语法专题 专题09 动词的时态和语态-【精彩三年】2024年中考英语语法专题配套PPT

语法专题 专题九 动词的时态和语态 目录 CONTENTS 在语境中体悟语法 在系统中梳理语法 01 02 03 在自测中提升语法 在语境中体悟语法 01 在语境中体悟语法 阅读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑动词的时态和语态的用法。 On October 30, 2019, the farm of a family in the village of Grüsch，Switzerland，burnt down. The house in the farm completely burnt down. The next morning at the local public school，students were__shocked__by the news. They wanted to help. Robin Egger，a head teacher at the school，worked with a teacher to make a plan for their students to help the family. They went to local businesses and asked for donations(捐赠) for the 在语境中体悟语法 family. In exchange for a donation, their companies' logos were__displayed at a market stall(摊位) where students sold homemade things. In addition, the students donated all of the money they raised for their end-­of­-year school trip. “Traditionally，the 9th graders sell self­made Christmas cards in town to make money for their end-­of-­year school trip，” Robin said. “But this time, they gave all their money away to the project. Instead of investing(投入) time in a project that would have 在语境中体悟语法 benefited their end­-of­-year school trip, they spent their afternoons raising money for the family.” The students also made a large card with hopeful wishes for the family. The card was__shown at the local town store and on Sundays at the church. With their help and effort，the family who lost their home and farm in the fire are__doing much better. At first the family didn't__want to accept the money，but at last they were__convinced(说服) to accept it and have__decided to rebuild the 在语境中体悟语法 house and the stables. The daughter will__take__over the farm from her parents and continue farming. Representatives (代表) of a company showed__up at the school and surprised the students with unexpected good news：the students were__going on an end­-of­-year school trip，free of charge. It will__pay the expenses(费用) for all of the students to visit Europa­Park，a world­famous theme park in Germany. 在语境中体悟语法 [用法体悟] 1．短文的主体时态是________________(如___________、_________、___________等)，表示过去发生的动作。be 动词的过去式为was和were；实义动词的过去式为动词的过去式。该时态常与just now, ago, yesterday, last week 等表示过去的时间状语连用。 2．短文还有以下时态：________________(如_____)，________________ (如_______________)，______________(如__________________等)， 一般过去时 burnt wanted worked 一般现在时 sell 现在进行时 are doing 一般将来时 will take over 在语境中体悟语法 _________________(如________________)，_________________(如______________)。 3．短文中有________语态和________语态，其中主要是 _________________的被动语态(如_________________、_____________、___________________等)。 现在完成时 have decided 过去进行时 were going 主动 被动 一般过去时 were displayed was shown were convinced 在系统中梳理语法 02 在系统中梳理语法 在系统中梳理语法 一般现在时 一、动词的第三人称词尾变化 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式，即需在动词词尾加­s或­es： 在系统中梳理语法 构成规则 动词原形 第三人称单数形式 一般在词尾加­s play leave swim plays leaves swims 以字母s，x，ch，sh，o结尾的词在词尾加­es pass fix teach wish do passes fixes teaches wishes does 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i, 再加­es study carry fly studies carries flies 注意：某些动词的第三人称单数形式需特殊记忆。 在系统中梳理语法 [自测]写出下列动词的第三人称单数。 1．cook ___________　 2.watch____________ 3．build__________ 4.have________ 5．wash__________ 6 ． enjoy _________ 7．go _______ 8.receive ___________ 9．cry___________ 10.close __________ 11．drive ___________ 12.choose ___________ 13．play ____________ 14.reach ___________ cooks watches builds has washes goes receives cries enjoys closes drives chooses plays reaches 在系统中梳理语法 二、一般现在时的用法 1．表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示动作频率的副词连用。常用的频度副词有： always、often、 usually、seldom、never。频度副词在句中通常位于实义动词之前，连系动词、助动词之后。 (1)He often__goes swimming in summer. 在夏天，他经常去游泳。 (2)I usually__leave home for school at 7：00 every morning. 通常每天早 在系统中梳理语法 上七点我离开家去学校。 2．表示现在的状态。 (1)My father is at work. He is very busy. 我父亲在工作。他很忙。 (2)The boy is twelve years old. 这个男孩十二岁。 3．表示主语具备的性格、特征、能力等。 (1)All my family love football. 在系统中梳理语法 我全家人都喜欢足球。 (2)My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 (3)Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，但讲得不行。 4．表示客观真理、客观存在和自然现象。 (1)The earth moves around the sun. 在系统中梳理语法 地球绕太阳转动。 (2)Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 5．表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来，但只限于start、begin、leave、go、come、arrive、return、take place等词语。 (1)The train leaves at six o'clock tomorrow morning. 在系统中梳理语法 火车明天早上六点开。 (2)He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。 6．在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 (1)I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。 (2)If you take the job, they will talk with you in greater detail. 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你进行更详细地交谈。 在系统中梳理语法 一般过去时 一、动词过去式的规则变化 注：不规则动词过去式需特殊记忆。 构成规则 动词原形 ­ed形式 一般在动词原形末尾加­ed look play work looked played worked 以e结尾的动词在末尾加­d like live hope liked lived hoped 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，再加­ed plan stop drop planned stopped dropped 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加­ed study worry cry studied worried cried 在系统中梳理语法 [自测]写出下列动词的过去式。 1．put _______ 2. drink __________ 3．cry _________ 4.pull ___________ 5．ride __________ 6.begin ___________ 7．sit _______ 8.run _________ 9．take __________ 10.sweep ____________ put drank cried pulled rode began sat ran took swept 在系统中梳理语法 11．stop ____________ 12.solve _____________ 13．rob ___________ 14.wait ____________ 15．lie(说谎) _________ 16.turn _____________ 17．explore _____________ 18.drop _____________ 19．clean _______________ 20.produce ______________ 21．get __________ 22.laugh_____________ 23．pay__________ 24.die__________ 25．prefer ____________ stopped solved robbed waited lied turned explored dropped cleaned produced got laughed paid died preferred 在系统中梳理语法 二、一般过去时的用法 1．表示过去某个时间或一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语yesterday、last week、an hour ago、just now、the other day、in 1982等连用。在一般过去时中，要表达“过多少时间之后”，一般用after。 (1)Where did you go just__now? 刚才你去哪儿了？ 在系统中梳理语法 (2)After a few years, she started to play the piano. 几年后，她开始弹钢琴。 在系统中梳理语法 2．表示在过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与often、always等频度副词连用。 When I was a child, I often__played football in the street. 当我是个孩子的时候，我常在街上踢足球。 在系统中梳理语法 3．一般过去时也可与today、this week、this month、this year等表现在的时间状语连用，但这些时间状语须指过去的时间，绝不包含“现在”“此时此刻”的意思。 Did you see him today？今天你看见他了吗？ 在系统中梳理语法 一般将来时 一、一般将来时的构成 (一)助动词will/shall＋动词原形 在口语中，will在名词或代词后常缩写为'll，will not常缩写为won't。在疑问句中，主语为第一人称(I和we)时，常用助动词shall。 (1)She'll__go to play basketball. 她要去打篮球。 (2)Shall__we__go to the zoo? 我们将去动物园吗？ 在系统中梳理语法 (二)be going to＋动词原形，表示将来 1．表示主语进行某一行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思，即计划安排要发生的事。 (1)What are you going__to__do tomorrow? 你明天打算做什么呢？ (2)The play is__going__to__be produced next month. 这出戏将于下月拍摄。 在系统中梳理语法 2．表示说话人确信如此或有某种迹象表明某事即将发生。 Look at the dark clouds. There is__going__to__be a storm. 看那些乌云。暴风雨要来了。 3．be going to 和will的区别。 (1)用于预测时，be going to意指有迹象表明某件事将要发生，属客观的推测；will则意指说话人认为或相信某件事将要发生，属主观的推测。 (2)在时间的发生上，be going to通常用来表示马上要发生或相当快就要 在系统中梳理语法 发生的事情；而will不指明任何具体时间，可以指遥远的未来。 ①He is__going__to__be better. 他就要好起来了。 ②He will__be better. 他会好起来的。 (3)表示意图时，be going to含有预先计划、准备的意思；will则指未经过预先思考或计划，是临时的一种决定。 (4)在条件状语从句中，be going to表将来，will表意愿。 在系统中梳理语法 ①If you are__going__to__make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. 如果你将要去旅行，最好尽快做好准备。 ②Miss Gao will__tell you the answer if you ask her. 如果你去问高老师，她会告诉你答案。 (三)“be＋不定式”表将来，表示客观安排或受人指示而将要做某事(仅要求理解) 在系统中梳理语法 We are__to__discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 (四)be about＋不定式，意为“马上做某事”。不能与tomorrow, next week 等明确表示将来的时间状语连用(仅要求理解) He is__about__to__leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 在系统中梳理语法 二、一般将来时的用法 1．表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow、next year等连用。 I'll__wait__for you at the school gate tomorrow__morning． 明天早上我将在学校门口等你。 2．表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。 I'll__come and see you every__Saturday__next__year． 明年我将每个星期六都来看你。 在系统中梳理语法 3．表示说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测，通常用于be afraid、be/feel sure、hope、know、think等后的宾语从句中或与副词perhaps、possibly、maybe等连用。 (1)I think she'll__go back home for supper. 我想她会回家吃晚饭。 (2)Maybe she'll__go to the gym. 也许她会去体育馆。 在系统中梳理语法 现在进行时 一、 现在进行时的构成：am/is/are＋动词的现在分词 二、动词­ing的构成规则 构成规则 动词原形 ­ing形式 一般在动词原形末尾加­ing listen spend stay listening spending staying 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加­ing have prepare close having preparing closing 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加­ing sit begin run put sitting beginning running putting 在系统中梳理语法 以ie为重读音节结尾的动词，先去掉e，把i改为y，再加­ing lie die lying dying 以er结尾的动词，如是重读音节结尾，先双写r，再加­ing；如不是重读音节结尾，就直接加­ing prefer water preferring watering 在系统中梳理语法 [自测]写出下列动词的现在分词。 1．win ______________ 2.relax ______________ 3．jump ____________ 4.make ______________ 5．have _____________ 6.talk _____________ 7．tie ___________ 8.cheer ____________ 9．enjoy ____________ 10.cry ___________ 11．come ___________ 12.fit __________ winning relaxing jumping making having talking tying cheering enjoying crying coming fitting 在系统中梳理语法 三、现在进行时的用法 1．表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生或进行的动作。常与now、right now、at this moment等时间状语连用。 We are__waiting for you now. 我们正在等你。 2．表示现阶段(说话前后一段时间内)一直在进行的动作，说话时该动作未必正在进行。 (1)Mr. Green is__writing another novel recently. 在系统中梳理语法 格林先生最近正在写另一部小说。 (2)He is__thinking about this problem these days. 这些天来他一直在考虑这个问题。 3．表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，常与always、constantly、forever 等词连用，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are__always__changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。(表示不满) 在系统中梳理语法 4．表示渐变，这样的动词有：get、grow、become、turn、run、go、begin等。 (1)The leaves are__turning red. 叶子在变红。 (2)It's getting warmer and warmer. 天气变得越来越暖和了。 5．表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。 (1)表移动的终止性动词，如come、go、arrive、leave、start、begin、 在系统中梳理语法 return等用于现在进行时，表示即将要发生的动作。 ①I'm__leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 ②The train is__arriving soon. 火车要到了。 (2)一些持续性动词用于进行时，表将来，表示说话者对对方将要做的事情的一种关心。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿待到下周吗？ 在系统中梳理语法 过去进行时 一、过去进行时的构成：was/were＋动词的现在分词 二、过去进行时的用法 1．表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间状语连用。 At__this__moment__yesterday,__I was__packing for camp. 昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西准备去露营。 在系统中梳理语法 2．表移动的动词，如come、go、arrive、leave、start、begin、return等用于过去进行时，可以表示过去将要发生的动作。 She told me that she was__going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。 3．在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。 (1)It was__raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正在下雨。 在系统中梳理语法 (2)When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was__shining．当我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 4．在叙述或描写过去的事情时，过去进行时经常与其他过去时态，特别是一般过去时连用，但是过去进行时往往表示背景。 One night, he was__typing in his study. Suddenly, a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity. 一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进他的家，切断了电源。 在系统中梳理语法 现在完成时 一、现在完成时的构成：助动词have/has＋动词的过去分词 二、过去分词的构成 过去分词的规则变化与动词过去式的规则变化相同，见本书P24；不规则变化的动词过去分词需特殊记忆。 在系统中梳理语法 [自测]写出下列动词的过去分词。 1．bring _____________ 2.catch____________ 3．do__________ 4.find__________ 5．eat_____________ 6.get _________ 7．forget_____________ 8.cut_________ 9．pay___________ 10.know_____________ 11．buy____________ 12.see_________ brought caught done found eaten got forgotten cut paid known bought seen 在系统中梳理语法 13．come _________ 14.sleep__________ 15．spend_________ 16.tell_________ come slept spent told 在系统中梳理语法 三、 现在完成时的用法 1．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already、yet、ever、never、just、before 等词连用。 (1)Have you ever__cooked at home? 你在家做过饭吗？ (2)You have__already__grown much taller. 你已经长高了许多。 在系统中梳理语法 2．表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，并可能还要延续下去。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用，常用的有：for＋一段时间； since＋过去时间点或从句。(since 用来说明动作的起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间的长度。)通常用how long进行提问。 (1)It has__been five years since he joined the army. 他参军五年了。 (2)They have__learned English for eight years. 他们已学了八年的英语了。 在系统中梳理语法 3．现在完成时需注意的问题： (1)短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如appear、begin、borrow、lend、buy、close、come、die、fall、find、finish、join、kill、leave、sell、stop等。 在系统中梳理语法 ★当句中有“how long．..？/ since．../for．..”等延续性时间状语时，句中动词应为延续性动词。常见的非延续性动词与延续性动词转化如下： buy→have　borrow→keep　leave→be away　die→be dead　become→be　come to→be in　begin→be on　stop/finish→be over　open→be open　close→be closed　leave＋地点→be away from＋地点　join→ be in/a member of 在系统中梳理语法 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (2)不能和明确的表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday、last week、in 1998、two days ago等。 (3)have/has been to 和have/has gone to 的区别： 在系统中梳理语法 have/has been to _______________________________________ have/has gone to ________________________________________________ ___________________________ (4)比较一般过去时与现在完成时 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，强调动作，不和现 表示某人曾经去过某地，现在已经回来 表示某人去某地，还没回来，可能在去的途中或已经 到达某地现在还没有回来。 I have been to lots of her concerts. My parents have gone to Hangzhou for holiday. 53 在系统中梳理语法 在发生联系，常与具体的表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday、last week、．..ago、in 1980、in October、just now等；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，不能与表过去的时间状语连用。 Why did you get__up so early? (强调起床的动作发生了) He has__been a League member for three years. (强调他现在是团员) 54 在系统中梳理语法 被动语态 一、被动语态的句型 1．常见句式：主语(受动者)＋be＋过去分词(＋by＋施动者) He__was__encouraged__by the English teacher. 他被英语老师鼓励了。 2．主语＋get＋过去分词＋其他成分，常用于该结构的过去分词有broken、cheated、dressed、drunk、killed、married、fired等。 在系统中梳理语法 (1)The__boy__got__drowned last summer. 这个男孩去年夏天淹死了。 (2)She__got__fired because of her faults. 由于她的过失，她被解雇了。 注意：使用这种结构不能带“by＋施动者”。 3．带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为被动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 在系统中梳理语法 She lent me,间接宾语 a__bike．,直接宾语 →I was lent a bike(by her). →A bike was lent to me(by her). 她借给我一辆自行车。 4．双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其他成分 These magazines are__not__allowed__to__be__taken out of the reading room. 在系统中梳理语法 这些杂志不准带出阅览室。 二、主动表示被动的几种情况 1．不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词有：cut、sell、read、write、fill、lock、wash、drive、keep等。 (1)This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 (2)These books sell well.这些书好卖。 (3)The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来流畅。 在系统中梳理语法 (4)Meat won't__keep long in such hot weather. 肉在这么热的天气里放不长久。 (5)The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。 2．一些“连系动词的主动式＋形容词”。常见动词有：look、smell、taste、sound、feel等。 (1)The apples taste good.这些苹果味道好。 (2)The flower smells wonderful.这花闻起来好极了。 在系统中梳理语法 3．不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard、difficult、easy、heavy、fit、good、comfortable、convenient、impossible等。 (1)The problem is easy to solve. 这个问题容易解决。 (2)The project is impossible to complete in a year. 这个项目不可能在一年内完成。 在系统中梳理语法 三、容易误用被动语态的情况 1．I teach myself French.不可改为Myself is taught French.，因为反身代词不可作主语。 2．We help each other/one another.不可改为Each other/One another is helped by us.，因为相互代词不可作主语。 3．He lost heart.不可改为Heart was lost by him.，因为像lose heart、make a face、keep silence这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用于被动式。 在系统中梳理语法 4．She took part in the sports meeting.不能改为The sports meeting was taken part in by her.，因为像take part in、belong to、own、have、hate、fail、contain等表状态的动词(短语)没有被动语态。 在自测中提升语法 03 在自测中提升语法 Ⅰ. 根据句意及所给的汉语提示填空。 1．Such a mistake can be ___________(避免) if we do as our teacher taught us yesterday. 2．That seems expensive. Have you ______________(比较) prices in other stores? 3．While Mom was ___________(切) the bananas into pieces, I turned on the blender. 4．Although the heavy rain __________(破；裂) many things apart, it avoided compared cutting broke 在自测中提升语法 brought families and neighbors closer together. 5．The 19th Asian Games was ________(举办) in Hangzhou in 2023. held 在自测中提升语法 Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空。 1．The company ___________(open) its doors for business a month ago. 2．China's Wang Jianan _________(win) a gold in the men's long jump final at the World Athletics Championships on July 17，2022. 3．After the race, I took off my shoe and ____________(check) my toe. It was in blood. 4．He _____________(prefer) to spend the weekend outside rather than stay at home when he was young. opened won checked preferred 在自测中提升语法 5．We hope that more people _____________(join) in this meaningful activity in the near future. 6．Not only is the theater the nearest, but it also _________(offer) the most comfortable seats. 7．Listen! She _____________(sing) an English song. 8．While Mom _____________(put) Cathy to bed, the doorbell rang suddenly. 9．Breakfast _____________(provide) in our hotel from 7 o'clock to 9 o'clock. will join offers is singing was putting is provided 在自测中提升语法 10．It's reported that a new supermarket ________________(build) next year. It'll be very convenient to go shopping. 11．Ten differences ________________(find) between the two pictures by the little boy five minutes ago. 12．You ______________(keep) the book for six months. Please return it to the library today! 13．—How big the tree is! —Yes, and it ______________(plant) by my grandfather ten years ago. will be built were found have kept was planted 在自测中提升语法 14．—It is said that the results of the competition ________________________(announce) in ten minutes. —Really? Let's wait and see. 15．After seeing the video yesterday, many people ____________________(move) by Zhang Guimei's spirit of devotion. 16．Dad told Maria that the earth __________(go) around the sun. 17．How can I finish such difficult work in two days if Jack _________(leave)? will be announced were moved goes leaves 在自测中提升语法 18．I can't understand what the book is about because it ______________(write) in French. 19．My father _______________(work) in the company since he came to Changsha. is written has worked 在自测中提升语法 Ⅲ.语法填空。 Have you ever lost(找不到) your car in a parking lot? It 1._____________(happen) at times. You park and go shopping. When you go back, you don't know where your car is. It can be frustrating, especially 2.______ a hot sunny day. You don't need to install 3.______ expensive GPS system to track your car. That's too expensive. You would need to pay a monthly subscription fee just to use it. 4._______ is there a way to track your car happens on an But 在自测中提升语法 without money? Yes, now there is! A California­based start­up company is able to make this a reality. They have created a device that works with your smartphone, and it is exactly what you are looking for! It 5._____________(call) TrackR. It's changing the way we track important things in our life. It's easy to operate. Install the free TrackR app on your smartphone, connect the app to your device and you're ready to go! 6.__________(simple) attach(连接)TrackR to whatever you want to watch. is called Simply 在自测中提升语法 The entire process of setting it up only 7._______(take) 5 minutes or less. Forget expensive GPS systems or tracking services. Nobody wants to pay extra money. We understand how stressful these things can be, and this is the reason 8._______ TrackR was created. This device is your VIP when you need 9.________(take) care of more important things in life. If you have TrackR, you can just hide it under your car's floor mat, in the trunk or in the glove compartment. It won't 10.____________(find) if your car gets stolen. takes why to take be found 感谢聆听，再见！ 试举例：____ $$