2025年高考备考专题复习高中英语精选专项训练：阅读理解议论文(能力提高)

2025高考备考专题复习高中英语精选专项训练：阅读理解议论文(能力提高) 名校模拟预测 （2024·湖北武汉·模拟预测）Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. 1．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness? A．People should offer mercy to others. B．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. D．Aggressive people should learn to forgive. 2．What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate? A．To forgive is to love. B．To fight is to grow. C．To dominate is to harm. D．To give is to receive. 3．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness? A．Objective. B．Reserved. C．Favorable. D．Skeptical. 4．What is message of the last paragraph? A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time. C．Actuality is based on potentiality. D．It takes practice to forgive. （2024·山东潍坊·二模）I had to say something after reading The Anxious Generation. It is going to sell well , because Jonathan Haidt is telling a scary story about children’s development many parents are led to believe. However, the book’s repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children’s brains and causing the epidemic (流行病) of mental illness is unsupported by science. Worse , the rude proposal that social media is to blame might distract (分心) us from effectively responding to the real causes of the current mental-health crisis in young people. Researchers have searched for the effects suggested by Haidt. Our efforts have produced a mix of no, small and mixed associations. Most data are correlative. When associations over time are found, they suggest not that social-media use predicts or causes depression, but that young people who already have mental-health problems use such platforms more often or in different ways from their healthy peers. We are not alone here. Several analyses and systematic reviews centralize on the same message. An analysis done in 72 countries shows no consistent or measurable associations between well-being and social media globally. Moreover, studies from some authorities finds no evidence of intense changes associated with digital-technology use. As a psychologist studying children’s and adolescents’  mental health, I appreciate parents’ frustration (沮丧) and desire for simple answers. As a parent of adolescents, I would also like to identify a simple source for the pain this generation is reporting. There are, however, no simple answers. The beginning and development of mental disorders are driven by a complex set of genetic and environmental factors. More young people are talking openly about their mental-health struggles than ever before. But insufficient services are available to address their needs. In the United States, there is, on average, one school psychologist for every 1,119 students. We have a generation in crisis and in desperate need of the best of what science and evidence-based solutions can offer. Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more. 5．What is presented in The Anxious Generation? A．Scary stories affect children’s brains. B．Parents are responsible for children’s health. C．Teen’s mental illness results from screen time. D．The epidemic of mental illness is unavoidable. 6．What does “the same message ” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Many countries do research in mental health. B．Well-being and social media are closely related. C．The young are trapped in the mental-health crisis, D．Social media don’t necessarily cause mental illness. 7．What is implied in the last paragraph? A．Effective actions need to be taken. B．Positive stories should be shared. C．Financial support needs to be provided. D．Broader research should be done. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To suggest ways to help those in need. B．To encourage parents to brave the crisis. C．To recommend a newly-published book. D．To give a voice to children’s mental issues. （2024·江苏·模拟预测）A role shift—whether a promotion, a move to a new organization, or a fresh challenge in your existing job—can be a huge boost to your career and a chance for you to succeed. You know the drill heading in: Apply your experience and talents to the position, make sure you are accepted by the hierarchy (高层), and get a few big wins in the first couple of months to demonstrate what you can do. But in today’s hyper-collaborative and dynamic workplaces, successful moves aren’t as easy as they once were, even for the most qualified and hard-working people. Too often, transitional managers and employees don’t live up to their organizations’ expectations. Gartner surveys indicate that a full 49% of people promoted within their own companies are underperforming up to 18 months after those moves, and McKinsey reports that 27% to 46% of transitional executives are regarded as failures or disappointments two years later. They have the right skills and experience. They understand the company’s goals. So why didn’t they quickly excel in their new roles? We analyzed employee relationships and communication patterns across more than 100 diverse companies and interviewed 160 executives in 20 of them. Our research points to one overlooked prerequisite (先决条件) for transition success: the effective use of internal networks. The people who are the most productive, innovative, and engaged in new roles — the “fast movers” — are those who establish extremely broad, mutually beneficial, uplifting connections from the start. Specifically, they surge rapidly into a broad network; identify how they add value, where they fall short, and who can fill the gaps; create scale; and shape their networks for maximum thriving. In most cases, individual managers must do these things on their own. Only 43% of people surveyed said their organizations ensured that transitional employees were offered guidance and support. Only about a quarter said their employers encouraged them to build connections early or create networks to address skill gaps. But that should not be the case. 9．What does the author say about job moves in today’s society? A．They are a boost to our career. B．They require ability demonstration. C．They may not produce good results. D．They need to be guided by managers. 10．Why didn’t transitional executives succeed in their new roles? A．They are inexperienced. B．They lack the needed skills. C．They misunderstand the company’s goals. D．They fail to use internal networks effectively. 11．How does the author make his points convincing? A．By using exact numbers. B．By conducting surveys. C．By making contrasts. D．By listing examples. 12．What does the author think of the phenomenon in the last paragraph? A．It’s common. B．It’s unexpected. C．It’s acceptable. D．It’s unsurprising. （2024·全国·三模）In daily life, we see many people who despite their best efforts are not able to achieve what they want in life. They feel frustrated, helpless, and in despair. They usually question their fate, luck , and stars. However, the most important reason for our failure or success is our beliefs and thoughts. It is the invisible power of beliefs that drives our lives. They are buried at some level of the mind, constantly sending out the message. Much of the violent or crazy behavior in the world is associated with a deeply held belief. The problem becomes threatening when people get trapped in their beliefs and don't review them from time to time. So if you are not happy or satisfied in life and you feel lost, or confused, then you are advised to check your belief system. Because it is the belief system that create s perceptions, emotions, values, habits and reactions to stimuli. You should be very honest with yourself while analyzing. If you feel that something isn't quite right, and if it stays that way for a long period of time, then certainly seek out professional help. Your core beliefs do not remain isolated. They tend to interact with each other. A change in one belief will affect the system as a whole. If it is a core belief, it can lead to the change of the system. If a set of beliefs changes, other parts of the system will have to rearrange themselves in order to rebuild the coherence of the system. Belief systems have the power to dictate the direction of our lives. It is scientifically proven that when we change our beliefs, we send totally different messages to our cells and reprogram their expression. You can reprogram your pessimistic cells to be more optimistic by adopting positive thinking practices, like mindfulness and gratitude, for long results. So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life. 13．What is the crucial reason for our failure or success? A．Fate. B．Luck. C．Stars. D．Opinions. 14．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How to review our thoughts. B．How to rid the world of violence. C．How to rebuild our belief systems. D．How to deal with the negative beliefs. 15．What does the underlined word “dictate” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Dominate. B．Clear. C．Provide. D．Follow. 16．Which of the following may the author agree with? A．Beliefs are the seeds of life. B．Our belief systems are independent. C．Beliefs can accelerate the renewal of cells. D．Positive beliefs are the only key to success. （2024·天津南开·模拟预测）Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. 17．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness? A．People should offer mercy to others. B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive. C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. 18．What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate? A．To forgive is to love. B．To dominate is to harm. C．To fight is to grow. D．To give is to receive. 19．What does the underlined word “estranged” mean in the passage? A．Connected and harmonious. B．Separated and disconnected. C．Forgiving and loving. D．Aggressive and hostile. 20．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness? A．Favorable. B．Reserved. C．Objective. D．Skeptical. 21．What is message of the last paragraph? A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time. C．It takes practice to forgive. D．Actuality is based on potentiality. （2024·天津武清·模拟预测）To put it simply, stress can be the father of growth, while a crisis can be the mother of innovation. The notion that great good can emerge from great adversity (逆境) is as old as the legend of the great phoenix (凤凰), who not only arises but soars to new heights from its own ashes. In 1598, William Shakespeare penned the play As You Like It. One of the most famous lines from that play is spoken in Act 2 Scene 1 by Duke Senior, “Sweet are the uses of adversity which, like the toad (癞蛤蟆), ugly and venomous, wears yet a precious jewel in his head.” Even 500 years ago, the potential value of adversity was recognized, not by a great healer, but by a great playwright. Can this really be the case? Fast-forward to the great silent film star Mary Pickford. She was called the most popular actress in the world in the 1910s and 1920s. Failing to continue acting with the advent of the “talkies”(movies with recorded sound), she co-founded the film company United Artists. Shifting her talents to producing and directing, she became the most powerful woman in the entertainment industry. She once noted, “You may have a fresh start any moment you choose, for this thing that we call ‘failure’ is not the falling down, but the staying down.” Rather than fear and try to avoid adversity, perhaps we should accept the inevitability (必然) of adversity and prepare for it. Indeed, positive things can emerge from adversity. Adversity reveals true opportunities for those preparing to take advantage. Dr. John Krumboltz’s happenstance theory states that career and life development is best fostered by preparing for opportunities that you may not know even exist in the current moment. Numerous unpredictable factors are potentially shaping the future. These include the crises adversity brings. In Friedrich Nietzsche’s book, Behold the Man, the German philosopher writes that a person who has “turned out well” could be recognized by the ability to take advantage of and prosper from adversity, just as he wrote before, “What does not kill him makes him stronger.” So, the next time adversity enters your life, will you run from it, or will you embrace it and use it as a step ping stone to greater happiness and success? 22．Why does the author quote the line from Shakespeare’s play? A．To emphasize the great wisdom of Shakespeare. B．To highlight the beauty of Shakespeare’s language. C．To challenge the conventional belief regarding adversity. D．To show the long-standing recognition of adversity’s value. 23．What is conveyed through Mary Pickford’s story? A．Fame can block one’s achievements. B．Strong determination overcomes adversity. C．Accepting adversity results in positive outcomes. D．Courage in the face of challenges leads to success. 24．What is the idea behind Krumboltz’s happenstance theory? A．Embracing uncertainty. B．Managing life’s challenges. C．Seizing hidden opportunities. D．Focusing on personal growth. 25．What is the author’s attitude towards adversity? A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Doubtful. 26．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Finding value and opportunity in facing adversity. B．Stress as the primary cause of growth and innovation. C．How to avoid adversity and negative experiences in life. D．Historical figures who failed to overcome adversity effectively. （2024·河北·模拟预测）If you work in a white-collar job in an office, it is likely that you will wear a uniform. Why do you need to wear one? For employers who require it, there are several arguments in favour of uniforms. They help ensure a level of professionalism in appearance. They project a brand identity, from the red coats of Virgin Atlantic crew to the “Browns” uniform of UPS delivery drivers. They may have useful job-specific features. A study by Robert Smith of Tilburg University and his colleagues asked people to imagine being on the receiving end of poor service when ordering a pizza. They were then shown pictures of the uniformed or non-uniformed employee. The person without a uniform who had treated them badly was circled. In this sense, if corporate clothing is a symbol of good service, the authors suggest that it may be a good idea not to give it to inexperienced workers, because, to some extent, it’s a representative of a profession. Uniforms can also affect the psychology of employees. In 2012, Hajo Adam, a professor in Columbia Business School, coined the term “enclothed cognition (认知)” to describe the effect that specific clothes have on the way that people think and feel. Questions have been raised over the validity of enclothed cognition, but a new meta-analysis by Messrs Adam and Galinsky, along with Carl Blaine Horton of Columbia Business School, concludes that the phenomenon is real. The obvious objection to uniforms, at least from people who do not wear them, is that they limit individuality and autonomy. But employees who do not have to wear a formal uniform often gravitate towards a costume anyway. Some coders (编码人员) seem to be under an unspoken duty to wear T-shirts. The combination of shirt, trousers and Patagonia gilet (马甲) is known as the “midtown uniform” for finance types in New York. Bosses build brands by wearing the same outfit day after day. Therefore, you may not be required to wear a uniform when you head off to work. You may still be in uniform. 27．Why is Virgin Atlantic crew mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．To emphasize the need for uniforms in all industries. B．To highlight the importance of job-specific features in uniforms. C．To provide an example of how uniforms establish a brand image. D．To discuss the variety of uniform styles across different professions. 28．What can we infer about uniforms from Robert Smith’s study? A．They mean professional. B．They impress customers. C．They guarantee quality service. D．They symbolize the corporate image. 29．What does the underlined word “validity” mean in Paragraph 3? A．The variety of the coined term. B．The state of being logical and true. C．The context of questions being raised. D．The complexity of the phenomenon. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards uniforms? A．Opposed. B．Dismissive. C．Approving. D．Doubtful. （2024·浙江·三模）Fifty years after Liliana Cavani’s film The Night Porter was released to widespread critical disgust, how have views of it changed? “To write a poem after Auschwitz is barbaric,” wrote the German theorist Theodor Adorno, suggesting in his 1949 essay Cultural Criticism and Society that artistic expression had been rendered inadequate as a tool to understand reality after the Holocaust. In her 1974 film The Night Porter, Italian director Liliana Cavani challenged this theory, taking it to its logical extreme. She used a concentration camp as the setting to explore a crazed sexual bond between an adolescent prisoner and an SS commandant, and how, years later, this psychological poison has pervaded their souls. Amid the furore after its release — which included intensely negative reviews and an at-tempted ban by the Italian ratings board—with typical nonchalance, Cavani told The New York Times: “This is nothing compared to the numberless couples who tear each other apart psychologically.” Half a century on, however, does The Night Porter still seem like a provocation that plumbs the depths of bad taste? With the film’s recent restoration and re-releases, as well as renewed conversations around cinematic depictions of the Holocaust, many have revisited the film and remain unimpressed by its content. Others are perhaps seeing the film more as Lili-an a Cavani originally intended: as an artistic reflection of how sexual obsession can be fascistic in its tunnel-visioned ferocity. Cavani herself put it more simply: “love comes always with a price to pay.” The Night Porter is set in Vienna in 1957, where a former Nazi commandant, Max (Dirk Bogarde), works in an upmarket hotel. There, he clashes with former SS colleagues who are determined to purge themselves of any shame about their roles in the Final Solution and eliminate any surviving witnesses. Max, however, would rather forget his past and move on, living his life quietly, he says, “as a church mouse.” His careful world is upended when Lucia (Charlotte Rampling), now married to an American composer, walks into his hotel lobby — the very woman he sexually abused while she was a prisoner in his camp, and with whom he entered into a sadomasochistic relationship. Reunited once more, their twisted folie a deux resumes and a fervent debasement begins — now, on both sides. 31．Which of the following statements best reflects the author’s perspective on the film’s portrayal of the Holocaust? A．The film is a disrespectful and exploitative representation of the Holocaust. B．The film is a complex and abstract exploration of Nazi ideology and sexual taboos. C．The film is a straightforward historical account of the Holocaust. D．The film is a romanticized depiction of love during the Holocaust. 32．In the context of the article, which of the following best describes the term “sadomasochistic”? A．A form of psychological therapy. B．A type of artistic expression. C．A relationship dynamic characterized by the exchange of pain and pleasure. D．A historical account of events during World War II. 33．What is the main argument of those who defend the film’s artistic merit? A．The film provides a realistic portrayal of the Holocaust. B．The film’s controversial nature generates important discussions. C．The film is a successful example of the “Nazisploitation” genre. D．The film’s plot and character development are highly original. 34．What is the most appropriate title for the article? A．“The Night Porter: A Cinematic Controversy” B．“Liliana Cavani: The Director Who Challenged Art” C．“Love and Evil: The Complex Themes of The Night Porter” D．“The Holocaust on Film: A History of Cinematic Portrayals” （2024·浙江·二模）I’m always cautious of the tired saying, “If it doesn’t kill you, it’ll make you stronger.” I mean, what about polio (小儿麻痹症)? Or loads of other horrible things that if you survive, you’re left scarred in one way or another. For many years I worked in a specialist NHS clinic for people with eating disorders, which are greatly misunderstood and connected with vanity (虚荣) when instead it’s usually about control or even profound trauma (精神创伤). Eating disorders have the highest mortality of any mental illness, with one in five of those with an eating disorder dying from it. Treatment for it is long, tough and tiring. So, it’s fair to say it’s not something to be taken lightly. Yet I was often surprised by how many patients-patients with all sorts of other conditions too, from depression to cancer -would tell me how the experience had changed them for the better after receiving treatment. It’s not so much that what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger; more, it might make you more understanding of yourself and more sensitive to the battles and struggles of others. It can also give people a sense of determination and perseverance they never had before. I had one patient who was an addict and alcoholic besides suffering eating disorder. She was frequently rushed into hospital and was sometimes at a real risk of dying. However, after years of hard work, she stopped drinking, stopped using drugs and her eating disorder improved. She got back into work and started doing several courses to get promoted. Actually, she had gone through numerous intense and exhausting interviews before landing a job, but she said whenever she felt she couldn’t handle it or doubted her capabilities, she reminded herself that nothing would ever be worse or harder than what she had already gone through. She managed to make the most of her life and turn her life around. 35．What does the author think of the old mantra? A．Always applicable. B．Totally absurd. C．Partially right. D．Quite misleading. 36．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 possibly mean? A．The number of deaths. B．The possibility of being cured. C．The rate of getting mentally hurt. D．The chance of having mental illness. 37．How does the experience influence patients according to paragraph 3? A．It leads to a changeable attitude. B．It makes no noticeable difference. C．It builds up their physical strength. D．It fosters self-awareness and sympathy. 38．What can we learn about the patient mentioned in the last paragraph? A．She continued harmful habits. B．She relied only on medication. C．She always believed in herself. D．She became stronger and tougher. （2024·浙江·三模）In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality. The paintings were discussed as an index of the democracy of a society that chose to represent its class, action, and occupations exactly as they were, wide-ranging realism was seen as the great accomplishment of Dutch art. However, the achievement of more recent study of Dutch art has been the recovery of the fact that such paintings are to be taken as symbolizing mortality, the renaissance of earthly life, and the power of God, and as message that range from the mildly moralizing to the firmly didactic. How explicit and consistent the symbolizing process was intended to be is a much thornier matter, but anyone who has more familiarity than a passing acquaintance with Dutch literature or with the kinds of images used in illustrated books (above all emblem books) will know how much less pervasive was the habit of investing ordinary objects than of investing scenes with meaning that go be-y ond their surface and outward appearance. In the mid-1960s, Eddy de Jongh published an extraordinary array of material — especially from the emblem books and vernacular literature — that confirmed the unreliability of taking Dutch pictures at surface value alone. The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures. De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic. Not every object within Dutch paintings need be interpreted in terms of the gloss given to its equivalent representation in the emblem books. Not every foot warmer is to be interpreted in terms of the foot warmer in Rowmer Visscher’s Sinnepoppen of 1614, not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that). To maintain as Brown does, that the two children in Netscher’s painting A Lady Teaching a Child to Read stand for industry and idleness is to fail to understand that the painting has a variety of possible meanings, even though the picture undoubtedly carriers unmistakable symbolic meanings, too. Modern Art historians may well find the discovery of parallels be-tween a painting and a specific emblem exciting, they may, like seventeenth-century viewers, search for the double that lie behind many paintings. But seventeenth-century response can hardly be reduced to the level of formula. To suggest otherwise is to imply a laboriousness of mental process that may well characterize modern interpretations of seventeenth-century Dutch Art, but that was, for the most part, not characteristic in the seventeenth century. 39．The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following? A．Reconciling two different points of view about how art reflects. B．Criticizing a traditional method of interpretation. C．Describing and evaluating a recent critical approach. D．Describing a long-standing controversy and how it was resolved. 40．The author of the passage mentions bridles in the highlighted portion of the passage most likely in order to ______. A．Suggest that restraint was only one of the many symbolic meanings attached to bridles B．Provide an example of an everyday, physical object that was not endowed with symbolic meaning C．Provide an example of an object that modern critics have endowed with symbolic meaning different from the meaning assigned it by seventeenth-century Dutch artists D．Provide an example of an object with symbolic meaning that was not always used as a symbol 41．Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage? A．It provides specific applications of the critical approach introduced in the preceding paragraph. B．It present a caveat about the critical approach discussed in the preceding paragraph. C．It presents the research on which a theory presented in the preceding paragraph is based. D．It refutes a theory presented in the preceding paragraph and advocates a return to a more traditional approach. 42．The passage suggests which of the following about emblem books in seventeenth-century Holland? A．They confirm that seventeenth century Dutch painting depict some objects and scenes rarely found in daily life. B．They are more useful than vernacular literature in providing information about the sym-bolic content of seventeenth-century Dutch painting. C．They have been misinterpreted by art critics, such as de Jongh, who claim seventeenth-century Dutch paintings contain symbolic meaning. D．They contain material that challenges the assumptions of the nineteenth-century critics about seventeenth-century Dutch painting. （2024·湖北·一模）For all programmers and processor industry participants, the RISC-V website is almost a must-visit as an open standard. Instruction Set Architecture, which is defined as the design of a computer from the programmer’s perspective, enabling a new era of processor innovation through open cooperation. Unlike X86 and ARM, which are owned by certain enterprises, RISC-V is an open one, allowing anybody to download its instructions handbook and use it. Maybe that is why some US lawmakers are targeting RISC-V. Republican Senator Marco Rubio and Democratic Senator Mark Warner have reportedly been urging US President Joe Biden to take action regarding RISC-V, because, they fear that Chinese companies might make use of the open-source platform to improve their chips (芯片) technology. Maybe the legislators (立法者) do not realize that by targeting RISC-V they are targeting not only a company or a platform but the idea of openness itself. Being a US company. RISC-V has a global membership, with a number of Chinese and US enterprises as members. It has for long been known as an open-minded institution promoting technological cooperation despite the political tensions, and the US lawmakers targeting it seem to be closing one of the last channels of technology communication between China and their nation. By doing so they are harming the United States’ own interests and its technological leadership in the world. Open source is a good computing tool that benefits those who share programs as well as those who learn from it. The Android smartphone system, for example, has developed largely because Google decided to make it an open-source system, which attracted worldwide smartphone businesses to adopt its standard. The US lawmakers might next target GitHub, or, some day, even forbid programmers from accessing the Internet. That will only lead to the US losing its technological edge, never to get it back again. 43．What is RISC-V according to the passage? A．A website for programmers. B．A computer design standard. C．An open-source platform. D．A US chips company. 44．The first paragraph serves as a (n) ________. A．argument B．background C．proof D．connection 45．What does the author mainly emphasize about US targeting RISC-V? A．Fairness. B．Interests. C．Cooperation. D．Openness. 46．Which can be inferred from the passage? A．RISC-V enables processor innovation through open cooperation. B．US lawmakers are targeting RISC-V for the technology safety concern. C．The example of Android demonstrates the benefits of technological openness. D．GitHub and the Internet are the next target US will focus on to safeguard its leadership. （2024·辽宁盘锦·一模）When children are growing up, what they see in their families is what they tend to consider normal. That means family traditions and other activities are generally seen as just normal. If a family eats dinner together or spends time talking with each other, that’s what the child absorbs and internalizes. Our family traditions are declining as we move toward a more isolated (孤立的) society. How many families no longer share meals around the dinner table, instead choosing to watch TV or text friends on their phones? This tends to isolate and disconnect family members from each other. It also stops families from communicating and catching up on each other’s lives. For those of us who grew up in a household where families shared meals together and spent time talking with each other, chances are that we are passing along those traditions to our own families. The problem is, children today often want to spend their time in front of screens rather than people. Cell phones, computers and other attention-grabbing devices often mean parents get resistance to traditional family togetherness time. This pressure can lead to parents giving in and letting children do what they want rather than fight with them over sitting at the dinner table. This creates a new normal that no longer values the idea of families and the society at large, connecting with each other. Family and community traditions are important, not just for the current shared experiences, but for the future as well. Since children internalize their experiences, that means generations to come may not know what it’s like to sit together around the dinner table and truly connect as a family. That is why it is so important that parents and caregivers create boundaries of behavior that help to keep family traditions alive. If you remember the shared experiences you had with your parents and grandparents, you know the important bonding that took place during those times. It is this shared experience that brings people closer together and is well worth preserving. 47．What is the phenomenon the author describes at the beginning of the text? A．The increase in shared family meals means a shift towards isolation. B．Increased use of technology replaces traditional family interactions. C．More and more children prefer to spend quality time with the family. D．Family members are more likely to share their updates with each other. 48．What is the central concern expressed in paragraph 3? A．The inability of parents to understand technology. B．The challenge of preserving traditional family values. C．The influence of technology on children’s education. D．The necessity of controlling children’s digital devices. 49．What can be inferred about future generations if current trends continue? A．They will be more addicted to advanced technology. B．They will maintain stronger and closer family bonds. C．They may create new and irreplaceable family traditions. D．They may not understand the value of family gatherings. 50．How does the author view the role of parents in preserving family traditions? A．Insignificant B．Irresponsible C．Crucial D．Overemphasized 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行了深入的探讨和论证，通过对比不同的人类本性观点，分析了原谅在个体和社区中的作用和意义。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. (在一篇关于宽恕心理学的早期论文中，Droll(1984)提出了一个有趣的观点，即人类的本质比宽恕所允许的更具攻击性。那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们。)”可知，Droll认为宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害，他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段所举例子上文“Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. (研究人员发现，为了全面成长为人类，我们既需要从别人那里接受爱，也需要向别人提供爱。没有爱，我们与生活中各种各样的人的联系就会破裂。甚至常识也强烈表明，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。)”可知，没有爱，我们与他人的联系就会破裂，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动；奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度，它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦。“For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? (例如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用?)”通过以奴隶社会举例，以反问的方式，来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福，即控制就是伤害。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. (从作为人类的第二种观点来看，宽恕在个人和社区的生理和心理完整性方面都起着关键作用，因为科学研究表明，宽恕的结果之一是减少仇恨，恢复和谐。宽恕可以打破愤怒的循环。至少在某种程度上，与你疏远的人接受你的爱和宽恕，并准备做出必要的调整。宽恕可以治愈人际关系，重新连接人际关系。)”可知，作者认为原谅在个体和社区生物学和心理学完整性中的关键作用，指出原谅能够减少仇恨、恢复和谐，并且能够打破愤怒的循环。作者还提到原谅可以治愈关系，让人们重新建立联系。这些观点都表明作者对于原谅持有支持的态度。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. (值得注意的是，当我们从古典哲学的角度，即亚里士多德的角度来看，我们会看到潜在性和现实性之间的区别。我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长。宽恕的现实性，它在冲突情境中的实际运用，是随着实践而发展的。)”可知，最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点，指出我们并不是天生就具备原谅的能力，而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此，原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为，而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。故选D。 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文是对《焦虑的一代》一书的评论，作者认为该书提出的数字技术导致儿童大脑重构和精神健康危机的观点缺乏科学依据。作者强调，精神障碍的成因复杂，需要基于科学和证据的解决方案，而不是简单归咎于社交媒体。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, the book’s repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children’s brains and causing the epidemic (流行病) of mental illness is unsupported by science. (然而，这本书一再暗示数字技术正在重构我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神健康问题的流行，这一观点并没有得到科学的支持。)”可知，该书重复暗示数字技术正在重构我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神健康问题的流行。C选项“Teen’s mental illness results from screen time.(青少年的精神疾病与看屏幕时间有关。)”与该描述相一致。故选C。 6．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“When associations over time are found, they suggest not that social-media use predicts or causes depression, but that young people who already have mental-health problems use such platforms more often or in different ways from their healthy peers.( 随着时间的推移，他们发现社交媒体的使用并不是预测或导致抑郁症，而是已经有心理健康问题的年轻人比健康的同龄人更频繁地或以不同的方式使用这些平台。)”以及划线词后面的内容“An analysis done in 72 countries shows no consistent or measurable associations between well-being and social media globally. (在72个国家进行的一项分析显示，在全球范围内，幸福感和社交媒体之间没有一致的或可衡量的联系。)”可知，“同样的信息”指的是社交媒体并不一定导致心理健康问题。通过在72个国家进行的一项分析显示，在全球范围内，幸福感和社交媒体之间没有一致的或可衡量的联系。故划线词指代的是没有一致或可测量的证据表明社交媒体与幸福感之间有密切关系。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We have a generation in crisis and in desperate need of the best of what science and evidence-based solutions can offer. Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more.(我们这一代人正处于危机之中，迫切需要科学和基于证据的解决方案所能提供的最好的东西。不幸的是，我们的时间花在讲述没有研究支持的故事上，这些故事对那些需要、也应该得到更多支持的年轻人几乎没有帮助。)”可知，针对于年轻人的心理健康问题，我们正在浪费时间讲述没有研究支持的故事，而这些故事对需要帮助的年轻人并没有帮助，这暗示我们需要采取有效的行动来解决这个问题。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I had to say something after reading The Anxious Generation. It is going to sell well , because Jonathan Haidt is telling a scary story about children’s development many parents are led to believe. However, the book’s repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children’s brains and causing the epidemic (流行病) of mental illness is unsupported by science.(读完《焦虑的一代》后，我不得不说些什么。这本书将会畅销，因为乔纳森·海特特讲述了一个许多父母都倾向于相信的关于儿童发展可怕的故事。然而，书中反复暗示数字技术正在重新连接我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神疾病的流行，这一观点并没有科学支持。)”以及最后一段中“Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more.(不幸的是，我们的时间花在讲述没有研究支持的故事上，这些故事对那些需要、也应该得到更多支持的年轻人几乎没有帮助。)”以及通读全文可知，整篇文章都在批评一本书的观点，并强调需要科学和证据支持的解决方案，而不应该把时间浪费在没有科学研究支持的结论中，由此表明作者的目的是引起人们对儿童心理健康问题以及真正引发其该问题的原因进行关注和理解。D选项“To give a voice to children’s mental issues.(为孩子们的心理问题发声。)”符合作者的目的。故选D。 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．B 【导语】本文是议论文。本文通过讨论职场角色转变的挑战，特别是晋升或转职后如何在新角色中快速适应并取得成功的问题，提出了有效运用内部网络是先决条件的观点。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“But in today’s hyper-collaborative and dynamic workplaces, successful moves aren’t as easy as they once were, even for the most qualified and hard-working people. Too often, transitional managers and employees don’t live up to their organizations’ expectations. Gartner surveys indicate that a full 49% of people promoted within their own companies are underperforming up to 18 months after those moves, and McKinsey reports that 27% to 46% of transitional executives are regarded as failures or disappointments two years later.(但在当今高度协作和动态变化的工作场所中，即使是最有能力和最勤奋的人，成功地进行职位变动也不像过去那样容易了。通常情况下，过渡期的经理和员工都达不到组织的期望。高德纳（Gartner）的调查显示，有49%的人在公司内部晋升后，在变动后的18个月内表现不佳，而麦肯锡（McKinsey）报告称，两年后，有27%到46%的过渡期高管被视为失败或令人失望)”可知，作者认为在当今高度协作和动态的工作场所，即使是最有资格和最勤奋的人，成功的工作变动也不像以前那么容易，工作变动可能不会产生好的结果。故选C项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“We analyzed employee relationships and communication patterns across more than 100 diverse companies and interviewed 160 executives in 20 of them. Our research points to one overlooked prerequisite (先决条件) for transition success: the effective use of internal networks.(我们分析了100多家不同公司的员工关系和交流模式，并对其中20家公司的160名高管进行了采访。我们的研究指出了成功过渡的一个被忽视的前提条件：有效利用内部网络)”可知，成功转型的先决条件是有效利用内部网络，而转型高管没有成功利用内部网络，因此他们在新角色中没有取得成功。故选D项。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段“We analyzed employee relationships and communication patterns across more than 100 diverse companies and interviewed 160 executives in 20 of them.Our research points to one overlooked prerequisite (先决条件) for transition success: the effective use of internal networks.(我们分析了100多家不同公司的员工关系和交流模式，并对其中20家公司的160名高管进行了采访。我们的研究指出了成功过渡的一个被忽视的前提条件：有效利用内部网络)”可知，作者通过进行调查来使他的观点更有说服力。故选B项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In most cases, individual managers must do these things on their own. Only 43% of people surveyed said their organizations ensured that transitional employees were offered guidance and support. Only about a quarter said their employers encouraged them to build connections early or create networks to address skill gaps. But that should not be the case.(在大多数情况下，单个管理者必须自己去做这些事情。只有43%的受访者表示，他们的组织确保为过渡期的员工提供指导和支持。只有大约四分之一的人表示，他们的雇主鼓励他们尽早建立联系或创建网络来弥补技能差距。但情况不应该如此)”可知，作者在最后一段中提到“但情况不应该是这样”，这表明作者对于大多数情况下，单个管理者必须自己完成这些事情感到意外，因此可以推断出作者认为这个现象是出人意料的。故B项。 13．D 14．D 15．A 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。如果你对生活不满意，感到伤心、迷茫或困惑，建议你检查你的信念体系。信念体系塑造了感知、情感、价值观、习惯和对刺激的反应。如果我们想要改善自己的现状，我们必须改变我们的信念体系。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, the most important reason for our failure or success is our beliefs and thoughts. (然而，我们成败的最重要原因是我们的信念和思想。)” 可知，我们的信念和思想决定了成败。故选D。 14．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Much of the violent or crazy behavior in the world is associated with a deeply held belief. The problem becomes threatening when people get trapped in their beliefs and don't review them from time to time. So if you are not happy or satisfied in life and you feel lost, or confused, then you are advised to check your belief system. Because it is the belief system that create s perceptions, emotions, values, habits and reactions to stimuli. You should be very honest with yourself while analyzing. If you feel that something isn't quite right, and if it stays that way for a long period of time, then certainly seek out professional help. (世界上许多暴力或疯狂的行为都与人们根深蒂固的信念密切相关。当人们陷入自己的信念之中而未能时常审视它们时，问题就变得具有威胁性。因此，如果你在生活中感到不快乐、不满意，甚至迷茫或困惑，那么建议检查自己的信念体系。因为正是信念体系塑造了感知、情绪、价值观、习惯以及对刺激的反应。在分析过程中，你应该对自己非常坦诚。如果你感到有什么地方不太对劲，并且这种情况持续了很长一段时间，那么一定要寻求专业的帮助。)”可知，本段主要介绍了当我们产生负面的情绪或想法时应该怎么办，即如何处理消极信念。故选D。 15．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词后文“It is scientifically proven that when we change our beliefs, we send totally different messages to our cells and reprogram their expression. You can reprogram your pessimistic cells to be more optimistic by adopting positive thinking practices, like mindfulness and gratitude, for long results. So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life. (科学已经证实，我们改变信念时会向身体细胞发送完全不同的信息，并重新编程它们的表达模式。你可以通过采用积极的思维方式，例如正念冥想和感恩练习，将悲观的细胞重新编程为更乐观的状态，以获得长期的结果。因此，为了改变我们的人生轨迹，我们必须改变自己的信念体系。)”可知，本段主要讲述信念体系可以影响我们的人生轨迹。由此可推知，画线词应意为“决定，支配”，与 A项意思相近。故选A。 16．细推理判断题。根据第四段“It is scientifically proven that when we change our beliefs, we send totally different messages to our cells and reprogram their expression. You can reprogram your pessimistic cells to be more optimistic by adopting positive thinking practices, like mindfulness and gratitude, for long results. So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life.So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life. (科学已经证实，我们改变信念时会向身体细胞发送完全不同的信息，并重新编程它们的表达模式。你可以通过采用积极的思维方式，例如正念冥想和感恩练习，将悲观的细胞重新编程为更乐观的状态，以获得长期的结果。因此，为了改变我们的人生轨迹，我们必须改变自己的信念体系。)”可知，作者提到信念体系具有影响我们生活轨迹的力量，这表明信念对我们的生活有着深远的影响。同时，作者提倡采用积极思维方式（如正念冥想和感恩练习）将悲观的细胞重新编程为更乐观的状态，进一步强调了信念在改变生活轨迹中的重要作用。根据作者的论述，可以推断出作者认同“信念是生命的种子”这一观点。故选A。 17．D 18．B 19．B 20．A 21．C 【导语】本文为一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了人们对宽恕的不同的观点，以及如何做到宽恕。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. (那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们)”可知，Droll认为宽恕的人可能影响自己的幸福。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? (甚至常识也强烈表明，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。例如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用？)”可推知，第二段中的例子说明支配就是伤害。故选B。 19．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段划线词前“Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. (宽恕可以打破愤怒的循环)”以及划线词后“Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. (宽恕可以治愈人际关系，重新连接人际关系)”可知，与你疏远的人接受你的爱和宽恕，并准备做出必要的调整。由此可知，划线词estranged与Separated and disconnected“彼此分离，互不联系”意思接近。故选B。 20．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. (宽恕可以打破愤怒的循环。至少在某种程度上，与你疏远的人接受你的爱和宽恕，并准备做出必要的调整。宽恕可以治愈人际关系，重新连接人际关系)”可推知，作者对宽恕的态度是支持的。故选A。 21．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. (我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长。宽恕的现实性，它在冲突情境中的实际运用，是随着实践而发展的)”可知，最后一段传达的信息是宽恕需要练习。故选C。 22．D 23．C 24．C 25．B 26．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述要积极面对逆境，在逆境中寻找自我价值和机会。 22．推理判断题。由文章第二段“One of the most famous lines from that play is spoken in Act 2 Scene 1 by Duke Senior, ‘Sweet are the uses of adversity which, like the toad(癞蛤蟆), ugly and venomous, wears yet a precious jewel in his head.’ Even 500 years ago, the potential value of adversity was recognized, not by a great healer, but by a great playwright. (该剧最著名的台词之一是老公爵在第二幕第1场中说的，‘甜蜜是对逆境的利用，就像癞蛤蟆一样，又丑又毒，头上还戴着一颗珍贵的宝石。’即使在500年前，逆境的潜在价值也得到了认可，不是由一位伟大的治疗师，而是由一位了不起的剧作家写就。)”可知，作者引用莎士比亚戏剧中的一句话，以表明人们长期以来对逆境价值的认识。故选D项。 23．推理判断题。由文章第三段“Fast-forward to the great silent film star Mary Pickford. She was called the most popular actress in the world in the 1910s and 1920s. Failing to continue acting with the advent of the ‘talkies’(movies with recorded sound), she co-founded the film company United Artists. Shifting her talents to producing and directing, she became the most powerful woman in the entertainment industry. (快进到伟大的无声电影明星Mary Pickford。她被称为1910年代和1920年代世界上最受欢迎的女演员。随着‘有声电影’（有录音的电影）的出现，她未能继续表演，她与人共同创立了电影公司联合艺术家。她将自己的才华转移到制作和导演上，成为娱乐圈最有权势的女性。)”可知，从Mary Pickford的故事中我们可知，接受逆境会带来积极的结果。故选C项。 24．推理判断题。由文章第五段“Adversity reveals true opportunities for those preparing to take advantage. Dr. John Krumboltz’s happenstance theory states that career and life development is best fostered by preparing for opportunities that you may not know even exist in the current moment. Numerous unpredictable factors are potentially shaping the future. (逆境为那些准备利用的人揭示了真正的机会。John Krumboltz博士的偶然性理论指出，职业和生活的发展最好通过为你可能不知道的机会做准备来促进。许多不可预测的因素正在潜在地塑造未来。)”可知，John Krumboltz偶然性理论背后的理念是抓住隐藏的机会。故选C项。 25．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Rather than fear and try to avoid adversity, perhaps we should accept the inevitability (必然) of adversity and prepare for it. Indeed, positive things can emerge from adversity.(与其害怕和试图避免逆境，也许我们应该接受逆境的必然性并做好准备。事实上，积极的事情可以从逆境中产生。)”可知，作者对经历逆境的态度是赞许的。故选B项。 26．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“Rather than fear and try to avoid adversity, perhaps we should accept the inevitability (必然) of adversity and prepare for it. Indeed, positive things can emerge from adversity.(与其害怕和试图避免逆境，也许我们应该接受逆境的必然性并做好准备。事实上，积极的事情可以从逆境中产生。)”和最后一段“So, the next time adversity enters your life, will you run from it, or will you embrace it and use it as a step ping stone to greater happiness and success?(那么，下次逆境进入你的生活时，你会逃离它，还是会拥抱它，把它当作通往更大幸福和成功的垫脚石？)”以及上下文可知，文章主要阐述要积极面对逆境，在逆境中寻找自我价值和机会。故选A项。 27．C 28．A 29．B 30．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了办公室白领员工穿制服的原因和效果。 27．推理判断题。根据第二段中“They help ensure a level of professionalism in appearance. (它们有助于确保在外观上达到专业水平)”和“They project a brand identity, from the red coats of Virgin Atlantic crew to the “Browns” uniform of UPS delivery drivers. They may have useful job-specific features.(从维珍航空(Virgin Atlantic)机组人员的红色外套到联合包裹(UPS)快递司机的“棕色”制服，它们都投射出一种品牌标识。它们可能具有有用的特定于工作的特性)”可推知，段中提到了维珍航空的机组人员是为了举例说明制服如何树立品牌形象。故选C项。 28．推理判断题。根据第三段中“A study by Robert Smith of Tilburg University and his colleagues asked people to imagine being on the receiving end of poor service when ordering a pizza. They were then shown pictures of the uniformed or non-uniformed employee. The person without a uniform who had treated them badly was circled.(蒂尔堡大学的罗伯特·史密斯和他的同事们做了一项研究，让人们想象自己在点披萨时受到糟糕的服务。然后给他们看穿制服或不穿制服的员工的照片。那个对他们不好的没穿制服的人被圈了起来)”可知，在选择服务质量差的员工时，人们选择了没有穿制服的员工。由此推知，即使制服本身不能保证服务质量，但人们会无意识地把制服与专业可靠的形象联系在一起，认为穿制服的人会更专业。故选A项。 29．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Questions have been raised over the validity of enclothed cognition, but a new meta-analysis by Messrs Adam and Galinsky, along with Carl Blaine Horton of Columbia Business School, concludes that the phenomenon is real.(人们对“外衣认知”的validity提出了质疑，但亚当和加林斯基以及哥伦比亚商学院的卡尔·布莱恩·霍顿进行的一项新的元分析得出结论，这种现象是真实存在的)”中“but”可知，上下文存在转折关系。下文讲新的研究表明“外衣认知”是真实存在的现象，说明上文是说有人对其真实性提出质疑，构成转折关系。故validity意为“真实性，正确性”，与“The state of being logical and true.(合乎逻辑和真实的状态)”同义。故选B项。 30．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其结合第二段中“For employers who require it, there are several arguments in favour of uniforms. They help ensure a level of professionalism in appearance.(对于需要制服的雇主来说，有几个理由支持制服。它们有助于确保在外观上达到专业水平)”和第四段中“Uniforms can also affect the psychology of employees.(制服也会影响员工的心理)”和最后一段中“Bosses build brands by wearing the same outfit day after day. Therefore, you may not be required to wear a uniform when you head off to work. You may still be in uniform.(老板们通过日复一日穿同一套衣服来打造品牌。因此，当你去上班时，你可能不需要穿制服。你可能还穿着制服)”可知，作者提出了几个支持制服的积极论点，例如确保专业水平，突出品牌标识，此外，作者通过“穿衣认知”的概念提到了制服的心理好处。尽管作者承认对限制个性的反对意见，但这些观点被人们如何自然地被某些服装所吸引的例子所反驳。由此推知，总体上，作者对制服持有认可的态度。故选C项。 31．B 32．C 33．B 34．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了对莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的电影《午夜守门人》的具有争议的评价。 31．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In her 1974 film The Night Porter, Italian director Liliana Cavani challenged this theory, taking it to its logical extreme. She used a concentration camp as the setting to explore a crazed sexual bond between an adolescent prisoner and an SS commandant, and how, years later, this psychological poison has pervaded their souls.(意大利导演莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼在她1974年的电影《午夜守门人》中挑战了这一理论，将其推向了逻辑的极致。她以集中营为背景，探索了一名青少年囚犯和一名党卫军指挥官之间疯狂的性关系，以及多年后，这种心理毒药是如何渗透到他们的灵魂中的)”可推知，这部电影是对纳粹意识形态和性禁忌的复杂而抽象的探索，最好地反映了作者对电影对大屠杀的描绘的观点。故选B。 32．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“She used a concentration camp as the setting to explore a crazed sexual bond between an adolescent prisoner and an SS commandant, and how, years later, this psychological poison has pervaded their souls.(她以集中营为背景，探索了一名青少年囚犯和一名党卫军指挥官之间疯狂的性关系，以及多年后，这种心理毒药是如何渗透到他们的灵魂中的)”以及文章最后一段“His careful world is upended when Lucia (Charlotte Rampling), now married to an American composer, walks into his hotel lobby — the very woman he sexually abused while she was a prisoner in his camp, and with whom he entered into a sadomasochistic relationship.(当露西娅(夏洛特·兰普林饰)走进他的酒店大厅时，他小心翼翼的世界被颠覆了——露西娅(夏洛特·兰普林饰)现在嫁给了一位美国作曲家。露西娅正是他在集中营里被他性侵的那个女人，他和她陷入了一种受虐狂和施虐狂的关系)”可推知，sadomasochistic意为“一种以痛苦和快乐的交换为特征的动态关系”。故选C。 33．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“With the film’s recent  restoration and re-releases, as well as renewed conversations around  cinematic depictions of the Holocaust, many have revisited the film and  remain unimpressed by its content. (随着这部电影最近的修复和重新发行，以及围绕大屠杀的电影描述的重新讨论，许多人重新审视了这部电影，但仍然对其内容不感兴趣)”可推知，那些为这部电影的艺术价值辩护的人的主要论点是影片的争议性引发了重要的讨论。故选B。 34．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Fifty years after Liliana Cavani’s film The Night Porter was released to widespread critical disgust, how have views of it changed?(莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的电影《午夜守门人》上映50年后，评论界对它的看法发生了怎样的变化？)”和全文描述可知，文章主要介绍了对莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的电影《午夜守门人》的具有争议的评价。故选A。 35．C 36．A 37．D 38．D 【导语】本文是议论文，主要论述了一名治疗饮食功能失调症的专家通过分享他的工作经历，表达了自己对常见说法“如果疾病没有杀死你，它会使你更强大”的看法。 35．推理判断题。根据第一段“I’m always cautious of the tired saying（我总是对这句疲倦的话持谨慎态度）”可知，作者对这一说法持保留态度，A选项“总是适用的”，B选项“完全荒谬的”，C选项“部分正确的”，D选项的“十分让人误解的”，故选C。 36．词义猜测题。根据第二段中画线词的下文“Eating disorders have the highest mortality of any mental illness,with one in five of those with an eating disorder dying from it，（饮食功能失调症是所有心理疾病中mortality最高的，五分之一患有饮食功能失调症的人会死于这种疾病，）”可推断划线词的意思应该是“死亡率”，故选A。 37．细节理解题。根据第三段“It’s not so much that what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger; more, it might make you more understanding of yourself and more sensitive to the battles and struggles of others.（并不是说那些杀不死你的东西都会让你变得更强大；更重要的是，它可能会让你更加了解自己，对他人的斗争和挣扎更加敏感。）”中的it指代上文提到的“the experience”，这段经历能培养自我意识和同情心。故选D。 38．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, after years of hard work, she stopped drinking, stopped using drugs and her eating disorder improved. She got back into work and started doing several courses to get promoted. Actually, she had gone through numerous intense and exhausting interviews before landing a job, but she said whenever she felt she couldn’t handle it or doubted her capabilities, she reminded herself that nothing would ever be worse or harder than what she had already gone through. She managed to make the most of her life and turn her life around.（然而，经过多年的努力，她戒酒、戒毒，饮食失调也得到改善。她重新回到工作岗位，开始学习几门课程以获取晋升。事实上，在找到工作之前，她经历了无数次紧张而疲惫的面试，但她说，每当她觉得自己无法应对或怀疑自己的能力时，她都会提醒自己，没有什么比她已经经历的更糟糕或更困难的了。通过。她成功地充分利用了自己的生活并扭转了自己的生活。）”可知，事例中女病人在与吸毒、酗酒、饮食失调等做斗争的过程中变得更有意志力、耐挫力，故选D。 39．C 40．D 41．B 42．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了关于17世纪荷兰画作的不同解读方式，包括19世纪批评家的现实主义解读，以及近期的象征主义解读，并对这两种解读方式进行了评价。 39．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In the late nineteenth century, art critics regarded seventeenth-century Dutch paintings as direct reflections of reality. The paintings were discussed as an index of the democracy of a society that chose to represent its class, action, and occupations exactly as they were, wide-ranging realism was seen as the great accomplishment of Dutch art. However, the achievement of more recent study of Dutch art has been the recovery of the fact that such paintings are to be taken as symbolizing mortality, the renaissance of earthly life, and the power of God, and as message that range from the mildly moralizing to the firmly didactic”（在十九世纪晚期，艺术评论家认为十七世纪的荷兰绘画是现实的直接反映。这些绘画被认为是民主政体社会的一个指标，这个社会选择了代表它的阶级、行为和职业，而广泛的现实主义被认为是荷兰艺术的伟大成就。然而，最近荷兰艺术研究的成就是恢复了这样一个事实，即这些绘画应被视为死亡的象征、世俗生活的复兴和上帝的力量，并被视为从温和的道德说教到坚定的说教的信息）和第二段“The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures. De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic.”（ 然而，德·琼等评论家的发现的主要困难在于，很难评估荷兰观众对这些画作的多重解读。德荣的追随者通常认为这些画纯粹是象征性的。）可知，文章主要是在描述和评价一种新的批评方法，即将17世纪荷兰画作看作是象征性的，而不仅仅是现实的反映。故选C。 40．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that)”（并非每个马勒都是约束的象征，尽管许多确实是这样），可以推知，马勒作为一个象征意义的物体，并不总是被用作象征。故选D。 41．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Modern Art historians may well find the discovery of parallels be-tween a painting and a specific emblem exciting, they may, like seventeenth-century viewers, search for the double that lie behind many paintings. But seventeenth-century response can hardly be reduced to the level of formula. To suggest otherwise is to imply a laboriousness of mental process that may well characterize modern interpretations of seventeenth-century Dutch Art, but that was, for the most part, not characteristic in the seventeenth century.”（现代艺术历史学家很可能会发现一幅画和一个特定徽章之间的相似之处令人兴奋，他们可能会像17世纪的观众一样，寻找许多画作背后的双重性。但十七世纪的反应很难被简化到公式的水平。否则的说法意味着心理过程的艰辛，这很可能是17世纪荷兰艺术现代诠释的特征，但在很大程度上，这在17世纪并不是特征）可知，作者在此提出了对前一段讨论的批评方法的警告，即不能将17世纪的反应简化为公式化的水平，否则就会暗示一种可能更符合现代对17世纪荷兰艺术解读的繁琐的思维过程，但在17世纪大部分时间里并非如此。故选B。 42．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“In the mid-1960s, Eddy de Jong h published an extraordinary array of material—especially from the emblem books and vernacular literature—that confirmed the unreliability of taking Dutch pictures at surface value alone.”（在20世纪60年代中期，Eddy de Jongh发布了一系列非凡的材料——尤其是来自象征书和通俗文学——这些材料证实了仅从表面价值来看荷兰画作的不可靠性），可以推知，象征书中的材料挑战了19世纪批评家关于17世纪荷兰画作的假设。故选D。 43．C 44．B 45．D 46．C 【导语】本文为一篇议论文，讨论美国意图关闭RISC-V这一开放平台来遏制中国芯片发展的行为影响了科研的开放性。 43．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“For all programmers and processor industry participants, the RISC-V website is almost a must-visit as an open standard. (对于所有程序员和处理器行业的参与者来说，RISC-V网站几乎是一个必须访问的开放标准。)”；第二段“Republican Senator Marco Rubio and Democratic Senator Mark Warner have reportedly been urging US President Joe Biden to take action regarding RISC-V, because, they fear that Chinese companies might make use of the open-source platform to improve their chips (芯片) technology. (据报道，共和党参议员马可·卢比奥和民主党参议员马克·华纳一直在敦促美国总统乔·拜登对RISC-V采取行动，因为他们担心中国公司可能会利用开源平台来改进他们的芯片技术。)”及第三段“Maybe the legislators do not realize that by targeting RISC-V they are targeting not only a company or a platform but the idea of openness itself. (也许立法者没有意识到，通过针对RISC-V，他们针对的不仅仅是一家公司或一个平台，而是开放的理念本身。)”可知，RISC-V不仅是美国的公司，还是开放的指令构建平台，它不仅限于一个网站和指令标准，也不是芯片公司，因此，它是一个开源平台。故选C。 44．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For all programmers and processor industry participants, the RISC-V website is almost a must-visit as an open standard. Instruction Set Architecture, which is defined as the design of a computer from the programmer’s perspective, enabling a new era of processor innovation through open cooperation. (对于所有程序员和处理器行业的参与者来说，RISC-V网站几乎是一个必须访问的开放标准。指令集架构，它被定义为从程序员的角度设计计算机，通过开放合作实现处理器创新的新时代。)”可知，第一段介绍了RISC-V网站对程序员的研究的重要性，为了引入全文的背景知识。故选B。 45．细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句“Maybe the legislators (立法者) do not realize that by targeting RISC-V they are targeting not only a company or a platform but the idea of openness itself. (也许立法者没有意识到，通过针对RISC-V，他们针对的不仅仅是一家公司或一个平台，而是开放的理念本身。)”讲美国针对RISC-V其实是针对开放性本身；第四段第二句“Open source is a good computing tool that benefits those who share programs as well as those who learn from it. (开源是一种很好的计算工具，对那些共享程序的人以及从中学习的人都有好处。)”说明科技开放性会惠及自身和其他人。由此可知，对于美国针对RISC-V，作者重点强调开放性。故选D。 46．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Open source is a good computing tool that benefits those who share programs as well as those who learn from it. The Android smartphone system, for example, has developed largely because Google decided to make it an open-source system, which attracted worldwide smartphone businesses to adopt its standard. (开源是一种很好的计算工具，对那些共享程序的人以及从中学习的人都有好处。例如，安卓智能手机系统的发展很大程度上是因为谷歌决定将其作为一个开源系统，吸引了全球智能手机企业采用其标准。)”可知，科技开放性对分享者和学习者都有好处，作者利用安卓系统的例子证明了这一点。故选C。 47．B 48．B 49．D 50．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了家庭传统在当今社会中日益减少的问题，强调了家庭和社区传统的重要性，并呼吁父母和照顾者制定行为边界，以保持这些传统的活力。 47．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When children are growing up, what they see in their families is what they tend to consider normal. That means family traditions and other activities are generally seen as just normal. If a family eats dinner together or spends time talking with each other, that’s what the child absorbs and internalizes. (当孩子们长大后，他们在家里看到的是他们认为正常的东西。这意味着家庭传统和其他活动通常被视为正常。如果一家人一起吃晚饭，或者花时间互相交谈，孩子就会吸收和内化这些东西。)”和第二段中“Our family traditions are declining as we move toward a more isolated (孤立的) society. How many families no longer share meals around the dinner table, instead choosing to watch TV or text friends on their phones? This tends to isolate and disconnect family members from each other. It also stops families from communicating and catching up on each other’s lives. (随着我们走向一个更加孤立的社会，我们的家庭传统正在衰落。有多少家庭不再围坐在餐桌旁吃饭，而是选择看电视或用手机给朋友发短信?这往往会使家庭成员彼此孤立和疏远。它还阻止了家庭之间的交流和了解彼此的生活。)”可知，作者在文章开篇描述了诸如电视、手机之类的科技替代了传统的家庭互动。故选B项。 48．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The problem is, children today often want to spend their time in front of screens rather than people. Cell phones, computers and other attention-grabbing devices often mean parents get resistance to traditional family togetherness time. This pressure can lead to parents giving in and letting children do what they want rather than fight with them over sitting at the dinner table. This creates a new normal that no longer values the idea of families and the society at large, connecting with each other. (问题是，现在的孩子们经常想把时间花在屏幕前，而不是人。手机、电脑和其他吸引注意力的设备往往意味着父母会抵制传统的家庭团聚时间。这种压力会导致父母让步，让孩子做他们想做的事，而不是和他们争夺餐桌上的座位。这创造了一种新的常态，不再重视家庭和整个社会相互联系的观念。)”可知，段中表达的担忧孩子们不再重视家庭和整个社会相互联系，这是传统的家庭价值观面对的来自科技的挑战。故选B项。 49．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Since children internalize their experiences, that means generations to come may not know what it’s like to sit together around the dinner table and truly connect as a family. (由于孩子们内化了他们的经历，这意味着后代可能不知道围坐在餐桌旁、真正像一家人一样交流是什么感觉。)”可推知，如果目前的趋势继续下去，未来几代人将不理解围坐在餐桌旁、真正像一家人一样交流是什么感觉，不理解家庭聚会的价值。故选D项。 50．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“That is why it is so important that parents and caregivers create boundaries of behavior that help to keep family traditions alive. (这就是为什么父母和监护人为保持家庭传统设定行为界限是如此重要)”可知，作者认为父母在维护家庭传统方面起着至关重要的作用。故选C项。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$