专题07 非谓语动词（考点精讲）- 【中职专用】2025年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（江苏）

►专题07 非谓语动词 ( 考点 精讲 ) ( 不定式 ) 一、不定式的形式 语态 时态 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 1.完成式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式. I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother). (比较: I am glad to see you.) He is said to have written a new book about workers. He pretended not to have seen me. 2.进行式 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式. You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet. We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. He pretended to be listening attentively. 3.完成进行式 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式. The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years. We are happy to have been working with you. 4.被动式 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. She hated to be flattered. He wanted the letter to be typed at once. 二、不定式的用法 1.不定式作主语 【例】It is not unusual for workers in that region _________. 　　A) to be paid more than a month later　　 　      B) to be paid later than more a month 　　C) to pay later than a month more 　　　 　     D) to pay later more than a month 　　it 在句中作形式主语。 而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。 注意： （1）. 不定式作主语和表语口语中常用it作形式主语。 （2）. 若说明不定式动作对于执行者的影响，常在不定式前加for sb.。 （3）. 但是以形容词作表语来说明主语的行为品质时（如kind,good, nice,wise,clever,silly,wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, polite, agreeable等），不定式前加of sb.。 2.不定式做宾语 　　大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We are planning to build a reservoir here. 【例】There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _________ trouble. 　　A) making 　　B) to make　　C) to have made 　　D) having made 　　动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”，所以选项A 和 D错误。 注意： （1）. 只能以不定式作宾语，而不能以动名词作宾语的动词有： （“希望”干）wish, hope, expect, long, desire; （早“打算”）plan, mean, prepare, attempt, intend; （“同意”“否”）agree, consent, refuse, decline; （“寻”“问”看）seek, ask, beg; （“选”“定”了）choose, decide, determine, promise; （“尽”“自愿”）manage, volunteer, tend; (“称”“失败”）claim, fail; （“敢”“装蒜”）dare, pretend （2）. 可用于“动词+ it+形容词／名词+to do sth．”结构中的动词有feel, find, make, think, believe, consider等。 （3）. 以动词不定式作宾语的形容词有happy，glad，pleased，sure，ready，anxious，eager，free，afraid，willing等。 （4）. 有些介词后也可以不定式作宾语，如介词but，about，except，save等。 ★ 必背：常见带to的动词: afford担得起 want想要 aim目标是 appear好像 claim宣称 decide决定 desire渴求 determine决心 fail不能 happen碰巧 hesitate犹豫 agree同意 intend打算 choose选择 prefer 宁愿 expect期待 manage设法 offer主动愿意 pretend假装 promise答应 attempt尝试 refuse拒绝 seek寻求 plan 计划 3. 不定式做补足语 补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。 （1）不定式做主语补足语 【例】The ancient Egyptians are supposed _________ rockets to the moon. 　　A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending 　　在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式， 因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to have sent作主语补足语。 （2）不定式做宾语补足语 　1）. 常见的以不定式作宾语补语的动词及短语有ask，allow，advise，beg，call on，expect，force, forbid, invite, teach, would like, depend on. wait for等。 2）. 以省略to的不定式作补语的感官动词有：feel（一‘‘感’’），listen to，hear(二‘‘听’’)；have，let，make(三‘‘使”)；look at，see，watch，observe，notice（五‘‘看’’）。但这些感官动词若在被动语态的句子中，动词不定式则必须带to，let除外。 【例】They are going to have the serviceman __________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed 　　全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。"have sb. do sth."句型的主动语态，因此，have 后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A) install。 4.不定式作表语 不定式作表语，表示目的、结果、同意、命令、安排、决定、劝告等意义。 【例】One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. 5.不定式做定语 　　不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。 很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive（动力）, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right（权利）, struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。 【例1】Could you find someone________？ 　　A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis 请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。 【例2】The pressure ________causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. 　　A) to compete 　　C) to be competed 　　B) competing 　　D) having competed 　　结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明"pressure"的内容。 6.不定式作状语 （1）. 不定式作状语主要表目的、结果和原因。 【例】They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)  His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)  We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)  （2）. 常用的表示目的短语有：to do，in order to do，so as to do，（so as to不能放在句首）。不定式作目的状语，其否定式必须用in order not to或so as not to;不能只用not to do。 （3）. 常用too…to，enough to，only to，so+形容词／副词+as to，such a+名词+as to结构表示结果。 （4）. 常用表示情绪的动词surprised，joy，glad，pleased等后接不定式表示原因。常用独立成分，作插入语，表示说话人的态度，如to tell you the truth，to be exaot，to be sure, to be frank (with you),to be honest, to cut a long story short, to start with, to begin with, to say nothing, to be brief等。不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。 三、不定式不带to的情形 1. 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to. John made her tell him everything. 这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式. She was made to tell him everything. 2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to. I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term. 3. 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining. 4. 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to。 Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up. He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 5. 用作表语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省. What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. The thing to do now is clear up this mess. ( 动名词 ) 一、动名词作主语 （1）动名词有名词的性质，高考中通常会考察动名词作主语。动名词作主语通常考察两种形式doing和being done。主要可以通过跟逻辑主语的主被动关系来确定其形式。另外，动名词作主语时, 句子的谓语动词常用单数。 例：Being educated in a top university is the dream of every high school student. （2）动词的-ing形式作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，也可用it作形式主语而把动名词置后。常考的形式主语句型有： 【句型一】It + is+ no good, no use, a waste of time/money, fun, + doing It’s fun doing shopping in small markets. It’s a waste of time arguing about this. 【句型二】There’s no doing... = It’s impossible to do... There’s no denying that China has made great progress in the past decades. There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen. There is no point doing so much homework every day without thinking if it is worthwhile. 二、动名词作宾语 （1）作动词的宾语： 常见的只能接动名词不能接不定式作宾语的动词, 记住下列动词可以避免在使用时产生错误。 例：I really appreciated your calling me yeaterday. 常用动名词形式作宾语的动词有： 表示“建议”、“完成”、“推迟”和“想像”：advise, suggest, finish, postpone, delay, imagine 表示“需要”、“承认”、“介意”和“原谅”：require, admit, mind, pardon, excuse 表示“避免”、“冒险”、“练”、“逃”和“错过”：avoid, risk, practice, escape, miss 表示“允许”、“考虑”、“理解”和“欢”、“赏”：allow, permit, consider, understand, enjoy, appreciate （2）作介词的宾语：放在类似于be afraid of, be/get used/accustomed to, think of, be fond of, feel like, give up, can’t help, look forward to, pay attention to, devote do, have trouble/difficulties in, insist on, persist in, put off, stick to, object, 等的词组后作宾语。 例：What the teacher said was so funny that I couldn’t help laughing. 常考句型有： 【句型】There is + no good/no use/no point + (in) doing （3）作形容词的宾语：通常用在be worth doing, be busy doing的句型中： 例：The music is well worth listening to more than once. （4）动名词作宾语时，若出现宾语补足语，可用it作形式主语。常考句型有： 【句型】sb. + think/consider/find/feel like/ + it + no use/ no good + doing 例：He considers it no good talking so much. 重难点：介词 + 动名词作状语 动名词本身不能作状语，但放在介词后构成介词短语作状语表示时间、原因、目的、方式、让步等，常见的介词有on，with，after，by，upon，before，at，without，for，in，from等。 例：On hearing the news that his favorite football team had won, he could not fall asleep the whole night. 重难点：接动名词、不定式作宾语的动词 有些动词如remember, forget, regret等，接不定式和动词-ing形式意义不同。 ① forget, remember + to do forget, remember + doing/having done ② regret + to do(tell, say, inform, announce等) regret + doing/having done ③ mean + to do mean + doing ④ try + to do try + doing ⑤ stop/go on + to do stop/go on + doing ⑥ can't help + doing= can't help but do can't help + to do ⑦ consider + doing consider + to do/be 重难点：动名词的复合结构 动名词前面可以加一个形容词性的物主代词、代词宾格、名词所有格或名词通格（即名词原形）作为该动名词的逻辑主语。 例：Maybe that is the sound I’ve heard at night - the sound of him/ his locking the door. ○ 句首的动名词的逻辑主语，通常只用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。 例：The soldier's being killed in the war is her one regret. Your falling into the river was the climax（高潮）of the whole trip. ○ 无生命的名词作动名词的逻辑主语，多用普通格（即原形）或宾格。 例：If I bring my suits for dry-cleaning, is there any chance of it being ready this afternoon. ( 分词 ) 一、分词的分类及形式 1. 现在分词的形式： 现在 及 物 动 词 write 不及物动词go 分词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 一般式 writing being written going 完成式 having written having been written having gone 否定式：not + 现在分词 1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 2、过去分词的形式：（done） 　过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式，也没有主动语态。 总结：现在分词和过去分词作定语时的区别是： 　　A.从语态角度来讲，现在分词表示主动意义。而过去分词通常表示被动意义（不及物动词的过去分词除外）。 B.从时态角度来讲，现在分词一般表示进行的动作，过去分词表示完成的动作。 二、分词的用法 1. 分词作定语 1）分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前，作前置定语，也可以放在所修饰的词后面，作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如： 　　Where are the reserved seats? （=Where are the seats which have been reserved?） 　　预定的座位在哪里？ 　　This is a pressing problem. （=This is a problem which is pressing.） 　　这是一个紧迫的问题。 　　 2）分词作后置定语可分为限制性（紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后）和非限制性（用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开）两种，其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如： 　　The funds raised （= which have been raised） are mainly used for helping the homeless. 　　筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。 　　There are many students waiting （= who are waiting） to get examined. 　　有许多学生在等待检查。 　　This book， written （= which is written） in simple English， is suitable for beginners. 　　本书是用浅显的英语写的，适合初学者。 3）分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如： 　　The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone. 　　那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。 　　The newly-built building is our office building. 　　这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。 4）有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语，并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如： 　　There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn. 　　秋天有许多落叶。 　　The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man. 　　这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。 　　常用的这一类词有：fallen， faded， returned， retired， risen， grown up， vanished等。 2. 分词作宾语补足语 1） 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch， have get， keep， hear， find， feel， leave， make， want， start， notice， observe， watch， set等。例如： 　　When they returned home from the holiday， they found their house stolen. 　　当他们度假完回到家时，发现房子被盗了。（过去分词表示被动） 　　We want this work finished quickly. 　　我们要求这项工作很快完成。 2）在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如： 　　There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard. 　　由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。 　　When he awoke， he found himself being looked after by an old woman. 　　他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。 3. 分词作状语 1）分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如： 　　Confined to bed （= Because she was confined to bed）， she needed to be waited on in everything. 　　她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。（作原因状语） 　　Having only book knowledge （= If you only have book knowledge）， you will not be able to work well. 　　如果只有书本知识，你就不可能做好工作。（作条件状语） 　　They stood there waiting for the bus. （=They stood there and waited for the bus.） 　　他们站在那里等公共汽车。（作方式状语） (1)、表示时间，分词短语一般至于句首。 　　多数情形下，分词动作发生于谓语动作之前，有时候分词动作和谓语动作同时发生。 　　e.g. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.（分词动作发生于谓语动作之前） 　　Riding in the street during the rush hours, you must be careful.(分词动作和谓语动作同时发生) (2)、表示原因，分词短语可置于句首或句末，有时还可以置于主谓之间。 　　e.g. Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice. (3)、表示条件，通常放在句首 　　e.g. Given more time, I would be able to complete it. (4)、表示让步，通常放在句首 　　e.g. Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can`t speak English well. (5)、表结果，一般只放在句末。 　　e.g. I went home, finding the door locked (6)、表伴随状况，补充说明或方式，分词短语置于句首或句末均可。 　　e.g. He came running breathless and told me the results. 2） 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较 　　不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，如果单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句，如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when， while， if， though， as if， unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如： 　　Working hard （If you work hard）， you will succeed. 　　如果你努力，你会成功的。 　　Defeated （= Though he was defeated）， he remained a popular boxer. 　　虽然他被击败了，但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。 ( 考点 反馈 ) 1．China has made great efforts ________ other countries build high-speed railways. A．help B．to help C．helping D．helped 【答案】B 【详解】句意：中国为帮助其他国家建设高速铁路做出了巨大努力。 考查非谓语动词。make great efforts to do sth.“努力做某事”，应用动词不定式。故选B。 2．Lucy had few close friends at school, so she didn’t know ________ about the trouble. A．who to talk B．who to talk to C．who to say D．what to talk 【答案】B 【详解】句意：露西在学校没有几个亲密的朋友，所以她不知道该向谁倾诉她的烦恼。 考查疑问词+不定式结构。talk谈论；talk to和……交谈；say说，后接说话内容。根据“she didn’t know ... about the trouble”可知，此处指关于她的烦恼，她不知道该和谁交谈，who to talk to符合题意。故选B。 3．East or west, home is best. That’s why more and more people prefer ________ their parent ________ travelling during holidays. A．visiting; to going B．visiting; to go C．to visit; going D．to visit; to go 【答案】A 【详解】句意：金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝。这就是为什么越来越多的人在假期期间更喜欢看望父母而不去旅行。 考查非谓语动词。prefer doing sth to doing sth“比起做某事，更喜欢做某事”，故第一空用visiting，第二空用to going。故选A。 4．Today, we must continue ________ to keep our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear. A．work B．working C．to work D．worked 【答案】B 【详解】句意：今天，我们必须继续努力来保持我们的天空湛蓝、海水清澈和土地干净。 考查非谓语动词。work工作，动词原形；working动名词/现在分词；to work动词不定式；worked动词过去式/过去分词。continue doing sth继续做某事，强调继续做之前未完成或正在做的事情。continue to do sth继续做某事，侧重于做完一件事后继续做另一件事。根据题干可知，是指继续努力这个过程，应用动名词，故选B。 5．The sun was shining brightly, ________ everything there look more beautiful. A．making B．to make C．and make D．and making 【答案】A 【详解】句意：太阳明亮地照耀着，使那里的一切看起来更加美丽。 考查非谓语动词。根据“The sun was shining brightly”可知，逻辑主语与句子主语一致，且逻辑主语与make之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式做状语，表达“让那里的一切看起来更加美丽”。故选A。 6．Michael Jackson ________ as “King of Pop” was announced dead on June 25th, ________ the world. A．regarded, surprised B．who regarded, surprising C．regarded, surprising D．was regarded, surprising 【答案】C 【详解】句意：被视为“流行之王”的迈克尔杰克逊，在六月二十五日，被宣布死亡，全世界震惊了。 考查非谓语动词。第一空，表达的是“被认为……”，句中已经有“was announced”谓语动词，所以这里应该用regarded过去分词做定语，相当于定语从句who was regarded as...；第二空，表达结果是“震惊了全世界”，表主动，这里作结果状语，应该用现在分词，故选C。 7．I have a composition ________ this afternoon and I won’t have my hair ________. A．written; cut B．to write; cut C．to write; to cut D．written; to cut 【答案】B 【详解】句意：今天下午我有篇作文要写，我不会去剪头发。 考查非谓语动词。第一空指“有篇作文要写”，用不定式作后置定语修饰名词composition；第二空考查have sth done“让某事被完成”，此处指“使头发被剪”，表被动，用过去分词cut。故选B。 8．—I can’t get the work ________ by 7:00 p.m. I need more time.   —Take your time. There’s no rush. A．finish B．to finish C．finishing D．finished 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——我不能在晚上7点前完成工作。我需要更多的时间。——慢慢来。不着急。 考查非谓语动词。get sth. done意为“某事被做”，固定用法。故选D。 9．My pen friend Andrew found ________ difficult _________ Chinese well. A．it is; to learn B．it; learning C．it; to learn D．that; to learn 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我的笔友安德鲁发现很难学好汉语。 考查固定句型。“find+it+adj.+to do sth.”意思是“发现做某事是…… ”，it是形式宾语，不定式作真正的宾语，故选C。 10．—Why are you so excited?   —Peter invited me ________ on a trip to Mount Tai. A．to go B．go C．going D．went 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你为什么这么兴奋？——彼得邀请我去泰山旅行。 考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事，动词不定式短语做宾语补足语。故选A。 11．I am very interested in this maths problem. Can you show me ________? A．what to work it out B．what to work out it C．how to work it out D．how to work out it 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我对这道数学题很感兴趣。你能告诉我怎么做吗？ 考查疑问词辨析和代词的用法。what什么；how怎么。根据“I am very interested in this maths problem. Can you show me...”可知，可推测此处是指你能告诉我怎么做吗，how“怎么”符合语境，排除A和B，又因“work out”是动副短语，代词it为动词短语的宾语，需放之间。故选C。 12．The teacher warns us ________ the school rules, or we’ll be punished. A．not to break B．don’t break C．to break D．breaking 【答案】A 【详解】句意：老师警告我们不要破坏校规，否则我们会受到惩罚。 考查非谓语动词。warn sb. (not) to do sth.表示“警告某人（不要）做某事”，break意为“破坏”，根据“or we’ll be punished”可知，老师应该是警告我们 “不要破坏” 校规。故选A。 13．—Our teacher often advises us ________ the habit of doing chores at home. —It can be helpful for us to understand our family better. A．developed B．to develop C．develop D．developing 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——我们的老师经常建议我们养成在家做家务的习惯。——它可以帮助我们更好地了解我们的家庭。 考查非谓语动词。根据advise sb. to do sth.“建议某人做某事”可知，此处应填动词不定式to develop。故选B。 14．When I was young, my parents always encouraged us __________ new hobbies. A．to develop B．developing C．develop D．developed 【答案】A 【详解】句意：当我小的时候，我的父母总是鼓励我们发展新的爱好。 考查非谓语动词。encourage sb to do sth“鼓励某人做某事”，为固定短语，故选A。 15．The young player spends four hours ________ volleyball every day in order to be chosen as the captain. A．practise B．practising C．to practise D．practised 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这位年轻的运动员为了被选为队长，每天花四个小时练习排球。 考查非谓语动词。spend time doing sth.“花费时间做某事”，动名词作宾语。故选B。 16．We have to practise _______ English more often. It’s useful when we’re at work. A．to speak B．speak C．speaking D．spoke 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们必须更经常地练习说英语。这在我们工作的时候很有用。 考查非谓语动词。practise doing sth.“练习做某事”，动名词作宾语。故选C。 17．When I was walking past his room, I hear him ________ piano. A．playing B．to play C．to play the D．playing the 【答案】D 【详解】句意：当我路过他的房间时，我听到他在弹钢琴。 考查非谓语动词和定冠词。hear sb. do sth.“听到某人做某事”，强调动作的全过程；hear sb. doing sth.“听到某人正在做某事”，强调动作正在进行；路过房间时听到的动作应是正在进行，所以此句应为hear sb. doing sth.结构；又因为“弹钢琴”是play the piano，表示乐器的名词前需要加定冠词the。故选D。 18．The new robot _________ last month can do many jobs instead of humans. A．invents B．invented C．is invented D．was invented 【答案】B 【详解】句意：上个月发明的新机器人可以代替人类做许多工作。 考查非谓语动词。根据“can do”可知，空处用非谓语动词，主语“robot”与动词“invent”之间是被动关系，因此此处用动词过去分词形式表被动。故选B。 19．Anna wants to get her ears ________, but her mother doesn’t agree. A．pierced B．pierce C．to pierce D．piercing 【答案】A 【详解】句意：Anna想打耳洞，但她的妈妈不同意。 考查过去分词的用法。pierced过去式或过去分词；pierce刺穿，动词原形；to pierce动词不定式；piercing现在分词或动名词。根据“get her ears...”可知，指的是想使耳朵被刺穿，get sth. done表示 “使某物被……”，过去分词作宾语补足语。故选A。 20．________ with the children in faraway mountain villages, we live a happier life. A．Compare B．Compared C．Comparing D．To compare 【答案】B 【详解】句意：与遥远山村的孩子们相比，我们的生活更幸福。 考查非谓语动词。由“… with the children in faraway mountain villages, we live a happier life”可知，we与compare之间是被动关系，即“把我们和遥远山村的孩子们相比”，被动用过去分词结构。故选B。 ( 9 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ ►专题07 非谓语动词 ( 考点 精讲 ) ( 不定式 ) 一、不定式的形式 语态 时态 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 1.完成式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式. I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother). (比较: I am glad to see you.) He is said to have written a new book about workers. He pretended not to have seen me. 2.进行式 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式. You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet. We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. He pretended to be listening attentively. 3.完成进行式 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式. The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years. We are happy to have been working with you. 4.被动式 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. She hated to be flattered. He wanted the letter to be typed at once. 二、不定式的用法 1.不定式作主语 【例】It is not unusual for workers in that region _________. 　　A) to be paid more than a month later　　 　      B) to be paid later than more a month 　　C) to pay later than a month more 　　　 　     D) to pay later more than a month 　　it 在句中作形式主语。 而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。 注意： （1）. 不定式作主语和表语口语中常用it作形式主语。 （2）. 若说明不定式动作对于执行者的影响，常在不定式前加for sb.。 （3）. 但是以形容词作表语来说明主语的行为品质时（如kind,good, nice,wise,clever,silly,wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, polite, agreeable等），不定式前加of sb.。 2.不定式做宾语 　　大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We are planning to build a reservoir here. 【例】There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _________ trouble. 　　A) making 　　B) to make　　C) to have made 　　D) having made 　　动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”，所以选项A 和 D错误。 注意： （1）. 只能以不定式作宾语，而不能以动名词作宾语的动词有： （“希望”干）wish, hope, expect, long, desire; （早“打算”）plan, mean, prepare, attempt, intend; （“同意”“否”）agree, consent, refuse, decline; （“寻”“问”看）seek, ask, beg; （“选”“定”了）choose, decide, determine, promise; （“尽”“自愿”）manage, volunteer, tend; (“称”“失败”）claim, fail; （“敢”“装蒜”）dare, pretend （2）. 可用于“动词+ it+形容词／名词+to do sth．”结构中的动词有feel, find, make, think, believe, consider等。 （3）. 以动词不定式作宾语的形容词有happy，glad，pleased，sure，ready，anxious，eager，free，afraid，willing等。 （4）. 有些介词后也可以不定式作宾语，如介词but，about，except，save等。 ★ 必背：常见带to的动词: afford担得起 want想要 aim目标是 appear好像 claim宣称 decide决定 desire渴求 determine决心 fail不能 happen碰巧 hesitate犹豫 agree同意 intend打算 choose选择 prefer 宁愿 expect期待 manage设法 offer主动愿意 pretend假装 promise答应 attempt尝试 refuse拒绝 seek寻求 plan 计划 3. 不定式做补足语 补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。 （1）不定式做主语补足语 【例】The ancient Egyptians are supposed _________ rockets to the moon. 　　A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending 　　在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式， 因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to have sent作主语补足语。 （2）不定式做宾语补足语 　1）. 常见的以不定式作宾语补语的动词及短语有ask，allow，advise，beg，call on，expect，force, forbid, invite, teach, would like, depend on. wait for等。 2）. 以省略to的不定式作补语的感官动词有：feel（一‘‘感’’），listen to，hear(二‘‘听’’)；have，let，make(三‘‘使”)；look at，see，watch，observe，notice（五‘‘看’’）。但这些感官动词若在被动语态的句子中，动词不定式则必须带to，let除外。 【例】They are going to have the serviceman __________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed 　　全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。"have sb. do sth."句型的主动语态，因此，have 后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A) install。 4.不定式作表语 不定式作表语，表示目的、结果、同意、命令、安排、决定、劝告等意义。 【例】One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. 5.不定式做定语 　　不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。 很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive（动力）, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right（权利）, struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。 【例1】Could you find someone________？ 　　A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis 请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。 【例2】The pressure ________causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. 　　A) to compete 　　C) to be competed 　　B) competing 　　D) having competed 　　结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明"pressure"的内容。 6.不定式作状语 （1）. 不定式作状语主要表目的、结果和原因。 【例】They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)  His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)  We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)  （2）. 常用的表示目的短语有：to do，in order to do，so as to do，（so as to不能放在句首）。不定式作目的状语，其否定式必须用in order not to或so as not to;不能只用not to do。 （3）. 常用too…to，enough to，only to，so+形容词／副词+as to，such a+名词+as to结构表示结果。 （4）. 常用表示情绪的动词surprised，joy，glad，pleased等后接不定式表示原因。常用独立成分，作插入语，表示说话人的态度，如to tell you the truth，to be exaot，to be sure, to be frank (with you),to be honest, to cut a long story short, to start with, to begin with, to say nothing, to be brief等。不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。 三、不定式不带to的情形 1. 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to. John made her tell him everything. 这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式. She was made to tell him everything. 2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to. I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term. 3. 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining. 4. 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to。 Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up. He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 5. 用作表语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省. What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. The thing to do now is clear up this mess. ( 动名词 ) 一、动名词作主语 （1）动名词有名词的性质，高考中通常会考察动名词作主语。动名词作主语通常考察两种形式doing和being done。主要可以通过跟逻辑主语的主被动关系来确定其形式。另外，动名词作主语时, 句子的谓语动词常用单数。 例：Being educated in a top university is the dream of every high school student. （2）动词的-ing形式作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，也可用it作形式主语而把动名词置后。常考的形式主语句型有： 【句型一】It + is+ no good, no use, a waste of time/money, fun, + doing It’s fun doing shopping in small markets. It’s a waste of time arguing about this. 【句型二】There’s no doing... = It’s impossible to do... There’s no denying that China has made great progress in the past decades. There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen. There is no point doing so much homework every day without thinking if it is worthwhile. 二、动名词作宾语 （1）作动词的宾语： 常见的只能接动名词不能接不定式作宾语的动词, 记住下列动词可以避免在使用时产生错误。 例：I really appreciated your calling me yeaterday. 常用动名词形式作宾语的动词有： 表示“建议”、“完成”、“推迟”和“想像”：advise, suggest, finish, postpone, delay, imagine 表示“需要”、“承认”、“介意”和“原谅”：require, admit, mind, pardon, excuse 表示“避免”、“冒险”、“练”、“逃”和“错过”：avoid, risk, practice, escape, miss 表示“允许”、“考虑”、“理解”和“欢”、“赏”：allow, permit, consider, understand, enjoy, appreciate （2）作介词的宾语：放在类似于be afraid of, be/get used/accustomed to, think of, be fond of, feel like, give up, can’t help, look forward to, pay attention to, devote do, have trouble/difficulties in, insist on, persist in, put off, stick to, object, 等的词组后作宾语。 例：What the teacher said was so funny that I couldn’t help laughing. 常考句型有： 【句型】There is + no good/no use/no point + (in) doing （3）作形容词的宾语：通常用在be worth doing, be busy doing的句型中： 例：The music is well worth listening to more than once. （4）动名词作宾语时，若出现宾语补足语，可用it作形式主语。常考句型有： 【句型】sb. + think/consider/find/feel like/ + it + no use/ no good + doing 例：He considers it no good talking so much. 重难点：介词 + 动名词作状语 动名词本身不能作状语，但放在介词后构成介词短语作状语表示时间、原因、目的、方式、让步等，常见的介词有on，with，after，by，upon，before，at，without，for，in，from等。 例：On hearing the news that his favorite football team had won, he could not fall asleep the whole night. 重难点：接动名词、不定式作宾语的动词 有些动词如remember, forget, regret等，接不定式和动词-ing形式意义不同。 ① forget, remember + to do forget, remember + doing/having done ② regret + to do(tell, say, inform, announce等) regret + doing/having done ③ mean + to do mean + doing ④ try + to do try + doing ⑤ stop/go on + to do stop/go on + doing ⑥ can't help + doing= can't help but do can't help + to do ⑦ consider + doing consider + to do/be 重难点：动名词的复合结构 动名词前面可以加一个形容词性的物主代词、代词宾格、名词所有格或名词通格（即名词原形）作为该动名词的逻辑主语。 例：Maybe that is the sound I’ve heard at night - the sound of him/ his locking the door. ○ 句首的动名词的逻辑主语，通常只用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。 例：The soldier's being killed in the war is her one regret. Your falling into the river was the climax（高潮）of the whole trip. ○ 无生命的名词作动名词的逻辑主语，多用普通格（即原形）或宾格。 例：If I bring my suits for dry-cleaning, is there any chance of it being ready this afternoon. ( 分词 ) 一、分词的分类及形式 1. 现在分词的形式： 现在 及 物 动 词 write 不及物动词go 分词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 一般式 writing being written going 完成式 having written having been written having gone 否定式：not + 现在分词 1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 2、过去分词的形式：（done） 　过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式，也没有主动语态。 总结：现在分词和过去分词作定语时的区别是： 　　A.从语态角度来讲，现在分词表示主动意义。而过去分词通常表示被动意义（不及物动词的过去分词除外）。 B.从时态角度来讲，现在分词一般表示进行的动作，过去分词表示完成的动作。 二、分词的用法 1. 分词作定语 1）分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前，作前置定语，也可以放在所修饰的词后面，作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如： 　　Where are the reserved seats? （=Where are the seats which have been reserved?） 　　预定的座位在哪里？ 　　This is a pressing problem. （=This is a problem which is pressing.） 　　这是一个紧迫的问题。 　　 2）分词作后置定语可分为限制性（紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后）和非限制性（用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开）两种，其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如： 　　The funds raised （= which have been raised） are mainly used for helping the homeless. 　　筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。 　　There are many students waiting （= who are waiting） to get examined. 　　有许多学生在等待检查。 　　This book， written （= which is written） in simple English， is suitable for beginners. 　　本书是用浅显的英语写的，适合初学者。 3）分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如： 　　The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone. 　　那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。 　　The newly-built building is our office building. 　　这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。 4）有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语，并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如： 　　There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn. 　　秋天有许多落叶。 　　The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man. 　　这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。 　　常用的这一类词有：fallen， faded， returned， retired， risen， grown up， vanished等。 2. 分词作宾语补足语 1） 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch， have get， keep， hear， find， feel， leave， make， want， start， notice， observe， watch， set等。例如： 　　When they returned home from the holiday， they found their house stolen. 　　当他们度假完回到家时，发现房子被盗了。（过去分词表示被动） 　　We want this work finished quickly. 　　我们要求这项工作很快完成。 2）在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如： 　　There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard. 　　由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。 　　When he awoke， he found himself being looked after by an old woman. 　　他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。 3. 分词作状语 1）分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如： 　　Confined to bed （= Because she was confined to bed）， she needed to be waited on in everything. 　　她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。（作原因状语） 　　Having only book knowledge （= If you only have book knowledge）， you will not be able to work well. 　　如果只有书本知识，你就不可能做好工作。（作条件状语） 　　They stood there waiting for the bus. （=They stood there and waited for the bus.） 　　他们站在那里等公共汽车。（作方式状语） (1)、表示时间，分词短语一般至于句首。 　　多数情形下，分词动作发生于谓语动作之前，有时候分词动作和谓语动作同时发生。 　　e.g. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.（分词动作发生于谓语动作之前） 　　Riding in the street during the rush hours, you must be careful.(分词动作和谓语动作同时发生) (2)、表示原因，分词短语可置于句首或句末，有时还可以置于主谓之间。 　　e.g. Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice. (3)、表示条件，通常放在句首 　　e.g. Given more time, I would be able to complete it. (4)、表示让步，通常放在句首 　　e.g. Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can`t speak English well. (5)、表结果，一般只放在句末。 　　e.g. I went home, finding the door locked (6)、表伴随状况，补充说明或方式，分词短语置于句首或句末均可。 　　e.g. He came running breathless and told me the results. 2） 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较 　　不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，如果单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句，如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when， while， if， though， as if， unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如： 　　Working hard （If you work hard）， you will succeed. 　　如果你努力，你会成功的。 　　Defeated （= Though he was defeated）， he remained a popular boxer. 　　虽然他被击败了，但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。 ( 考点 反馈 ) 1．China has made great efforts ________ other countries build high-speed railways. A．help B．to help C．helping D．helped 2．Lucy had few close friends at school, so she didn’t know ________ about the trouble. A．who to talk B．who to talk to C．who to say D．what to talk 3．East or west, home is best. That’s why more and more people prefer ________ their parent ________ travelling during holidays. A．visiting; to going B．visiting; to go C．to visit; going D．to visit; to go 4．Today, we must continue ________ to keep our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear. A．work B．working C．to work D．worked 5．The sun was shining brightly, ________ everything there look more beautiful. A．making B．to make C．and make D．and making 6．Michael Jackson ________ as “King of Pop” was announced dead on June 25th, ________ the world. A．regarded, surprised B．who regarded, surprising C．regarded, surprising D．was regarded, surprising 7．I have a composition ________ this afternoon and I won’t have my hair ________. A．written; cut B．to write; cut C．to write; to cut D．written; to cut 8．—I can’t get the work ________ by 7:00 p.m. I need more time.   —Take your time. There’s no rush. A．finish B．to finish C．finishing D．finished 9．My pen friend Andrew found ________ difficult _________ Chinese well. A．it is; to learn B．it; learning C．it; to learn D．that; to learn 10．—Why are you so excited?   —Peter invited me ________ on a trip to Mount Tai. A．to go B．go C．going D．went 11．I am very interested in this maths problem. Can you show me ________? A．what to work it out B．what to work out it C．how to work it out D．how to work out it 12．The teacher warns us ________ the school rules, or we’ll be punished. A．not to break B．don’t break C．to break D．breaking 13．—Our teacher often advises us ________ the habit of doing chores at home. —It can be helpful for us to understand our family better. A．developed B．to develop C．develop D．developing 14．When I was young, my parents always encouraged us __________ new hobbies. A．to develop B．developing C．develop D．developed 15．The young player spends four hours ________ volleyball every day in order to be chosen as the captain. A．practise B．practising C．to practise D．practised 16．We have to practise _______ English more often. It’s useful when we’re at work. A．to speak B．speak C．speaking D．spoke 17．When I was walking past his room, I hear him ________ piano. A．playing B．to play C．to play the D．playing the 18．The new robot _________ last month can do many jobs instead of humans. A．invents B．invented C．is invented D．was invented 19．Anna wants to get her ears ________, but her mother doesn’t agree. A．pierced B．pierce C．to pierce D．piercing 20．________ with the children in faraway mountain villages, we live a happier life. A．Compare B．Compared C．Comparing D．To compare ( 9 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$