”的意思。
6.It______me about a quarter to go to school on foot every day.
A.pays B.spends C.costs D.takes
【答案】D
【解析】四个都表示“花费”。pay一般是人作主语,常用搭配有pay sb.+金钱+ for sth.付钱(给某人)买……,pay sb.付钱给某人。spend的主语必须是人,常用搭配 spend+时间/金钱+on sth./ (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事。cost的主语是物或某种活动, 还可以表示“值”, 表示某事或某物花去某人多少金钱、时间或精力,常用搭配sth costs (sb.) +金钱 某物花了(某人)多少钱。take常用于“占用、花费”时间,其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是:It takes/took sb.some time to do sth=sth.takes sb.some time。
7.—What are you ______?
—My key.
A.look for B.finding
C.look after D.looking for
【答案】D
【解析】look for是“寻找”的意思,强调动作;find意思是“找到”,强调结果。这里是问“正在找什么”,强调找的动作,且用现在进行时。
8.I can't______my pen.Can you see it?
A.look B.see C.find D.watch
【答案】C
【解析】此处强调结果,选find。
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