内容正文:
专题 01 名词
中职高考英语一轮复习
1
考纲要求·考情分析
01
考点突破·考法探究
03
目 录
04
课堂小结·查漏补缺
02
知识清单·网络构建
2
01
考纲要求·考情分析
3
1.可数名词和不可数名词 。
2. 名词所有格。
3.熟悉名词的句法功能。
4.典型名词词义辨析。
考纲要求
02
考点突破·考法探究
5
1. 名词在高职考试中是语法考查的主要内容,主要从名词的数和名词的格进行考查。尤其是双重所有格。另外也会有在一定语境中名词的词义辨析,同时,名词也会和冠词、形容词、数词等结合在一起考察。
考情分析
1. (2023春考)Could you write a of this course ?
A . slogan B . position C . diary D . summary
解析:考察词义辨析。句意:你能写一下这门课的 吗?
A . slogan 标语 B . position 位置 C . diary 日记 D . summary 摘要,总结,根据句意,可知是问:你能写一下这门课的总结吗?
考情分析
D .
2.(2021春考)
Mr. Li went to ask the doctor for about his illness.
A.advice B.advices C.an advice D. the advice
解析:考察不可数名词。advice 建议,不可数名词,一条建议,不能用an advice,需要用 a piece of advice。advice不能直接加S表示复数形式。句意是:李先生去问医生有关他的病情的建议,因此选择定冠词 the +advice。
考情分析
D
3. like to eat fried chicken, but like to eat fish
A.The American; the Japanese
B.The Americans ; the Japanese
C.The American; the Japanese
D. The Americans; The Japanese
解析:考察国家人的复数形式。原则上“中日不变,英美变”,所以答案选B。
考情分析
B
1.名词复数,尤其是单复同形以及以o,y等结尾的单词。
2. 某国人名词复数变化。
3. 常见的不可数名词。
4. 名词所有格的特殊形式。
注意常考内容:
备考策略
5.woman,man,boy,sport等做定语。
03
知识清单·网络构建
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名词{
专有名词
可数{
普通名词
{
物质名词
抽象名词
个体名词
集体名词
不可数{
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词
(teacher,chair,book)
(police,people,family)
(如:Tom,China,the United States,January,Monday)
(water,ice,wood,sunshine)
(happiness,love,knowledge)
一、可数名词和不可数名词
可数名词的复数形式
1.规则变化
(1) 一般在词尾加“s”/s/or/z/
dog – dogs book – books map – maps tree – trees
(2) 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在词尾加“es”/iz/
box – boxes watch – watches bus– buses brush – brushes
注:stomach/k/ – stomachs
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es”/iz/
请区别:如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词则只须加“s”
单数 复数 单数 复数
country countries baby babies
factory factories party parties
library libraries dictionary dictionaries
单数 复数 单数 复数
boy boys holiday holidays
toy toys monkey monkeys
(4)以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加“es” /vz/
树叶 半数 自己黄,妻子拿刀去杀狼,架后小偷逃命忙。
leaf-leaves,half-halves, self-selves;wife-wives,
knife-knives,wolf-wolves; shelf-shelves,thief-thieves
(5) 以o结尾的名词,没有生命的加s,读作/z/.有生命的加es,读作/z/.
动物园里有一架钢琴,上面摆着一张收音机的照片。
zoo-zoos,piano-pianos,radio-radios,photo-photos
英雄爱吃西红柿、土豆。
hero-heroes,tomato-tomatoes,potato- potatoes
2.不规则变化(1)单复同形
(2)单复不同形
助记口诀: 中国人,日本人等人民,爱吃鱼、鹿、羊
Chinese中国人 Chinese Japanese日本人 Japanese
fish鱼 fish deer鹿 deer
people人民 people sheep绵羊 sheep
助记口诀:男人、女人、小孩的脚踩了老鼠的牙
man men woman women
child children foot feet
mouse mice tooth teeth
区别:
(“中日”不变“英法”变,其余s加后面)
原形 复数 原形 复数
Chinese(中国人) Chinese
Japanese(日本人) Japanese
Englishman(英国人) Englishmen Frenchman(法国人) Frenchmen
German(德国人) Germans Russian(俄罗斯人) Russians
American(美国人) Americans Indian(印度人) Indians
Italian(意大利人) Italians Korean(韩国人) Koreans
(3)常以复数形式出现的名词 (表示由两部分构成的东西)
shoes,jeans,gloves,trousers,socks,glasses, chopsticks
这些名词作主语时,注意它们的谓语用复数
* My shoes are newer than yours.
若表达具体数目时,要借助数量词
pair(对,双)suit(套)
a pair of glasses,two pairs of shoes
作主语时谓语动词跟随量词pair等决定。
This pair of shoes is too large for me
(4) 合成名词的复数形式:
①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:
looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law
旁观者 过路人 岳母
②将最后一部分变为复数:
grown-up(s), go-between(s)
成年人 中间人
(5)名词只能用复数形式的短语:
do exercises (做操) take notes (做笔记)
take turns (轮流) in dozens (成打的)
make friends with (交朋友) shake hands with (握手)
(6) 名词单复数形式意义相同的短语:
make faces / a face(做鬼脸)
Have talks / a talk with sb.(与某人交谈)
Play jokes / a joke on (拿…开玩笑)
Make contributions / a contribution to (为…做贡献)
1.Several _____ are talking under the tree.And they are talking about______.
A.woman; children B.woman; child C.women; children
解析:woman的复数women;child 的复数children
2. There are three in my family.
A. people B. person C. child
解析:people (人民)的复数people;复数peoples的意思是民族
C
A
3. Some ______ came to our school for a visit that day.
A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies
解析:国家人的复数规则:“中日”不变“英法”变,其余s加后面,Germany德国 ,German德国人,复数是Germans。
A
★不可数名词
物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词.
常见的不可数名词
water coffee milk tea juice rice
time space music money
weather wood news information
work homework housework knowledge advice
2 不可数名词的数 (1) a lot of/lots of, some, much, a little, plenty of ,
a bit of,a large number of+不可数名词
(2) 数词+容器+of+不可数名词
a glass of water—two glasses of water
a bowl of rice —three bowls of rice
a piece of paper—four pieces of paper
单个的不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数
Some bread is over there. No news is good news.
注意:
可数名词和不可数名词都可以用单位+of+名词表达量,但单位后面的可数名词用复数,不可数名词形式不变
a bag of apples a piece of paper
three glasses of orange
巩固练习:
(1)一茶杯茶
(2)一碗饭
(3)两公斤肉
(4)五杯橘汁
(5)一双鞋
(6)许多瓶牛奶
a cup of tea
a bowl of rice
two kilos of meat
five glasses of orange juice
a pair of shoes
many bottles of milk
特别关注!!
1.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化,同一个词,但意思不同
glass(玻璃)– a glass(玻璃杯) work(工作) – a work(著作)
time(时间) – times(次数)
2.当people, class, family, team, group, public, police 等集体名词做主语时,如果看成一个整体,动词就用单数;看成一个个具体成员时,就用复数。
e.g The class are waiting for her.
Tom’s family _____ rather big. Tom’s family _________ film fans.
is
are
1. Please give me ______ paper.
A. one B. a pieces C. a piece D. a piece of
解析:paper纸张,纸,一张纸用a piece of paper。复数papers表示试卷,论文。
2. We can do the work better with______money and ________ people.
A. less, fewer B. fewer, less C. little, little D. few, few
解析:money 钱,不可数名词,people.人,人民,可数名词,单复同形。few修饰可数名词,little修饰不可数名词。
D
A
名词所有格:表示名词间的所有关系“ …的”
名词所有格的构成方法 举例
1.一般情况下,在有生命的名词后加“’s” Kangkang’s father Lucy’s book
2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ’”即可 Teachers’ office The Greens’ house
3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“’s” Children’ s Day men’ s shoes
4.无生命名词的所有关系用of加名词,构成所属关系的短语 the color of the wall
a picture of the classroom
5.如果事物为 2人或2人以上共同所有,在最后一个名词后加-’s; Jenny and Helen’s room
珍妮和海伦的房间
6.如果事物不是 2人或2人共同所有,而是分别有的,则在2个名词后都加-’s Jenny’s and Helen’s rooms
7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体的等无生命的东西,也可以加 –’s 构成所有格 two hours’ walk=two-hour walk
today’s newspaper
8. 表示某人的家、店铺、诊所时,常省略所有格 后面的名词 at my uncle’s = at my uncle’s home
at a tailor’s = at a tailor’s shop
特别关注的所有格形式
1.else的所有格作为所有格,在else后加’s.
"else"可以用于表示某物或某人的归属关系。
"Somebody else's":表示某人的东西属于其他人,而不是当前谈论的人。
"这是别人的钱包,不是我的。"
"This is somebody else's wallet, not mine."
2. of~属格:
多用于无生命现象的名词, 也可用于有生命现象的名词;当一个名词
有较长的定语时,就只能用of~短语来表示所有关系。
如:the cover of the book; a toy of Li Ping’s younger brother
3.双重属格:
既有~’s的属格,又有of~的属格。通常~’s属格表示所有关系,
of属格表示部分与整体的关系。
如:a friend of my father’s; a book of Tom’s
4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:
用of one’s own表示,不可用of+反身代词。
例如:This is the house of my own.
5.特别记忆下列用to表示的所有格:
the key to the lock/door the key/answer to the question
1 广东的省会
2 教室的门
3 我父亲的一个朋友
4 他的两个兄弟
5 爱迪生的一些发明
6 他弟弟的一张照片(照片属于他弟弟)
7 他弟弟的一张照片(照片里的人是他弟弟)
the capital of Guangdong
the doors of the classroom
a friend of my father’s
two brothers of his
some inventions of Edison’s
a picture of his brother’s
a picture of his brother
名词在句子中的作用 (Function)
功 能 例 子
主语 English is useful..
表语 These are not goats but sheep.
宾语 She was reading a book.
同位语 Mr. Smith, the manager, will host the meeting.
定语 You are supposed to gather at the school gate.
补语 Marx made London the base of revolution.
作称呼语 Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention please?
单击此处编辑母版文本样式
第二级
第三级
第四级
第五级
★名词做定语
1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数
There are three banana trees over there.
girl friends girl friend boy player boy players
2. man woman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致
We need a man teacher. They are all women workers.
3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式
a sports star a clothes shop
常考名词词义辨析举例
work工作,多指体力或脑力的努力或活动 不可数名词
job工作零工,多指为换取报酬进行的日常活动 可数名词
我也喜欢花园,但我不喜欢艰苦的劳动。
I like gardens too, but I don’t like hard work.
她正在找工作。She is looking for a job.
常考名词词义辨析举例
problem 困难,客观上存在的待解决的问题,尤其是比较棘手的难题
question 疑问,询问,主观上需要解答或解释的问题
你能解出这道数学题吗?Can you work out the maths problem?
他在课堂上问了很多问题。He asked a lot of questions in class.
常考名词词义辨析
Sound 自然界各种各样的声音 voice 人的嗓音 noise 噪音
Listen! Can you hear the sound of running water?
I hate the loud noise outside.
Let’s say it in a loud voice.
Road 具体的公路,马路 street 街道 way道路,途径
He is driving fast along the road.
There are many buildings on both sides of the street.
Can you show me the way to the museum?
常考名词词义辨析
home 家,包括住处和家人 house 房子,住宅 family家庭成员
My ________ is very large.我的房子很大。
I always go ______ on foot.我通常都是走路回家。
My _______ is a happy one.我的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。
home
house
family
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课堂小结·查漏补缺
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1. In the picture there are many______ and two_______.
A. sheeps; knifes B. sheeps; knife C. sheep; knives D. sheep; knife
2. There are four_______and two_______in the group.
A. Japanese,Germen B. Japaneses,Germen
C. Japanese,German D. Japanese,Germans
D
C
3. This table is made of_______.
A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass
4. —What can I do for you, sir?
—I'd like two_________.
A.bottle of milk B.bottles of milks C.bottles of milk D.bottle of milks
D
C
5. Lucy is ____ sister.
A. Mary and Jack B. Mary’s and Jack’s
C. Mary and Jacks D. Mary and Jack’s
6. --- How far is your cousin’s home from here?
--- It’s about two ______ drive.
hour’s B. hours C. hours’ D. hour
D
C
7.Our hospital needs two___doctors, Mrs. Li. You can ask your son to have a try.
A. women B. man C.woman D. men
8. The model plane was made by a ____ boy.
A. ten-years-old B. ten-year-older
C. ten-year-old D. ten-year old
D
C
9 . Could you please get me some ________? I’m hungry.
A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg
10. Yao Ming did a good job in the basketball match yesterday. He is my favorite ______
A. worker B. teacher C. dancer D. player
C
D
Thank You
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