专题10 定语从句、状语从句（考点精讲）- 【中职专用】2025年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（江苏）

►专题10 定语从句、状语从句 ( 考点 精讲 ) ( 定语从句 ) 1、 关系代词的在定语从句中主要用法 英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下： 1、who，whom的用法 who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。 In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常会生气。(作主语) The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语省略) His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略） 2、whose的用法 whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。 I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。 We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。 3、which 的用法 which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。 Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略） They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略） It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略) He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略） 4、that 的用法 that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。 All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略） This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略） This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略） She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略） 5、关系代词that和which的区别 （1)相同点 这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。 The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语) The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略) （2）用that，不用which的情况 ①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗? He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。 ②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store. 这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 ③当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。 That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。 Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。 ④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。 They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论工厂里看到人和事。 They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。 ⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。 ⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。 Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的? ⑦当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。 I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。 （3）用which，不用that的情况 ①引导非限制性定语从句。 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。 Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。 ②直接放在介词后作宾语时。 Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。 巧记that和which的区别： that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which； 要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。 6、关系代词who与that的区别 （1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。 I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。 （2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。 She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。 7、as的用法 （1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。 I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语) Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语) Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。 He lent me as much money as he had.他把所有的钱借给了我。 Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语) （2）such…that…与such…as “such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。 He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。 He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。 （3）the same…that…与the same as “the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子： This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书） This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本） （4）as 引导非限制性定语从句 as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。 The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。 二、定语从句关系副词主要用法 英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。 1、when的用法 when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从句中作时间状语。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。 He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。 Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗? 2、where的用法 where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。 I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。 She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。 One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。 注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词which或that。 This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。 I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。 3、why的用法 why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。 This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。 Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？ 巧记定语从句的用法 主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。 三、“介词＋关系代词”用法 “介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。我们可以从下面几点掌握其用法。 · 关系代词前的介词定位 1．介词与先行词是固定搭配 I still remember the day on which I first came to school. (on which=on the day) The company in which I once worked has changed much. (in which=in the company) 2．介词与从句中的动词是固定搭配 He is a man of great knowledge, from whom much can be learned. (learn sth. from sb.) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help. (turn to sb. for help) 3．介词与从句中的形容词是固定搭配 China is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud. (be proud of) The teacher talked about some subjects in which the students were interested. (be interested in) 4．有时介词的选择根据其与which后的名词之间的固定搭配而定 He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. (in which case = in that case) Call me at six o’clock, by which time I should get up. (by which time = by the time) · “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的表现形式 1．“介词 + which / whom”引导 They’re the companions with whom I used to go to school when I was young. In 2004 Olympic Games the Chinese team got 32 gold medals, of which 19 were won by women. 2．“介词短语 + which / whom”引导 We visited a large company the other day, in front of which lay a small river. Henry took a photo of the students, in the middle of whom sat their English teacher. 3．“名词（代词、数词或形容词最高级）+ of + which / whom”引导 A compass has a needle, the ends of which always point north and south. Our university has many laboratories, the largest of which was built last year. The body is made of a large number of organs, each of which has its particular function. 4．“介词+ whose+名词”引导 The boss, in whose company I work, is very kind-hearted and helpful. · “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句还应注意以下问题 1．“介词+关系代词”结构中的关系代词不能用that。 2．含有介词的动词短语不能拆开，即不能转化成“介词+关系代词”结构，介词仍放在动词的后面。如： The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. (不可说 “… after whom the nurses are looking”) 3．from where有时也可以用来引导定语从句。 His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey window, from where he could see nothing but trees. · “介词＋关系代词”在意义上相当于where，when，why等关系副词。 很多情况下，关系副词可用“介词＋ which / whom”来代替，其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定(where = in / on which；when = on / in / at which；why = for which)。 The house where (=in which) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I still remember the day when (=on which) I first met Jennifer. Do you know the reason why (=for which) he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. 四、非限制定语从句主要用法 1．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills． 许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句) She heard a lovely song，which reminded her 0f her hometown． 她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句) 功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。 例：I was the only person in our office that wag invited． 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整) Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic． 汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整) 关系词不同 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较： 例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made US very disappointed．(×) He failed to attend the meeting，which made US very disappointed．(√) 他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。 He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday． 他没有出席上周日举行的会议。 2．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用 which。 例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected． 实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。 Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud． 汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。 【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。 例：As we all know，Taiwan has been mrt of China since ancient times． 众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。 As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting． 正如预计的那样，他在会上提出了自己的意见。 3．用one of whom、some of which等引导的非限制性定语从句 可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰先行词。 例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified． 我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。 Seven passengers were injured．n the car accident，two of whom were foreigners． 在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。 The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance． 这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。 ( 状语从句 ) 一、条件状语从句用法梳理 1．用if引导的条件状语从句 当if条件句用来陈述科学事实、发出指令或描述习惯性动作时，我们可以用下面的句型： [if从句：一般现在时]+[主句：一般现在时]。 例：If you mix red and white，you get pink． 如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就会得到粉红色。 If you see a fire，press this alarm bell immediately． 如果发现起火了，立刻按一下这个警铃。 If someone talks to her，she goes red in the face． 如果有人和她讲话，她就会脸红。 当if条件句用来谈论将来有可能发生的事实或能力时，我们可以用下面的句型： [1f从句：一般现在时]+[主句：will／shall／may／might／can／must／should+动词原形]。 例：lf more people use public transport，there will be less traffic jam． 如果更多的入使用公共交通工具，交通拥堵就会减少。 You can save paper if you write on both sides of the page． 如果在纸的正反面都写字的话，你就能节省纸张。 【注意】 (1)if条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后面。若if条件句放于句首，从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。 (2)我们经常可以用when代替if。 例：When you mix red and white，you get pink． 如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就得到粉红色。 (3)if从句中也可以使用现在进行时或现在完成时。 例：If your car is running badly，you should have the engine serviced. 如果你的车子运行不正常，你应当检修引擎。 If he hasn't returned by 11:00 tonight，you must call the police. 如果到今晚1 1点他还是没回来的话，你必须报警。 (4)if后面的从句可以用省略形式。 例：If(it is)convenient，please fetch me the parcel from the post office. 如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。 2．用其他单词和词组引导的条件状语从句 as long as／so long as只要…… 例：As／So long as you practise more，you will make progress． 只要你多加练习，就会取得进步。 The birds will not fly away as／so long as you keep quiet and don’t move． 只要你保持安静不动，鸟儿就不会飞走。 unless(= if．．．not)除非；如果不… 例：You w川fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier． 如果你不早点动身，就不能及时赶到那儿了。 Unless bad weather stops me，I go for a walk every morning． 除非天气不好，我每天早晨都会去散步。 【拓展】常用来引导条件状语从句的连词还有： (1)on condition that只有在……的条件下，以…为条件(是主句中事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。) 例：I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret． 我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。 You can pass the customs on condition that we have checked your luggage. 你可以通过海关，但条件是我们得检查完你的行李。 (2)supposing假如，倘若(supposing弓I导的从句表示一种假设条件。) 例：Supposing it rains，shall we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨，我们的运动会还会继续进行吗? Supposing the stocks of food run out，what shall we do? 假如储备的食品都吃光了，我们该怎么办呢? (3)provided(that)假如，如果 例：He will sign the contract provided(that)we offer more favorable terms. 如果我们提出更优惠的条件，他就会在合同上签字。 He won’t be against us in the meeting provided(that)we ask for his advice in advance． 如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不会在会上反对我们了。 二、目的状语、让步状语从句主要用法 1．目的状语短语和目的状语从句 目的状语可以由in order(not)to、so as(not)to等不定式短语构成。 例：The teacher explained the rules several times in order to／so as to make the students fully understand． 老师反复解释了这些规则，就是为了让学生们充分地理解。 Before he turned in his composition．he checked it again so as to make as few mistakes as possible． 把作文交上去之前他又检查了一遍，目的是尽量减少错误。 目的状语从句可以由so that、in order that等连接短语引导，且从句中的谓语部分一般含有情态动词can／could、may／might、will／would、shall／should等。 例：The secretary adjusted the manager’s agenda in order that he could attend the economic forum． 秘书调整了经理的日程安排，使他能够出席这次经济论坛。 【注意】目的状语短语和从句可以置于句首。 例：In order to save paper，the secretary printed on both sides of the paper． 为了节约纸张，秘书在纸的正反面都打印。 In order that he might hear more clearly，he seated himself in the first row． 为了听得更清楚些，他坐在了第一排。 in case也可以用来引导目的状语从句，从句中的谓语部分常用一般现在时或一般过去时，但不用将来时。 例：They have made a careful plan in case something unexpected happens． 他们制定了一个周密的计划，以防备可能发生的意外。 2．让步状语短语和让步状语从句 让步状语可以由despite和in spite of构成。 例：Despite the heavy traffic jam on Monday morning，he got to the office on time． 尽管周一早晨的交通非常拥挤，他还是准时到达了办公室。 The old man cannot see very well in spite of the spectacles． 尽管戴着眼镜，老人还是看不太清楚。 【注意】despite和in spite of后面跟名词或名词短语。 例：Despite /In spite of all the evidence，he still refused to confess his mistakes． 尽管证据确凿，他还是拒绝承认错误。 引导状语从句的连词有although、though、even though等，意为“虽然；尽管”，表示在从句情况存在的前提下，主句的情况依然出现。 例：Although it was very hot，the builders kept working on the sites． 虽然天气酷热，建筑工人们还是坚持在工地上工作。 The scientist kept experimenting with the new drug even though he had failed three times. 尽管已经失败了三次，这个科学家仍然坚持试验这种新药。 【拓展】 (1)as／though倒装结构表示让步意义，相当于although／though引导的从句。 例：Difficult as／though the problem was(=Although／Though the problem was difficult)，Tom managed to work it out． 尽管这道题目很难，汤姆还是做了出来。 (2)while引导的让步状语从句常置于句首。 例：While I admit that he is not perfect，l do actually like the person． 尽管我承认他非完美，但我的确非常喜欢这个人。 (3)whatever、whoever、wherever和however等词引导的让步状语从句，相当于“no matter +wh-疑问词”，常译为“无论……”。 例：He always thinks of his motherland wherever he travels(=no matter where he travels)． 无论走到哪儿，他都心系祖国。 (4)whether…or…引导的让步状语从句，常译为”无论…还是…” 例：whether we win or lose，we will spare no effort．无论成败，我们都会不遗余力。 三、原因状语从句 1、概念：用表示原因的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的主从复合句就是原因状语从句。 2、关系词: 主要的有because, as, since, for, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)，in that等。 例如： 1）The woolly shrank because it was washed badly. 毛衣因洗的方式不正确而缩水。 2）I can’t get to sleep because of the noise outside. 由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。 3）Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。 4）Seeing that it’s raining, we’d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。 3、原因状语从句的连接词 1): because 引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后， because表示直接原因，语气最强，最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。 例如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。 注意： “not ... because” 结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句 例如：The country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大。 2): since 引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”)，较为正式，语气比because弱。 例如：Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息，你最好帮我补习数学。 注意：特殊引导词seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近， 都表示“既然”。 例如： (1）Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there’s no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们，我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。 (2）Considering (that) everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了，我们就开始讨论吧。 (3）In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病，他觉得做不了那件事。 3): as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比since弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。 例如： (1）As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨，你最好乘出租汽车。 (2）As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然累了，你最好休息一下。 (3）I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我睡得早，因为我筋疲力尽了。 4): for 引导的是并列句表示原因但并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些辅助性的补充说明，for引导的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。 例如：He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我， 因为我不在那里。 四、结果状语从句 1、概念： 结果状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的从句。 2、引导词 结果状语从句由such…that, so….that, so that, that 引导。 1). such… that 的常用句型such +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+that such +形容词+可数名词单数+that Such+形容词+可数名词复数（不可数名词）+that例如： This is such a good book that all of us like it very much. He had such long arms that he could almost touch his knees. It was such fine weather yesterday that we went swimming. 注意so many (much, few, little) +名词，such a lot of (或lots of)+名词是惯用法，不可乱用。 She is such a beautiful girl that we all like her. They were such beautiful flower that we bought home. It was such delicious food that they ate it up. 2). so+形容词或副词+that so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that He is so rich that he can buy lot of things for himself. He works so hard that he did everything well. It was so hot a day that we all went swimming It was such a good day that we all went swimming. 3).too…to, enough…to 可以引导结果状语从句与so…that 替换，so…that结构可以用too…to替换必须具备两个条件，一是主句和结果状语从句的主语必须一致，二是从句中的谓语部分必须含有can(could) not. She is young that she can' t go to school. She is too young to go to school. She isn' t old enough to go to school. 五、间状语从句 1．when，while和as引导的时间状语从句 when 从句谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词。从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 while 从句的谓语动词为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 as 从句谓语一般为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生或交替进行，可译为“一边……，一边……；随着……” (While some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure. 尽管有些人被成功的渴望所激励，但也有一些人却被失败的恐惧所激发。 As the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for. 随着人口平均年龄的增长，有越来越多的老年人需要照顾。 2．表示“一……就……”的连词引导的时间状语从句 (1)as soon as，the moment，the minute，the instant，immediately，directly The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work，she was filled with joy. 我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。 (2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，than或when所在的从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly got to the office，when my wife phoned me to go back home at once. 我刚到办公室，妻子就打电话让我回家。 3．before，since引导的时间状语从句 (1) before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没有来得及……就……”。常用句式：It will be/was＋一段时间＋before...过了……时间才……；It won't be/wasn't＋一段时间＋before...没过多久就……。 We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it. 在我们解决问题之前，我们需要找到问题的根源。 If you miss this chance，it may be years before you get another one. 如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很多年你才能再获得一次。 (2)since意为“自从……以来”，常用句式：It is/ has been＋一段时间＋since从句(常用过去时)。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，主句的时态常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 As is reported，it is over 100 years since Qinghua University was founded. 正如所报道的，清华大学自建立以来已有一百多年了。 4．till/until引导的时间状语从句 until/till用于肯定句表示“直到……为止”，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词；not...until/till...表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until可用于句首，而till不能。 If you don't understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until you figure it out. 如果你遇到不懂的东西，可以搜索、研究以及和其他人交谈，直到你把它弄明白。 She didn't start the lesson until the pupils settled down. 等学生们安静下来后，她才开始上课。 5．every time，each time，next time，the first time，by the time等引导的时间状语从句 By the time you have finished this book，your meal will get cold. 等你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。 ( 考点 反馈 ) 1．China is getting better at making hi-tech products ________ can be bought in all parts of the world. A．who B．which C．what D．where 2．—What kind of movies do you like best? —I like the movies ________ make me feel happy and relaxed. A．what B．which C．who D．/ 3．As a science lover, I hope I can invent a bike ________ can fly in the sky. A．where B．when C．which D．who 4．A true friend is a person ________ can help you when you are in trouble. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 5．Armstrong became the first man _______ walked on the moon on 20th July, 1969. A．whom B．when C．where D．that 6．________ you are too tired to do all the things on your To-Do list, try a To-Don’t list. A．If B．Until C．Although D．Unless 7．Everything is possible ________ you work hard. A．as much as B．as soon as C．as long as D．as far as 8．Everyone loves my dog Coffee, ________ he often makes a mess at home. A．until B．since C．though D．whether 9．Many students lose marks simply ________ they do not read the questions carefully. A．unless B．so C．before D．because 10．Our school life is more interesting now _________ we can enjoy ourselves in different clubs. A．because B．whether C．unless D．although 11．Jeff still works hard ________ he has achieved great success. A．if B．before C．though D．because 12．Wild animals will be in great danger ________ we protect them together. A．if B．but C．unless 13．Our teacher asks us to read newspapers every day ________ we can find out what’s going on around the world. A．so that B．even though C．in order to D．as soon as 14．As we live in a rapidly developing world, we will be left behind ________ we keep learning. A．unless B．if C．after D．though 15．________ you can’t work out the problem, perhaps you need to ask your classmates for help. A．Unless B．Though C．Since D．Whether 16．Let’s take the simple steps today ________ we will save the world for our grandsons and granddaughters tomorrow. A．unless B．until C．so that D．though 17．It’s hard for us to say goodbye ________ we have so many happy days to remember. A．so B．because C．although D．until 18．My parents won’t allow me to do things I like ________ I finish my homework. A．if B．but C．because D．unless 19．________ the times keep changing, young people in China have shown the same promise. A．But B．Unless C．Although D．As soon as 20．Zhang Guimei once said. “________ I’m alive, I will donate (献身) myself to teaching.” A．Even though B．As soon as C．As long as ( 9 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ ►专题10 定语从句、状语从句 ( 考点 精讲 ) ( 定语从句 ) 1、 关系代词的在定语从句中主要用法 英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下： 1、who，whom的用法 who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。 In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常会生气。(作主语) The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语省略) His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略） 2、whose的用法 whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。 I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。 We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。 3、which 的用法 which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。 Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略） They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略） It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略) He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略） 4、that 的用法 that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。 All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略） This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略） This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略） She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略） 5、关系代词that和which的区别 （1)相同点 这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。 The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语) The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略) （2）用that，不用which的情况 ①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗? He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。 ②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store. 这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 ③当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。 That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。 Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。 ④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。 They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论工厂里看到人和事。 They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。 ⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。 ⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。 Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的? ⑦当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。 I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。 （3）用which，不用that的情况 ①引导非限制性定语从句。 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。 Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。 ②直接放在介词后作宾语时。 Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。 巧记that和which的区别： that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which； 要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。 6、关系代词who与that的区别 （1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。 I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。 （2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。 She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。 7、as的用法 （1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。 I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语) Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语) Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。 He lent me as much money as he had.他把所有的钱借给了我。 Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语) （2）such…that…与such…as “such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。 He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。 He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。 （3）the same…that…与the same as “the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子： This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书） This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本） （4）as 引导非限制性定语从句 as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。 The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。 二、定语从句关系副词主要用法 英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。 1、when的用法 when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从句中作时间状语。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。 He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。 Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗? 2、where的用法 where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。 I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。 She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。 One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。 注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词which或that。 This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。 I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。 3、why的用法 why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。 This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。 Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？ 巧记定语从句的用法 主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。 三、“介词＋关系代词”用法 “介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。我们可以从下面几点掌握其用法。 · 关系代词前的介词定位 1．介词与先行词是固定搭配 I still remember the day on which I first came to school. (on which=on the day) The company in which I once worked has changed much. (in which=in the company) 2．介词与从句中的动词是固定搭配 He is a man of great knowledge, from whom much can be learned. (learn sth. from sb.) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help. (turn to sb. for help) 3．介词与从句中的形容词是固定搭配 China is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud. (be proud of) The teacher talked about some subjects in which the students were interested. (be interested in) 4．有时介词的选择根据其与which后的名词之间的固定搭配而定 He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. (in which case = in that case) Call me at six o’clock, by which time I should get up. (by which time = by the time) · “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的表现形式 1．“介词 + which / whom”引导 They’re the companions with whom I used to go to school when I was young. In 2004 Olympic Games the Chinese team got 32 gold medals, of which 19 were won by women. 2．“介词短语 + which / whom”引导 We visited a large company the other day, in front of which lay a small river. Henry took a photo of the students, in the middle of whom sat their English teacher. 3．“名词（代词、数词或形容词最高级）+ of + which / whom”引导 A compass has a needle, the ends of which always point north and south. Our university has many laboratories, the largest of which was built last year. The body is made of a large number of organs, each of which has its particular function. 4．“介词+ whose+名词”引导 The boss, in whose company I work, is very kind-hearted and helpful. · “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句还应注意以下问题 1．“介词+关系代词”结构中的关系代词不能用that。 2．含有介词的动词短语不能拆开，即不能转化成“介词+关系代词”结构，介词仍放在动词的后面。如： The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. (不可说 “… after whom the nurses are looking”) 3．from where有时也可以用来引导定语从句。 His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey window, from where he could see nothing but trees. · “介词＋关系代词”在意义上相当于where，when，why等关系副词。 很多情况下，关系副词可用“介词＋ which / whom”来代替，其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定(where = in / on which；when = on / in / at which；why = for which)。 The house where (=in which) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I still remember the day when (=on which) I first met Jennifer. Do you know the reason why (=for which) he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. 四、非限制定语从句主要用法 1．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills． 许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句) She heard a lovely song，which reminded her 0f her hometown． 她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句) 功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。 例：I was the only person in our office that wag invited． 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整) Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic． 汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整) 关系词不同 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较： 例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made US very disappointed．(×) He failed to attend the meeting，which made US very disappointed．(√) 他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。 He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday． 他没有出席上周日举行的会议。 2．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用 which。 例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected． 实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。 Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud． 汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。 【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。 例：As we all know，Taiwan has been mrt of China since ancient times． 众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。 As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting． 正如预计的那样，他在会上提出了自己的意见。 3．用one of whom、some of which等引导的非限制性定语从句 可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰先行词。 例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified． 我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。 Seven passengers were injured．n the car accident，two of whom were foreigners． 在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。 The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance． 这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。 ( 状语从句 ) 一、条件状语从句用法梳理 1．用if引导的条件状语从句 当if条件句用来陈述科学事实、发出指令或描述习惯性动作时，我们可以用下面的句型： [if从句：一般现在时]+[主句：一般现在时]。 例：If you mix red and white，you get pink． 如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就会得到粉红色。 If you see a fire，press this alarm bell immediately． 如果发现起火了，立刻按一下这个警铃。 If someone talks to her，she goes red in the face． 如果有人和她讲话，她就会脸红。 当if条件句用来谈论将来有可能发生的事实或能力时，我们可以用下面的句型： [1f从句：一般现在时]+[主句：will／shall／may／might／can／must／should+动词原形]。 例：lf more people use public transport，there will be less traffic jam． 如果更多的入使用公共交通工具，交通拥堵就会减少。 You can save paper if you write on both sides of the page． 如果在纸的正反面都写字的话，你就能节省纸张。 【注意】 (1)if条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后面。若if条件句放于句首，从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。 (2)我们经常可以用when代替if。 例：When you mix red and white，you get pink． 如果你把红色和白色混在一起，就得到粉红色。 (3)if从句中也可以使用现在进行时或现在完成时。 例：If your car is running badly，you should have the engine serviced. 如果你的车子运行不正常，你应当检修引擎。 If he hasn't returned by 11:00 tonight，you must call the police. 如果到今晚1 1点他还是没回来的话，你必须报警。 (4)if后面的从句可以用省略形式。 例：If(it is)convenient，please fetch me the parcel from the post office. 如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。 2．用其他单词和词组引导的条件状语从句 as long as／so long as只要…… 例：As／So long as you practise more，you will make progress． 只要你多加练习，就会取得进步。 The birds will not fly away as／so long as you keep quiet and don’t move． 只要你保持安静不动，鸟儿就不会飞走。 unless(= if．．．not)除非；如果不… 例：You w川fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier． 如果你不早点动身，就不能及时赶到那儿了。 Unless bad weather stops me，I go for a walk every morning． 除非天气不好，我每天早晨都会去散步。 【拓展】常用来引导条件状语从句的连词还有： (1)on condition that只有在……的条件下，以…为条件(是主句中事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。) 例：I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret． 我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。 You can pass the customs on condition that we have checked your luggage. 你可以通过海关，但条件是我们得检查完你的行李。 (2)supposing假如，倘若(supposing弓I导的从句表示一种假设条件。) 例：Supposing it rains，shall we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨，我们的运动会还会继续进行吗? Supposing the stocks of food run out，what shall we do? 假如储备的食品都吃光了，我们该怎么办呢? (3)provided(that)假如，如果 例：He will sign the contract provided(that)we offer more favorable terms. 如果我们提出更优惠的条件，他就会在合同上签字。 He won’t be against us in the meeting provided(that)we ask for his advice in advance． 如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不会在会上反对我们了。 二、目的状语、让步状语从句主要用法 1．目的状语短语和目的状语从句 目的状语可以由in order(not)to、so as(not)to等不定式短语构成。 例：The teacher explained the rules several times in order to／so as to make the students fully understand． 老师反复解释了这些规则，就是为了让学生们充分地理解。 Before he turned in his composition．he checked it again so as to make as few mistakes as possible． 把作文交上去之前他又检查了一遍，目的是尽量减少错误。 目的状语从句可以由so that、in order that等连接短语引导，且从句中的谓语部分一般含有情态动词can／could、may／might、will／would、shall／should等。 例：The secretary adjusted the manager’s agenda in order that he could attend the economic forum． 秘书调整了经理的日程安排，使他能够出席这次经济论坛。 【注意】目的状语短语和从句可以置于句首。 例：In order to save paper，the secretary printed on both sides of the paper． 为了节约纸张，秘书在纸的正反面都打印。 In order that he might hear more clearly，he seated himself in the first row． 为了听得更清楚些，他坐在了第一排。 in case也可以用来引导目的状语从句，从句中的谓语部分常用一般现在时或一般过去时，但不用将来时。 例：They have made a careful plan in case something unexpected happens． 他们制定了一个周密的计划，以防备可能发生的意外。 2．让步状语短语和让步状语从句 让步状语可以由despite和in spite of构成。 例：Despite the heavy traffic jam on Monday morning，he got to the office on time． 尽管周一早晨的交通非常拥挤，他还是准时到达了办公室。 The old man cannot see very well in spite of the spectacles． 尽管戴着眼镜，老人还是看不太清楚。 【注意】despite和in spite of后面跟名词或名词短语。 例：Despite /In spite of all the evidence，he still refused to confess his mistakes． 尽管证据确凿，他还是拒绝承认错误。 引导状语从句的连词有although、though、even though等，意为“虽然；尽管”，表示在从句情况存在的前提下，主句的情况依然出现。 例：Although it was very hot，the builders kept working on the sites． 虽然天气酷热，建筑工人们还是坚持在工地上工作。 The scientist kept experimenting with the new drug even though he had failed three times. 尽管已经失败了三次，这个科学家仍然坚持试验这种新药。 【拓展】 (1)as／though倒装结构表示让步意义，相当于although／though引导的从句。 例：Difficult as／though the problem was(=Although／Though the problem was difficult)，Tom managed to work it out． 尽管这道题目很难，汤姆还是做了出来。 (2)while引导的让步状语从句常置于句首。 例：While I admit that he is not perfect，l do actually like the person． 尽管我承认他非完美，但我的确非常喜欢这个人。 (3)whatever、whoever、wherever和however等词引导的让步状语从句，相当于“no matter +wh-疑问词”，常译为“无论……”。 例：He always thinks of his motherland wherever he travels(=no matter where he travels)． 无论走到哪儿，他都心系祖国。 (4)whether…or…引导的让步状语从句，常译为”无论…还是…” 例：whether we win or lose，we will spare no effort．无论成败，我们都会不遗余力。 三、原因状语从句 1、概念：用表示原因的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的主从复合句就是原因状语从句。 2、关系词: 主要的有because, as, since, for, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)，in that等。 例如： 1）The woolly shrank because it was washed badly. 毛衣因洗的方式不正确而缩水。 2）I can’t get to sleep because of the noise outside. 由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。 3）Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。 4）Seeing that it’s raining, we’d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。 3、原因状语从句的连接词 1): because 引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后， because表示直接原因，语气最强，最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。 例如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。 注意： “not ... because” 结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句 例如：The country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大。 2): since 引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”)，较为正式，语气比because弱。 例如：Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息，你最好帮我补习数学。 注意：特殊引导词seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近， 都表示“既然”。 例如： (1）Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there’s no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们，我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。 (2）Considering (that) everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了，我们就开始讨论吧。 (3）In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病，他觉得做不了那件事。 3): as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比since弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。 例如： (1）As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨，你最好乘出租汽车。 (2）As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然累了，你最好休息一下。 (3）I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我睡得早，因为我筋疲力尽了。 4): for 引导的是并列句表示原因但并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些辅助性的补充说明，for引导的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。 例如：He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我， 因为我不在那里。 四、结果状语从句 1、概念： 结果状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的从句。 2、引导词 结果状语从句由such…that, so….that, so that, that 引导。 1). such… that 的常用句型such +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+that such +形容词+可数名词单数+that Such+形容词+可数名词复数（不可数名词）+that例如： This is such a good book that all of us like it very much. He had such long arms that he could almost touch his knees. It was such fine weather yesterday that we went swimming. 注意so many (much, few, little) +名词，such a lot of (或lots of)+名词是惯用法，不可乱用。 She is such a beautiful girl that we all like her. They were such beautiful flower that we bought home. It was such delicious food that they ate it up. 2). so+形容词或副词+that so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that He is so rich that he can buy lot of things for himself. He works so hard that he did everything well. It was so hot a day that we all went swimming It was such a good day that we all went swimming. 3).too…to, enough…to 可以引导结果状语从句与so…that 替换，so…that结构可以用too…to替换必须具备两个条件，一是主句和结果状语从句的主语必须一致，二是从句中的谓语部分必须含有can(could) not. She is young that she can' t go to school. She is too young to go to school. She isn' t old enough to go to school. 五、间状语从句 1．when，while和as引导的时间状语从句 when 从句谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词。从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 while 从句的谓语动词为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 as 从句谓语一般为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生或交替进行，可译为“一边……，一边……；随着……” (While some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure. 尽管有些人被成功的渴望所激励，但也有一些人却被失败的恐惧所激发。 As the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for. 随着人口平均年龄的增长，有越来越多的老年人需要照顾。 2．表示“一……就……”的连词引导的时间状语从句 (1)as soon as，the moment，the minute，the instant，immediately，directly The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work，she was filled with joy. 我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。 (2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，than或when所在的从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly got to the office，when my wife phoned me to go back home at once. 我刚到办公室，妻子就打电话让我回家。 3．before，since引导的时间状语从句 (1) before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没有来得及……就……”。常用句式：It will be/was＋一段时间＋before...过了……时间才……；It won't be/wasn't＋一段时间＋before...没过多久就……。 We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it. 在我们解决问题之前，我们需要找到问题的根源。 If you miss this chance，it may be years before you get another one. 如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很多年你才能再获得一次。 (2)since意为“自从……以来”，常用句式：It is/ has been＋一段时间＋since从句(常用过去时)。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，主句的时态常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 As is reported，it is over 100 years since Qinghua University was founded. 正如所报道的，清华大学自建立以来已有一百多年了。 4．till/until引导的时间状语从句 until/till用于肯定句表示“直到……为止”，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词；not...until/till...表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until可用于句首，而till不能。 If you don't understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until you figure it out. 如果你遇到不懂的东西，可以搜索、研究以及和其他人交谈，直到你把它弄明白。 She didn't start the lesson until the pupils settled down. 等学生们安静下来后，她才开始上课。 5．every time，each time，next time，the first time，by the time等引导的时间状语从句 By the time you have finished this book，your meal will get cold. 等你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。 ( 考点 反馈 ) 1．China is getting better at making hi-tech products ________ can be bought in all parts of the world. A．who B．which C．what D．where 【答案】B 【详解】句意：中国越来越擅长制造在世界各地都能买到的高科技产品。 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，先行词是products，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导定语从句。故选B。 2．—What kind of movies do you like best? —I like the movies ________ make me feel happy and relaxed. A．what B．which C．who D．/ 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你最喜欢哪种电影？——我喜欢那些让我感到快乐和放松的电影。 考查定语从句。what什么，不引导定语从句；which引导定语从句，先行词指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who谁，引导定语从句，先行词指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。分析句子可知，此处是含定语从句的复合句，先行词the movies指物，且连接词在从句中作主语，应用which引导，且不可省略。故选B。 3．As a science lover, I hope I can invent a bike ________ can fly in the sky. A．where B．when C．which D．who 【答案】C 【详解】句意：作为一个科学爱好者，我希望我能发明一辆能在空中飞行的自行车。 考查定语从句。句子是定语从句，先行词是a bike，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导定语从句。故选C。 4．A true friend is a person ________ can help you when you are in trouble. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 【答案】A 【详解】句意：真正的朋友是在你困难的时候能帮助你的人。 考查定语从句引导词。who指人，在句中作主语/宾语；whom指人，在句中作宾语；whose在句中作定语；which在句中指物。空格所在句为定语从句，修饰名词person，指人，并且在句中作主语，用引导词who。故选A。 5．Armstrong became the first man _______ walked on the moon on 20th July, 1969. A．whom B．when C．where D．that 【答案】D 【详解】句意：在1969年7月20日，阿姆斯特朗成为第一个在月球上行走的人。 考查定语从句。whom引导定语从句时，先行词是人，在从句中作宾语；when引导定语从句时，先行词是时间，在从句中作时间状语；where引导定语从句时，先行词是地点，在从句中作地点状语；that引导定语从句时，先行词是人或物。本句先行词为man，指人，从句缺主语，需用关系代词who或that引导定语从句，但先行词被the first修饰，只能用that。故选D。 6．________ you are too tired to do all the things on your To-Do list, try a To-Don’t list. A．If B．Until C．Although D．Unless 【答案】A 【详解】句意：如果你太累了，无法完成待办事项清单上的所有事情，试着列一张勿做事项清单。 考查连词辨析。If如果；Until直到；Although尽管；Unless除非。分析句子可知，此处指如果完成待办事项清单上的所有事情感到很累，可以列一张“勿做”清单，应用if引导条件状语从句。故选A。 7．Everything is possible ________ you work hard. A．as much as B．as soon as C．as long as D．as far as 【答案】C 【详解】句意：只要你努力工作，一切皆有可能。 考查词汇辨析。as much as多达；as soon as一……就……；as long as只要；as far as就……而言。分析句子可知，此处指只要努力，一切皆有可能，应用as long as连接，引导条件状语从句。故选C。 8．Everyone loves my dog Coffee, ________ he often makes a mess at home. A．until B．since C．though D．whether 【答案】C 【详解】句意：每个人都喜欢我的狗Coffee，尽管它经常在家里弄得一团糟。 考查连词辨析。until直到；since自从；though尽管；whether是否。分析句子可知，虽然Coffee把家里弄得很乱，但是每个人都喜欢它，故用though引导让步状语从句。故选C。 9．Many students lose marks simply ________ they do not read the questions carefully. A．unless B．so C．before D．because 【答案】D 【详解】句意：许多学生丢分仅仅是因为他们没有仔细阅读问题。 考查连词辨析。unless除非；so因此；before在……之前；because因为。分析句子可知，学生丢分的原因是没有仔细阅读问题，后者表原因，应用because连接，引导原因状语从句。故选D。 10．Our school life is more interesting now _________ we can enjoy ourselves in different clubs. A．because B．whether C．unless D．although 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我们的学校生活现在更有趣了，因为我们可以在不同的俱乐部玩得很开心。 考查连词辨析。because因为；whether是否；unless除非；although尽管。分析句子可知，学校生活更有趣的原因是可以在不同的俱乐部玩得开心，前后文之间是因果关系，后文表示原因，应用because连接。故选A。 11．Jeff still works hard ________ he has achieved great success. A．if B．before C．though D．because 【答案】C 【详解】句意：杰夫虽然取得了很大的成功，但他仍然努力工作。 考查从属连词辨析。if如果；before在之前；though虽然；because因为。分析“Jeff still works hard ... he has achieved great success.”可知，两句话构成让步关系，用though连接，故选C。 12．Wild animals will be in great danger ________ we protect them together. A．if B．but C．unless 【答案】C 【详解】句意：除非我们一起保护野生动物，否则它们将处于极大的危险之中。 考查连词辨析。if如果；but但是；unless除非。“we protect them together”是“Wild animals will be in great danger”的否定条件，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选C。 13．Our teacher asks us to read newspapers every day ________ we can find out what’s going on around the world. A．so that B．even though C．in order to D．as soon as 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我们的老师让我们每天读报，这样我们就可以了解世界各地发生了什么。 考查连词辨析。so that以便于；even though即使；in order to为了；as soon as一……就。“Our teacher asks us to read newspapers every day”的目的是“we can find out what’s going on around the world.”，且空后是从句，用so that引导目的状语从句。故选A。 14．As we live in a rapidly developing world, we will be left behind ________ we keep learning. A．unless B．if C．after D．though 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我们生活在一个快速发展的世界里，除非我们不断学习，否则我们将被落在后面。 考查连词辨析。unless除非；if如果；after在……之后；though虽然。“we keep learning”是“we will be left behind”的否定条件，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选A。 15．________ you can’t work out the problem, perhaps you need to ask your classmates for help. A．Unless B．Though C．Since D．Whether 【答案】C 【详解】句意：既然你解不出这道题，也许你需要向你的同学求助。 考查连词辨析。Unless除非；Though尽管；Since既然，由于；Whether是否。“you can’t work out the problem”是向同学求助的原因，用Since引导原因状语从句。故选C。 16．Let’s take the simple steps today ________ we will save the world for our grandsons and granddaughters tomorrow. A．unless B．until C．so that D．though 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们从今天开始采取一些措施吧，这样我们将会为我们的后代子孙拯救世界。 考查连词辨析。unless除非；until直到；so that以便；though尽管。分析句子可知，我们现在采取行动的目的是为了我们的后代，故用so that引导目的状语从句。故选C。 17．It’s hard for us to say goodbye ________ we have so many happy days to remember. A．so B．because C．although D．until 【答案】B 【详解】句意：对于我们来说，说再见是困难的，因为我们有那么多快乐的日子要记住。 考查连词辨析。so所以；because因为；although尽管；until直到。根据“we have so many happy days to remember”可知是难说再见的原因，此处应用because引导原因状语从句，故选B。 18．My parents won’t allow me to do things I like ________ I finish my homework. A．if B．but C．because D．unless 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我的父母不允许我做我喜欢的事情，除非我完成我的家庭作业。 考查连词辨析。if如果；but但是；because因为；unless除非。“I finish my homework”是“My parents won’t allow me to do things I like”的否定条件，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选D。 19．________ the times keep changing, young people in China have shown the same promise. A．But B．Unless C．Although D．As soon as 【答案】C 【详解】句意：尽管时代在不断变化，但中国的年轻人表现出了同样的希望。 考查从属连词辨析。But但是；Unless除非；Although虽然；As soon as一……就。根据“...he times keep changing, young people in China have shown the same promise.”可知，前后构成让步关系，用Although引导让步状语从句。故选C。 20．Zhang Guimei once said. “________ I’m alive, I will donate (献身) myself to teaching.” A．Even though B．As soon as C．As long as 【答案】C 【详解】句意：张桂梅曾经说过。“只要我活着，我会把自己奉献给教学。” 考查连词辨析。Even though即使；As soon as一……就…… ；As long as只要。根据“I’m alive, I will donate (献身) myself to teaching.”可知，句子前后为条件关系，用as long as引导条件状语从句。故选C。 ( 9 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$